56:. The degree of starvation and loss of life is open to historical debate, but the after effects are documented among the sedentary neighbors of the Kazakhs. In short, the Barefooted Flight created a "worst case of nomadic-sedentary relations: steppe pastoralists ravaged the cultivated land of sedentary neighbours."
110:
Sayram was slowly rebuilt, likely with the support of the merchants of
Central Asia and the leadership of the Kazakhs. This knowledge comes from the fact that the city appears again as a target of Zunghar aggression forty years later.
80:. This state was, in the opinion of Peter Perdue, the last great steppe empire, at least the last steppe state with serious aspirations of empire. The Zunghar Khanate expanded at the expense of the
103:
east of Sayram. Galdan sent forces against Sayram in 1681, which must have been unsuccessful because they returned in 1683, when
Barthold tells us that his commander Rabtan (probably
184:
V. V. Barthold, "History of the
Semirechyé," in Barthold, Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, tr. V. and T. Minorsky (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962), pp. 98-100.
99:
of the
Zunghars, had successfully conquered and destroyed the power of Sayram did he move his encampment west to the valley of the Ili, ensuring his control of
143:
wrote several works which described the Flight. His narrative of the events would later form the basis of Soviet-era and Post-Soviet histories of the event.
140:
119:
In 1723, a detachment of Oirats attacked deep into territory previously controlled by the
Kazakhs, including the cities of
131:, which passed under their control and remained Zunghar possessions until their destruction by the Chinese in 1758.
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230:
225:
245:
240:
158:
Holzwarth, Wolfgang. "Relations between Uzbek
Central Asia, the Great Steppe and Iran, 1700-1750," in
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The period from the middle of the 17th century to the early 18th century in what is today eastern
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M. Hancock-Parmer, The Soviet Study of the
Barefooted Flight of the Kazakhs,
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37:
28:) is a name given to the catastrophic defeat and ensuing relocation of the
128:
29:
100:
73:
69:
173:
China
Marches West : The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
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Edited by Stefan Leder and
Bernhard Streck. Wiesbaden, 2005.
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in the west, though this also meant the inclusion of the
36:
in 1722 or 1723. The relocation included members of the
160:Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations
91:The historian Barthold argued that only after
8:
139:The Kazakh political activist and historian
76:, including what later became known as the
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7:
26:«Ақтабан шұбырынды, Алқакөл сұлама»
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175:Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2005.
1:
107:took the city and razed it.
48:, as well as members of the
32:from some southern areas of
262:
195:The Encyclopæedia of Islam
88:into the Zunghar Khanate.
25:
141:Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev
115:The Barefooted Flight
60:Historical background
208:Central Asian Survey
93:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
72:saw the rise of the
135:In National History
210:34, no. 3 (2015).
68:and northwestern
18:Barefooted Flight
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171:Perdue, Peter.
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78:Zunghar Khanate
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97:Khong Tayiji
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86:Senior Horde
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46:Junior Horde
42:Middle Horde
38:Senior Horde
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54:Karakalpaks
220:Categories
197:1913-1938.
147:References
66:Kazakhstan
34:Kazakhstan
125:Turkistān
129:Tashkent
101:Zhetysu
30:Kazakhs
127:, and
121:Sayram
95:, the
74:Oirats
50:Kyrgyz
44:, and
22:Kazakh
70:China
52:and
16:The
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123:,
40:,
24::
20:(
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