620:
546:
celebrated and parental and fraternal links between dynasties are nurtured. Everyone brings presents, however modest, to contribute to the magnificence of the festivities. The Gaani is the second festival in the
Baatonu calendar, following the fire festival or Donkonru, that takes place at the New Year. The Gaani is associated with the notion of nasara, evoking joy, victory and freedom and is a time for ecstasy and communion. By animating and perpetrating the memories that unite them, it nourishes and re-news solidarity and fraternity within the Baatonu people, endorsing their values of welcome and sharing. An animistic tribal ceremony, it was later incorporated into the
663:. Since all sacred instruments are the property of the king, only a few kings and chiefs have the privilege of owning one. Its manufacture and use are exclusive to initiated members of the royal court. The Kankangi ancestor of trumpeters was himself a member of the royal family. The Kankangi trumpet comprises two parts that fit together. The male trumpets are longer than the female ones (171 cm as opposed to 158 cm on average). The trumpets are played to the glory of the Emperor or to accompany his travels, but also to announce the holy day Friday and during grand ceremonies (Gaani or the Shaving of princes). Despite their sacred status, these
636:
the year. To parade before the illustrious drums is a privilege granted by the clan. Two noteworthy sacred instruments are the imposing male and female sacred drums, the
Barabakaru and the Barapiibu, which are between 125 and 127 centimetres high and made of baobab wood and beef hide. They are played at the Emperor’s entrance by initiates and used during the Gaani, but also for other events during the year: enthronement, Friday prayers, etc. Another drum, the Bara Kaaru, which is still kept in a small temple on the Baro Kpira farm in the Banikuara region, is played by the Bara Yogo who is a member of the ancient family of
832:
684:
Muslims. Furobakuro hats are worn by ordinary citizens, whereas village chiefs and horsemen have the privilege of wear-ing brimmed bowl-shaped or cone-shaped Keseru. The subtleties to wear-ing hats comprise a language unto itself. A hat folded at the front evokes a prince who aspires to a superior status. The braggart wears a mounted hat. A hat sitting on the back of the head indicates bravado: this man fears nothing and no-one! Ordinarily, the hat would sit on the right or the left.
808:
820:
676:
trousers, has a matching fabric belt. The ber-muda-style demberu is made from fabric for the
Wasangari or animal skin for the hunters and farmers. Luxury attire for important days takes the form of the more elegant tako with its tasteful colours. A Tako-gonna, which is the same colour as guinea fowl, can be worth as much as three oxen. Generally speaking, the Baatonu favour dyed loincloths as opposed to the
1622:
844:
856:
76:
868:
58:
33:
247:, which is considered the traditional Bariba capital. At the end of the 18th century (1782), they became independent from the Yoruba of Oyo and formed several kingdoms in the Borgou region. The colonization of Benin (then Dahomey) by the French at the end of the 19th century, and the imposition of an Anglo-French artificial border, ended Bariba trade in the region.
710:
427:
507:
populations. The
Baatonu allow the Fulbe to use pasture lands, particularly fallow or recently-harvested land, and frequently entrust them with their own livestock in exchange for payment in meat and milk from the Fulbe; thus the populations cohabit in harmonious complicity. When visiting a village,
492:
who will be responsible for raising him until he grows up. In no case will he return to his family whether he is a prince's son or a peasant's son. And it is all these children who form the third component of the population, namely the Gando. The Gando are gathered in a neighborhood outside the city
402:
Sabi Sime, the youngest son of Sounon Sero, later became Sime
Dobidia, and through marriages with the native clans Baatonu, Boko and Hausa, founded the dynasties of the Empire of Nikki. His sons, endowed with the royal emblems of trumpets and white spurs, took control of villages of their respective
701:
and often use opposites to illustrate their messages – generosity and rapacity, bravery and cowardice, fidelity and infidelity, etc. – to encourage virtuous behaviour; thus, some of the songs are aimed at in-stilling a responsible attitude towards sexuality in young people, especially girls. Others
683:
Fabric hats, whether ecru or brightly coloured, are primordial for the men; indeed, wearing hats in public used to be compulsory. The white
Furogomba and the black-and-white Furogona are worn by princes and dignitaries. Dawani caps wrapped in long white or red turbans are used by Baatonu chiefs and
635:
symbolize the power of the Empire and are the embodiment of its memory and continuity. The dense, nonchalant sound of the drums and the suave timbre of the trumpets, as well as the myths the instruments perpetuate, accompany the Gaani festivities and resound in the hearts of the faithful throughout
605:
The horse, a central element in
Baatonu tradition, is a prevailing symbol of the Empire, and festivals are greatly enhanced by their presence. The majestic horses’ harnesses and richly-coloured riders’ costumes are meticulously prepared several months in advance. The horsemen, mainly from the class
487:
According to a Bariba custom, a child who is born abnormally or who goes out by the shoulder, or by the feet or other, or a child who pushes the teeth from the top is a child of misfortune. If he stays in the family, she will endure enough suffering through her fault. Instead of killing this child,
705:
The Wuru dance, which used to be performed during funeral ceremonies for native
Baatonu families, remains a prestigious ritual dance also performed at popular celebrations. The dancers’ costumes, made from animal skins and native fabrics covered with several rows of cowrie shells and amulets, make
545:
and
Sandiro provinces, assembles all the provincial chiefs and their populations, who come to renew allegiance to the Emperor and receive his blessing. More than 150,000 persons converge to Nikki from all over to participate in the spectacular ceremony where the vitality of the Baatonu culture is
687:
Compared with the richness of the men’s clothing, women’s outfits can appear more modest, simply comprising a loincloth, skirt and head-scarf. The clothes correspond to their ages: young girls wear long loincloths or short skirts whereas married women wear two loincloths and a headscarf. Their
675:
The men’s costumes are varied and indicate their social status. Their day-to-day outfit, the Turu, is a large ankle-length, generally sleeve-less tunic made from thick ecru cotton hessian. The knee-length
Dansigi or shirt is sometimes used as an under-garment. The Sokoto or large-waisted tapered
467:
After the Wassangari, come the Bariba natives or Baatonu natives who constitute the pure people. They are also farmers and artisans, they descend from pre-existing populations. They are still represented by "chiefs of land", the most notable of which, The Ministers and the Sinadunwiru, hold high
721:
The popular Teke dance, which has no sacred function, is carried out by mature men using 40-centimetre cylindrical sticks. In this dance, rival groups or villages compete with each other. The Teke is danced in pairs and in general, six to eight couples confront each other on the floor. The many
596:
and Maria Fortuny. The horsemen, astride richly harnessed mounts and carrying rifles loaded with black powder, simulate a cavalry charge, the culminating point of which is the simultaneous shooting of their firearms. In some regions camels are used instead of horses and in others the attack is
601:
have been featuring the fantasia for the Gaani since the days of Sime Dobidia, as well as on the occasion of important events such as wed-dings, births and religious festivals. Due to increasing interest, demonstrations or parades in the equestrian tradition can also be organized for visitors
696:
Singing is extremely important to the Baatonu and they have repertoires covering all aspects of daily life in the Empire. Wuru songs retrace the life of hunters and daily scenes, but can sometimes branch out into more erotic subject matter. Teke songs celebrate the typical values of Baatonu
508:
the Fulbe, nicknamed Pullo by their hosts, are the guests of the Baatonu. The Fulbe are also represented at the court of the Baatonu chiefs who guarantee their protection against livestock pillaging. The Fulbe contribute to the Gaani economy by providing livestock and milk to their Emperor.
741:
The Gbangba, danced by young Wasangari aged between 18 and 25, is identified by its solemn, mournful rhythm. It was for-merly used to announce the death of a king and to accompany the preparations for burial ceremonies. A war dance, it also an-nounces the start of a conflict. The
688:
relatively simple outfits are enhanced by the numerous items of jewellery acquired since the development of the caravan trade: earrings, silver bracelets, necklaces with carved porcelain or glass pendants and mirrors contribute to the women’s style and seductiveness.
606:
of the dignitaries, compete in dexterity and audacity in powerful demonstrations of strength and mastery with their audacious stunts and dazzling processions. The equestrian tradition began when Sunon Sero, a resident of Nikki-Wenu, rode to
651:. The instrument, unknown to the Baatonu natives, originates from India and was introduced to Africa by caravan travellers. The sacred trumpet is directly associated with power and is used by the Baatonu people in the royal courts of the
706:
quite an impression on the assembly, sometimes to the point of fright-ening them. The rapid pace of the dance is set by the pounding rhythm of their accessories: a gravel-filled gourd in one hand and a piece of animal skin in the other.
493:
and do not have to marry Bariba. Marriages are between Gando except during a particular circumstance that we will explain later. The Gando are responsible for supplying the Royal Grain Court. The Gando are Baribas who talk the
460:. It's the caste of the nobles. The emperor or Sinaboko, as well as, the Gnon Kogui, the Queen Mother, take part of this caste. The Wassangari clan held political power in the most of the Empire, the various dynasties of the
610:
on horseback to visit his son Sime Dobidia during the Gaani. Sime Dobidia established the tradition and transformed the Gaani into an equestrian demonstration assembling horsemen from throughout the empire.
253:
The Bariba people hold an important place in the history of the country. During the late 19th century, Baribawas known to constitute independent statesand dominate with kingdomsin cities like
576:, a traditional equestrian show, simulates military at-tacks. Initially practised in the Maghreb where it was also known as the “powder game” or “horse game”, the fantasia is an
503:, a region of wooded savannah alternating with vast plains irrigated by rivers, is an ideal location for the intensive livestock farm-ing carried out by the Fulbe, semi-nomadic
562:. The festival is organized according to the lunar calendar and is always held on a Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday or Sunday; it cannot be held on any other day of the week.*
1232:
722:
varying rhythms are associated with specific dance steps. The Sinsennu dance is carried out by young men. Its name refers to the chains of balls made from the leaves of
1082:
240:. There are perhaps a million Bariba, 70% of them in Benin, where they are the fourth largest ethnic group and comprise approximately 1/11 of the population (9.2%).
499:
The fourth caste is the caste of the Fulbe. The Baribas are excellent farmers and are closely linked to the Fulbe, who farm livestock on their territory. The
785:
are also eaten pureed (Pereku) or ground and dried (Yennu). The traditional dish of millet paste is now sometimes replaced by corn paste mixed with manioc.
333:, Barba, Baruba, Berba and many other names and spellings), is the language of the Bariba people of Benin and Nigeria. It was the language of the state of
927:"National statistical institute of Benin: 7.9% of a Projected 2017 Beninois population of 8.7 Million belonging to Bariba speaking groups" (2010 estimate)
588:
equestrian art tradition. Recorded since the 16th century, it was formally recognized in the 18th century and became a popular subject for artists from
819:
757:
are the queen of cultures in Baatonu gastronomy. Their traditional dish is Sokuru, prepared from yams and served with different types of sauce:
619:
1225:
1019:
985:
1075:
906:
789:
is also used to make gari. Although the Baatonu regularly consume corn and bean-based dishes in their daily life, they generally only sell
386:, Mansa Doro nominated his protégé Sero as the new chief. Decked out in hunting attire, the groom was established by the populations of
1655:
1218:
831:
1068:
468:
office. They are members of the Council of Ministers and the second is called to the regency at the death of the King. The
1009:
975:
807:
143:
1650:
1481:
936:
1444:
726:
shoots decorated with small stones that the dancers wrap round their calves, making a sound similar to that of
456:
The Wassangari are the first component of the population. It is the aristocracy of the riders originating from
894:
541:
The yearly Gaani festival, presided over by the Emperor of Nikki, or in his absence the chiefs of the Bouay,
738:
and a drum contribute to the sound of the Sinsennu, producing the particular harmony specific to the dance.
449:
304:
and some poultry and livestock. Religion plays an important role in the Bariba tribe and they are primarily
1645:
573:
566:
445:
1091:
960:
643:
Like spurs, trumpets were introduced to the Baatonu country by the Wasangari under the influence of the
250:
One of their noted festivals is the annual Gani festival of which horse riding is a prominent element.
843:
243:
The Bariba are concentrated primarily in the north-east of the country, especially around the city of
542:
403:
mothers. Those parental ties were the basis of the political structure established by the Wasangari.
867:
855:
1476:
956:
593:
589:
652:
628:
213:
1015:
981:
660:
317:
209:
382:
who entrusted Mansa Doro with the education of Sero. Before leaving the region again to join
656:
123:
1471:
1362:
782:
774:
766:
762:
754:
350:
According to some versions of their history, the Wasangari first settled in the region of
289:
167:
119:
115:
99:
889:
1626:
1596:
1571:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1439:
1429:
1412:
1407:
1184:
581:
457:
375:
359:
354:
around 1480, it having been occupied from 1350 by the Baatonu natives. Coming from the
159:
107:
103:
1639:
1601:
1586:
1541:
1511:
1506:
1491:
1486:
1454:
1397:
1372:
1357:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1262:
1252:
1194:
1159:
680:
who are happier wearing white loin-cloths, sometimes with brightly-coloured stripes.
494:
473:
179:
155:
111:
1606:
1576:
1556:
1516:
1496:
1466:
1459:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1337:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1282:
1272:
1199:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1122:
925:
735:
644:
607:
524:
520:
391:
387:
383:
379:
367:
351:
258:
254:
244:
187:
175:
171:
163:
1591:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1526:
1449:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1392:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1174:
1144:
1107:
1050:
743:
677:
504:
489:
237:
233:
183:
1581:
1347:
1317:
1139:
1127:
1112:
1102:
477:
262:
308:. However, a number of Bariba communities have their own indigenous beliefs.
884:
727:
265:, there are approximately 200,000 Bariba people out of 365,000 inhabitants.
32:
1210:
1257:
1132:
1060:
758:
723:
698:
598:
559:
481:
330:
297:
1267:
1241:
786:
778:
714:
664:
648:
632:
585:
555:
547:
516:
512:
363:
285:
273:
229:
81:
790:
746:
carry out the Sinna which imitates flagellation, and the Gesegesere.
551:
371:
355:
301:
281:
1189:
464:
being placed under the authority of one of the Wasangari sub-clans.
1501:
1402:
1387:
731:
708:
637:
618:
577:
500:
469:
461:
425:
334:
305:
269:
225:
221:
217:
139:
63:
268:
Agriculture is the dominant occupation for the Bariba. They grow
1327:
770:
709:
426:
413:
Kpe Gounon Kaba Wouko, the ancestor of the dynasty of the Gbassi
293:
277:
1214:
1064:
702:
accentuate courage and persistence when faced with an enemy.
419:
Kpe Lafia Gamabrou, the ancestor of the dynasty of Lafiarou
825:
Ourou, a 20-year-old Bariba from the state of Nikki, 1920.
416:
Sero Kpera I, the ancestor of the dynasty of the Makararou
422:
Sero Kora Bakarou, the ancestor of the dynasty of Korakou
410:
Sero Baguiri, the ancestor of the dynasty of the Karawe
484:
and others Baribas take part integrally of this caste.
232:. In Nigeria, they are found spread between western
149:
132:
90:
72:
54:
49:
39:
667:are now reproduced in a somewhat anarchic manner.
974:Houngnikpo, Mathurin C.; Decalo, Samuel (2013).
261:in the northeast of the country. In the town of
378:for Nikki-Wenu with his groom Sero, the son of
511:Finally, there are foreigners who are usually
448:typical of the West African region. There are
1226:
1076:
8:
374:had formed an alliance with Mansa Doro left
19:
1233:
1219:
1211:
1083:
1069:
1061:
1047:The Cultural Context of Therapeutic Choice
18:
1040:
1038:
1008:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009).
980:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74.
370:, the legendary Wasangari horseman from
946:
944:
918:
803:
615:Trumpets and drums, attributes of power
550:calendar and thus coincides with the
398:Sime Dobidia, father of the dynasties
7:
907:Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande
406:The royal dynasties are founded by:
50:Regions with significant populations
14:
208:are the principal inhabitants of
1620:
1049:. D. Reidel Publishing Company,
1045:Sargent, Carolyn Fishel (1982).
1011:Encyclopedia of African Religion
866:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
592:to Orientalist painters such as
558:to commemorate the birth of the
444:The Bariba society features the
74:
56:
31:
977:Historical Dictionary of Benin
1:
793:(mixture of rice and beans).
142:, with a minority practicing
837:Ceremonial Bariba clay lamp.
488:he will be entrusted to the
358:, they initially settled in
144:traditional African religion
515:. Originally from northern
1672:
959:, The Globe Pequot Press,
527:are traders and merchants.
315:
1617:
1248:
1098:
597:carried out on foot. The
236:and the Borgu section of
224:of what is now northeast
154:
137:
95:
44:
30:
1656:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
1242:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
713:A group of Kirikou with
537:The origins of the Gaani
390:as Sounon Sero, King of
220:, and cofounders of the
951:Butler, Stuart (2006).
937:Encyclopædia Britannica
554:which is celebrated by
1092:Ethnic groups in Benin
718:
624:
431:
1014:. SAGE. p. 107.
961:Guilford, Connecticut
879:Notable Bariba people
813:Bariba warrior, 1900.
712:
622:
429:
150:Related ethnic groups
957:Bradt Travel Guides
769:, climbing leaves,
430:A Wassangari prince
214:Alibori Departments
200:, self designation
27:
1651:Languages of Benin
1627:Nigeria portal
895:Stéphane Sessègnon
873:A Bariba horseman
719:
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24:Baatonu / Baatombu
1633:
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1208:
1207:
1021:978-1-4129-3636-1
987:978-0-8108-7171-7
849:A group of Bariba
318:Baatonum language
228:and west-central
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692:Songs and Dances
623:Kankangi player.
594:Eugene Fromentin
329:(also Baatombu,
325:, also known as
80:
78:
77:
62:
60:
59:
40:Total population
35:
28:
26:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1244:
1239:
1209:
1204:
1094:
1089:
1059:
1058:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
988:
973:
972:
968:
950:
949:
942:
935:
931:
924:
920:
915:
903:
881:
874:
871:
862:
861:A Wasangari man
859:
850:
847:
838:
835:
826:
823:
814:
811:
801:
799:
752:
694:
673:
617:
570:
539:
534:
450:caste divisions
446:caste divisions
442:
437:
400:
362:in what is now
348:
343:
320:
314:
128:
118:
75:
73:
57:
55:
22:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1034:
1020:
1000:
986:
966:
940:
929:
917:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
902:
899:
898:
897:
892:
887:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
865:
863:
860:
853:
851:
848:
841:
839:
836:
829:
827:
824:
817:
815:
812:
805:
798:
795:
751:
748:
693:
690:
672:
669:
616:
613:
569:
564:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
509:
497:
485:
465:
441:
438:
436:
433:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
399:
396:
347:
344:
342:
339:
316:Main article:
313:
310:
192:
191:
152:
151:
147:
146:
135:
134:
130:
129:
127:
126:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:
86:400,000 (2016)
84:
70:
69:
68:687,300 (2010)
66:
52:
51:
47:
46:
45:c. 1.4 million
42:
41:
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1668:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Bariba people
1644:
1643:
1641:
1628:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
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1170:Kabye (Lokpa)
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963:. p. 21.
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767:Guinea sorrel
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222:Borgu kingdom
219:
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198:Bariba people
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1477:Iwellemmedan
1277:
1117:
1046:
1025:. Retrieved
1010:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
976:
969:
952:
932:
921:
890:Steve Mounié
800:
753:
740:
734:, a talking
724:Palmyra palm
720:
704:
695:
686:
682:
674:
642:
629:sacred drums
626:
604:
571:
567:The Fantasia
540:
462:Nikki Empire
443:
440:Caste system
405:
401:
349:
326:
322:
321:
267:
252:
249:
242:
205:
201:
197:
195:
23:
16:Ethnic group
1051:Netherlands
717:, Kankangui
478:blacksmiths
472:, severals
288:(tapioca),
238:Niger State
234:Kwara State
1640:Categories
913:References
631:and royal
388:Nikki-Wenu
352:Nikki-Wenu
206:Baatombu),
190:and others
138:Primarily
885:Odo Chabi
759:aubergine
728:castanets
590:Delacroix
482:musicians
91:Languages
1532:Mambilla
1472:Itsekiri
1440:Kalabari
1258:Anlo Ewe
1133:Anlo Ewe
901:See also
715:trumpets
699:humanism
665:trumpets
633:trumpets
574:Fantasia
523:and the
495:Fulfulde
474:horsemen
366:, where
323:Baatonum
312:Language
298:palm oil
204:(plural
133:Religion
112:Fulfulde
1572:Tangale
1537:Mandara
1522:Longuda
1430:Engenni
1413:Ukwuani
1408:Ikwerre
1268:Afusari
1185:Tammari
797:Gallery
779:chicken
736:tom-tom
653:Atacora
649:Nigeria
599:Baatonu
582:Turkish
560:Prophet
556:Muslims
532:Culture
517:Nigeria
513:Muslims
435:Society
364:Nigeria
346:Origins
341:History
331:Baatonu
306:Islamic
302:peanuts
286:cassava
274:sorghum
263:Pehunko
230:Nigeria
202:Baatonu
168:Gurunsi
160:Dagomba
124:English
82:Nigeria
1602:Yoruba
1587:Urhobo
1542:Mumuye
1512:Kotoko
1507:Kofyar
1492:Kanuri
1487:Kamuku
1455:Nkoroo
1398:Ekpeye
1373:Ibibio
1363:Goemai
1358:Gbagyi
1308:Djerma
1298:Defaka
1293:Chamba
1288:Buduma
1278:Bariba
1263:Anaang
1253:Afemai
1195:Yoruba
1160:Kurtey
1118:Bariba
1018:
984:
791:Waakye
787:Manioc
775:mutton
763:bissap
661:Borgou
638:griots
586:Berber
552:Mawlid
548:Muslim
519:, the
501:Borgou
470:griots
372:Persia
327:Bariba
282:cotton
210:Borgou
180:Yoruba
120:French
116:Yoruba
100:Bariba
79:
61:
20:Bariba
1607:Ijebu
1577:Tarok
1557:Ogoni
1517:Kuteb
1502:Kirdi
1497:Kilba
1482:Jukun
1467:Isoko
1460:Obolo
1450:Nkoro
1435:Ibani
1425:Bille
1403:Etche
1388:Igede
1383:Igala
1378:Idoma
1368:Hausa
1338:Eleme
1313:Ebira
1303:Dendi
1283:Berom
1273:Atyap
1200:Zarma
1180:Somba
1165:Lamba
1155:Hausa
1150:Gurma
1123:Dendi
1027:6 May
993:6 May
953:Benin
750:Foods
744:Fulbe
732:flute
678:Fulbe
671:Dress
657:Donga
645:Hausa
608:Nikki
525:Dendi
521:Hausa
490:Fulbe
458:Bussa
392:Nikki
384:Kisra
380:Kisra
376:Bussa
368:Kisra
360:Bussa
335:Borgu
294:beans
259:Kandi
255:Nikki
245:Nikki
226:Benin
218:Benin
188:Dendi
176:Somba
172:Mossi
164:Gurma
140:Islam
108:Hausa
104:Dendi
64:Benin
1597:Yakö
1592:Waja
1567:Tera
1562:Saro
1552:Ogba
1547:Nupe
1527:Mafa
1445:Kula
1420:Ijaw
1393:Igbo
1353:Fula
1343:Esan
1333:Ekoi
1328:Eket
1323:Efik
1175:Mahi
1145:Fula
1108:Akan
1029:2024
1016:ISBN
995:2024
982:ISBN
783:Yams
771:beef
755:Yams
730:. A
659:and
627:The
578:Arab
572:The
543:Kika
505:Fula
356:East
290:yams
278:rice
270:corn
257:and
212:and
196:The
184:Nupe
1582:Tiv
1348:Fon
1318:Edo
1190:TĂ©m
1140:Fon
1128:Ewe
1113:Ana
1103:Aja
777:or
647:of
156:Gur
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