38:
2178:
3668:
1329:
1830:
3652:
2125:
3480:
2359:
3456:
2374:
3441:
3406:
1918:
3425:
2157:
2139:
1972:
904:
51:
2008:
833:
1497:
3184:
7362:
3169:
3217:
3202:
1990:
1846:
2406:
1954:
1936:
1900:
2026:
7372:
4249:
7003:
2106:. As it grows it requires soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), often supplied as fertilizers. It needs to be monitored for pests and diseases, and if necessary treated before these become serious. The stems and ears turn yellow when ripe, and the ears begin to droop. Traditional harvesting was by hand with
1784:, is responsible for the transition from two-row to six-row barley. Brewers in Europe tend to use two-row cultivars and breweries in North America use six-row barley (or a mix), and there are important differences in enzyme content, kernel shape, and other factors that malters and brewers must take into consideration.
4497:
Traces of starch found on a large flat stone discovered in the hunter-fisher-gatherer site of Ohalo II famously represent the first identification of Upper
Palaeolithic grinding of grasses. Given the importance of this discovery for the use of edible grain, further analyses have now been undertaken.
1528:
Archaeobotanical evidence shows that barley had spread throughout
Eurasia by 2,000 BC. Genetic analysis demonstrates that cultivated barley followed several different routes over time. By 4200 BC domesticated barley had reached Eastern Finland. Barley has been grown in the Korean Peninsula since the
3621:
of the same name is a personification of barley, and of the alcoholic beverages made from it: beer and whisky. In the song, John
Barleycorn is represented as suffering attacks, death, and indignities that correspond to the various stages of barley cultivation, such as reaping and malting; but he is
2065:
In 2022, world production of barley was 155 million tonnes, led by Russia accounting for 15% of the world total (table). France, Germany, and Canada were secondary producers. Worldwide barley production was fourth among grains, following maize (1.2 billion tonnes), wheat (808 million tonnes), and
1873:. Naked barley is an ancient food crop, but a new industry has developed around uses of selected hulless barley to increase the digestibility of the grain, especially for pigs and poultry. Hulless barley has been investigated for several potential new applications as whole grain, bran, and flour.
3511:
Barley straw has been placed in mesh bags and floated in fish ponds or water gardens to help prevent algal growth without harming pond plants and animals. The technique's effectiveness is at best mixed. Barley grains were once used for measurement in
England, there being nominally three or four
2074:
Barley is a crop that prefers relatively low temperatures, 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F) in the growing season; it is grown around the world in temperate areas. It grows best in well-drained soil in full sunshine. In the tropics and subtropics, it is grown for food and straw in South Asia,
1780:), only the central spikelet is fertile, while the other two are reduced. This condition is retained in certain cultivars known as two-row barleys. A pair of mutations (one dominant, the other recessive) result in fertile lateral spikelets to produce six-row barleys. A mutation in one gene,
4038:
Hayes, Patrick M.; Castro, Ariel; Marquez-Cedillo, Luis; Corey, Ann; Henson, Cynthia; et al. (2003). "Genetic diversity for quantitatively inherited agronomic and malting quality traits". In Roland von
Bothmer; Theo van Hintum; Helmut Knüpffer; Kazuhiro Sato (eds.).
1388:, where grinding stones with traces of starch were found. The remains were dated to about 23,000 BC. The earliest evidence for the domestication of barley, in the form of cultivars that cannot reproduce without human assistance, comes from Mesopotamia, specifically the
3370:, but both varieties are in common usage now. Distilled from green beer, Scottish and Irish whisky are made primarily from barley. About 25% of American barley is used for malting, for which barley is the best-suited grain. Accordingly, barley is often assessed by its
5793:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
3667:
4498:
Meticulous sampling combined with good preservation allow the authors to demonstrate that the Ohalo II stone was certainly used for the routine processing of wild cereals, wheat, barley and now oats among them, around 23 000 years ago.
931:(to 160 mm (6.3 in) long), making the ears look tufted. The spikelets are in clusters of three. In six-row barley, all three spikelets in each cluster are fertile; in two-row barley, only the central one is fertile. It is a
6029:
Sano, Anna; Tsuyukubo, Mika; Mabashi, Yuka; Murakami, Yukie; Narita, Hiroshi; Kasai, Midori; Ookura, Tetsuya (2017). "Translocation of Barley β-amylase into Rice Grains during
Cooking Rice Mixed with Barley (Mugimeshi)".
3651:
2177:
3821:
3378:
is a style of strong beer from the
English brewing tradition. An 18th-century alcoholic drink of the same name was made by boiling barley in water, then mixing the barley water with white wine,
4145:
Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; et al. (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the
Poaceae (Gramineae)".
4801:
Orabi, Jihad; Backes, Gunter; Wolday, Asmelash; Yahyaoui, Amor; Jahoor, Ahmed (29 March 2007). "The Horn of Africa as a centre of barley diversification and a potential domestication site".
1739:
since the fifth century AD. This grain, along with a cool climate that permitted storage, produced a civilization that was able to raise great armies. It is made into a flour product called
2980:
2156:
1787:
In traditional taxonomy, different forms of barley were classified as different species based on morphological differences. Two-row barley with shattering spikes (wild barley) was named
946:
The genome of barley was sequenced in 2012 by the
International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium and the UK Barley Sequencing Consortium. The genome is organised into seven pairs of
2124:
6817:
2994:
Hulled barley (or covered barley) is eaten after removing the inedible, fibrous, outer husk or hull. Once removed, it is called dehulled barley (or pot barley or scotch barley).
1829:
3098:. In Africa, where it is a traditional food plant, it has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and support sustainable landcare.
5771:
4964:
2373:
2358:
3829:
8197:
8259:
1745:
that is still a staple in Tibet. In medieval Europe, bread made from barley and rye was peasant food, while wheat products were consumed by the upper classes.
6308:
3424:
37:
3440:
3405:
8109:
6108:"21 CFR Part 101 [Docket No. 2004P-0512], Food Labeling: Health Claims; Soluble Dietary Fiber From Certain Foods and Coronary Heart Disease"
1557:
5,700–3,300 years ago. Barley beer was probably one of the first alcoholic drinks developed by Neolithic humans; later it was used as currency. The
6508:
8210:
8135:
3707:
5471:
Witzel, Katja; Matros, Andrea; Strickert, Marc; Kaspar, Stephanie; Peukert, Manuela; Mühling, Karl H.; Börner, Andreas; Mock, Hans-Peter (2014).
3495:
in western Canada. In 2014, an enzymatic process was devised to make a high-protein fish feed from barley, suitable for carnivorous fish such as
2138:
4097:
8347:
8295:
8148:
7082:
4845:"Maanviljely levisi Suomeen Itä-Aasiasta jo 7000 vuotta sitten - Ajankohtaista - Tammikuu 2013 - Humanistinen tiedekunta - Helsingin yliopisto"
2279:
2060:
6925:
6771:
6685:
6437:
6383:
5971:
5909:
5878:
5805:
5224:
5197:
5150:
5039:
5008:
4580:
4072:
3958:
3868:
3780:
3455:
1328:
3638:
records that Elsie Marley was "a handsome, buxom, bustling landlady, and brought good custom to the house by her civility and attention."
4466:"New evidence for the processing of wild cereal grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel"
8013:
4844:
6791:
8047:
8008:
5665:
2346:
2075:
North and East Africa, and in the Andes of South America. In dry regions it requires irrigation. It has a short growing season and is
8277:
5800:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
7408:
6487:
5473:"Salinity Stress in Roots of Contrasting Barley Genotypes Reveals Time-Distinct and Genotype-Specific Patterns for Defined Proteins"
5323:
5075:
4510:
Snir, Ainit; Nadel, Dani; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Melamed, Yoel; Sternberg, Marcelo; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Weiss, Ehud (22 July 2015).
4318:
Badr, A.; M, K.; Sch, R.; El Rabey, H.; Effgen, S.; et al. (1 April 2000). "On the Origin and Domestication History of Barley (
5763:
4972:
3721:
3622:
revenged by getting the men drunk: "And little Sir John and the nut-brown bowl / Proved the strongest man at last." The folksong "
8485:
6957:
6759:
5255:
Komatsuda, Takao; Pourkheirandish, Mohammad; He, Congfen; Azhaguvel, Perumal; Kanamori, Hiroyuki; et al. (23 January 2007).
4628:"μCT trait analysis reveals morphometric differences between domesticated temperate small grain cereals and their wild relatives"
3243:, and 0.4% fat (table). In a 100-gram (3.5 oz) reference serving, cooked barley provides 515 kilojoules (123 kcal) of
3168:
1603:
8184:
6259:
6111:
1638:
1630:
3947:
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley
8409:
6561:
4599:
Clark, Helena H. (1967). "The Origin and Early History of the Cultivated Barleys: A Botanical and Archaeological Synthesis".
3341:
3320:
1665:
1636:
1633:
6133:
8215:
5819:
3699:
8246:
7289:
5628:
7262:
5759:
5561:
Djurle, Annika; Young, Beth; Berlin, Anna; Vågsholm, Ivar; Blomström, Anne-Lie; Nygren, Jim; Kvarnheden, Anders (2022).
3284:
3216:
2301:
2289:
1399:
of the barley grain substantially, from an elongated shape to a more rounded spherical one. Wild barley has distinctive
4908:
8373:
7959:
7936:
7193:
6677:
5610:
4358:
3807:
3645:
such as The Barley Mow, John Barleycorn, Malt Shovel, and Mash Tun allude to barley's role in the production of beer.
3201:
2076:
756:
6491:
3183:
2229:. Aphid damage can often be tolerated, whereas armyworms can eat whole leaves. Wireworms kill seedlings, and require
6306:
Pietzak, M. (January 2012). "Celiac disease, wheat allergy, and gluten sensitivity: when gluten free is not a fad".
4683:"Genomic adaptation to drought in wild barley is driven by edaphic natural selection at the Tabigha Evolution Slope"
3479:
8414:
8360:
7664:
5170:
5067:
3382:, lemon and sugar. In the 19th century, a different barley wine was prepared from recipes of ancient Greek origin.
2330:
1727:
1553:
and other Indian scriptures as a principal grain in ancient India. Traces of barley cultivation have been found in
6107:
8264:
5930:
3367:
3159:
3030:
2341:
2293:
2275:
1554:
5862:
4182:
Escobar, Juan S; Scornavacca, Céline; Cenci, Alberto; Guilhaumon, Claire; Santoni, Sylvain; et al. (2011).
3634:
with lines such as "And do you ken Elsie Marley, honey? / The wife that sells the barley, honey". The antiquary
50:
8300:
7687:
7299:
7279:
6453:
6159:
Harris, Kristina A.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M. (2010). "Effects of Whole Grains on Coronary Heart Disease Risk".
5955:
3312:
3158:, endemic in the armed forces in the 19th century. It became standard prison fare, and remains a staple in the
1754:
1428:
999:
741:
8365:
6134:"Summary of Health Canada's Assessment of a Health Claim about Barley Products and Blood Cholesterol Lowering"
5609:
Brunt, A. A.; Crabtree, K.; Dallwitz, M. J.; Gibbs, A. J.; Watson, L.; Zurcher, E. J., eds. (20 August 1996).
5534:
Parry, D. W.; Jenkinson, P.; McLeod, L. (1995). "Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals—a review".
4357:
Mascher, Martin; Schuenemann, Verena J; Davidovich, Uri; Marom, Nimrod; Himmelbach, Axel; et al. (2016).
3563:
6848:
4626:
Hughes, N.; Oliveira, H. R.; Fradgley, N.; Corke, F.; Cockram, J.; Doonan, J. H.; Nibau, C. (14 March 2019).
8086:
7749:
7682:
7049:
5656:
4587:
This feature allows us to describe the Jarmo barley as the earliest "domesticated" two-row barley yet found.
3950:
3799:
3520:, barley was used as a form of money, the standard unit of weight for barley, and hence of value, being the
3393:
have been made by boiling barley in water. In Italy, roasted barley is sometimes used as coffee substitute,
3296:
2308:
2198:
1337:
20:
8153:
8091:
6427:
5214:
3307:
containing barley over weeks to months improves cholesterol levels and glucose regulation. Barley contains
8490:
7974:
7859:
7797:
7692:
6974:
3192:
3136:
2976:
2325:
2312:
2244:
1691:. In mainland Greece, the ritual significance of barley possibly dates back to the earliest stages of the
242:
7964:
8140:
7401:
7087:
6512:
6208:
6094:
3583:
3120:
2967:
2828:
1431:
spikelets, making it much easier to harvest the mature ears. The nonshattering condition is caused by a
177:
755:
by 2000 BC. Barley prefers relatively low temperatures and well-drained soil to grow. It is relatively
6567:. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Archived from
8287:
8021:
7897:
7792:
7072:
6987:
6950:
6371:
5268:
4755:
4694:
4681:
Wang, Xiaolei; Chen, Zhong-Hua; Yang, Chongyi; Zhang, Xuelei; Jin, Gulei; et al. (15 May 2018).
4523:
4417:
4359:"Genomic analysis of 6,000-year-old cultivated grain illuminates the domestication history of barley"
4272:
4195:
4101:
3989:
2880:
2841:
2262:
1692:
1530:
1491:
1003:
6007:
5869:. Vol. VII: The Foundation of the Community. Translated by W. Montgomery Watt; M. V. McDonald.
958:, with a total of 5000 Mbp. Details of the genome are freely available in several barley databases.
7832:
7657:
7650:
7622:
5257:"Six-rowed barley originated from a mutation in a homeodomain-leucine zipper I-class homeobox gene"
5189:
4872:
4471:
3551:
3252:
2998:(or pearled barley) is dehulled to remove most of the bran, and polished. Barley meal, a wholemeal
2208:
2169:
1845:
1579:
924:
8238:
6616:
6585:
4404:
Dai, Fei; Nevo, Eviatar; Wu, Dezhi; Comadran, Jordi; Zhou, Meixue; et al. (16 October 2012).
8442:
8078:
8073:
8000:
7842:
7837:
7375:
7245:
7169:
6647:
6184:
5108:
4939:
4889:
4826:
4608:
4488:
4386:
4259:"Barley heads east: Genetic analyses reveal routes of spread through diverse Eurasian landscapes"
3906:
3852:
3516:
to the inch. By the 19th century, this had been superseded by standard inch measures. In ancient
3390:
3240:
2802:
2782:
2502:
2212:
2084:
1789:
764:
201:
45:
8424:
8352:
7223:
5945:
5394:"Barley production in 2022; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (from pick lists)"
3602:, a parallel "barley-figure" in Finnish culture, in turn connected by R.D. Fulk with the Eddaic
3395:
903:
8202:
6763:
6749:
8321:
7982:
6921:
6767:
6701:
6681:
6433:
6379:
6325:
6288:
6235:
6176:
5967:
5905:
5874:
5811:
5801:
5741:
5700:
5494:
5319:
5296:
5220:
5193:
5146:
5116:
5071:
5035:
5004:
4931:
4818:
4783:
4722:
4663:
4632:
4576:
4570:
4551:
4445:
4378:
4339:
4300:
4223:
4078:
4068:
4015:
3954:
3864:
3776:
3567:
3513:
3292:
3260:
3050:
2893:
2625:
2256:
2238:
2184:
2115:
1816:
1795:
1558:
951:
729:
6375:
5901:
5895:
5687:
Chelkowski, Jerzy; Tyrka, Miroslaw; Sobkiewicz, Andrzej (2003). "Resistance genes in barley (
5025:
4848:
3772:
8495:
8480:
8475:
8326:
7827:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7744:
7714:
7394:
7140:
7097:
6787:
6727:
6639:
6367:
6317:
6278:
6268:
6225:
6217:
6168:
6070:
6039:
5959:
5731:
5669:
5574:
5543:
5484:
5375:
5348:
5286:
5276:
5142:
5100:
4923:
4881:
4810:
4773:
4763:
4742:"Genetic divergence in domesticated and non-domesticated gene regions of barley chromosomes"
4712:
4702:
4653:
4645:
4541:
4531:
4480:
4435:
4425:
4370:
4331:
4290:
4280:
4213:
4203:
4162:
4154:
4060:
4005:
3997:
3980:
3610:
3575:
3559:
3304:
3264:
3143:
3026:
2815:
2642:
2320:
2319:
have corresponding resistance gene regions on all chromosomes of barley. A large number of
1471:
1396:
1341:
932:
737:
8176:
1415:; these may help cultivated barley to adapt to climatic changes. Wild barley has a brittle
8470:
8308:
7765:
7365:
7284:
7233:
7149:
6943:
6872:
6669:
5848:
Guide to Good Food and Wines: A Concise Encyclopedia of Gastronomy Complete and Unabridged
5165:
4641:
4463:
Nadel, Dani; Piperno, Dolores R.; Holst, Irene; Snir, Ainit; Weiss, Ehud (December 2012).
4335:
3860:
3678:
3658:
3627:
3614:
3543:
3363:
3316:
3151:
3038:
3034:
2385:
2250:
2225:
1736:
1722:
1436:
955:
836:
815:
88:
8434:
6253:
Tovoli, F.; Masi, C.; Guidetti, E.; Negrini, G.; Paterini, P.; Bolondi, L. (March 2015).
6058:
4965:"IIT KGP Researchers say Indus Valley civilization in India is older than thought before"
4870:
Crawford, Gary W.; Gyoung-Ah Lee (2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula".
2979:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
7908:
6608:
6204:"The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base"
5272:
4759:
4698:
4527:
4421:
4276:
4199:
3993:
1496:
8339:
8334:
7754:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7451:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7158:
7031:
6813:
6283:
6254:
6230:
6203:
5547:
5291:
5256:
5031:
4778:
4741:
4717:
4682:
4658:
4627:
4546:
4511:
4440:
4405:
4295:
4258:
4218:
4183:
3728:
3635:
3492:
3371:
3091:
3087:
3080:
2316:
2297:
2230:
2013:
1710:
1424:
1416:
1385:
1377:
75:
8065:
4064:
1344:, an area of relatively abundant water in Western Asia, around 9,000 BC. Wild barley (
832:
8464:
7822:
7787:
7632:
7568:
7304:
7294:
7250:
7228:
7164:
7077:
6982:
6360:
6137:
5422:. FAOSTAT, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database. 2024
5055:
4893:
4492:
3884:
3761:
3631:
3547:
3491:
Some 70% of the world's barley production is used as livestock feed, for example for
3446:
3412:
3324:
3280:
3256:
3116:
2560:
2458:
2380:
2145:
2080:
1412:
760:
733:
193:
101:
6188:
4830:
4390:
4123:
8447:
7987:
7734:
7609:
7600:
7550:
7525:
7421:
7213:
7203:
7198:
7026:
5949:
5446:
5060:
4943:
3623:
3571:
3386:
3236:
3189:
3103:
3076:
3022:
2999:
2995:
2434:
2088:
1812:
1702:
1228:
1038:
928:
857:
807:
799:
725:
8378:
8127:
6568:
1701:
or mixed drink of the initiates, prepared from barley and herbs, mentioned in the
8225:
7941:
7928:
6535:
5512:
4998:
4768:
4536:
4285:
8401:
8251:
8233:
8161:
7891:
7530:
7347:
7342:
7110:
7059:
6665:
5379:
5352:
5125:
Demeter's name, therefore, could be interpreted in Greek to mean 'barley-mother'
4184:"Multigenic phylogeny and analysis of tree incongruences in Triticeae (Poaceae)"
3533:
3517:
3484:
3416:
3375:
3359:
3300:
3288:
3248:
3244:
3018:
2951:
2692:
2418:
1732:
1566:
1369:
1365:
1280:
947:
866:
848:
791:
114:
7918:
5795:
5720:"Marker-Assisted Selection for Disease Resistance in Wheat and Barley Breeding"
5632:
5579:
5562:
5091:
Tobin, Vincent Arieh (1991). "Isis and Demeter: symbols of divine motherhood".
4253:
1811:. Because these differences were driven by single-gene mutations, coupled with
1364:
to be an additional center of domestication of cultivated barley. The earliest
907:
Botanical illustration of leafy stem with roots, flowers, and 2- and 6-row ears
7817:
7759:
7239:
7208:
7185:
7174:
6172:
5870:
4927:
4885:
4814:
4484:
3975:
3595:
3467:
3011:
2867:
2659:
2608:
2568:
2405:
2103:
1501:
1482:, indicating that it may have been domesticated separately in eastern Africa.
1456:
940:
8052:
6731:
6643:
6321:
6059:"Kanehiro Takaki : The Great Naval Surgeon Nicknamed the "Barley Baron""
5736:
5719:
5120:
4208:
4082:
3594:
as a sleeping child in a boat without oars with a sheaf of corn at his head.
1819:
evidence, most recent classifications treat these forms as a single species,
8122:
8060:
8034:
7782:
7706:
7617:
7496:
7491:
7386:
7322:
7067:
6992:
6755:
6273:
5400:, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database. 2024
5281:
4707:
4465:
4430:
4048:
3768:
3674:
3642:
3603:
3268:
3112:
2854:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2556:
2267:
1923:
1771:
1513:
1509:
1464:
1452:
1091:
1025:
995:
987:
983:
819:
814:
using a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In English folklore,
806:, and as a component of various foods. It is used in soups and stews and in
8391:
7882:
6818:"The Bishoprick Garland or a Collection of Legends, Songs, Ballads, &c"
6329:
6292:
6239:
6180:
5815:
5745:
5704:
5614:
5498:
5300:
5216:
Contemporary Tibet: politics, development, and society in a disputed region
4935:
4822:
4787:
4726:
4667:
4555:
4449:
4382:
4343:
4304:
4227:
4019:
3976:"A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome"
3222:
3042:
6221:
5419:
5027:
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
4512:"The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming"
3327:
sufferers. Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate barley.
1538:
778:
In 2022, barley was fourth among grains in quantity produced, 155 million
8386:
8272:
7951:
7876:
7641:
7041:
6613:
The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
6074:
5393:
4746:
4263:
4056:
3618:
3155:
3095:
2591:
2364:
2220:
2216:
1836:
1680:
1590:
1544:
1479:
1448:
1432:
1420:
1381:
1133:
1077:
1058:
920:
840:
744:
144:
8313:
8101:
6043:
5489:
5472:
5420:"Comparison of world production values in 2022; maize-wheat-rice-barley"
5112:
4612:
4001:
3299:. Eating whole-grain barley, a high-fibre grain, improves regulation of
861:; it is used for a strain of six-row barley grown there. Modern English
818:
personifies the grain and the alcoholic beverages made from it. English
8114:
7995:
7671:
7481:
7255:
7019:
6651:
6630:
Powell, Marvin A. (1996). "Money in the Orient: Money in Mesopotamia".
5397:
4248:
4167:
3579:
3538:
3431:
3132:
3072:
3058:
3054:
2708:
2536:
2323:
are available for breeding of resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew,
2095:
1959:
1776:
1709:. The goddess's name may have meant "barley-mother", incorporating the
1706:
1684:
1549:
1475:
1408:
1262:
1107:
1014:
991:
936:
916:
752:
748:
721:
154:
134:
5673:
5366:
Bhatty, R. S. (2011). "β-glucan and flour yield of hull-less barley".
4649:
4158:
4010:
8166:
7677:
7461:
7429:
7417:
7125:
6480:
5611:"Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database"
5104:
4052:
3591:
3558:("Barley") are associated with the grain, or are possibly corn-gods;
3521:
3500:
3379:
3355:
3308:
3108:
2675:
2565:
2163:
2111:
2107:
2099:
1995:
1977:
1941:
1905:
1767:
1741:
1718:
1697:
1460:
1404:
1151:
1073:
912:
822:
such as The Barley Mow allude to its role in the production of beer.
803:
124:
7853:
4374:
3562:
wrote a poem "King Sheave" about them, and based a major element of
3311:, which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with
6722:
Fulk, R.D. (1989). "An eddic analogue to the Scyld Scefing story".
4406:"Tibet is one of the centers of domestication of cultivated barley"
2236:
Serious fungal diseases of barley include powdery mildew caused by
950:(recommended designations: 1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H), and one
8189:
8039:
7739:
7578:
7573:
7560:
7510:
7456:
7446:
7154:
7130:
7002:
6674:
The Great Tales Never End: Essays in Memory of Christopher Tolkien
5963:
3763:
The glutton's glossary : a dictionary of food and drink terms
3496:
3478:
3128:
3046:
3003:
2448:
2204:
2031:
1889:
1688:
1570:
1521:
1495:
1389:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1327:
1196:
972:
902:
884:
831:
783:
779:
768:
62:
5186:
Civilizations: Culture, Ambition and the Transformation of Nature
4252:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
8026:
7486:
7471:
7218:
7120:
7115:
7105:
3681:) allude to the use of barley to make the beer available inside.
3599:
3555:
3351:
3347:
3175:
3068:
2906:
2083:
than other cereals, varying in different cultivars. It has less
1870:
1505:
1400:
875:
811:
795:
787:
7857:
7390:
6939:
1332:
Genetic analysis on the spread of barley from 9,000 to 2,000 BC
7476:
7466:
6479:
Akar, Taner; Avci, Muzaffer; Dusunceli, Fazil (15 June 2004).
5563:"Addressing biohazards to food security in primary production"
3974:
The International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium (2012).
2478:
979:
772:
6255:"Clinical and Diagnostic Aspects of Gluten Related Disorders"
1766:
Spikelets are arranged in triplets which alternate along the
3303:(i.e., reduces blood glucose response to a meal). Consuming
1869:) is a form of domesticated barley with an easier-to-remove
1360:
in the east. A study of genome-wide diversity markers found
794:, while 30% is used as a source of fermentable material for
6887:
5339:
Bhatty, R. S. (1999). "The potential of hull-less barley".
2288:. Barley is susceptible to several viral diseases, such as
1721:
and roast them before preparing the porridge, according to
1463:. Domestication in barley is followed by the change of key
5764:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1569:, a stalk of barley was the primary symbol of the goddess
843:, Essex, built around 1220; its name means "barley-store".
810:
of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into
6935:
3002:
lighter than wheat meal but darker in colour, is used in
1455:, so varieties of barley that exhibit this condition are
6918:
On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen
6632:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
5996:"Bere Whisky: rediscovering the spirit of an old barley"
5995:
4572:
The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals
2114:; in developed countries, harvesting is mechanised with
1793:. Two-row barley with nonshattering spikes was named as
4909:"The Linguistic History of Some Indian Domestic Plants"
1451:
possess both mutations. The nonshattering condition is
6390:
and six-row barley was traditionally used in US beers.
4254:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3661:, complete with songsheet and little brown jug of beer
1474:
may not be the progenitor of the barley cultivated in
5691:
L.) and their identification with molecular marker".
5139:
Cereals and cereal products: chemistry and technology
2367:, the larvae of click beetles, kill barley seedlings.
1717:(dēai), "barley". The practice was to dry the barley
1504:
of barley rations issued monthly to adults (30 or 40
5863:"Muhammad at Al-Madina, A. D. 622-626/ijrah-4 A. H."
4569:
Ucko, Peter John; Dimbleby, G. W. (1 January 2007).
3358:
production. Two-row barley is traditionally used in
1657:
1622:
1595:
7866:
7727:
7705:
7640:
7631:
7608:
7599:
7559:
7509:
7428:
7315:
7272:
7183:
7139:
7096:
7058:
7040:
7010:
6973:
6615:. Vol. 26, Ungulata–Wales. C. Knight. p.
4033:
4031:
4029:
3725:
The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
3154:introduced it into institutional cooking to combat
2950:
2942:
2930:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2827:
2814:
2801:
2780:
2759:
2746:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2691:
2674:
2658:
2641:
2624:
2607:
2590:
2555:
2534:
2499:
2475:
2457:
2447:
2431:
2417:
2412:
2094:Like other cereals, barley is typically planted on
6536:"Process Turns Barley into High-protein Fish Food"
6456:[Barley Coffee: Coffee without Caffeine].
6359:
5797:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
5598:. American Phytopathological Society. p. 120.
5059:
4464:
3760:
3146:cuisine, barley is mixed with rice and steamed as
3094:Europe, barley is used in soups and stews such as
1407:, and regulators with potential for resistance to
1392:region of modern-day Iraq, around 9,000-7,000 BC.
4257:Jones, Martin K.; Kovaleva, Olga (18 July 2018).
2792:
2546:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6668:(2022). "'King Sheave' and 'The Lost Road'". In
6432:. London: Elsevier Applied Science. p. 84.
6362:Ambitious brew : the story of American beer
5093:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
5000:Wine: the 8,000-year-old story of the wine trade
4992:
4990:
3366:beers. Six-row barley was traditionally used in
3021:, barley is used in a wide range of traditional
919:with edible grains. Its flowers are clusters of
790:. Globally, 70% of barley production is used as
5441:
5439:
5437:
5261:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4687:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4410:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3287:, consuming at least 3 grams per day of barley
1555:post-Neolithic Bronze Age Harappan civilization
5944:National Research Council (14 February 1996).
2413:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1799:, six-row barley with nonshattering spikes as
7402:
6951:
5318:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 734.
1006:rather than a simple inheritance-based tree.
8:
6743:
6741:
5213:Dreyer, June Teufel; Sautman, Barry (2006).
3053:. Barley soup is traditionally eaten during
2398:
855:. This survives in the north of Scotland as
6341:
6339:
6309:Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
5994:Martin, Peter; Chang, Xianmin (June 2008).
5238:
5236:
5003:. Philadelphia: Running Press. p. 10.
4740:Yan, S.; Sun, D.; Sun, G. (26 March 2015).
3083:; its original form was a barley porridge.
978:is relatively closely related to wheat and
715:
7854:
7637:
7605:
7518:
7506:
7434:
7409:
7395:
7387:
6958:
6944:
6936:
5760:United States Food and Drug Administration
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3017:With a long history of cultivation in the
2516:
2397:
1661:
1626:
1599:
36:
27:
6282:
6272:
6229:
5735:
5578:
5488:
5290:
5280:
5219:. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. p. 262.
4777:
4767:
4716:
4706:
4657:
4545:
4535:
4439:
4429:
4294:
4284:
4217:
4207:
4166:
4009:
3677:such as The Barley Mow (like this pub at
3247:and is a good source (10% or more of the
3174:Barley grains with and without the outer
1807:), and six-row with shattering spikes as
6888:"The Mash Tun: Brighton's Beating Heart"
6000:The Brewer & Distiller International
5841:
5839:
5837:
5646:Jedlinski, H. (1981). "Rice Root Aphid,
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
2274:). Bacterial diseases of barley include
2162:Traditional barley harvest by hand with
2102:, but in developed countries is usually
1875:
1679:Rations of barley for workers appear in
986:, and more distantly to rice within the
883:meaning "barley-store". The name of the
6511:. Government of Ontario. Archived from
6454:"Caffè d'orzo: il caffè senza caffeina"
5654:in Illinois, and the Disease Complex".
5515:. Stockinger Lab, Ohio State University
4575:. Transaction Publishers. p. 164.
4126:. UK Barley Sequencing Consortium. 2024
3708:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
3691:
3647:
3401:
3164:
2354:
2120:
1825:
1470:The wild barley found currently in the
214:
5951:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains
5925:Marks, Gil (2010). "Cholent/Schalet".
5900:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
5024:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992).
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
3590:tells the story of the related figure
2223:larvae of click beetle genera such as
2130:Young winter barley in early November,
2061:List of countries by barley production
6497:from the original on 21 January 2022.
6413:
6401:
6345:
5242:
4336:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026330
3006:. This gruel is known as سويق :
2203:Among the insect pests of barley are
1508:) and children (20 pints) written in
7:
8415:aac71766-b3f6-4275-bbc3-38809cdf3c72
8288:d313000c-833e-4cf3-8100-3d3c2a34c5e5
8154:507AB8B6-8EE5-8740-F09C-8D4CE7D817A6
7371:
6794:from the original on 14 January 2024
6509:"Corn or Barley for Feeding Steers?"
6032:Food Science and Technology Research
6010:from the original on 1 December 2008
4147:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
3945:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000).
3851:J. Simpson; E. Weiner, eds. (1989).
3434:(heated with water) for brewing beer
3067:(in Hebrew) is a traditional Jewish
5897:Culture and customs of Saudi Arabia
5451:PlantVillage (PennState University)
4098:"barley genome at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
3449:and beer are both made from barley.
1254:
1234:
1125:
1098:
1064:
1054:
1031:
1021:
1009:
998:of the Triticeae is complicated by
6540:USDA Agricultural Research Service
6202:Williams, P. G. (September 2014).
5774:from the original on 27 March 2024
5666:American Phytopathological Society
5548:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02773.x
5184:Fernandez, Felipe Armesto (2001).
891:, barley, likely related to Latin
14:
6751:Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery
6488:Food and Agriculture Organization
6481:"Barley: Post-Harvest Operations"
5718:Miedaner, T.; Korzun, V. (2012).
3550:(the second name meaning "with a
2304:, can cause serious crop injury.
1683:tablets in Mycenaean contexts at
1547:) is mentioned many times in the
1512:on clay tablet in year 4 of King
751:. Its use then spread throughout
8366:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:405391-1
7370:
7361:
7360:
7001:
6849:"A history of British pub names"
6790:. University of Arkansas Press.
6760:North-Holland Publishing Company
6562:"Barley straw for algae control"
4803:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
4247:
3824:Dictionary of the Scots Language
3804:A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
3666:
3650:
3454:
3439:
3423:
3404:
3235:Cooked barley is 69% water, 28%
3215:
3200:
3182:
3167:
2404:
2372:
2357:
2307:For durable disease resistance,
2183:Harvesting winter barley with a
2176:
2155:
2137:
2123:
2024:
2006:
1988:
1970:
1952:
1934:
1916:
1898:
1844:
1828:
927:. Each spikelet has a long thin
873:, meaning "of barley". The word
49:
6672:; McIlwaine, Catherine (eds.).
6260:World Journal of Clinical Cases
6161:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
6112:US Food and Drug Administration
5850:. London: Collins. p. 150.
5822:from the original on 9 May 2024
5137:J. Dobraszczyk, Bogdan (2001).
4971:. IIT Kharagpur. Archived from
4601:The Agricultural History Review
4324:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4124:"Background: The barley genome"
3135:, and the traditional beremeal
1835:6-row barley has three fertile
1368:evidence of the consumption of
1352:) ranges from North Africa and
1338:first grains to be domesticated
1002:between species, so there is a
6822:Universitas Studii Salamantini
6711:. Manchester University Press.
6534:Avant, Sandra (14 July 2014).
5629:"Barley mild mosaic bymovirus"
4907:Witzel, Michael E. J. (2009).
3342:List of barley-based beverages
3321:non-coeliac gluten sensitivity
3267:, including iron (10% DV) and
3225:, a Middle Eastern barley stew
3210:, Japanese steamed barley rice
3075:, in numerous recipes by both
2211:, caterpillars such as of the
1:
7290:Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
6724:The Review of English Studies
6638:(3). Leiden: Brill: 224–242.
5648:Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis
5596:Compendium of barley diseases
4065:10.1016/S0168-7972(03)80012-9
3336:Beer, whisky, and soft drinks
2260:, various diseases caused by
2079:. Barley is more tolerant of
747:and making it much easier to
736:; it was domesticated in the
7263:Category:Barley-based drinks
5927:Encyclopedia of Jewish Foods
5316:The Oxford Companion to Beer
4847:(in Finnish). Archived from
4769:10.1371/journal.pone.0121106
4537:10.1371/journal.pone.0131422
4286:10.1371/journal.pone.0196652
3385:Nonalcoholic drinks such as
3285:Food and Drug Administration
2975:Percentages estimated using
2290:barley mild mosaic bymovirus
1770:. In wild barley (and other
1731:. Tibetan barley has been a
732:globally. It was one of the
7194:List of barley-based drinks
6876:. 19 March 1870. p. 8.
6678:Bodleian Library Publishing
6426:Clarke, R. J., ed. (1988).
5693:Journal of Applied Genetics
5380:10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.2.314
5353:10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.5.589
3808:University of Toronto Press
2968:Link to USDA Database entry
2423:515 kJ (123 kcal)
2077:relatively drought-tolerant
2066:rice (776 million tonnes).
1861:Hulless or "naked" barley (
1539:
1384:at the southern end of the
8512:
6788:"John Barleycorn Must Die"
6609:"Standard Measure, Weight"
6588:. Collins Dictionary. 2023
5580:10.1007/s12571-022-01296-7
5141:. Gaithersburg, Maryland:
5068:Cambridge University Press
4997:Pellechia, Thomas (2006).
3826:: "DSL - DOST Bere, Beir""
3339:
2348:Barley yellow mosaic virus
2233:or preplanting treatment.
2196:
2058:
1762:Two-row and six-row barley
1752:
1489:
1427:. Domesticated barley has
1395:Domestication changed the
923:arranged in a distinctive
740:around 9000 BC, giving it
18:
7775:
7521:
7505:
7437:
7356:
7273:Associated human diseases
6999:
6173:10.1007/s11883-010-0136-1
6097:Accessed 14 January 2024.
5946:"Other Cultivated Grains"
5931:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
5652:Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
4928:10.1007/s12038-009-0096-1
4886:10.1017/s0003598x00061378
4815:10.1007/s00122-007-0505-5
4485:10.1017/S0003598X00048201
3857:Oxford English Dictionary
3350:, is a key ingredient in
3160:Japan Self-Defense Forces
2974:
2964:
2960:
2926:
2918:
2776:
2772:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2495:
2491:
2471:
2467:
2427:
2403:
2342:Barley yellow dwarf virus
2294:barley yellow dwarf virus
1879:Barley production – 2022
1878:
1277:
1259:
1252:
1239:
1232:
1193:
1148:
1130:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1070:
1062:
1052:
1036:
1029:
1019:
879:derives from Old English
207:
200:
183:
176:
46:Scientific classification
44:
35:
30:
7300:Dermatitis herpetiformis
7280:Gluten-related disorders
6644:10.1163/1568520962601225
6322:10.1177/0148607111426276
5956:National Academies Press
5867:The History of Al-Tabari
5737:10.1094/PHYTO-05-11-0157
5314:Oliver, Garrett (2012).
4209:10.1186/1471-2148-11-181
4188:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3859:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
3313:gluten-related disorders
3127:, it is used locally in
2292:. Some viruses, such as
2248:, barley rust caused by
1755:List of barley cultivars
1004:network of relationships
1000:horizontal gene transfer
8486:Phytoremediation plants
7750:Intermediate wheatgrass
7068:Australian Barley Board
6274:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275
6057:Yoji, Yamazaki (2008).
5894:Long, David E. (2005).
5282:10.1073/pnas.0608580104
4708:10.1073/pnas.1721749115
4431:10.1073/pnas.1215265109
3951:Oxford University Press
3297:cardiovascular diseases
2977:US recommendations
2311:is more important than
2309:quantitative resistance
2254:, crown rust caused by
2242:, leaf scald caused by
2199:List of barley diseases
2100:traditionally scattered
2091:and far less than rye.
1561:had a word for barley,
1423:separate, facilitating
734:first cultivated grains
667:Hordeum transcaucasicum
21:Barley (disambiguation)
7798:History of agriculture
6916:McGee, Harold (1986).
6732:10.1093/res/XL.159.313
6358:Ogle, Maureen (2006).
5594:Mathre, D. E. (1997).
4916:Journal of Biosciences
3787:barley water was used.
3657:Porcelain figurine of
3488:
2981:the National Academies
2326:Rhynchosporium secalis
2313:qualitative resistance
2281:Xanthomonas campestris
2245:Rhynchosporium secalis
1749:Taxonomy and varieties
1537:1500–850 BC). Barley (
1525:
1467:at the genetic level.
1336:Barley was one of the
1333:
956:chloroplast chromosome
908:
844:
716:
624:Hordeum stassewitschii
615:Hordeum septentrionale
327:Hordeum gymnodistichum
7088:Wheat pools in Canada
7083:Production by country
6748:de Vries, Ad (1976).
6706:The Four Funerals in
6702:Owen-Crocker, Gale R.
6222:10.3945/an.114.006247
6209:Advances in Nutrition
5846:Simon, André (1963).
4041:Diversity in Barley (
3584:William of Malmesbury
3482:
3340:Further information:
3121:Highlands and Islands
3041:foodstuffs including
2521:Vitamins and minerals
2383:caused by the fungus
2315:. The most important
2197:Further information:
1753:Further information:
1499:
1490:Further information:
1419:; upon maturity, the
1331:
906:
835:
606:Hordeum scabriusculum
492:Hordeum mandshuroides
449:Hordeum laevipaleatum
386:Hordeum horsfordianum
335:Hordeum heterostychon
291:Hordeum daghestanicum
265:Hordeum brachyatherum
7793:Neolithic Revolution
7728:Emerging grain crops
7073:Canadian Wheat Board
6988:Neolithic Revolution
6680:. pp. 166–180.
6607:George Long (1842).
6316:(1 Suppl): 68S–75S.
6075:10.11231/jaem.28.873
5190:Simon & Schuster
4975:on 18 September 2016
4059:. pp. 201–226.
3913:. Native Plant Trust
3722:"Hordeum vulgare L."
3528:Culture and folklore
3295:, a risk factor for
3291:can lower levels of
3150:. The naval surgeon
3101:The six-row variety
2263:Cochliobolus sativus
2144:Spraying barley for
1693:Eleusinian Mysteries
1580:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1531:Mumun Pottery Period
1492:Neolithic Revolution
851:word for barley was
659:Hordeum tetrastichum
641:Hordeum taganrocense
483:Hordeum mandshuricum
467:Hordeum leptostachys
404:Hordeum jarenskianum
377:Hordeum hirtiusculum
351:Hordeum hibernaculum
19:For other uses, see
7833:Genetic engineering
6851:. The History Press
6515:on 20 December 2006
6095:USDA Database entry
6044:10.3136/fstr.23.621
5635:on 8 December 2006.
5617:on 18 October 2006.
5273:2007PNAS..104.1424K
5062:The Mycenaean World
5034:Press. p. 39.
4760:2015PLoSO..1021106Y
4699:2018PNAS..115.5223W
4528:2015PLoSO..1031422S
4422:2012PNAS..10916969D
4416:(42): 16969–16973.
4277:2018PLoSO..1396652L
4200:2011BMCEE..11..181E
4002:10.1038/nature11543
3994:2012Natur.491..711T
3759:Ayto, John (1990).
3275:Health implications
3253:essential nutrients
3123:. When milled into
3071:often eaten on the
2643:Pantothenic acid (B
2400:
2209:Russian wheat aphid
2170:Peter Henry Emerson
2166:, England, c. 1886.
1851:Two-row and six-row
1583:
1068:other grasses
1013:(Part of
948:nuclear chromosomes
925:herringbone pattern
757:tolerant of drought
720:), a member of the
633:Hordeum strobelense
571:Hordeum pyramidatum
554:Hordeum polystichon
501:Hordeum michalkowii
431:Hordeum karzinianum
369:Hordeum himalayense
343:Hordeum hexastichon
300:Hordeum defectoides
7843:Crop wild relative
7838:Selective breeding
7665:A. hypochondriacus
7141:Basic preparations
7098:Parts of the plant
5513:"Winter-hardiness"
5032:The British Museum
4104:on 29 October 2004
3953:. pp. 59–69.
3582:, on their story.
3489:
3391:roasted barley tea
3346:Barley, made into
3271:(12% DV) (table).
2932:Other constituents
2193:Pests and diseases
2116:combine harvesters
1790:Hordeum spontaneum
1695:. The preparatory
1576:
1526:
1374:Hordeum spontaneum
1334:
967:External phylogeny
915:, a member of the
909:
845:
730:temperate climates
650:Hordeum tanaiticum
510:Hordeum nekludowii
475:Hordeum macrolepis
458:Hordeum lapponicum
440:Hordeum kiarchanum
395:Hordeum ircutianum
248:Hordeum americanum
8458:
8457:
8322:Open Tree of Life
7860:Taxon identifiers
7851:
7850:
7723:
7722:
7701:
7700:
7683:Pitseed goosefoot
7623:Tartary buckwheat
7595:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7384:
7383:
6927:978-0-04-440277-0
6773:978-0-7204-8021-4
6687:978-1-8512-4565-9
6560:Lembi, Carole A.
6439:978-1-85166-103-9
6385:978-0-15-101012-7
5973:978-0-309-04990-0
5911:978-0-313-32021-7
5880:978-0-88706-344-2
5807:978-0-309-48834-1
5674:10.1094/pd-65-975
5490:10.1093/mp/sst063
5226:978-0-7656-1354-7
5199:978-0-7432-1650-0
5152:978-0-8342-1767-6
5070:. pp. 118–.
5041:978-0-7141-1705-8
5010:978-1-56025-871-1
4851:on 6 October 2014
4693:(20): 5223–5228.
4650:10.1111/tpj.14312
4633:The Plant Journal
4582:978-0-202-36557-2
4479:(334): 990–1003.
4159:10.1111/jse.12150
4074:978-0-444-50585-9
3988:(7426): 711–716.
3960:978-0-19-850357-6
3887:. Merriam-Webster
3870:978-0-19-861186-8
3802:(2002) . "bere".
3800:Clark Hall, J. R.
3782:978-0-415-02647-5
3568:Old Straight Road
3399:(barley coffee).
3305:breakfast cereals
3293:blood cholesterol
3107:is cultivated in
3057:in Saudi Arabia.
2987:
2986:
2922:
2921:
2332:Pyrenophora teres
2321:molecular markers
2272:Puccinia graminis
2257:Puccinia coronata
2239:Blumeria graminis
2185:combine harvester
2150:New Zealand, 1979
2052:
2051:
1892:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1559:Sumerian language
1465:phenotypic traits
1439:genes known as Bt
1376:, comes from the
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1229:PACMAD clade
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
865:derives from the
709:
708:
698:
689:
685:Hordeum walpersii
680:
676:Hordeum violaceum
671:
663:
654:
645:
637:
628:
619:
610:
601:
592:
584:
580:Hordeum revelatum
575:
566:
558:
549:
540:
531:
527:Hordeum pamiricum
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
479:
471:
462:
453:
444:
435:
426:
422:Hordeum kalugense
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
373:
364:
360:Hordeum hibernans
355:
347:
339:
331:
322:
318:Hordeum elongatum
313:
304:
295:
287:
278:
269:
261:
252:
241:
233:
229:Frumentum sativum
224:
220:Frumentum hordeum
8503:
8451:
8450:
8438:
8437:
8428:
8427:
8418:
8417:
8405:
8404:
8395:
8394:
8382:
8381:
8369:
8368:
8356:
8355:
8343:
8342:
8330:
8329:
8317:
8316:
8304:
8303:
8291:
8290:
8281:
8280:
8268:
8267:
8255:
8254:
8252:NBNSYS0000002604
8242:
8241:
8229:
8228:
8219:
8218:
8206:
8205:
8193:
8192:
8180:
8179:
8170:
8169:
8157:
8156:
8144:
8143:
8131:
8130:
8118:
8117:
8105:
8104:
8095:
8094:
8082:
8081:
8069:
8068:
8056:
8055:
8043:
8042:
8030:
8029:
8017:
8016:
8004:
8003:
7991:
7990:
7978:
7977:
7968:
7967:
7955:
7954:
7945:
7944:
7932:
7931:
7922:
7921:
7912:
7911:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7855:
7828:Green Revolution
7813:Tell Abu Hureyra
7808:Fertile Crescent
7803:Natufian culture
7745:Indian ricegrass
7638:
7606:
7519:
7514:
7507:
7435:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7388:
7374:
7373:
7364:
7363:
7316:Related concepts
7005:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6937:
6931:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6870:"Middle Level".
6867:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6845:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6745:
6736:
6735:
6726:(159): 313–322.
6719:
6713:
6712:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6670:Ovenden, Richard
6662:
6656:
6655:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6574:on 8 April 2003.
6573:
6566:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6485:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6365:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6286:
6276:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6233:
6216:(5): 636S–673S.
6199:
6193:
6192:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5843:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5631:. Archived from
5625:
5619:
5618:
5613:. Archived from
5606:
5600:
5599:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5573:(6): 1475–1497.
5558:
5552:
5551:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5443:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5368:Cereal Chemistry
5363:
5357:
5356:
5341:Cereal Chemistry
5336:
5330:
5329:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5284:
5267:(4): 1424–1429.
5252:
5246:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5181:
5175:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5143:Aspen Publishers
5134:
5128:
5127:
5105:10.2307/40000579
5088:
5082:
5081:
5065:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5021:
5015:
5014:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4913:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4809:(6): 1117–1127.
4798:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4771:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4710:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4468:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4369:(9): 1089–1093.
4354:
4348:
4347:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4251:
4245:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4211:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4100:. Archived from
4093:
4087:
4086:
4035:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3949:(3rd ed.).
3942:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3911:— common barley"
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3828:. Archived from
3818:
3812:
3811:
3806:(4th ed.).
3796:
3790:
3789:
3766:
3756:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3727:. Archived from
3718:
3712:
3711:
3696:
3670:
3654:
3626:" celebrates an
3613:, the figure of
3611:English folklore
3586:'s 12th century
3576:earthly paradise
3560:J. R. R. Tolkien
3458:
3443:
3427:
3415:in Scotland for
3408:
3265:dietary minerals
3259:, the B vitamin
3219:
3204:
3186:
3171:
3119:of the Scottish
2796:
2696:
2679:
2663:
2646:
2629:
2612:
2595:
2557:Vitamin A equiv.
2550:
2517:
2408:
2401:
2376:
2361:
2276:bacterial blight
2180:
2159:
2141:
2127:
2085:winter-hardiness
2030:
2028:
2027:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1876:
1863:Hordeum vulgare
1848:
1832:
1662:
1658:
1627:
1623:
1600:
1596:
1584:
1575:
1542:
1520:2350 BCE), from
1472:Fertile Crescent
1342:Fertile Crescent
1255:
1235:
1126:
1099:
1065:
1055:
1032:
1022:
1010:
939:species with 14
933:self-pollinating
738:Fertile Crescent
719:
696:
694:Secale orientale
687:
678:
669:
661:
652:
643:
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
590:
583:(Körn.) A.Schulz
582:
573:
564:
556:
547:
545:Hordeum pensanum
538:
529:
521:
512:
503:
494:
485:
477:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
397:
388:
379:
371:
362:
353:
345:
337:
329:
320:
311:
302:
293:
285:
283:Hordeum coeleste
276:
274:Hordeum caspicum
267:
259:
257:Hordeum bifarium
250:
239:
237:Hordeum aestivum
231:
222:
189:
54:
53:
40:
28:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8454:
8446:
8441:
8433:
8431:
8423:
8421:
8413:
8408:
8400:
8398:
8390:
8385:
8377:
8372:
8364:
8359:
8351:
8346:
8338:
8333:
8325:
8320:
8312:
8309:Observation.org
8307:
8299:
8294:
8286:
8284:
8278:Hordeum~vulgare
8276:
8271:
8263:
8258:
8250:
8245:
8237:
8232:
8224:
8223:MichiganFlora:
8222:
8214:
8209:
8201:
8196:
8188:
8183:
8175:
8173:
8165:
8160:
8152:
8147:
8139:
8134:
8126:
8121:
8113:
8108:
8100:
8098:
8090:
8085:
8079:Hordeum vulgare
8077:
8072:
8064:
8059:
8051:
8046:
8038:
8033:
8025:
8020:
8014:Hordeum_vulgare
8012:
8007:
7999:
7994:
7986:
7981:
7973:
7971:
7963:
7958:
7950:
7948:
7940:
7935:
7927:
7925:
7917:
7915:
7907:
7905:
7898:Hordeum vulgare
7896:
7895:
7890:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7868:Hordeum vulgare
7862:
7852:
7847:
7771:
7766:Oryza coarctata
7719:
7697:
7627:
7583:
7555:
7512:
7501:
7424:
7415:
7385:
7380:
7352:
7311:
7285:Coeliac disease
7268:
7234:Japanese whisky
7179:
7135:
7092:
7054:
7050:Barley diseases
7036:
7011:Types of barley
7006:
6997:
6969:
6964:
6934:
6928:
6915:
6911:
6906:
6896:
6894:
6886:
6885:
6881:
6873:Lynn Advertiser
6869:
6868:
6864:
6854:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6837:
6827:
6825:
6814:Sharp, Cuthbert
6812:
6811:
6807:
6797:
6795:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6747:
6746:
6739:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6688:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6571:
6564:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6518:
6516:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6494:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6463:
6461:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6386:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6344:
6337:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6143:
6141:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6011:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5958:. p. 243.
5954:. Vol. 1.
5943:
5942:
5938:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5861:Tabari (1987).
5860:
5859:
5855:
5845:
5844:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5808:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5689:Hordeum vulgare
5686:
5685:
5681:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5536:Plant Pathology
5533:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5477:Molecular Plant
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5445:
5444:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5192:. p. 265.
5183:
5182:
5178:
5171:Natural History
5166:Pliny the Elder
5164:
5160:
5153:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5011:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4754:(3): e0121106.
4739:
4738:
4734:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4642:Wiley-Blackwell
4625:
4624:
4620:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4522:(7): e0131422.
4509:
4508:
4504:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4375:10.1038/ng.3611
4363:Nature Genetics
4356:
4355:
4351:
4320:Hordeum vulgare
4317:
4316:
4312:
4271:(7): e0196652.
4256:
4246:
4235:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4075:
4043:Hordeum vulgare
4037:
4036:
4027:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3944:
3943:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3909:Hordeum vulgare
3905:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3861:Clarendon Press
3850:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3758:
3757:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3731:on 8 April 2020
3720:
3719:
3715:
3702:Hordeum vulgare
3698:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:Clifton Hampden
3671:
3662:
3659:John Barleycorn
3655:
3615:John Barleycorn
3564:his legendarium
3554:") and his son
3544:Norse mythology
3530:
3509:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3450:
3444:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3409:
3344:
3338:
3333:
3317:coeliac disease
3277:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3152:Takaki Kanehiro
2992:
2970:
2965:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2874:
2861:
2848:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2797:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2644:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2602:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2551:
2522:
2511:
2506:
2487:
2482:
2443:
2438:
2396:
2389:
2386:Puccinia hordei
2379:Barley rust, a
2377:
2368:
2362:
2317:foliar diseases
2302:rice root aphid
2251:Puccinia hordei
2217:barley mealybug
2201:
2195:
2188:
2187:, Germany, 2017
2181:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2098:land. Seed was
2072:
2063:
2057:
2025:
2023:
2007:
2005:
1989:
1987:
1971:
1969:
1953:
1951:
1935:
1933:
1917:
1915:
1899:
1897:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1840:
1833:
1809:H. agriocrithon
1764:
1757:
1751:
1737:Tibetan cuisine
1728:Natural History
1723:Pliny the Elder
1689:Mycenaean Pylos
1637:
1494:
1488:
1459:for the mutant
1446:
1442:
1413:biotic stresses
1356:in the west to
1326:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1219:
1210:
1183:
1174:
1165:
969:
964:
901:
837:The Barley Barn
830:
816:John Barleycorn
717:Hordeum vulgare
705:
702:
697:Schreb. ex Roth
597:Hordeum sativum
588:Hordeum sativum
562:Hordeum praecox
213:
212:
196:
191:
187:Hordeum vulgare
185:
172:
169:H. vulgare
48:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8509:
8507:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8463:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:wfo-0000875054
8439:
8429:
8419:
8406:
8396:
8383:
8370:
8357:
8344:
8331:
8318:
8305:
8292:
8282:
8269:
8256:
8243:
8230:
8220:
8207:
8194:
8181:
8171:
8158:
8145:
8132:
8119:
8106:
8096:
8083:
8070:
8057:
8044:
8031:
8018:
8005:
7992:
7979:
7969:
7956:
7946:
7933:
7923:
7913:
7903:
7888:
7872:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7762:
7757:
7755:Kangaroo grass
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7711:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7668:
7661:
7654:
7646:
7644:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7368:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7338:Refined grains
7335:
7333:Plant breeding
7330:
7328:Cattle feeding
7325:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7145:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7064:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7032:Golden Promise
7029:
7023:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6979:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6940:
6933:
6932:
6926:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6879:
6862:
6835:
6805:
6779:
6772:
6737:
6714:
6693:
6686:
6657:
6622:
6599:
6577:
6552:
6526:
6500:
6471:
6445:
6438:
6418:
6406:
6394:
6384:
6350:
6335:
6298:
6245:
6194:
6167:(6): 368–376.
6151:
6140:. 12 July 2012
6125:
6099:
6087:
6049:
6038:(4): 621–625.
6021:
5986:
5972:
5936:
5917:
5910:
5886:
5879:
5873:. p. 89.
5853:
5833:
5806:
5785:
5751:
5730:(6): 560–566.
5724:Phytopathology
5710:
5699:(3): 291–309.
5679:
5650:, a Vector of
5638:
5620:
5601:
5586:
5553:
5542:(2): 207–238.
5526:
5504:
5483:(2): 336–355.
5463:
5433:
5411:
5385:
5374:(2): 314–315.
5358:
5347:(5): 589–599.
5331:
5324:
5306:
5247:
5232:
5225:
5205:
5198:
5176:
5158:
5151:
5129:
5083:
5076:
5056:Chadwick, John
5047:
5040:
5016:
5009:
4986:
4956:
4922:(6): 829–833.
4899:
4880:(295): 87–95.
4862:
4836:
4793:
4732:
4673:
4618:
4591:
4581:
4561:
4502:
4455:
4396:
4349:
4330:(4): 499–510.
4310:
4233:
4174:
4153:(2): 117–137.
4137:
4115:
4088:
4073:
4025:
3966:
3959:
3924:
3898:
3885:"hordeum noun"
3876:
3869:
3843:
3832:on 26 May 2011
3813:
3791:
3781:
3742:
3713:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3672:
3665:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3636:Cuthbert Sharp
3529:
3526:
3508:
3505:
3493:cattle feeding
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3430:Barley grains
3429:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3403:
3372:malting enzyme
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3276:
3273:
3263:(14% DV), and
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3195:, Orkney, 2008
3188:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3081:Ashkenazi Jews
2991:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:Scotland, 2009
2129:
2122:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:United Kingdom
2002:
2001:
1998:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1858:
1857:Hulless barley
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1805:H. hexastichum
1763:
1760:
1750:
1747:
1711:ancient Cretan
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1487:
1484:
1444:
1440:
1437:tightly linked
1435:in one of two
1425:seed dispersal
1386:Sea of Galilee
1378:Epipaleolithic
1366:archaeological
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:other grasses
1238:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:BOP clade
1020:
1018:
1008:
968:
965:
963:
960:
900:
897:
895:, to bristle.
887:is from Latin
829:
826:
707:
706:
704:
703:
701:
700:
691:
682:
673:
664:
656:
647:
638:
630:
621:
612:
603:
594:
585:
577:
568:
559:
551:
542:
536:Hordeum parvum
533:
524:
519:Hordeum nigrum
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
472:
464:
455:
446:
437:
428:
419:
413:Hordeum juliae
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
366:
357:
348:
340:
332:
324:
315:
306:
297:
288:
280:
271:
262:
254:
245:
234:
226:
216:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
198:
197:
192:
181:
180:
174:
173:
166:
164:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8508:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8491:Founder crops
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8449:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8416:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8283:
8279:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8221:
8217:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8172:
8168:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8097:
8093:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7899:
7893:
7889:
7884:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7823:Domestication
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7788:Founder crops
7786:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7633:Amaranthaceae
7630:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7601:Pseudocereals
7598:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7422:pseudocereals
7419:
7412:
7407:
7405:
7400:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7377:
7369:
7367:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7306:
7305:Gluten ataxia
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7295:Wheat allergy
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7251:Scotch whisky
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7229:Irish whiskey
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:Corn exchange
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7004:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6983:Domestication
6981:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6956:
6954:
6949:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6929:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6866:
6863:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6718:
6715:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6626:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6600:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6553:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6527:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6472:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6422:
6419:
6416:, p. 471
6415:
6410:
6407:
6404:, p. 481
6403:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6354:
6351:
6348:, p. 490
6347:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6302:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6267:(3): 275–84.
6266:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6249:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6198:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6155:
6152:
6139:
6138:Health Canada
6135:
6129:
6126:
6114:. 22 May 2006
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6088:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6050:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6022:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5987:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5964:10.17226/2305
5961:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5937:
5933:. p. 40.
5932:
5928:
5921:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5890:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5789:
5786:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5657:Plant Disease
5653:
5649:
5642:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5587:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5567:Food Security
5564:
5557:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5527:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5464:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5325:9780195367133
5321:
5317:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5248:
5245:, p. 235
5244:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5209:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5145:. p. 7.
5144:
5140:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5077:0-521-29037-6
5073:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5020:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4866:
4863:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4138:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3899:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3817:
3814:
3810:. p. 43.
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:County Durham
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:Scyld Scefing
3545:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3483:Barley-based
3481:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3447:Scotch whisky
3442:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3413:floor malting
3407:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3325:wheat allergy
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:Health Canada
3279:According to
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:dietary fibre
3255:, including,
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:carbohydrates
3230:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:Western Isles
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2609:Riboflavin (B
2606:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2561:beta-Carotene
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:Dietary fiber
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:Carbohydrates
2430:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:Cooked barley
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:armyworm moth
2210:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:soil salinity
2078:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:. In ancient
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:nonshattering
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1324:Domestication
1323:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
966:
961:
959:
957:
953:
952:mitochondrial
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
905:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
842:
838:
834:
827:
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:, or further
797:
793:
789:
786:, wheat, and
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:soil salinity
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
742:nonshattering
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:, is a major
723:
718:
713:
695:
692:
686:
683:
677:
674:
668:
665:
660:
657:
651:
648:
642:
639:
634:
631:
625:
622:
616:
613:
607:
604:
598:
595:
589:
586:
581:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
555:
552:
546:
543:
537:
534:
528:
525:
520:
517:
511:
508:
502:
499:
493:
490:
484:
481:
476:
473:
468:
465:
459:
456:
450:
447:
441:
438:
432:
429:
423:
420:
414:
411:
405:
402:
396:
393:
387:
384:
378:
375:
370:
367:
361:
358:
352:
349:
344:
341:
336:
333:
328:
325:
319:
316:
310:
309:Hordeum durum
307:
301:
298:
292:
289:
286:(L.) P.Beauv.
284:
281:
275:
272:
266:
263:
258:
255:
249:
246:
244:
238:
235:
230:
227:
221:
218:
217:
215:
206:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
182:
179:
178:Binomial name
175:
171:
170:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:Tracheophytes
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
7867:
7764:
7735:Canary grass
7670:
7663:
7656:
7649:
7610:Polygonaceae
7457:Maize (Corn)
7441:
7261:
7238:
7224:Caffè d'orzo
7214:Barley water
7204:Barley honey
7199:Barley bread
7148:
7018:
6966:
6917:
6895:. Retrieved
6891:
6882:
6871:
6865:
6853:. Retrieved
6826:. Retrieved
6824:. p. 48
6821:
6808:
6796:. Retrieved
6782:
6750:
6723:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6696:
6673:
6666:Shippey, Tom
6660:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6612:
6602:
6592:18 September
6590:. Retrieved
6586:"Barleycorn"
6580:
6569:the original
6555:
6543:. Retrieved
6539:
6529:
6517:. Retrieved
6513:the original
6503:
6474:
6462:. Retrieved
6460:(in Italian)
6457:
6448:
6428:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6389:
6361:
6353:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6264:
6258:
6248:
6213:
6207:
6197:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6142:. Retrieved
6128:
6116:. Retrieved
6102:
6090:
6078:. Retrieved
6066:
6062:
6052:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6012:. Retrieved
6006:(6): 41–43.
6003:
5999:
5989:
5977:. Retrieved
5950:
5939:
5926:
5920:
5896:
5889:
5866:
5856:
5847:
5824:. Retrieved
5796:
5788:
5776:. Retrieved
5767:
5754:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5661:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5633:the original
5623:
5615:the original
5604:
5595:
5589:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5507:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5450:
5424:. Retrieved
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5388:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5315:
5309:
5264:
5260:
5250:
5215:
5208:
5185:
5179:
5169:
5161:
5138:
5132:
5124:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5061:
5050:
5026:
5019:
4999:
4977:. Retrieved
4973:the original
4968:
4959:
4947:. Retrieved
4919:
4915:
4902:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4853:. Retrieved
4849:the original
4839:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4751:
4745:
4735:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4637:
4631:
4621:
4607:(1): 10–11.
4604:
4600:
4594:
4586:
4571:
4564:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4496:
4476:
4470:
4458:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4268:
4262:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4102:the original
4091:
4044:
4040:
3985:
3979:
3969:
3946:
3915:. Retrieved
3908:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3879:
3856:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3823:
3816:
3803:
3794:
3786:
3762:
3733:. Retrieved
3729:the original
3724:
3716:
3701:
3694:
3640:
3624:Elsie Marley
3608:
3587:
3572:Middle-earth
3537:
3531:
3510:
3490:
3461:
3432:being mashed
3411:Traditional
3396:caffè d'orzo
3394:
3387:barley water
3384:
3345:
3278:
3234:
3207:
3147:
3141:
3124:
3111:, Shetland,
3102:
3100:
3085:
3063:
3059:
3016:
3007:
3000:barley flour
2996:Pearl barley
2993:
2936:
2931:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2501:
2477:
2433:
2384:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2306:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2202:
2093:
2089:winter wheat
2073:
2064:
2046:
2041:
1888:Millions of
1866:
1862:
1860:
1820:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:H. distichon
1794:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1765:
1758:
1740:
1726:
1714:
1703:Homeric hymn
1696:
1678:
1651:
1616:
1587:
1577:
1562:
1548:
1534:
1527:
1517:
1469:
1394:
1373:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1279:
1278:
1261:
1260:
1240:
1195:
1194:
1150:
1149:
1132:
1131:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1090:
1071:
1039:Bambusoideae
1037:
990:of grasses (
975:
970:
945:
917:grass family
911:Barley is a
910:
892:
888:
880:
874:
870:
862:
856:
852:
846:
824:
808:barley bread
777:
765:winter-hardy
763:but is less
726:cereal grain
722:grass family
711:
710:
693:
684:
675:
666:
658:
649:
640:
632:
623:
614:
605:
596:
587:
579:
570:
561:
553:
544:
535:
526:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
474:
466:
457:
448:
439:
430:
421:
412:
403:
394:
385:
376:
368:
359:
350:
342:
334:
326:
317:
308:
299:
290:
282:
273:
264:
256:
247:
236:
232:E.H.L.Krause
228:
223:E.H.L.Krause
219:
186:
184:
168:
167:
155:
108:
95:
82:
69:
25:
16:Cereal grain
8234:NatureServe
8162:iNaturalist
7892:Wikispecies
7658:A. cruentus
7651:A. caudatus
7452:Job's tears
7348:Whole grain
7343:Staple food
7025:Cultivars:
6855:30 December
6762:. pp.
6545:9 September
6374:. pp.
6063:日本腹部救急医学会雑誌
6014:14 November
5174:, xviii.72.
5099:: 187–200.
4168:11336/25248
3836:19 November
3771:. pp.
3598:identified
3534:Old English
3518:Mesopotamia
3514:barleycorns
3485:animal feed
3475:Animal feed
3417:malt whisky
3376:Barley wine
3301:blood sugar
3289:beta-glucan
3283:and the US
3249:Daily Value
3245:food energy
3019:Middle East
2990:Preparation
2952:Cholesterol
2592:Thiamine (B
2285:translucens
2278:caused by
2146:rust fungus
2070:Cultivation
1839:per cluster
1813:cytological
1774:species of
1733:staple food
1567:Mesopotamia
1370:wild barley
982:within the
971:The barley
941:chromosomes
899:Description
867:Old English
849:Old English
792:animal feed
699:nom. inval.
690:nom. inval.
681:nom. inval.
672:nom. inval.
655:nom. inval.
646:nom. inval.
629:nom. inval.
620:nom. inval.
611:nom. inval.
602:nom. inval.
593:nom. illeg.
576:nom. inval.
567:nom. inval.
550:nom. inval.
541:nom. inval.
532:nom. inval.
515:nom. inval.
506:nom. inval.
497:nom. inval.
488:nom. inval.
463:nom. inval.
454:nom. inval.
445:nom. inval.
436:nom. inval.
427:nom. inval.
418:nom. inval.
409:nom. inval.
400:nom. inval.
391:nom. inval.
382:nom. inval.
365:nom. inval.
356:nom. inval.
323:nom. inval.
314:nom. inval.
305:nom. inval.
296:nom. inval.
279:nom. inval.
270:nom. inval.
253:nom. inval.
243:nom. inval.
225:nom. illeg.
141:Subfamily:
115:Commelinids
89:Angiosperms
8465:Categories
8422:WisFlora:
8340:kew-419563
8335:Plant List
7972:Calflora:
7818:Tell Aswad
7760:Nipa grass
7513:(Triticum)
7323:Bread riot
7260:see also:
7209:Barley tea
7186:ingredient
7175:Parboiling
6897:13 January
6828:15 January
6798:14 January
6464:13 January
6414:McGee 1986
6402:McGee 1986
6346:McGee 1986
6144:2 December
6118:2 December
6080:11 January
5871:SUNY Press
5519:14 January
5456:14 January
5426:12 January
5404:12 January
5243:McGee 1986
4969:iitkgp.org
4644:: 98–111.
4194:(1): 181.
4130:12 January
4011:2440/76951
3917:13 January
3891:13 January
3767:. London:
3735:2 February
3687:References
3596:Axel Olrik
3507:Other uses
3468:barley tea
3315:, such as
3012:Arab world
2868:Phosphorus
2569:zeaxanthin
2345:, and the
2059:See also:
2055:Production
1821:H. vulgare
1801:H. vulgare
1578:Barley in
1457:homozygous
1397:morphology
1350:spontaneum
1346:H. vulgare
1266:(sorghum)
1041:(bamboos)
869:adjective
8123:GrassBase
8092:200025543
8061:FloraBase
7783:Triticeae
7707:Lamiaceae
7618:Buckwheat
7497:Wild rice
7492:Triticale
7170:Middlings
6993:Triticeae
6920:. Unwin.
6756:Amsterdam
6519:6 October
6069:. CiNii.
5121:936727983
4979:25 August
4949:25 August
4894:163060564
4873:Antiquity
4855:6 October
4493:162019976
4472:Antiquity
4108:6 October
4096:mapview.
4083:162130976
4049:Amsterdam
3769:Routledge
3675:pub names
3643:pub names
3604:Bergelmir
3588:Chronicle
3542:, and in
3374:content.
3269:manganese
3251:, DV) of
3231:Nutrition
3208:Mugimeshi
3148:mugimeshi
3113:Caithness
3031:Israelite
2881:Potassium
2855:Manganese
2842:Magnesium
2761:Vitamin K
2748:Vitamin E
2735:Vitamin D
2722:Vitamin C
2693:Vitamin B
2676:Folate (B
2660:Vitamin B
2626:Niacin (B
2365:Wireworms
2268:stem rust
2266:, ], and
1924:Australia
1837:spikelets
1817:molecular
1772:Old World
1654:ideogram
1619:spelling
1514:Urukagina
1510:cuneiform
1453:recessive
1449:cultivars
1421:spikelets
1092:Triticeae
996:phylogeny
988:BOP clade
984:Triticeae
921:spikelets
881:bere-aern
828:Etymology
820:pub names
800:distilled
782:, behind
745:spikelets
728:grown in
688:R.E.Regel
679:R.E.Regel
670:R.E.Regel
653:R.E.Regel
644:R.E.Regel
627:R.E.Regel
618:R.E.Regel
609:R.E.Regel
574:R.E.Regel
565:R.E.Regel
548:R.E.Regel
539:R.E.Regel
513:R.E.Regel
504:R.E.Regel
495:R.E.Regel
486:R.E.Regel
461:R.E.Regel
452:R.E.Regel
443:R.E.Regel
434:R.E.Regel
425:R.E.Regel
416:R.E.Regel
407:R.E.Regel
398:R.E.Regel
389:R.E.Regel
380:R.E.Regel
363:R.E.Regel
354:R.E.Regel
338:P.Beauv.
321:R.E.Regel
312:R.E.Regel
303:R.E.Regel
294:R.E.Regel
277:R.E.Regel
268:R.E.Regel
251:R.E.Regel
240:R.E.Regel
163:Species:
59:Kingdom:
8410:VicFlora
8399:VASCAN:
8392:25509707
8387:Tropicos
8273:NSWFlora
8239:2.134371
8203:11233263
8190:405391-1
8128:imp05455
8009:eFloraSA
7949:BioLib:
7877:Wikidata
7779:See also
7642:Amaranth
7546:Norin 10
7541:Red Fife
7536:Khorasan
7366:Category
7042:Agronomy
6892:Mash Tun
6816:(1834).
6792:Archived
6704:(2000).
6492:Archived
6372:Harcourt
6330:22237879
6293:25789300
6240:25225349
6189:29100975
6181:20820954
6008:Archived
5820:Archived
5816:30844154
5778:28 March
5772:Archived
5762:(2024).
5746:22568813
5705:12923305
5499:24004485
5447:"Barley"
5301:17220272
5113:40000579
5058:(1976).
4936:20093735
4831:31695204
4823:17279366
4788:25812037
4747:PLOS ONE
4727:29712833
4668:30868647
4613:40273219
4556:26200895
4516:PLOS ONE
4450:23033493
4391:11574248
4383:27428749
4344:10742042
4305:30020920
4264:PLOS ONE
4228:21702931
4057:Elsevier
4020:23075845
3853:"Barley"
3673:English
3641:English
3619:folksong
3466:roasted
3464:, Korean
3368:US beers
3190:Beremeal
3156:beriberi
3144:Japanese
3133:biscuits
3125:beremeal
3115:and the
3077:Mizrachi
3027:Assyrian
2937:Quantity
2862:0.259 mg
2823:0.105 mg
2789:Quantity
2783:Minerals
2670:0.115 mg
2654:0.135 mg
2637:2.063 mg
2620:0.062 mg
2603:0.083 mg
2543:Quantity
2537:Vitamins
2298:vectored
2221:wireworm
2207:such as
1884:Country
1681:Linear B
1591:ideogram
1545:Sanskrit
1480:Ethiopia
1433:mutation
1382:Ohalo II
1284:(maize)
1137:(wheat)
1134:Triticum
1111:(barley)
1078:ryegrass
1059:Pooideae
954:and one
841:Cressing
202:Synonyms
145:Pooideae
131:Family:
102:Monocots
8496:Millets
8481:Hordeum
8476:Forages
8115:2706056
8027:1114455
7996:Ecocrop
7688:Cañihua
7672:Celosia
7569:Einkorn
7482:Sorghum
7462:Millets
7430:Cereals
7418:Cereals
7376:Commons
7256:Talbina
7240:Máchica
7150:Milling
7020:Hordeum
7017:Genus:
6975:History
6909:Sources
6708:Beowulf
6652:3632646
6458:cibo360
6368:Orlando
6284:4360499
6231:4188247
5979:25 July
5826:21 June
5668:: 975.
5398:FAOSTAT
5292:1783110
5269:Bibcode
4944:6245657
4779:4374956
4756:Bibcode
4718:5960308
4695:Bibcode
4659:6618119
4547:4511808
4524:Bibcode
4441:3479512
4418:Bibcode
4296:6051582
4273:Bibcode
4219:3142523
4196:Bibcode
3990:Bibcode
3628:alewife
3617:in the
3580:Valinor
3574:to the
3539:Beowulf
3532:In the
3487:pellets
3462:Boricha
3364:English
3241:protein
3193:bannock
3137:bannock
3092:Central
3088:Eastern
3073:Sabbath
3060:Cholent
3055:Ramadan
3039:Persian
3035:Kurdish
3010:in the
2914:0.82 mg
2803:Calcium
2755:0.01 mg
2716:13.4 mg
2709:Choline
2503:Protein
2381:disease
2350:complex
2300:by the
2164:scythes
2112:scythes
2108:sickles
2104:drilled
1960:Germany
1777:Hordeum
1707:Demeter
1687:and at
1685:Knossos
1550:Rigveda
1502:account
1476:Eritrea
1447:; many
1409:abiotic
1405:alleles
1340:in the
1263:Sorghum
1200:(rice)
1108:Hordeum
1072: (
1015:Poaceae
994:). The
992:Poaceae
976:Hordeum
937:diploid
893:horrere
889:hordeum
753:Eurasia
749:harvest
530:Vavilov
478:A.Braun
372:Schult.
156:Hordeum
151:Genus:
135:Poaceae
121:Order:
63:Plantae
31:Barley
8471:Barley
8379:277900
8348:PLANTS
8327:657948
8285:NZOR:
8141:317403
8102:HORVUL
8099:FoIO:
8053:192448
7965:279895
7926:APDB:
7906:AoFP:
7883:Q11577
7693:Djulis
7678:Quinoa
7551:Winter
7511:Wheat
7442:Barley
7184:As an
7165:Groats
7126:Gluten
7121:Kernel
6967:Barley
6924:
6770:
6684:
6650:
6436:
6429:Coffee
6382:
6328:
6291:
6281:
6238:
6228:
6187:
6179:
5970:
5908:
5877:
5814:
5804:
5744:
5703:
5664:(12).
5497:
5322:
5299:
5289:
5223:
5196:
5149:
5119:
5111:
5074:
5038:
5007:
4942:
4934:
4892:
4829:
4821:
4786:
4776:
4725:
4715:
4666:
4656:
4611:
4579:
4554:
4544:
4491:
4448:
4438:
4389:
4381:
4342:
4303:
4293:
4226:
4216:
4081:
4071:
4053:Boston
4018:
3981:Nature
3957:
3867:
3779:
3592:Sceafa
3566:, the
3522:shekel
3501:salmon
3380:borage
3360:German
3356:whisky
3309:gluten
3261:niacin
3223:Keşkek
3109:Orkney
3049:, and
3043:keşkek
3037:, and
3023:Arabic
2946:68.8 g
2894:Sodium
2836:1.3 mg
2816:Copper
2768:0.8 μg
2566:lutein
2449:Sugars
2442:28.2 g
2419:Energy
2226:Aeolus
2219:, and
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