327:"changing" pictures that applied the principle of Ives' "Changeable sign" to animated photography, for instance the portrait of a woman with eyes open or closed depending on the viewing angle. On February 3, 1910 he requested an addition to his patent to include animated stereoscopic photography. This system used line sheets with vertical and horizontal lines, and combined four images: two stereoscopic pairs of two different moments. August 1, 1908 Estanave was granted French patent N° 392871 for an autostereoscopic photographic plate. This plate was exposed and developed to create a positive stereoscopic image, avoiding the trouble of aligning the interlaced photograph with a line screen. In the same year he was awarded a special prize at the French Academy of Sciences by
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262:: from the right distance and angle each eye could only see the photographic strips shot from the corresponding angle. The article was illustrated with a diagram of the principle, an image of the two parts of a stereoscopic photograph divided into exaggerated wide bands, and the same strips recomposed as an interlaced image. Berthier's idea was hardly noticed. After Frederic Ives' similar autostereograms were presented at the
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market his technique, for which he founded his "La Relièphographie" company in 1937. About 13 extant Relièphographie pictures by Bonnet are known, including three advertisements, two portraits and eight medical subjects. With their 30x40 cm format these are the largest preserved line sheet autostereograms. Despite the success Bonnet abandoned line sheet technology after he developed a lenticular sheet around 1940.
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335:(with lines in three colors) could be adapted to create color photographs with the hues shifting when the viewing angle was changed. Fifteen examples of Estanave's stereograms are known to have survived. He seems not have commercialized any of his methods. Others marketed very similar animated portraits, usually with plastic line sheets, with some success in the 1910s and 1920s.
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stripes on a transparent viewing pane. In some versions the stripes on the viewing pane were disguised as a picket fence. Ombro-Cinema toys had of a wooden or cardboard chassis with a rack and hand-crank for cycling the image scroll across the viewing pane. In some versions a wind-up clockwork mechanism transferred the scroll while operating a
258:. Alternating strips from the left and right image of a traditional stereoscopic negative had to be recomposed as an interlaced image, preferably during the printing of the image on paper. A glass plate with opaque lines had to be fixed in front of the interlaced print with a few millimeters in between, so the lines on the screen formed a
563:(1907-1994) made several patented improvements with his Relièphographie system of the same name. He used a camera with a horizontal row of eleven lenses (French patent N° 774145, June 5, 1934), followed by one with 33 lenses in 1937 (French patent n°833891, July 2, 1937). The darkness of the images is remedied with a
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clear spaces between them" in front of the sensitive plate, slightly separated from it. The line screen had 200 parallel lines per inch (79/cm) and was contact-printed from an original factory halftone screen. The technique received U.S. patent 725,567 on April 14, 1903 (application filed on
September 25, 1902).
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were composed of images containing black vertical and regularly interlaced stripes, alternating between two or three phases of a depicted motion or between distinctly different pictures. A little transparent sheet with regular vertical black stripes was glued beneath a window in a cardboard envelope
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The technique was patented in the United States on August 28, 1906, by
Alexander S. Spiegel as a nameless "display device" (application date November 29, 1905). Spiegel patented several improvements, the last in 1911. Initially the pictures were drawings; later photographs were used. The postcards
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French mathematician Eugène
Estanave was encouraged by Gaumont to investigate the parallax stereogram and started working with the technique late in 1905. On January 24, 1906, Estanave filed for French patent 371.487 for a stereophotography device and stereoscopy using line sheets. It included his
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was published in London at the start of 1898 by Bliss, Sands & Co. It came with a "transparency" with black stripes to add the illusion of motion to the pictures in the book (13 in the original black and white edition and 23 in the later color edition). The illustrations were credited to "F.J.
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system with a rotating grid was shown to audiences around 1945–46 at the Paris Luna Park. An improved version was shown in the Clichy Palace in Paris in 1953. The size and weight of the required installation and the limited viewing zone to view barrier-grid movies were problems that probably made
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On
October 11, 1904 Ives received U.S. patent 771,824 (application filed on October 27, 1903) for a "Changeable sign, picture, &c.". This was basically the same technique but with interlaced different images instead of a stereoscopic image. Shifting from one angle to the other, by passing the
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color photo camera to create the stereogram and thought it would be an interesting scientific novelty worthy of presentation at the
Franklin Institute. The "parallax stereogram" was a photo shot through two apertures behind the lens with a "transparent-line screen, consisting of opaque lines with
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frame. While the pictures of
Estanave could only be seen from the right viewpoint, the multiple images that formed the Relièphographs ensured a clear 3D image when viewed from different angles. Bonnet was the only creator of autostereograms with line sheet technology who managed to successfully
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Ombro-Cinéma toys operated on rotating scrolls of paper with sequences of images printed as interlaced two-frame animations: thin regularly-spaced vertical stripes of one frame of the animation were alternated with stripes of the next frame, alternately hidden by regularly-spaced black vertical
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stereography, a barrier grid is placed in front of an image or a screen, with the distance between the grid and the image chosen such that the strips of image visible to each eye do not overlap. The images presented to each eye are slightly different, and are constructed such that the brain can
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In barrier-grid animation, several images are cut into strips and interleaved. The barrier grid allows the strips from one of the interleaved images to be seen at a time. Movement of the grid relative to the interleaved image causes the viewer to see each of the images in succession.
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The barrier-grid technique uses a grid of barriers to control images reaching the viewer's eyes. The grid consists of a series of vertical or horizontal strips that can be either opaque or transparent. Typically, the barriers (opaque strips) alternate with transparent regions.
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was built especially for autostereoscopic movies with a rear projection screen (14×19 feet) that used 50 kilometres of fine copper wire as a barrier grid on a metal framework weighing six tons. It opened to public on
February 4, 1941, premiering stereoscopic concert film
650:"Scanimation", incorporating sliding striped acetate sheets into book pages or folding cards to produce barrier-grid animations of six phases or more at each page, was produced by Rufus Butler Seder starting in 2007. The first book
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by the
Franklin Postcard Company, both from Chicago. The latter produced a card in 1912 which enabled the viewer to choose among the portraits of three presidential candidates during that year's U.S. presidential election.
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W. Symons received
British Patent No. 5,759 on March 14, 1896 for a technique that was used about two years later for the oldest known publication that used a line-sheet to create the illusion of motion in pictures.
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Many inventors tried to expand the number of images that could be used in line screen technology, which was mostly limited to how wide the lines could be without making the image too dark. French inventor
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At least fourteen different "films" with twelve images each were available, ten in black and white and four in color. The strips varied in length from circa 2.5 meters to more than 4 meter.
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animation technique". Sarcone also created rotating animations that use a transparent disc with radial lines that has to be spun around its center to animate the picture.
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type effects when the striped transparency is moved across it. It creates a vibrant type of motion illusion with revolving wheels, billowing smoke, ripples in water, etc.
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wrote in 1947, relating to Ivanov's work: “To doubt that stereoscopic cinema has its tomorrows, is as naïve as doubting whether there will be tomorrows at all.”
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of the State of
Pennsylvania. He claimed that he first had the idea 16 years earlier while working with the line screen in a study of "the dioptrics of
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showed autostereoscopic movies for 18 years and four more stereokino theatres were built in Russia. Ivanov would later work on lenticular techniques.
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To create the illusion of a spinning cube, "grab" the overlay with a computer mouse, and pull it over the pattern. Some computers do not support this.
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screen photography". At the time he didn't think it was important enough to spend his time on. In 1901 Ives realized that he could easily adapt his
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The Ombro-Cinéma toy was produced by Saussine Ed. in Paris and patented in 1921 and six months later received a gold medal at the 19th
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859:"Living pictures; their history, photoproduction and practical working. With a digest of British patents and annotated bibliography"
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that had been very popular in France since 1772. Some of the animated Ombro-Cinéma toys are found with the same oriental design and
873:"The Motograph Moving Picture-Book. (Symons's Patent.) (Bliss, Sands, and Co.)—This » 1 Jan 1898 » The Spectator Archive"
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in 1904, Berthier reminded the institute about his autostereograms that he in the meantime had also managed to create in color.
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without the need for specialized glasses, making it a practical and convenient solution for a wide range of applications.
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In May 1896 Auguste Berthier published an article about the history of stereoscopic images in French scientific magazine
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1250:"Théâtre d'ombres (AP-95-1177) - Collection - Catalogue des appareils cinématographiques - La Cinémathèque française"
1067:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels"
1048:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels"
1029:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels"
953:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels"
230:, depicting a woman viewing pictures with the transparency (accompanied by a girl, a man and three different pets).
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holding the picture card. The card was pulled out and pushed back in to produce the illusion of change or motion.
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The expanded "new edition" of the book had a cover design "specially drawn for the book" by famous French painter
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since 1997. He describes his animations as "optic kinetic media" that "artfully combine the visual effects of
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Berthier's diagram: A-B=glass plate, with a-b=opaque lines, P=Picture, O=Eyes, c-n=blocked and allowed views (
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processes in the next decades. For color photography the use of colored line sheets had been suggested by
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415:(Chinese Shadows), patented in 1897. Both toys were named after and inspired by the Ombres Chinoises
411:. Saussine had previously published versions with regular non-animated silhouettes on the scroll, as
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image. The barrier-grid technique originated in the late 1890s, overlapping with the development of
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Henri de Toulouse Lautrec's cover of the new edition of "The Motograph Moving Picture Book" (1898)
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Berthier, Auguste (May 16 and 23, 1896). "Images stéréoscopiques de grand format" (in French).
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by Aleksandr Andrievskiy. In 1947 Ivanov helped make the first autostereoscopic feature film
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Similar wind-up musical toy "televisions" have been produced until late in the 20th century.
77:. The technique has also been used for color-changing pictures, but to a much lesser extent.
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French circular disc versions inside children's picture books were produced in the 1940s as
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invented an autostereoscopic cinema system in 1935. In December 1940 the 180-seat theater
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1117:"TRL predicts the US Presidential Election --- (1912) Magic Moving Picture Card postcard"
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in 1869. Several halftone printing and color photography processes, including the 1895
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Saussine, Ed. Dossier de recherche sur un fabricant de jeux en cartonnage. 1860-1980
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image or by a vibration of the image, the image would change from one to the other.
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The development of barrier-grid technologies can also be regarded as a step towards
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861:. London Optician & Photographic Trades Review – via Internet Archive.
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as "photographic screens or veils" in an 1852 patent. This resulted in several
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for an x-ray stereogram. In 1911 Estanave discovered another variation: the
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and had them presented at the French Academy of Sciences in October and the
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27:"Scanimation" redirects here. For the analog computer animation system, see
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931:"Images en relief et images changeantes. La photographie à réseau ligné"
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Film N° 23. Au jardin d'Acclimentation (At the Acclimatization Garden?)
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439:) on the proscenium and box. The Ombro-Cinéma received a gold medal.
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lines, inspired the use of line screens for autostereoscopic images.
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texte, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (January 21, 1911).
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texte, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (January 21, 1908).
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texte, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (March 14, 1910).
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texte, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (July 21, 1904).
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effect created by moving a striped transparent overlay across an
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Film N° 8. Voyages de John Sellery (The travels of John Sellery)
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Film N° 5. Poursuivants et poursuivis (Chasing and being chased)
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Film N° 3. La fête de mon pays (The celebration of my country)
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in 1905 and two others became part of the collection of the
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Frederic Ives' parallax stereogram & changeable picture
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Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838-1952
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Similar cards have been published in Japan around 1920 as
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in November. Gaumont gave two parallax stereograms to the
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Using screens for photographic printing was suggested by
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most barrier-grid cinema systems financially unviable.
2613:
List of animated television series by episode count
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937:(9): 124–143 – via journals.openedition.org.
1347:"Gianni Sarcone's Kinetic Art (Sarcone's Studio)"
464:Film N° 2. Aventure de Marius (Marius' adventure)
152:combine them to create the illusion of depth via
2608:List of animated films by box office admissions
476:Film N° 6. Carnaval de Nice (Carnival in Nice)
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470:Film N° 4. Tous aux sports (All about sports)
8:
1365:"About Scanimation « Scanimation Books"
536:A French version from around 1950 was named
492:Film N° 10. Scènes exotiques (Exotic scenes)
254:, which included his method of creating an
1333:"French Autostereoscopic Systems (Part II)"
278:presented his "parallax stereogram" at the
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914:(590, 591): 205–210, 227-233 (see 229–231)
461:Film N° 1. Scènes des rues (Street scenes)
317:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
299:Eugène Estanave's animated autostereograms
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363:were marketed under Spiegel's patent as
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18:Barrier grid animation and stereography
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836:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
833:3D and Animated Lenticular Photography
630:has produced animations that he calls
395:An Ombro-Cinéma by Saussine Ed. (1921)
274:On December 5, 1901 American inventor
857:Hopwood, Henry V. (August 21, 1899).
514:Film N° 22. Le petit Chaperon rouge (
7:
2581:Films with live action and animation
1386:"The Books « Scanimation Books"
479:Film N° 7. Au cirque (At the circus)
1098:Chuckman, John (December 9, 2009).
379:by SK and in France around 1940 as
1287:«Концерт (Земля молодости)» (1940)
807:The Repertory of patent inventions
670:and licensed scanimation books of
427:title, but most had a design with
307:came across Ives' pictures at the
234:Auguste Berthier's autostereograms
46:Kinegram animation of wind turbine
25:
1673:Modern TV cable and streaming era
1136:"Dick Balzer's Website: Homepage"
367:by G. Felsenthal & Co and as
321:Société française de photographie
209:The Motograph Moving Picture Book
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1311:. University Press of Kentucky.
1121:torontopubliclibrary.typepad.com
740:
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547:Maurice Bonnet's relièphographie
485:Film N° 9. Voyages de Gulliver (
435:'s Rigadin (also interpreted as
122:
110:
1214:"Comme Encyclopedisme Archives"
546:
351:card by G. Felsenthal & Co.
233:
215:The pictures feature different
1294:(in Russian). 7 November 2016.
1236:pierre.antiquetoysandgames.com
1196:"les jeux de OMBRES CHINOISES"
1100:"MAGIC MOVING PICTURES – 1906"
1:
2603:Most expensive animated films
2258:Direct manipulation animation
1909:Barrier-grid and stereography
500:Film N° 20. Le petit Poucet (
313:Société Française de Physique
2149:Non-photorealistic rendering
186:Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron
1781:International Animation Day
594:Kontsert (Zemlya molodosti)
507:Film N° 21. Le Chat botté (
457:Series in black and white:
2707:
2251:Linear Animation Generator
2154:Physically based animation
1200:COLLECTION DE JEUX ANCIENS
929:Timby, Kim (May 1, 2001).
339:Magic moving picture cards
264:French Academy of Sciences
212:Vernay, Yorick, &c.".
26:
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1840:Children's animated films
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1178:Beuchet, Gwenael (1992).
830:Timby, Kim (2015-07-31).
446:Fragment of Ombro-Cinéma
369:Magic moving picture card
309:World's Fair in St. Louis
228:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
156:. This allows viewing of
1749:Animation film festivals
1305:Zone, Ray (2014-02-03).
1291:
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613:François Savoye's first
117:Pattern: a spinning cube
2571:Twelve basic principles
2491:Instructional animation
970:Ives, Frederic (1902).
572:Autostereoscopic cinema
431:'s Tramp character and
2169:Virtual cinematography
1766:Highest-grossing films
1668:Early TV broadcast era
1367:. Scanimationbooks.com
1268:"www.livresanimes.com"
935:Études photographiques
516:Little Red Riding Hood
451:
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55:picket-fence animation
51:Barrier-grid animation
47:
2486:Independent animation
2476:Educational animation
1351:www.giannisarcone.com
877:The Spectator Archive
450:(without line-screen)
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365:Magic moving pictures
356:Magic moving pictures
349:Magic Moving Pictures
346:
241:
192:with >0.1 mm
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67:parallax stereography
45:
2686:Animation techniques
2466:Animated documentary
2298:Whiteboard animation
2191:Traditional puppetry
1835:Adult animated films
1744:Biologist simulators
1707:Animation department
1407:Kinegram information
1390:scanimationbooks.com
1272:www.livresanimes.com
766:History of animation
276:Frederic Eugene Ives
2539:Character animation
2319:Character animation
1857:Children's animated
1254:www.cinematheque.fr
1010:U.S. patent 771,824
761:Lenticular printing
531:Livre de Télévision
381:Mon cinema chez moi
82:lenticular printing
2566:Creature animation
2496:Virtual newscaster
2441:Abstract animation
2273:Ink-wash animation
2263:Humanoid animation
2246:Audio-Animatronics
1810:Lost or unfinished
1734:Animation database
1712:Animation director
1140:www.dickbalzer.com
973:A novel stereogram
748:Visual arts portal
487:Gulliver's Travels
452:
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333:Joly colour screen
280:Franklin Institute
248:
219:patterns, causing
190:Joly colour screen
178:William Fox Talbot
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2356:Erasure animation
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1919:Limited animation
1862:Computer-animated
1800:Computer-animated
1722:Animation studios
1683:
1682:
1165:"Les collections"
1134:Balzer, Richard.
628:Gianni A. Sarcone
608:Sergei Eisenstein
604:Moscow Stereokino
589:Moscow Stereokino
576:Russian inventor
496:Series in color:
43:
16:(Redirected from
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2623:anime franchises
2598:Cartoon violence
2586:highest grossing
2481:Erotic animation
2456:Animated cartoon
2223:Supermarionation
2196:Digital puppetry
2117:Facial animation
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1770:Opening weekends
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1085:"Display device"
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679:The Wizard of Oz
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615:Cyclostéréoscope
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527:Album télévision
421:Ombres Chinoises
413:Ombres Chinoises
329:Gabriel Lippmann
260:parallax barrier
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34:Animation method
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2505:Related topics
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433:Charles Prince
425:Theatre Ombres
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1557:United States
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1146:on 2020-06-18
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538:Ciné Enfantin
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2691:Interference
2618:anime series
2576:Motion comic
2445:visual music
2391:Pose to pose
2366:Inbetweening
2346:Chuckimation
2288:Shadowmation
2241:Animatronics
2142:eye tracking
2122:Morph target
2074:Multi-sketch
1908:
1825:Short series
1739:Art pipeline
1717:Story artist
1663:World War II
1532:South Africa
1389:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
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1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:the original
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143:Stereography
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2544:model sheet
2401:Rubber hose
2324:model sheet
2102:Cel shading
1944:Stop motion
1929:Rotoscoping
1901:Traditional
1830:Stop-motion
1776:Outsourcing
1537:South Korea
1517:Philippines
1512:North Korea
771:PHSCologram
734:Arts portal
720:Film portal
646:Scanimation
581: [
557: [
417:shadow play
2675:Categories
2549:walk cycle
2416:Syncro-Vox
2329:walk cycle
2233:Mechanical
2159:Procedural
2059:PowerPoint
2012:Puppetoons
2007:Pixilation
1972:silhouette
1961:strata-cut
1952:Claymation
1893:Techniques
1882:Television
1653:Silent Era
1585:Bangladesh
1580:Azerbaijan
1467:Bangladesh
1456:By country
1371:2014-05-26
1218:www.bnf.fr
1150:2020-08-21
792:References
448:Film no. 2
154:stereopsis
63:interlaced
2681:Animation
2559:off-model
2529:Key frame
2386:Pixel art
2381:Pinscreen
2339:off-model
2283:Scanimate
2201:Machinima
2000:Brickfilm
1988:go motion
1914:Flip book
1448:Animation
673:Star Wars
638:with the
632:kinegrams
402:music box
284:half-tone
252:Le Cosmos
244:Le Cosmos
200:Motograph
158:3D images
97:Animation
73:) for 3D
59:animation
29:Scanimate
2645:Category
2554:lip sync
2434:Variants
2421:Zoetrope
2371:Morphing
2334:lip sync
2314:Blocking
2206:Aniforms
2183:Puppetry
2164:Skeletal
2031:timeline
2022:Computer
1877:Internet
1759:regional
1695:Animator
1688:Industry
1552:Thailand
1522:Portugal
1502:Malaysia
781:Zoetrope
692:See also
640:zoetrope
622:Kinegram
565:lightbox
303:In 1904
246:05-1896)
217:hatching
182:halftone
149:parallax
2660:Outline
2027:history
1978:Graphic
1924:Masking
1815:Package
1640:Ukraine
1610:Hungary
1572:History
1562:Vietnam
1527:Romania
1487:Estonia
1482:Czechia
1232:"OC-04"
1071:Gallica
1052:Gallica
1033:Gallica
957:Gallica
810:. 1853.
685:Peanuts
664:Waddle!
652:Gallop!
164:History
129:Overlay
88:Concept
2655:Portal
2216:Live2D
2132:facial
2097:T-pose
1995:Object
1968:Cutout
1847:Series
1796:Films
1635:Russia
1605:France
1595:Canada
1590:Brazil
1547:Taiwan
1507:Mexico
1472:Bhutan
1450:topics
1315:
909:Cosmos
840:
656:Swing!
57:is an
2471:Anime
2112:Crowd
2054:Flash
1983:Model
1872:Flash
1820:Short
1790:Works
1630:Korea
1625:Japan
1615:India
1600:China
1542:Spain
1497:Japan
1492:India
1477:China
1412:Video
1014:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
668:Santa
585:]
561:]
221:moiré
2411:Sand
2049:2.5D
1727:List
1700:List
1620:Iran
1313:ISBN
838:ISBN
682:and
660:Kick
529:and
2534:Cel
2107:CGI
2069:CSS
2064:SVG
1290:.
423:or
194:RGB
147:In
53:or
2677::
2089:3D
2041:2D
2029:,
1959:,
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