486:. According to Mohammed al-Jumaili, a local journalist, the army repeatedly dropped barrel bombs "targeting mosques, houses and markets." Their use was later confirmed by a mid-level Iraqi security officer in Anbar province who admitted that barrel bombs had in fact been dropped in Fallujah. It has been reported by Iraqis that the attacks usually come at night, in order not to be caught on video. Militants in Fallujah boasted that they had discovered about 20 barrel bombs that did not explode on impact and were using them to make their own weapons. It was claimed in July 2014 by doctors in Fallujah that the city was being barrel-bombed three times a week and more than 600 civilians had been killed in such strikes since January. It has been claimed by an
129:. The bomb may contain metal shrapnel such as nuts and bolts or even chemicals such as chlorine. The bomb is barrel-shaped and might be made from improvised material or specially designed. The early versions in Syria used lit fuses and thus had to be carefully timed, otherwise they would fail to explode before breaking apart on the ground or explode too soon in the air. Later models had impact fuses and stabilizing fins which were improved on over time. Earlier barrel bombs also weighed less (100–300 pounds/45–150 kg), while later versions range from 1,000 pounds (454 kg) to 1 ton(ne).
179:
372:(e.g. air to ground bombs and missiles), but instead predominantly had ground-to-air and air-to-air missiles to harass and delay the Israeli air force. The Syrian military thus soon ran out of precision weapons, had trouble obtaining more and needed a cheap and readily available supply of air to ground weapons. The use of barrel bombs in the Syrian Civil War was first identified in August 2012, in particular through the video forensic work of
31:
46:
439:, U.S. Permanent Representative to the U.N., stated that "The Syrian government has increased its reliance on barrel bombs to wage a brutal aerial campaign". By November 2014, it has been reported that the Syrian government has increased its barrel bombing campaign while world attention has been diverted following the
701:
that demanded "that all parties immediately cease all attacks against civilians, as well as the indiscriminate employment of weapons in populated areas, including shelling and aerial bombardment, such as the use of barrel bombs, and methods of warfare which are of a nature to cause superfluous injury
394:
potentially liable for war crimes. As such, Assad has denied the use of these weapons, saying "We have bombs, missiles and bullets. There no barrel bombs, we don't have barrels." Nevertheless, there is considerable video, pictorial, and after the fact proof of the use of such weapons in Syria. Video
168:
Three Jewish planes flew over the village and dropped barrels filled with explosives, metal fragments, nails and glass. They were very loud and disrupting ... They shook the whole village, broke windows, doors, killed or wounded some of the villagers and many of the village livestock. We expected a
414:
has been the focal point of the Syrian government's use of barrel bombs. Over time, government forces have refined their use of the barrel bomb to cause maximum damage - dropping one device and then waiting 10 to 30 minutes to drop another bomb on the same location. This "signature tactic" of the
88:
as well, and then dropped from a helicopter or aeroplane. Due to the large amount of explosives (up to 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb)), their poor accuracy, and indiscriminate use in populated civilian areas (including refugee camps), the resulting detonations have been devastating. Critics have
297:
that a boiler bomb was dropped on a house he was staying in in the middle of the night, according to him the bomb landed in the back yard and caused moderate damage to the exterior of the house, however being ineffective at killing or wounding anybody. The effects of the bombs were predominantly
690:. An attack or action must be intended to help in the military defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
430:
that demanded an end to indiscriminate aerial bombardment including the use of barrel bombs. China and Russia supported the measure allowing its passage. Five months later in August 2014, it was reported that barrel bomb use had instead escalated in defiance of the ban.
318:. A 70 kilograms (150 lb) boiler bomb was rolled down a hill into enemy trenches while snipers tried to blow it up before it reached their position - it eventually got stuck in a tree and "all it did was destroy a lot of trees".
2242:
376:(Brown Moses) and Richard Lloyd. Their existence was initially denied by a Russian military expert until a video surfaced in October 2012 from inside a moving helicopter showing a barrel bomb being lit and dropped onto a target by
265:. A 1990 newspaper reported that "barrel bombs - 210 litre cast iron barrels packed with explosives, rubber and saw dust" were used against residential areas knocking out 20 houses at a time in the Jaffna region.
124:
Barrel bombs are cheap to produce, potentially costing as little as $ 200 to $ 300. They can be used with any type of aircraft including non-military cargo planes. The explosive payload can be as simple as
540:, in late July and August. On 11 September, 14 barrel bombs were dropped on Fallujah city, killing 22 civilians. According to aid workers, the Iraqi army continues to use barrel bombs extensively against
635:
587:
In
December 2013, Russia refused to back a text at the UN Security Council that would have condemned the Syrian President Bashar al-Assad for carrying out such indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas.
2471:
2165:
631:. Within days of the attack, analysts said they were moving towards a belief that there is "a coordinated chlorine campaign with growing evidence that it is the government side dropping the bombs".
1497:
Reports of DIY barrel bombs being thrown out of helicopters were initially dismissed as "baloney" by a
Russian military expert. Extensive and clear footage unearthed by Higgins suggests otherwise.
2212:
1806:
638:(OHCHR) released a report detailing the use of chlorine gas as a chemical weapon used by Syrian government forces, dropped by barrel bombs from helicopters on numerous towns in Syria including
1912:
294:
2093:
2261:
2426:
2652:
919:
395:
evidence of a barrel bomb being used was recovered from a mobile phone found in the wreckage of a crashed government forces helicopter in May 2015. British
Foreign Secretary
868:..the campaigning group Human Rights Watch has insisted that the employment of these weapons constitutes a war crime and that those responsible should be held to account.
1882:
112:. Experts believe they will continue to be embraced by unstable nations fighting insurgencies since they are cheap to make and utilise the advantages of a government's
686:
2326:
698:
618:
427:
2044:
756:
359:
2220:
2173:
419:" barrel bombing. According to opposition activists, the aim is to ensure that those who flood the scene to rescue the victims are then themselves killed.
2021:
824:
1792:
565:
2502:
888:
2642:
410:(SNC). It is estimated that, as of mid-March 2014, between 5,000 and 6,000 barrel bombs have been dropped during the war and their use has escalated.
663:
1920:
261:
transport planes to drop improvised 300 kilograms (660 lb) bombs packed into wooden barrels onto civilian areas in the northern peninsula of
2111:
513:
next door using the same tactics without a slap on the wrist and gaining ground as a result, it stands to reason he would say, 'Why the hell not?
1427:
2613:
2129:
1934:
1175:
100:
in the late 1960s. Starting in the 1990s, they were also used in Sri Lanka, Croatia and Sudan. Barrel bombs have been used extensively by the
2637:
2533:
2074:
2369:
2013:
143:
1071:
350:
rebelled against
Khartoum. They were used again, beginning in 2011, when a new insurgency began after the south separated from the north.
2528:
2269:
533:
399:
said, "This video footage exposes Assad's lies on barrel bombs", and "We will bring those involved in these criminal acts to justice".
203:
2243:"Isis in Iraq: Baghdad hails the retaking of the Baiji oil refinery as the start of the long fightback against the Islamist militants"
440:
406:
have killed more than 20,000 people since the conflict began in March 2011, according to a
December 2013 statement by the opposition
2290:
1299:
1262:
1109:
577:
1556:
1479:
1952:
446:
Khaled Khoja, leader of the main
Western-backed Syrian National Coalition, described barrel bombs as playing a major role fueling
368:, the Syrian arsenal was built to combat the Israeli army which enjoyed air superiority, and thus did not have much in the way of
927:
736:
447:
97:
1639:
1048:
694:
423:
2308:
483:
178:
109:
2330:
1890:
1712:
624:
347:
1710:
1692:
380:
personnel. The person who allegedly came up with the scheme to load barrels with explosives, nails, and metal fragments is
2599:
250:
164:. Historian Nafez Nazzal quotes one of the villagers, the quartermaster of the Saffuriyya militia, describing the attack:
953:
1007:
605:
Syrian opposition representatives have repeatedly requested from international allies, and been denied, the transfer of
2194:
1829:
1730:
435:
produced a map showing at least 650 new impact locations consistent with barrel bomb attacks. In early
September 2014,
298:
psychological. As background, a
Croatian airforce was established in 1990, made up of volunteers from a sports club at
206:. The bombs were not aimed at heavily populated areas and in the end were not very effective at starting forest fires.
2647:
980:
602:, the reason for the Syrian government's use of barrel bombs is that it doesn't fear any strong international action.
65:
2381:
1584:
187:
1513:
1543:
1323:
1155:
1132:
1977:
1453:
153:
2445:
1749:
2052:
623:
There have been allegations of chemical weapons being delivered as barrel bombs, specifically the 11 April 2014
2147:
1375:
780:
1797:
1610:
668:
As background, to be legal under international law weapons used for aerial bombardment must comply with the
451:
407:
307:
2571:
1435:
2407:
731:
1252:
2632:
1995:
1717:
1224:
606:
330:
since at least the 1990s. They were studded with nails and rolled out of the cargo doors of Soviet-made
1276:
they are dropping cluster bombs and barrel bombs, which are intended to do maximum damage to civilians.
290:
182:
A diagram from an Army training manual showing how to load barrel bombs onto a CH-47 Chinook helicopter
1349:
459:
286:
246:
211:
2610:
2476:
1183:
1076:
475:
455:
254:
231:
35:
1398:
981:"Syria's Barrel Bomb Technology Relative To Aleppo Syria Attacks - The Good, The Bad And The Ugly"
1860:
1856:
1667:
1208:
1024:
674:
599:
502:
495:
432:
388:
311:
93:
1197:
2550:
1834:
1802:
1761:
1295:
1289:
1258:
1105:
1099:
680:
561:
416:
369:
315:
302:. They were private individuals and enthusiasts. Their weapons were home-made and improvised.
274:
149:
108:—bringing the weapon to widespread global attention—and later by the Iraqi forces during the
2542:
2472:"Syria chemical weapons: the proof that Assad regime launching chlorine attacks on children"
1016:
892:
711:
381:
377:
365:
215:
105:
101:
92:
The earliest known use of barrel bombs in their current form was by the
Israeli military in
50:
2617:
1773:
1237:
573:
552:. Further attacks and casualties were reported in Fallujah in June, July and August 2015.
510:
506:
391:
161:
85:
73:
462:, "The localized effect of a barrel bomb is the same as an earthquake measuring 8 on the
314:(HRW) also reported a first-hand account of a boiler bomb being used in ground combat in
1714:
1028:
850:
566:
UN Convention on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons
30:
825:"This is what it's like to have the Assad regime's 'barrel bombs' dropped on your city"
609:
to moderate rebel groups, in order to target the aircraft used to drop "barrel bombs".
580:, barrel bombs are "incendiary bombs which contain flammable material that can be like
436:
396:
77:
595:
referred to the usage of barrel bombs during the conflict as "yet another war crime."
2626:
2498:
1509:
1449:
592:
487:
463:
373:
335:
331:
273:
In 1991, barrel bombs were used by Croatian forces against Serbian forces during the
218:
89:
characterised them as weapons of terror and illegal under international conventions.
61:
1005:
Dan Freeman-maloy (Winter 2011). "Mahal and the Dispossession of the Palestinians".
1484:
564:, which are banned for use against populated civilian areas under the terms of the
278:
1137:
1644:
1615:
976:
721:
545:
536:. Similar barrel bombs attacks were reported in Fallujah and the nearby town of
525:
339:
258:
191:
1180:
hrvatski-vojnik.hr (Department of Croatian Military Media, Ministry of Defence)
598:
According to Nadim Houry, the Middle East and North Africa deputy director for
45:
2604:
2546:
1537:
1257:. United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. 1999.
1149:
805:
669:
643:
532:, government forces have also dropped barrel bombs on their cities during the
194:, the United States dropped dozens of barrels filled with incendiary fuel and
157:
1020:
809:
639:
584:" or can be packed with nails and launched from the air or from a launcher.
569:
537:
490:
air force pilot that the barrel bombs are produced by Iranians who then use
199:
17:
2351:
2195:"'Barrel bomb' attacks kill 12 in western Iraq - Iraq - Worldbulletin News"
156:. On July 15–16, the Israeli Air Force dropped barrel bombs on the town of
2503:"Reports of New Improvised Chemical Weapons Used by the Syrian Air Force"
1561:
1376:"Russia's Arms Sales to Sudan a First Step in Return to Africa: Part One"
855:
726:
716:
628:
479:
195:
113:
1935:"UN Panel Speakers Call to End Syria Barrel Bombs - Al Jazeera America"
1514:"Clear Evidence Of DIY Barrel Bombs Being Used By The Syrian Air Force"
549:
505:, "What's happening now in Iraq definitely started in Syria. If I were
491:
568:. HRW has insisted that the employment of these weapons constitutes a
2408:"Syrian civilians in crosshairs of Assad's barrel bombs, says report"
1480:"How Brown Moses exposed Syrian arms trafficking from his front room"
581:
521:
411:
343:
262:
69:
39:
306:
are now on display at a number of museums in Croatia including the
2075:"Fears grow in Baghdad that US is abandoning the city to its fate"
1640:"Britain says Syrian video footage exposes Assad barrel bomb lies"
651:
647:
529:
403:
327:
177:
44:
29:
2600:
The Use of "Do it Yourself" Barrel Bombs under International Law
1151:
Nebeski vitezovi Slavonske ravni (HRT Croatian Radio Television)
560:
Some commentators and institutions have labeled barrel bombs as
541:
299:
126:
1913:"Syria escalates barrel bomb attacks as world attention shifts"
636:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
2291:"Shelling kills 71 in Fallujah since start of Ramadan: Source"
2130:"Like Assad, Maliki uses explosive barrels to quell rebellion"
2014:"Thousands flee Iraq government assault on rebel-held Falluja"
1830:"'Barrel bomb' use in Syria said to escalate despite U.N. ban"
81:
346:. Barrel bombs were used, beginning in early 2003, after the
310:
and the Military Museum of the Croatian Ministry of Defence.
285:("boiler bomb") as it was made by filling ordinary household
198:-equivalent, in order to start forest fires and to flush out
2309:"'Barrel bomb' attacks kill 21 in Iraq's Fallujah: Sources"
1953:"Syria's White Helmets receives 'Alternative Nobel prize'"
1731:"MSF hospital in Syria hit by 'double-tap' barrel bombing"
249:(1983–2009), barrel bombs were used by government forces.
2262:"Iraq: 12 killed in 'Iraqi air force barrel bomb' strike"
1693:"What happened in Syria when the world was not watching"
1428:"The Origin of the Barrel Bomb: Assad's Weapon of Fear"
2382:"Britain calls Syrian barrel bomb attacks a war crime"
2352:"U.S. Says Syrian Regime Using Missiles, Barrel Bombs"
1883:"Ambassador Power at the UN Security Council on Syria"
1585:"Britain calls Syrian barrel bomb attacks a war crime"
2370:
France says Syria air strikes amount to "war crimes"
1611:"Syria 'informed' about US-led strikes on IS: Assad"
757:"Syrian regime deploys deadly new weapons on rebels"
482:
and surrounding areas, killing civilians during the
693:During the Syrian Civil War, in February 2014, the
474:In May 2014, it was reported by witnesses that the
387:The deliberate use of indiscriminate weapons makes
2446:"Syria's chemical weapons wild card: chlorine gas"
1254:Country reports on human rights practices for 1998
281:agricultural airplanes. The device was called the
96:. The second known use of barrel bombs was by the
72:-shaped metal container that has been filled with
1996:"Deadly barrel bombs reportedly hitting Fallujah"
1399:"Empty villages mark trail of Sudan's hidden war"
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1104:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 383.
889:"Barrel bombs risk becoming answer to insurgency"
338:transport aircraft onto insurgent populations in
289:with explosives and shrapnel. Serbian politician
1668:"UN condemns Syria regime air strikes on Aleppo"
1557:"This Is What's Behind Russia's Push Into Syria"
1294:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 117–118.
947:
945:
544:-held areas, including 30 to 35 barrel bombs on
2327:"Iraqi army airstrike kills 25 women, children"
2094:"Iraq reports major effort to recapture Tikrit"
1787:
1785:
1783:
619:Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war
208:
166:
49:205-litre (55 US or 44 imp gal)
2572:"U.N. Security Council Resolution 2139 (2014)"
2427:"America can stop the 'barrel bombs' in Syria"
2148:"Iraq: Civilian Toll of Government Airstrikes"
2112:"Iraqi military battles for control of Tikrit"
2045:"Barrel Bomb Attacks Devastate Iraqi Families"
1978:"Iraq: Government Attacking Fallujah Hospital"
591:On 13 January 2014, British Foreign Secretary
210:Army crews kicked the incendiary drums out of
806:"A City Left in Ruins: The Battle for Aleppo"
8:
415:Syrian air force has been referred to as a "
360:List of Syrian civil war barrel bomb attacks
2653:Aerial improvised explosive device bombings
1072:"When the U.S. dropped barrel bombs in war"
971:
969:
967:
1065:
1063:
1061:
214:onto suspected enemy camps. They strapped
1322:Kristof, Nicholas D. (22 February 2012).
1044:The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee, 1948
913:
911:
909:
2527:Gómez, Javier Guisández (20 June 1998).
1454:"The Mystery Of The Syrian Barrel Bombs"
1421:
1419:
664:Aerial bombardment and international law
68:). They are typically made from a large
2213:"Iraq speaker warns on civilian deaths"
2166:"Airstrikes on Fallujah rebels kill 19"
2020:. Reuters. May 16, 2014. Archived from
1919:. AFP. November 2, 2014. Archived from
1539:Syrian regime Barrel Bomb Being Dropped
882:
880:
878:
876:
747:
257:, lacking modern bombers, used Chinese
64:, sometimes described as a flying IED (
1809:from the original on February 28, 2014
1769:
1759:
1555:Borzou Daragahi (September 16, 2015).
1233:
1222:
384:, or "The Tiger", an Alawite Colonel.
2534:International Review of the Red Cross
2241:Patrick Cockburn (19 November 2014).
1748:Nick Paton Walsh, CNN (9 June 2014).
1374:Andrew McGregor (February 11, 2009).
849:Jonathan Marcus (December 20, 2013).
844:
842:
840:
838:
7:
1793:"Hague urges end to barrel bomb use"
1750:"Return to Aleppo: 'We are in hell'"
1070:Ishaan Tharoor (February 16, 2015).
851:"Barrel bombs show brutality of war"
478:dropped barrel bombs on the city of
221:to the cylinders to set them alight.
144:Barrel bombs in Palestine and Israel
2425:Mohammed Alaa Ghanem (8 May 2014).
1889:. September 4, 2014. Archived from
1828:Carol J. Williams (July 30, 2014).
918:Torie Rose DeGhett (July 3, 2014).
450:fleeing into neighboring countries
2611:Syria puts crude weapon deadly use
1609:Sara Hussein (February 10, 2015).
1583:William James (January 13, 2014).
737:Chronology of the Syrian civil war
441:American-led intervention in Syria
133:History of barrel bombs by country
34:A replica of a barrel bomb in the
25:
1426:Ethan Field (February 10, 2015).
578:United States Department of State
2643:Chemical weapon delivery systems
2073:Martin Chulov (16 August 2014).
1857:"Syria: Barrage of Barrel Bombs"
1729:Kareem Shaheen (December 2015).
1638:Kylie MacLellan (May 20, 2015).
1478:Matthew Weaver (21 March 2013).
1397:Carter Dougherty (30 May 2004).
293:claimed during his trial in the
169:war but not an air and tank war.
2444:Oliver Holmes (22 April 2014).
2092:Loveday Morris (28 June 2014).
1049:Institute for Palestine Studies
695:United Nations Security Council
424:United Nations Security Council
402:Barrel bomb attacks throughout
326:Barrel bombs have been used in
277:, where they were dropped from
1348:Lee Crawfurd (25 April 2012).
1198:"Bosnia-Hercegovina: Sarajevo"
823:Matthew Speiser (5 May 2015).
148:Barrel bombs were used by the
1:
2470:Ruth Sherlock (29 Apr 2014).
1709:Channel 4 News 14 March 2014
1182:(in Croatian). Archived from
952:Brown Moses (13 April 2014).
920:"The Build-It-Yourself Bombs"
781:"Syria's deadly barrel bombs"
670:principles of the laws of war
2638:Improvised explosive devices
1715:Aleppo BBC April 2104 report
1242:See page 20, last paragraph.
1008:Journal of Palestine Studies
534:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
1718:hrw barrel bombs hit Aleppo
1350:"How Sudanese Bombers Work"
1174:Dinko ÄŚutura (April 2009).
958:brown-moses.blogspot.com.au
702:or unnecessary suffering".
501:According to Erin Evers of
66:improvised explosive device
2669:
1378:. The Jamestown Foundation
1324:"Dodging Bombers in Sudan"
1133:The London Daily Telegraph
1098:William Dalrymple (2012).
887:Lara Jakes (May 7, 2014).
661:
616:
520:According to residents of
498:helicopters to drop them.
357:
141:
2547:10.1017/S0020860400091075
785:The Sydney Morning Herald
625:Kafr Zita chemical attack
2529:"The Law of Air Warfare"
2217:The Daily Star Newspaper
2170:The Daily Star Newspaper
1176:"Bojler-bombe (No. 234)"
1138:Excerpt available online
1029:10.1525/jps.2011.XL.2.43
1021:10.1525/jps.2011.XL.2.43
2368:AFP, 20 December 2013,
1798:London Evening Standard
408:Syrian National Council
308:Technical Museum Zagreb
2605:Assad Barrels | Daraya
1291:War and Faith in Sudan
1288:Gabriel Meyer (2005).
1232:Cite journal requires
732:Low-intensity conflict
422:In February 2014, the
238:
186:In April 1968, during
183:
171:
98:US military in Vietnam
53:
42:
2501:(September 1, 2014).
1805:. February 22, 2014.
1438:on February 16, 2015.
1136:, 13 September 1990.
1042:Nafez Nazzal (1978).
979:(December 22, 2013).
627:which saw the use of
607:anti-aircraft weapons
358:Further information:
348:Sudan Liberation Army
181:
154:1948 Arab–Israeli War
127:fertilizer and diesel
48:
33:
1923:on November 2, 2014.
697:unanimously adopted
634:In August 2014, the
460:Syrian Civil Defense
247:Sri Lankan Civil War
2431:The Washington Post
2260:Kristoff Saunders.
2098:The Washington Post
1893:on November 2, 2014
1512:(27 October 2012).
1077:The Washington Post
650:(August 2014), and
255:Sri Lanka Air Force
232:The Washington Post
212:Chinook helicopters
36:Imperial War Museum
2648:Israeli inventions
2616:2014-02-18 at the
2578:. 22 February 2014
2152:Human Rights Watch
1982:Human Rights Watch
1861:Human Rights Watch
1772:has generic name (
1452:(30 August 2012).
1328:The New York Times
1209:Human Rights Watch
954:"Brown Moses Blog"
930:on August 25, 2014
675:military necessity
562:incendiary devices
503:Human Rights Watch
433:Human Rights Watch
312:Human Rights Watch
253:reported that the
235:, 16 February 2015
202:guerrillas in the
184:
54:
43:
2388:. 13 January 2014
1835:Los Angeles Times
1803:Press Association
1432:heglobalscout.com
1186:on April 3, 2015.
755:McElroy, Damien.
548:, a town east of
370:close air support
287:hot water boilers
275:Battle of Vukovar
251:William Dalrymple
188:Operation Inferno
150:Israeli Air Force
60:is an improvised
16:(Redirected from
2660:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2549:. Archived from
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2329:. Archived from
2323:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2268:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2250:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2219:. Archived from
2209:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2172:. Archived from
2162:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2051:. Archived from
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1789:
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1699:. 14 March 2014.
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1518:Brown Moses Blog
1506:
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1494:
1492:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1458:Brown Moses Blog
1446:
1440:
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1434:. Archived from
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1411:
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1394:
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985:Brown Moses Blog
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940:
939:
937:
935:
926:. Archived from
915:
904:
903:
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899:
893:Associated Press
884:
871:
870:
865:
863:
846:
833:
832:
829:Business Insider
820:
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813:
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796:
795:
793:
792:
787:. September 2012
777:
771:
770:
768:
767:
752:
712:Blockbuster bomb
613:Chemical weapons
516:
389:Syrian President
382:Suheil al-Hassan
378:Syrian Air Force
236:
229:blog quoted via
216:white phosphorus
106:Syrian civil war
102:Syrian Air Force
27:Explosive device
21:
2668:
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2623:
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2618:Wayback Machine
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2541:(323): 347–63.
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2154:. 22 July 2014.
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2027:
2025:
2024:on May 17, 2014
2012:
2011:
2007:
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1989:
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1933:
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1911:
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1896:
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1887:humanrights.gov
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1863:. July 30, 2014
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699:Resolution 2139
687:proportionality
666:
660:
654:(August 2014).
621:
615:
574:Victoria Nuland
572:. According to
558:
514:
472:
454:. According to
448:Syrian refugees
428:Resolution 2139
392:Bashar al-Assad
362:
356:
324:
291:Vojislav Šešelj
271:
243:
237:
225:
176:
162:Operation Dekel
146:
140:
135:
122:
74:high explosives
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2666:
2664:
2656:
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2645:
2640:
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2602:
2594:
2593:External links
2591:
2589:
2588:
2576:United Nations
2563:
2519:
2490:
2462:
2436:
2417:
2399:
2373:
2361:
2343:
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2313:Anadolu Agency
2300:
2295:Anadolu Agency
2282:
2252:
2233:
2204:
2199:World Bulletin
2186:
2157:
2139:
2136:. 2 July 2014.
2121:
2103:
2084:
2065:
2035:
2018:Globe and Mail
2005:
1987:
1984:. 27 May 2014.
1969:
1944:
1926:
1904:
1874:
1848:
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1779:
1740:
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1697:Channel 4 News
1684:
1672:World Bulletin
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1234:|journal=
1211:. October 1994
1189:
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1034:
997:
963:
941:
924:Foreign Policy
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772:
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724:
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707:
704:
662:Main article:
659:
656:
642:(April 2014),
617:Main article:
614:
611:
557:
554:
484:Anbar campaign
471:
468:
458:, head of the
437:Samantha Power
397:Philip Hammond
355:
352:
323:
320:
270:
267:
242:
239:
223:
219:smoke grenades
175:
172:
142:Main article:
139:
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134:
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121:
118:
110:Anbar campaign
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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2601:
2598:Rodenhäuser:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2553:on 2013-04-25
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:Eliot Higgins
2494:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2477:The Telegraph
2473:
2466:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2412:aljazeera.com
2409:
2403:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2333:on 2015-08-14
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2272:on 2015-06-01
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2223:on 2021-01-16
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2176:on 2020-08-03
2175:
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2158:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2134:alarabiya.net
2131:
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2117:
2116:aljazeera.com
2113:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2055:on 2018-12-14
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:Leila Fadel.
2039:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
2000:aljazeera.com
1997:
1991:
1988:
1983:
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1939:aljazeera.com
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1568:September 16,
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1511:
1510:Eliot Higgins
1505:
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1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:Eliot Higgins
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1301:9780802829337
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1264:9780160585746
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1111:9780307948939
1107:
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1094:
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1051:. p. 75.
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593:William Hague
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512:
509:, and seeing
508:
504:
499:
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494:aircraft and
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
464:Richter scale
461:
457:
456:Raed al-Saleh
453:
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383:
379:
375:
374:Eliot Higgins
371:
367:
361:
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349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Antonov An-26
333:
332:Antonov An-24
329:
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288:
284:
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228:
227:War is Boring
222:
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207:
205:
204:U Minh forest
201:
197:
193:
189:
180:
174:United States
173:
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159:
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145:
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119:
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115:
111:
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103:
99:
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83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:unguided bomb
59:
52:
47:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2633:Aerial bombs
2580:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:the original
2538:
2532:
2522:
2512:September 1,
2510:. Retrieved
2506:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2475:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:
2439:
2430:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2385:
2376:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2265:
2255:
2246:
2236:
2225:. Retrieved
2221:the original
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2087:
2079:the Guardian
2078:
2068:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:the original
2048:
2038:
2028:December 26,
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1921:the original
1916:
1907:
1897:December 26,
1895:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1886:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1796:
1753:
1743:
1735:the Guardian
1734:
1724:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1623:February 10,
1621:. Retrieved
1614:
1604:
1594:February 17,
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1560:
1550:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:
1504:
1496:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:The Guardian
1483:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:
1444:
1436:the original
1431:
1406:. Retrieved
1403:The Guardian
1402:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1290:
1283:
1275:
1268:. Retrieved
1253:
1247:
1225:cite journal
1213:. Retrieved
1204:
1192:
1184:the original
1179:
1145:
1131:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1100:
1093:
1083:February 17,
1081:. Retrieved
1075:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1015:(2): 43–61.
1012:
1006:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
984:
957:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
923:
896:. Retrieved
867:
860:. Retrieved
854:
828:
818:
800:
789:. Retrieved
784:
775:
764:. Retrieved
760:
750:
692:
685:
679:
673:
667:
658:Legal status
646:(May 2014),
633:
629:chlorine gas
622:
604:
597:
590:
586:
559:
519:
500:
473:
445:
421:
401:
386:
363:
325:
304:Bojler Bomba
303:
283:Bojler Bomba
282:
279:Antonov An-2
272:
244:
230:
226:
209:
185:
167:
147:
123:
91:
57:
55:
18:Barrel bombs
2392:13 November
2266:Fulton News
1962:25 November
1957:Daily Sabah
1917:Yahoo! News
1677:13 November
1645:Yahoo! News
1616:Yahoo! News
1523:January 25,
1491:January 22,
1463:January 25,
977:Brown Moses
722:Hell cannon
681:distinction
644:Al-Tamana'a
364:Before the
340:South Sudan
245:During the
192:Vietnam War
152:during the
120:Description
104:during the
76:, possibly
58:barrel bomb
2627:Categories
2582:2015-12-26
2557:2015-12-26
2507:Bellingcat
2337:2015-08-14
2276:2015-06-03
2227:2014-09-13
2180:2014-07-23
2059:2014-07-27
791:2015-12-26
766:2013-11-30
743:References
546:Aziz Balad
488:Iraqi Kurd
476:Iraqi army
452:and Europe
417:double-tap
158:Saffuriyya
1867:August 7,
1841:August 7,
1648:. Reuters
810:Vice News
761:Telegraph
640:Kafr Zita
570:war crime
556:Reactions
538:Al-Karmah
507:al-Maliki
366:civil war
241:Sri Lanka
200:Viet Cong
86:chemicals
2614:Archived
2356:Naharnet
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