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371:. Strydom's mother killed herself at the age of 23, when he was 18 months old. At the time of the suicide, she was alone with Strydom, who was found with blue strangulation marks on his neck. Strydom was told she died in a revolver accident, which he believed until after the shooting. He had been a member of extremist right wing organizations since the age of 16, and was encouraged in his views by his father. Strydom viewed black people as animals. He joined the
410:. At about 3 p.m., Strydom parked his car on Prinsloo Street and walked to Strijdom Square, chosen as a location due to its namesake. Once at the square he opened fire at random at any black person he saw. He shot one man outside the State Theatre, before crossing Church Street and headed back towards Prinsloo street. On the corner of Church Street and Prinsloo street he shot an additional two people.
105:
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390:), but this was later dismissed as a fictitious organization invented by Strydom. Other sources claimed the Wit Wolwe were a real group, which had started in the 1970s. Strydom also said that he had meditated and prayed a number of days before the attack and said that God had not given him any sign to not to carry out the attack.
479:. On the day Strydom was released, 29 September 1992, unknown persons poured a large quantity of red dye into the Strijdom Square fountain. At the time it was unknown if the action was done by people in support of or against Strydom's actions though responsibility was later taken by artist Jacques Coetzer.
414:
Engineering, and tapped
Strydom on the shoulder. Once Strydom turned around, Mukondoleli grabbed Strydom's pistol from the counter and pointed it at him. Strydom raised his hands and said "You've got me." Both men then walked back out into the street, where Strydom was then arrested by several policemen.
524:
Strydom was investigated for his support and leadership in right wing extremist causes in 2003, after his release. This came after he showed support for De Wet
Kritzinger, who shot and killed 3 black people on a bus. After Kritzinger was sentenced, Strydom read out a statement of support for him, and
449:
testified that
Strydom was "eccentric but not insane" and knew what he was doing. Strydom showed no remorse for his actions during the proceedings and claimed that he acted according to the will of god. When asked how an elderly woman could threaten him, he stated "She threatened my existence because
339:
Located in the center of
Pretoria, what later became Strijdom Square was initially known as the Market Square. The location hosted several important marketplaces and acted as a center of economic activity. As a result, the square became an important location in Pretoria. In the 1970s, a monument was
413:
He walked three more blocks, shooting people all the while, before turning down
Struben Street and entering the Sato Engineering building. Once inside he walked over to a counter and began to reload his gun. The shooting ended when a black taxi driver, Simon Mukondoleli, followed him into Sato
505:
On the 30th anniversary of the attack, on 15 November 2018, the names of the victims were read aloud in a ceremony. A commemorative plaque was dedicated in the square, created by
Bradley Steyn, who had witnessed the massacre as a teenager. The ceremony was attended by
461:. The presiding judge stated Strydom's actions were "worse than those of terrorists", as he had laughed in the faces of his victims while shooting them instead of leaving bombs. Strydom's defense attorney stated he would appeal his sentence.
494:. Strydom stated after his release that he would do it again "if necessary". De Klerk stated he viewed the crimes of both McBride and Strydom as "atrocious", but that their release was to help black-white political negotiations move forward.
536:, after he was called to the stand to defend Adriaan van Wy. He stated during his testimony that he still believed black people were not human. The head prosecutor in that case was the same official who had sentenced Strydom to death.
457:. During his trial Strydom became a "cult figure" to the extreme right wing in South Africa. On 25 May 1989, Strydom was sentenced to 30 years for attempted murder and was sentenced to death on the murder charges, to be carried out by
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and shot and killed a black woman, injuring another, in what he called a "practice run" for the shooting. After the attack, Strydom claimed he was a member of a group called the White Wolves (
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Counting the woman who died in the prior attack, the count would be nine. One of the victims in the square shooting died due to his injuries five years later.
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1238:"S. Africa Prisoner Release Reopens Wounds : Amnesty: Some are ready to forgive and forget. But those who lost limbs and loved ones say it's too soon"
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Strydom smiled throughout the shooting. Eight people were killed and 16 were injured in the aftermath. Seven of the victims were black, while one was
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on the grounds that his attack was politically motivated. The ANC condemned the release of
Strydom. His release was controversial, as was that of
375:, but was dismissed after photographing himself holding a knife and the severed head of a black motorist at the scene of an automobile accident.
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Strydom made jokes and laughed in court, joking that he shot one of his victims because she "used up oxygen". During the proceedings, two
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After his arrest, Strydom said he felt nothing for the victims. He claimed he committed the shooting because he wanted to start a
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as one of 150 political prisoners, part of an attempt to reduce white South
African criticism of de Klerk's concessions to the
323:. Strydom was later convicted and sentenced to death for the attack, but was released from prison as a political prisoner by
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and that his actions were necessary for the survival of his people. He told the police he was sorry he had not killed more.
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policy. The square contained a large statue of
Strijdom's disembodied head, which was considered its signature feature.
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Simon
Mukondoleli was later killed in an attack in 1991, possibly related to his work as a private investigator.
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319:, South Africa, killing eight people and injuring 16 others. Seven of the victims were black, while one was
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529:. Kritzinger had previously expressed support for the Wit Wolwe, Strydom's nonexistent far right group.
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The square itself was later renamed Lillian Ngoyi Square, after South African anti-apartheid activist
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Satanism and Family Murder in Late Apartheid South Africa: Imagining the End of Whiteness
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1117:"Another Time, Another Place Exhibition Catalogue, Volume 2 by DESIGN> - Issuu"
900:
954:"Son of Satat Carrim killed by 'Wit Wolf' recounts the day his father was shot"
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1213:(Press release). Department of Information and Publicity. 29 September 1992
1078:"South Africa's most notorious killers go free in government peace gesture"
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1391:"Three decades later: A quest for closure on the steps of Strijdom Square"
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A week prior to the shooting, on 8 November 1988, he had gone to a black
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On 15 November 1988, white supremacist Barend Strydom carried out a
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pistol, two magazines, and 200 loose bullets, travelled to central
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Minnaar, Anthony; Keith, Trevor; Pretorius, Sam (1 January 1994).
340:
erected in the square to commemorate South African prime minister
1659:"WATCH: Smiling #WitWolf gives blow-by-blow account of massacre"
1322:"A dark day remembered: 30 years since Strijdom Square massacre"
1147:"Terrorist or Freedom Fighter? Pretoria Debates Whom to Amnesty"
1354:"Barend Strydom was horrifying inevitable outcome of apartheid"
1211:"Statement on misrepresentation over release of Barend Strydom"
476:
208:
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Criminological and Victimological Society of Southern Africa
1636:"An analysis of massacres in Transvaal and Natal: 1990-1992"
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
765:"White Supremacist Sentenced to Death By a Pretoria Court"
301:, 30 years in prison (released in 1992, amnestied in 1994)
363:
Barend Hendrik Strydom (born 1965), was born in Wenen,
344:, known for his support of racial segregation and his
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707:"The day Wit Wolf turned Pretoria red with blood"
464:In 1990, the government declared a moratorium on
1704:Racially motivated violence against black people
1646:(1): 83–98 – via Sabinet African Journals.
512:UMkhonto we Sizwe Military Veterans' Association
398:On 15 November 1988 Strydom, age 23, dressed in
1019:"S. Africa Frees Most-Notorious Racist, Rebels"
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916:"Only the suffering of 'big people' matters"
453:His legal defense was that he had committed
1603:Falkof, Nicky (2015). Falkof, Nicky (ed.).
1293:"S. African Who Halted Killing Spree Slain"
1266:"'White Wolf' ready to murder blacks again"
992:"Barend Strydom kills 8 People in Pretoria"
482:He was then granted amnesty in 1994 by the
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468:. In 1992, he was released from prison by
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514:, and two family members of the victims.
1046:"Cheers and fists as Strydom gets death"
667:
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1191:from the original on 26 September 2004
1076:Eddings, Jerelyn (29 September 1992).
861:
1671:from the original on 20 November 2018
1071:
1069:
835:"Court Sentences Supremacist To Hang"
355:was ongoing in Pretoria at the time.
7:
1320:Langa, Phumlani (14 November 2018).
1145:Wren, Christopher S. (3 June 1990).
1103:
877:Ndlazi, Sakhile (16 November 2018).
763:Wren, Christopher S. (26 May 1989).
656:
597:
593:
591:
1352:Moore, Estella (16 November 2018).
940:Minnaar, Keith & Pretorius 1994
705:Moore, Estella (18 November 2018).
484:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
329:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1567:"Monumental space and the uncanny"
1389:Mdluli, Ayanda (19 October 2018).
1017:Kraft, Scott (29 September 1992).
806:from the original on 13 March 2016
794:"What became of the Big Wit Wolf?"
532:In 2008, Strydom testified at the
27:1988 mass shooting in South Africa
25:
1537:"Boeremag Treason Trial Timeline"
1418:"Sentence 'a warning to racists'"
792:Smith, Janet (15 November 2008).
546:1999 Tempe military base shooting
879:"Strydom's Scars Still Run Deep"
103:
96:
70:
63:
1724:1980s massacres in South Africa
1565:Hook, Derek (1 November 2005).
1509:Venter, Zelda (8 August 2008).
1264:Carlin, John (4 October 1992).
1236:Kraft, Scott (5 October 1992).
914:Hogg, Alec (28 November 2022).
1694:Mass shootings in South Africa
1588:10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.11.009
1450:"Wit Wolf: Bus killer 'a POW'"
1177:Maluleke, Elias (4 May 2003).
952:Koza, Neo (15 November 2018).
887:. South Africa. Archived from
327:in 1992, and amnestied by the
315:at Strijdom Square in central
117:Strijdom Square (South Africa)
1:
1719:1988 mass shootings in Africa
1714:1988 murders in South Africa
1541:South African History Online
1458:. 2 May 2003. Archived from
1426:. 2 May 2003. Archived from
996:South African History Online
1745:
630:"The 1988 Square Massacre"
1482:"Suspect's tape released"
1223:African National Congress
1179:"Wit Wolf: Amnesty probe"
510:, a spokesperson for the
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84:Strijdom Square (Gauteng)
57:
120:Show map of South Africa
53:Strijdom Square massacre
1051:The Mail & Guardian
678:The Mail & Guardian
556:1992 Ladysmith shooting
39:Infobox civilian attack
673:"Inside the Wit Wolwe"
551:2008 Skierlik shooting
490:, a black man who had
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286:considered for merging
44:considered for merging
1617:10.1057/9781137503053
1609:Palgrave Macmillan UK
1667:. 15 November 2018.
455:justifiable homicide
373:South African Police
353:Delmas Treason Trial
1699:History of Pretoria
1370:on 16 November 2018
1298:The Washington Post
723:on 18 November 2018
525:described him as a
402:and carrying a 9mm
169:25.7464°S 28.1935°E
165: /
87:Show map of Gauteng
1729:Events in Pretoria
1152:The New York Times
891:on 29 January 2019
770:The New York Times
659:, pp. 690–691
466:capital punishment
1709:Massacres in 1988
1626:978-1-137-50305-3
1511:"Remember him..."
1243:Los Angeles Times
1123:. 17 January 2022
1083:The Baltimore Sun
1024:Los Angeles Times
437:Legal proceedings
309:
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243:Simon Mukondoleli
174:-25.7464; 28.1935
133:Strijdom Square,
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1582:(6): 688–704.
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1054:. 26 May 1989
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864:, p. 1
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359:Perpetrator
275:‹ The
258:Convictions
232:Perpetrator
194:Attack type
172: /
147:Coordinates
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1607:. London:
1374:1 February
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582:References
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157:25°44′47″S
1596:0016-7185
1121:issuu.com
1104:Hook 2005
959:Radio 702
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657:Hook 2005
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425:Aftermath
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384:Afrikaans
331:in 1994.
284:is being
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1669:Archived
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1189:Archived
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540:See also
431:race war
408:Pretoria
394:Shooting
317:Pretoria
295:Sentence
288:. ›
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135:Pretoria
130:Location
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498:Legacy
445:and a
419:Indian
404:Vektor
321:Indian
264:Murder
248:Motive
216:Deaths
205:Weapon
1570:(PDF)
365:Natal
299:Death
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1621:ISBN
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