60:
2226:
1057:
1102:
6972:
1947:
1764:, as they would all behave in the same way to the strong interaction. Since quarks do not have the same mass, they do not interact in the same way (exactly like an electron placed in an electric field will accelerate more than a proton placed in the same field because of its lighter mass), and the symmetry is said to be
2221:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=-\left(n_{\mathrm {s} }-n_{\mathrm {\bar {s}} }\right),\\C&=+\left(n_{\mathrm {c} }-n_{\mathrm {\bar {c}} }\right),\\B^{\prime }&=-\left(n_{\mathrm {b} }-n_{\mathrm {\bar {b}} }\right),\\T&=+\left(n_{\mathrm {t} }-n_{\mathrm {\bar {t}} }\right),\end{aligned}}}
5269:
1173:
in 1964 (containing originally only the u, d, and s quarks). The success of the isospin model is now understood to be the result of the similar masses of u and d quarks. Since u and d quarks have similar masses, particles made of the same number then also have similar masses. The exact specific u and
1759:
figures on the right). As other quarks were discovered, new quantum numbers were made to have similar description of udc and udb octets and decuplets. Since only the u and d mass are similar, this description of particle mass and charge in terms of isospin and flavour quantum numbers works well only
4008:
for each particle type) were simultaneously mirror-reversed, then the new set of wavefunctions would perfectly satisfy the laws of physics (apart from the weak interaction). It turns out that this is not quite true: for the equations to be satisfied, the wavefunctions of certain types of particles
915: = 1), but their existence is not generally accepted. The particle physics community as a whole did not view their existence as likely in 2006, and in 2008, considered evidence to be overwhelmingly against the existence of the reported pentaquarks. However, in July 2015, the
1154:. Although they had different electric charges, their masses were so similar that physicists believed they were the same particle. The different electric charges were explained as being the result of some unknown excitation similar to spin. This unknown excitation was later dubbed
5259:
1751:(not to be confused with spin) was noticed to go up and down along with particle mass. The higher the mass, the lower the strangeness (the more s quarks). Particles could be described with isospin projections (related to charge) and strangeness (mass) (see the uds
3964:
If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call "left" and what we call "right". This concept of mirror reflection is called
986:
The very existence of baryons is also a significant issue in cosmology because it is assumed that the Big Bang produced a state with equal amounts of baryons and antibaryons. The process by which baryons came to outnumber their
1760:
for octet and decuplet made of one u, one d, and one other quark, and breaks down for the other octets and decuplets (for example, ucb octet and decuplet). If the quarks all had the same mass, their behaviour would be called
1722:
In the "isospin picture", the four Deltas and the two nucleons were thought to be the different states of two particles. However, in the quark model, Deltas are different states of nucleons (the N or N are forbidden by
1904:
1282:(ddd)), but have similar masses (~1,232 MeV/c) as they are each made of a combination of three u or d quarks. Under the isospin model, they were considered to be a single particle in different charged states.
2553:
513:
1952:
5069:
J. Michael Shull; et al. (2012). "The Baryon Census in a
Multiphase Intergalactic Medium: 30% of the Baryons May Still be Missing". Vol. 759, no. 1. The Astrophysical Journal.
1710:
959:
of any sort, and provides them with the property of mass. Non-baryonic matter, as implied by the name, is any sort of matter that is not composed primarily of baryons. This might include
1033:, changing the baryon number by one; however, this has not yet been observed under experiment. The excess of baryons over antibaryons in the present universe is thought to be due to non-
75:
4077:
4390:. The rules cover all the particles that can be made from three of each of the six quarks, even though baryons made of top quarks are not expected to exist because of the
1285:
The mathematics of isospin was modeled after that of spin. Isospin projections varied in increments of 1 just like those of spin, and to each projection was associated a "
4766:
It is also a widespread (but not universal) practice to follow some additional rules when distinguishing between some states that would otherwise have the same symbol.
506:
2616:(pronounced "h-bar"). The ħ is often dropped because it is the "fundamental" unit of spin, and it is implied that "spin 1" means "spin 1 ħ". In some systems of
6895:
153:
499:
1941:
flavour quantum numbers, respectively. They are related to the number of strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks and antiquark according to the relations:
1727:). Isospin, although conveying an inaccurate picture of things, is still used to classify baryons, leading to unnatural and often confusing nomenclature.
149:
6645:
5088:
J.-P. Macquart; et al. (2020). "A census of baryons in the
Universe from localized fast radio bursts". Vol. 581. Nature. pp. 391–395.
6883:
5449:
5693:
5670:
5651:
5586:
2961:
1816:
587:), because, at the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons. Each baryon has a corresponding
2967:) of a particle is therefore the combination of intrinsic angular momentum (spin) and orbital angular momentum. It can take any value from
5925:
4848:
Quarks carry a charge, so knowing the charge of a particle indirectly gives the quark content. For example, the rules above say that a
5518:
674:
6781:
1477:, respectively. Another example is the "nucleon particle". As there were two nucleon "charged states", it was said to be of isospin
179:
6862:
4955:
76:
4009:
have to be multiplied by −1, in addition to being mirror-reversed. Such particle types are said to have negative or odd parity (
2576:
2237:
1807:
4762:
Baryons that decay strongly have their masses as part of their names. For example, Σ does not decay strongly, but Δ(1232) does.
5510:
1575:. It was later noted that the isospin projections were related to the up and down quark content of particles by the relation:
1724:
2956:), that comes in increments of 1 ħ, which represent the angular moment due to quarks orbiting around each other. The
1034:
475:
123:
79:
74:
6878:
3940: = 2. This phenomenon of having multiple particles in the same total angular momentum configuration is called
360:
1581:
80:
77:
694:
69:
3985:
all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to
2764: = 0), etc. Since baryons are made of three quarks, their spin vectors can add to make a vector of length
87:
78:
2666:). Because spin projections vary in increments of 1 (that is 1 ħ), a single quark has a spin vector of length
1745:
1736:
85:
70:
6954:
5703:
E. Wigner (1937). "On the
Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei".
2231:
meaning that the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is equivalent to the expression of charge in terms of quark content:
6366:
5767:
4842:: When two of the three quarks are one up and one down quark, one baryon is dubbed Λ while the other is dubbed Σ.
2957:
2946:
2568:
698:
86:
2950:
937:
669:
A census of the
Universe's baryons indicates that 10% of them could be found inside galaxies, 50 to 60% in the
440:
370:
67:
6184:
2728:). Two quarks can have their spins aligned, in which case the two spin vectors add to make a vector of length
64:
943:
In theory, heptaquarks (5 quarks, 2 antiquarks), nonaquarks (6 quarks, 3 antiquarks), etc. could also exist.
6922:
6557:
5918:
5198:
4940:
3942:
1756:
1752:
1139:
1094:
141:
68:
6857:
6194:
5390:
4771:
1930:
390:
275:
215:
145:
2753: = −1). If two quarks have unaligned spins, the spin vectors add up to make a vector of length
1009:
Experiments are consistent with the number of quarks in the universe being conserved alongside the total
65:
6944:
3978:
611:
265:
670:
72:
5850:
5813:
5776:
5745:
5714:
5643:
5595:
5560:
5481:
5462:
5407:
5217:
5034:
4984:
1022:
690:
175:
115:
63:
6959:
5942:
5538:
5386:
4247:
4034:
3947:
450:
410:
225:
210:
93:
6971:
5010:
81:
6902:
5911:
5866:
5829:
5792:
5550:
5497:
5471:
5460:
H. Garcilazo; J. Vijande & A. Valcarce (2007). "Faddeev study of heavy-baryon spectroscopy".
5441:
5241:
5207:
5014:
3982:
1151:
1017:
of particle physics, the number of baryons may change in multiples of three due to the action of
538:
535:
300:
71:
5150:
385:
5053:
The 'baryon' is the collective name for the members of the nucleon family. This name is due to
4867:
contains a c quark and some combination of two u and/or d quarks. The c quark has a charge of (
654:, the other major component of the atom, are members of a different family of particles called
84:
6939:
6852:
6331:
6076:
6003:
5689:
5666:
5647:
5433:
5398:
5233:
1147:
561:
435:
365:
330:
260:
255:
220:
195:
171:
167:
5187:
collaboration) (2015). "Observation of J/ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in Λ
82:
66:
6996:
6949:
6720:
6495:
6356:
6341:
6023:
5934:
5858:
5821:
5784:
5753:
5722:
5603:
5568:
5489:
5423:
5415:
5225:
5089:
5070:
5042:
4992:
3994:
3990:
3966:
3959:
2593:
2589:
1166:
527:
420:
415:
315:
290:
250:
107:
51:
83:
73:
6917:
6842:
6826:
6766:
6176:
5993:
5736:
5705:
5151:"Observation of particles composed of five quarks, pentaquark-charmonium states, seen in Λ
4945:
4836:
configuration. In this case, a prime ( ′ ) is used to distinguish between them.
2613:
2572:
1765:
465:
350:
340:
335:
325:
285:
280:
240:
127:
5892:
480:
5854:
5817:
5780:
5749:
5718:
5599:
5564:
5485:
5411:
5221:
5038:
4988:
6976:
6890:
6847:
6583:
6371:
6144:
6066:
6061:
5983:
5137:
3946:. How to distinguish between these degenerate baryons is an active area of research in
2581:
2564:
1014:
643:
569:
405:
375:
320:
310:
295:
205:
111:
47:
5897:
5757:
4996:
1056:
951:
Nearly all matter that may be encountered or experienced in everyday life is baryonic
6990:
6934:
6786:
6753:
6545:
6515:
6447:
6306:
6086:
6013:
5998:
5870:
5833:
5796:
5623:
5572:
5493:
5445:
5245:
5074:
4563:
4295:
4159:
4017: = –), while the other particles are said to have positive or even parity (
4005:
3784:—states of minimal energy. Therefore, the two groups of baryons most studied are the
3776:
Particle physicists are most interested in baryons with no orbital angular momentum (
2617:
1783:
1286:
1159:
1117:
1072:
1010:
972:
824:
721:
659:
615:
580:
542:
425:
380:
345:
200:
5608:
5581:
5501:
4028:
For baryons, the parity is related to the orbital angular momentum by the relation:
630:, both of which contain three quarks, and for this reason they are sometimes called
6912:
6462:
6452:
6442:
6203:
6154:
6096:
6018:
5973:
5685:
5522:
5419:
5229:
5054:
4737:
4692:). One or two subscripts are used if one or both of the remaining quarks are heavy.
4587:
4480:
4343:
4225:
4181:
4137:
4001:
3872:, respectively, although they are not the only ones. It is also possible to obtain
3781:
1290:
1207:
1030:
1004:
992:
988:
588:
576:
485:
455:
430:
400:
270:
245:
230:
119:
1101:
5125:
591:(antibaryon) where their corresponding antiquarks replace quarks. For example, a
6927:
6695:
6598:
6593:
6510:
6505:
6435:
6389:
6346:
6311:
6270:
6162:
6126:
5988:
5368:
4321:
1926:
1742:
1170:
968:
460:
445:
395:
355:
305:
1013:, with antibaryons being counted as negative quantities. Within the prevailing
6669:
6563:
6553:
6535:
6425:
6326:
6261:
5978:
5618:
5264:
5093:
4717:
4634:
4543:
4420:
4273:
3986:
1934:
1111:
1066:
980:
828:
663:
604:
600:
470:
235:
919:
experiment observed two resonances consistent with pentaquark states in the Λ
6811:
6801:
6771:
6664:
6630:
6623:
6500:
6490:
6485:
6457:
6225:
6008:
4654:
4391:
4365:
4203:
1018:
5726:
5437:
5237:
1150:
in 1932 to explain the similarities between protons and neutrons under the
5900:, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared
5428:
1021:, although this is rare and has not been observed under experiment. Some
6907:
6735:
6690:
6674:
6635:
6608:
6321:
6316:
6296:
6266:
6256:
6251:
6101:
6091:
6081:
6071:
6046:
6041:
5968:
5555:
5514:
4697:
4614:
4523:
4400:
4251:
1107:
1062:
964:
960:
651:
639:
596:
38:
4609:= 1). If the third quark is heavy, its identity is given by a subscript.
6816:
6806:
6776:
6730:
6725:
6700:
6618:
6603:
6530:
6525:
6430:
6415:
6361:
6336:
6301:
6230:
6212:
5951:
5903:
5862:
5825:
5788:
5665:(2nd ed.). New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons. pp. 57–104.
5476:
5047:
5018:
4440:
4115:
4099:
3974:
2627:
1938:
1899:{\displaystyle Q=I_{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}\left(B+S+C+B^{\prime }+T\right),}
1051:
686:
627:
565:
550:
17:
6796:
6791:
6420:
6398:
6220:
6134:
6033:
1174:
d quark composition determines the charge, as u quarks carry charge +
1026:
952:
713:
655:
635:
623:
592:
558:
546:
31:
5212:
6821:
6761:
6613:
6472:
6351:
6291:
6246:
6139:
6117:
5960:
4950:
4107:
2623:
976:
717:
709:
702:
619:
554:
4975:
Gell-Mann, M. (1964). "A schematic model of baryons and mesons".
6588:
6520:
6480:
6056:
6051:
5886:
5184:
5163:
1037:
in the very early universe, though this is not well understood.
956:
916:
647:
5907:
2620:, ħ is chosen to be 1, and therefore does not appear anywhere.
4082:
As a consequence, baryons with no orbital angular momentum (
2088:
1877:
58:
27:
Hadron (subatomic particle) that is composed of three quarks
5734:
M. Gell-Mann (1964). "A Schematic of
Baryons and Mesons".
3993:
does distinguish "left" from "right", a phenomenon called
2945:
There is another quantity of angular momentum, called the
2559:
Spin, orbital angular momentum, and total angular momentum
2548:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2}{3}}\left-{\frac {1}{3}}\left.}
1293:" had four "charged states", it was said to be of isospin
634:. These particles make up most of the mass of the visible
1737:
Flavour (particle physics) § Flavour quantum numbers
553:
are examples of baryons; because baryons are composed of
5841:
W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der
Atomkerne III".
4813:
counterparts are denoted by an asterisk ( * ).
5804:
W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der
Atomkerne II".
4394:'s short lifetime. The rules do not cover pentaquarks.
1719:
s are the number of up and down quarks and antiquarks.
607:, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.
5765:
W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der
Atomkerne I".
4759:= 0), and subscripts indicate any heavy quark content.
4098:
Baryons are classified into groups according to their
673:, and the remaining 30 to 40% could be located in the
4816:
Two baryons can be made of three different quarks in
4037:
2240:
1950:
1819:
1584:
5638:
S.S.M. Wong (1998a). "Chapter 2—Nucleon
Structure".
6871:
6835:
6752:
6713:
6683:
6657:
6644:
6576:
6544:
6471:
6406:
6397:
6388:
6284:
6239:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6175:
6153:
6125:
6116:
6032:
5959:
5950:
5941:
4246:). The rules for classification are defined by the
4793:configuration that have the same symbols as their
4071:
2547:
2220:
1898:
1704:
2757: = 0 and has only one spin projection (
658:; leptons do not interact via the strong force).
37:"Baryonic" redirects here. For the dinosaur, see
1705:{\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {3} }={\frac {1}{2}},}
831:—baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark (
5661:S.S.M. Wong (1998b). "Chapter 3—The Deuteron".
1025:of particle physics also predict that a single
62:
4887:), therefore the other two must be a u quark (
4004:for each particle (in more precise terms, the
5919:
1146:The concept of isospin was first proposed by
705:, which do not obey the exclusion principle.
507:
8:
4114:) content. There are six groups of baryons:
3001:Baryon angular momentum quantum numbers for
2732: = 1 and three spin projections (
697:, which apply to all particles obeying the
6654:
6650:
6403:
6394:
6208:
6199:
6122:
5956:
5947:
5926:
5912:
5904:
1385:, corresponded to the isospin projections
603:; and its corresponding antiparticle, the
514:
500:
43:
5619:"Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics"
5607:
5554:
5475:
5427:
5211:
5046:
4057:
4036:
2596:of a particle. It comes in increments of
2592:quantity that represents the "intrinsic"
2521:
2520:
2519:
2505:
2504:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2419:
2418:
2396:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2312:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2247:
2239:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2113:
2112:
2087:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2042:
2041:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1951:
1949:
1876:
1839:
1830:
1818:
1775:) was related to the isospin projection (
1680:
1679:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1621:
1620:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1583:
666:, have also been discovered and studied.
5541:) (2006). "Review of Particle Physics".
5318:
5316:
5314:
4398:Baryons with (any combination of) three
2999:
1100:
1055:
4967:
3780: = 0), as they correspond to
46:
4086: = 0) all have even parity (
764:. The term "baryon" usually refers to
744:and antiquarks have baryon numbers of
5587:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
5511:"The rise and fall of the pentaquark"
3832: = 0, which corresponds to
2962:total angular momentum quantum number
7:
5272:from the original on August 10, 2022
4927:) to have the correct total charge (
689:; that is, they are acted on by the
2784:, which has four spin projections (
1121:quarks forming baryons with a spin-
1076:quarks forming baryons with a spin-
5887:Review of Particle Physics (2018).
5260:"11.3: Particle Conservation Laws"
4021: = +1, or alternatively
4013: = −1, or alternatively
2523:
2506:
2480:
2463:
2437:
2420:
2374:
2357:
2331:
2314:
2288:
2271:
2195:
2178:
2131:
2114:
2060:
2043:
1996:
1979:
1682:
1665:
1639:
1622:
716:, composite particles composed of
25:
685:Baryons are strongly interacting
575:The name "baryon", introduced by
564:. Baryons are also classified as
180:Physics beyond the Standard Model
6970:
6863:Timeline of particle discoveries
5455:from the original on 2022-10-09.
4956:Timeline of particle discoveries
2682:, and has two spin projections (
622:. The most familiar baryons are
5684:(2nd ed.). New York (NY):
5682:Principles of Quantum Mechanics
5642:(2nd ed.). New York (NY):
5582:"Status of baryon spectroscopy"
5027:Progress of Theoretical Physics
1790:) and flavour quantum numbers (
768:—baryons made of three quarks (
662:containing five quarks, called
568:because they have half-integer
541:that contains an odd number of
5420:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018
5230:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001
4054:
4044:
2534:
2526:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2411:
2385:
2377:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2262:
2198:
2134:
2063:
1999:
1696:
1693:
1685:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1613:
1610:
1:
5758:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
4997:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
4072:{\displaystyle P=(-1)^{L}.\ }
1511:(proton) was identified with
1190:while d quarks carry charge −
1035:conservation of baryon number
701:. This is in contrast to the
675:warm–hot intergalactic medium
124:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
6879:History of subatomic physics
5663:Introductory Nuclear Physics
5640:Introductory Nuclear Physics
5391:"Review of Particle Physics"
1210:all have different charges (
827:have been proposed, such as
4250:. These rules consider the
3989:(P-symmetry). However, the
3916: = 2, as well as
3033:
2896:with two spin projections (
2577:Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
1808:Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
1725:Pauli's exclusion principle
610:Baryons participate in the
7013:
5573:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001
5494:10.1088/0954-3899/34/5/014
5340:H. Garcilazo et al. (2007)
5075:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/23
3957:
2562:
1771:It was noted that charge (
1734:
1049:
1002:
154:Standard Model mathematics
36:
29:
6968:
6653:
5891:Georgia State University—
5609:10.1088/1742-6596/9/1/043
5369:Naming scheme for hadrons
5367:C. Amsler et al. (2008):
5136:C. Amsler et al. (2008):
5124:W.-M. Yao et al. (2006):
5094:10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2
5019:"Charge Independence for
3333:
3052:
2876:), or a vector of length
2569:Angular momentum operator
1165:This belief lasted until
936:p decay, with a combined
699:Pauli exclusion principle
583:word for "heavy" (βαρύς,
6896:mathematical formulation
6491:Eta and eta prime mesons
2951:azimuthal quantum number
2947:orbital angular momentum
1534:and the neutral nucleon
1206:. For example, the four
973:supersymmetric particles
938:statistical significance
545:, conventionally three.
30:Not to be confused with
6558:Double-charm tetraquark
5199:Physical Review Letters
4612:Baryons containing one
4521:Baryons containing two
1731:Flavour quantum numbers
1493:. The positive nucleon
1313:. Its "charged states"
142:Electroweak interaction
5898:Baryons made thinkable
5843:Zeitschrift für Physik
5806:Zeitschrift für Physik
5768:Zeitschrift für Physik
5727:10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
4772:total angular momentum
4695:Baryons containing no
4073:
4000:Based on this, if the
3969:" or simply "parity" (
2997:, in increments of 1.
2958:total angular momentum
2549:
2222:
1900:
1746:flavour quantum number
1706:
1143:
1105:Combinations of three
1098:
1060:Combinations of three
1023:grand unified theories
695:Fermi–Dirac statistics
618:by particles known as
146:Quantum chromodynamics
90:
6955:Wave–particle duality
6945:Relativistic particle
6082:Electron antineutrino
5644:John Wiley & Sons
5149:LHCb (14 July 2015).
5126:Particle listings – Θ
4074:
3979:electromagnetic force
2550:
2223:
1901:
1707:
1104:
1059:
693:and are described by
671:circumgalactic medium
612:residual strong force
557:, they belong to the
176:Neutrino oscillations
96:of the Standard Model
89:
6185:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
5935:Particles in physics
5885:Particle Data Group—
5580:D.M. Manley (2005).
5543:Journal of Physics G
5463:Journal of Physics G
5290:W. Heisenberg (1932)
5268:. November 1, 2016.
4035:
2746: = 0, and
2238:
1948:
1817:
1582:
691:strong nuclear force
116:Quantum field theory
94:Elementary particles
6960:Particle chauvinism
6903:Subatomic particles
5855:1933ZPhy...80..587H
5818:1932ZPhy...78..156H
5781:1932ZPhy...77....1H
5750:1964PhL.....8..214G
5719:1937PhRv...51..106W
5680:R. Shankar (1994).
5600:2005JPhCS...9..230M
5565:2006JPhG...33....1Y
5539:Particle Data Group
5486:2007hep.ph....3257G
5412:2008PhLB..667....1A
5387:Particle Data Group
5358:S.S.M. Wong (1998b)
5322:S.S.M. Wong (1998a)
5308:M. Gell-Mann (1964)
5222:2015PhRvL.115g2001A
5039:1953PThPh..10..581N
5015:Nishijima, Kazuhiko
4989:1964PhL.....8..214G
4248:Particle Data Group
3948:baryon spectroscopy
3808: = 0 and
3006:
1095:uds baryon decuplet
708:Baryons, alongside
562:family of particles
5863:10.1007/BF01335696
5826:10.1007/BF01337585
5789:10.1007/BF01342433
5646:. pp. 21–56.
5537:W.-M. Yao et al. (
5509:K. Carter (2006).
5385:C. Amsler et al. (
5378:General references
5349:D.M. Manley (2005)
5048:10.1143/PTP.10.581
4931: = +1).
4907:), and a d quark (
4069:
3983:strong interaction
3000:
2630:particles of spin
2545:
2218:
2216:
1896:
1702:
1152:strong interaction
1144:
1099:
1046:Isospin and charge
539:subatomic particle
91:
6984:
6983:
6940:Massless particle
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6709:
6708:
6572:
6571:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6332:Magnetic monopole
6280:
6279:
6171:
6170:
6112:
6111:
6092:Muon antineutrino
6077:Electron neutrino
5849:(9–10): 587–596.
5695:978-0-306-44790-7
5672:978-0-471-23973-4
5653:978-0-471-23973-4
5399:Physics Letters B
5331:R. Shankar (1994)
5017:(November 1953).
4090: = +).
4068:
4025: = +).
3774:
3773:
2739: = +1,
2529:
2486:
2443:
2404:
2380:
2337:
2294:
2255:
2201:
2137:
2066:
2002:
1847:
1688:
1645:
1608:
1148:Werner Heisenberg
955:, which includes
820: = 1).
579:, comes from the
524:
523:
172:Hierarchy problem
168:Strong CP problem
16:(Redirected from
7004:
6974:
6950:Virtual particle
6721:Mesonic molecule
6655:
6651:
6496:Bottom eta meson
6404:
6395:
6367:W′ and Z′ bosons
6357:Sterile neutrino
6342:Majorana fermion
6209:
6200:
6123:
6102:Tau antineutrino
5957:
5948:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5905:
5874:
5837:
5812:(3–4): 156–164.
5800:
5761:
5730:
5699:
5676:
5657:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5617:H. Muir (2003).
5613:
5611:
5576:
5558:
5556:astro-ph/0601168
5533:
5531:
5530:
5521:. Archived from
5505:
5479:
5456:
5454:
5431:
5395:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5309:
5306:
5300:
5299:E. Wigner (1937)
5297:
5291:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5215:
5195:
5194:
5183:R. Aaij et al. (
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5159:
5158:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5115:K. Carter (2003)
5113:
5107:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4972:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4856:
4855:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4660:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4640:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4593:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4549:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4486:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4406:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4331:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4261:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4235:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4213:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
3995:parity violation
3991:weak interaction
3967:intrinsic parity
3960:Parity (physics)
3935:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3017:Orbital angular
3007:
2996:
2981:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2594:angular momentum
2584:(quantum number
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2248:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2092:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1167:Murray Gell-Mann
1140:uds baryon octet
1136:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
935:
934:
927:
926:
914:
912:
911:
908:
905:
898:
896:
895:
892:
889:
882:
880:
879:
876:
873:
866:
864:
863:
860:
857:
850:
848:
847:
844:
841:
819:
817:
816:
813:
810:
803:
801:
800:
797:
794:
787:
785:
784:
781:
778:
763:
761:
760:
757:
754:
743:
741:
740:
737:
734:
642:and compose the
528:particle physics
516:
509:
502:
108:Particle physics
61:
52:particle physics
44:
21:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6964:
6918:Nuclear physics
6867:
6831:
6767:Davydov soliton
6740:
6705:
6679:
6640:
6568:
6540:
6467:
6376:
6276:
6235:
6189:
6167:
6149:
6108:
6028:
5937:
5932:
5882:
5877:
5840:
5803:
5764:
5737:Physics Letters
5733:
5706:Physical Review
5702:
5696:
5679:
5673:
5660:
5654:
5637:
5629:
5627:
5616:
5579:
5536:
5528:
5526:
5508:
5459:
5452:
5393:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5168:
5166:
5160:→ J/ψpK decays"
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5057:. See ref. (6).
5009:
5008:
5004:
4977:Physics Letters
4974:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4946:List of baryons
4937:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4386:) quarks to be
4382:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4316:) quarks to be
4312:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4096:
4053:
4033:
4032:
3997:(P-violation).
3987:conserve parity
3962:
3956:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3892:particles from
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3037:
3026:
3018:
3011:
2983:
2968:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2579:
2573:Quantum numbers
2563:Main articles:
2561:
2515:
2500:
2472:
2457:
2429:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2366:
2351:
2323:
2308:
2280:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2236:
2235:
2215:
2214:
2187:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2123:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1946:
1945:
1872:
1853:
1849:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1781:
1739:
1733:
1674:
1659:
1631:
1616:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1552:(neutron) with
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1007:
1001:
949:
947:Baryonic matter
933:
931:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
920:
909:
906:
903:
902:
900:
893:
890:
887:
886:
884:
877:
874:
871:
870:
868:
861:
858:
855:
854:
852:
845:
842:
839:
838:
836:
814:
811:
808:
807:
805:
798:
795:
792:
791:
789:
782:
779:
776:
775:
773:
758:
755:
752:
751:
749:
738:
735:
732:
731:
729:
683:
595:is made of two
520:
491:
490:
191:
183:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
157:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
131:
130:
128:Higgs mechanism
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
97:
88:
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7010:
7008:
7000:
6999:
6989:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6977:Physics portal
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6891:Standard Model
6888:
6887:
6886:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6858:Quasiparticles
6855:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6754:Quasiparticles
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6591:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6550:
6548:
6546:Exotic hadrons
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6412:
6410:
6401:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6372:X and Y bosons
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6145:W and Z bosons
6142:
6137:
6131:
6129:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5999:Strange (quark
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5954:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5881:
5880:External links
5878:
5876:
5875:
5838:
5801:
5762:
5744:(3): 214–215.
5731:
5713:(2): 106–119.
5700:
5694:
5677:
5671:
5658:
5652:
5635:
5614:
5594:(1): 230–237.
5577:
5534:
5506:
5477:hep-ph/0703257
5470:(5): 961–976.
5457:
5429:1854/LU-685594
5381:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5360:
5351:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5310:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5251:
5191:
5175:
5155:
5141:
5129:
5117:
5108:
5106:H. Muir (2003)
5099:
5080:
5061:
5033:(5): 581–582.
5002:
4983:(3): 214–215.
4966:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4911: = −
4891: = +
4871: = +
4861:
4853:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4814:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4749:
4741:
4729:
4721:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4666:
4658:
4646:
4638:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4599:
4591:
4575:
4567:
4555:
4547:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4492:
4484:
4452:
4444:
4432:
4424:
4412:
4404:
4381:
4373:
4359:
4351:
4337:
4329:
4311:
4303:
4289:
4281:
4267:
4259:
4241:
4233:
4219:
4211:
4197:
4189:
4175:
4167:
4153:
4145:
4131:
4123:
4095:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
3958:Main article:
3955:
3952:
3772:
3771:
3706:
3703:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3568:
3565:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3446:
3443:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3372:
3369:
3352:
3349:
3331:
3330:
3297:
3294:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3223:
3220:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3149:
3146:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3091:
3088:
3071:
3068:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3031:
3025:Total angular
3023:
3015:
2926: = −
2923:
2903: = +
2900:
2860: = −
2857:
2837: = −
2834:
2814: = +
2811:
2791: = +
2788:
2761:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2712: = −
2709:
2689: = +
2686:
2565:Spin (physics)
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2485:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2293:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2229:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1925:represent the
1907:
1906:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1779:
1735:Main article:
1732:
1729:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1559: = −
1556:
1547:
1539:
1518: = +
1515:
1506:
1498:
1461: = −
1458:
1438: = −
1435:
1415: = +
1412:
1392: = +
1389:
1380:
1372:
1362:
1354:
1344:
1336:
1326:
1318:
1291:Delta particle
1289:". Since the "
1277:
1269:
1259:
1251:
1241:
1233:
1223:
1215:
1050:Main article:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1015:Standard Model
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
948:
945:
932:
923:
825:exotic baryons
748: = −
722:baryon numbers
720:. Quarks have
682:
679:
660:Exotic baryons
543:valence quarks
522:
521:
519:
518:
511:
504:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
112:Standard Model
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
92:
55:
54:
48:Standard Model
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7009:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6935:Exotic matter
6933:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6923:Eightfold way
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6913:Antiparticles
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6584:Atomic nuclei
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:Upsilon meson
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Lambda baryon
6446:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6307:Dual graviton
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6204:Superpartners
6201:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6087:Muon neutrino
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:Bottom (quark
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5845:(in German).
5844:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5808:(in German).
5807:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5775:(1–2): 1–11.
5774:
5771:(in German).
5770:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5626:
5625:
5624:New Scientist
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5549:(1): 1–1232.
5548:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5525:on 2007-07-08
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5406:(1): 1–1340.
5405:
5401:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5206:(7): 072001.
5205:
5201:
5200:
5186:
5179:
5176:
5165:
5161:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5011:Nakano, Tadao
5006:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4968:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:Eightfold way
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4910:
4890:
4870:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4820: =
4819:
4815:
4797: =
4796:
4777: =
4776:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4733:
4713:
4694:
4675:
4670:
4650:
4630:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4584:
4579:
4559:
4539:
4520:
4501:
4496:
4461:
4456:
4436:
4416:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4367:
4345:
4323:
4319:
4297:
4275:
4253:
4249:
4227:
4205:
4183:
4161:
4139:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4106:) values and
4105:
4101:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4063:
4058:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4006:quantum field
4003:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3920: =
3919:
3915:
3896: =
3895:
3876: =
3875:
3856: =
3855:
3836: =
3835:
3831:
3812: =
3811:
3807:
3788: =
3787:
3783:
3782:ground states
3779:
3707:
3704:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3569:
3566:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3447:
3444:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3373:
3370:
3353:
3350:
3332:
3298:
3295:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3224:
3221:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3150:
3147:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3092:
3089:
3072:
3069:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3005:= 0, 1, 2, 3
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2922:
2899:
2880: =
2879:
2856:
2833:
2810:
2787:
2768: =
2767:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2708:
2685:
2650: =
2649:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:natural units
2615:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2542:
2538:
2516:
2512:
2501:
2494:
2473:
2469:
2458:
2451:
2430:
2426:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2367:
2363:
2352:
2345:
2324:
2320:
2309:
2302:
2281:
2277:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2211:
2207:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2008:
1989:
1985:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:baryon number
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1699:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1653:
1632:
1628:
1617:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1555:
1514:
1457:
1434:
1411:
1388:
1297: =
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:charged state
1283:
1209:
1172:
1169:proposed the
1168:
1163:
1161:
1160:Eugene Wigner
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:baryon number
1006:
998:
996:
994:
990:
989:antiparticles
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
944:
941:
939:
918:
899: −
883: +
867: +
851: +
835: =
834:
830:
826:
821:
804: +
788: +
772: =
771:
767:
747:
728: =
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
534:is a type of
533:
529:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
498:
497:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
100:
95:
57:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
19:
6975:
6646:Hypothetical
6594:Exotic atoms
6463:Omega baryon
6453:Sigma baryon
6443:Delta baryon
6407:
6195:Hypothetical
6177:Ghost fields
6163:Higgs boson
6097:Tau neutrino
5989:Charm (quark
5893:HyperPhysics
5846:
5842:
5809:
5805:
5772:
5766:
5741:
5735:
5710:
5704:
5686:Plenum Press
5681:
5662:
5639:
5628:. Retrieved
5622:
5591:
5585:
5546:
5542:
5527:. Retrieved
5523:the original
5467:
5461:
5403:
5397:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5304:
5295:
5286:
5276:December 26,
5274:. Retrieved
5263:
5254:
5203:
5197:
5178:
5167:. Retrieved
5144:
5132:
5120:
5111:
5102:
5083:
5064:
5052:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5005:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4928:
4908:
4888:
4868:
4847:
4839:
4817:
4794:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4673:
4606:
4582:
4499:
4459:
4387:
4317:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4094:Nomenclature
4087:
4083:
4081:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4002:wavefunction
3999:
3970:
3963:
3941:
3937:
3917:
3913:
3893:
3873:
3853:
3833:
3829:
3809:
3805:
3785:
3777:
3775:
3046:
3038:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3002:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2953:
2944:
2920:
2897:
2877:
2854:
2831:
2808:
2785:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2706:
2683:
2647:
2622:
2585:
2580:
2230:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1748:
1740:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1553:
1512:
1455:
1432:
1409:
1386:
1294:
1284:
1164:
1155:
1145:
1138:
1116:
1106:
1093:
1071:
1061:
1008:
1005:Baryogenesis
999:Baryogenesis
993:baryogenesis
985:
950:
942:
832:
822:
769:
765:
745:
725:
707:
684:
668:
631:
609:
589:antiparticle
584:
577:Abraham Pais
574:
531:
525:
138:Constituents
120:Gauge theory
6928:Quark model
6696:Theta meson
6599:Positronium
6511:Omega meson
6506:J/psi meson
6436:Antineutron
6347:Dark photon
6312:Graviphoton
6271:Stop squark
5979:Down (quark
5196:p decays".
5138:Pentaquarks
5023:-particles"
4770:Baryons in
4735:quarks are
4561:quarks are
4438:quarks are
1927:strangeness
1743:strangeness
1171:quark model
981:black holes
969:dark matter
829:pentaquarks
664:pentaquarks
614:, which is
316:Chamberlain
164:Limitations
6670:Heptaquark
6631:Superatoms
6564:Pentaquark
6554:Tetraquark
6536:Quarkonium
6426:Antiproton
6327:Leptoquark
6262:Neutralino
6024:antiquark)
6014:antiquark)
6009:Top (quark
6004:antiquark)
5994:antiquark)
5984:antiquark)
5974:antiquark)
5943:Elementary
5630:2008-05-27
5529:2008-05-27
5389:) (2008).
5265:LibreTexts
5213:1507.03414
5169:2015-07-14
4652:quark are
3981:, and the
3943:degeneracy
3045:notation,
3043:Condensed
3027:momentum,
3019:momentum,
1935:bottomness
1715:where the
1041:Properties
1019:sphalerons
991:is called
681:Background
605:antiproton
601:down quark
286:Iliopoulos
196:Rutherford
190:Scientists
150:CKM matrix
104:Background
6908:Particles
6853:Particles
6812:Polariton
6802:Plasmaron
6772:Dropleton
6665:Hexaquark
6636:Molecules
6624:Protonium
6501:Phi meson
6486:Rho meson
6458:Xi baryon
6390:Composite
6226:Gravitino
5969:Up (quark
5871:126422047
5834:186221789
5797:186218053
5446:227119789
5246:119204136
4962:Citations
4840:Exception
4755:baryons (
4672:baryons (
4605:baryons (
4581:baryons (
4498:baryons (
4392:top quark
4048:−
2628:fermionic
2527:¯
2513:−
2484:¯
2470:−
2441:¯
2427:−
2394:−
2378:¯
2364:−
2335:¯
2321:−
2292:¯
2278:−
2199:¯
2185:−
2135:¯
2121:−
2101:−
2089:′
2064:¯
2050:−
2000:¯
1986:−
1966:−
1878:′
1806:) by the
1762:symmetric
1686:¯
1672:−
1654:−
1643:¯
1629:−
1162:in 1937.
1137:form the
1092:form the
965:electrons
963:and free
961:neutrinos
766:triquarks
652:electrons
646:of every
632:triquarks
597:up quarks
536:composite
476:de Mayolo
421:Schwinger
361:Kobayashi
251:Gell-Mann
216:Sudarshan
6991:Category
6884:timeline
6736:R-hadron
6691:Glueball
6675:Skyrmion
6609:Tauonium
6322:Inflaton
6317:Graviton
6297:Curvaton
6267:Sfermion
6257:Higgsino
6252:Chargino
6213:Gauginos
6072:Neutrino
6057:Antimuon
6047:Positron
6042:Electron
5952:Fermions
5515:Fermilab
5502:15445714
5450:Archived
5438:10020536
5270:Archived
5238:26317714
4935:See also
4585:= 0) or
4320:and the
1757:decuplet
940:of 15σ.
687:fermions
677:(WHIM).
640:universe
628:neutrons
616:mediated
599:and one
566:fermions
551:neutrons
466:Guralnik
411:Politzer
386:'t Hooft
341:Weinberg
336:Majorana
326:Schwartz
291:Lederman
276:Anderson
266:Friedman
226:Anderson
221:Davis Jr
206:Chadwick
39:Baryonyx
6997:Baryons
6872:Related
6843:Baryons
6817:Polaron
6807:Plasmon
6782:Fracton
6777:Exciton
6731:Diquark
6726:Pomeron
6701:T meson
6658:Baryons
6619:Pionium
6604:Muonium
6531:D meson
6526:B meson
6431:Neutron
6416:Nucleon
6408:Baryons
6399:Hadrons
6362:Tachyon
6337:Majoron
6302:Dilaton
6231:Photino
6067:Antitau
6034:Leptons
5851:Bibcode
5814:Bibcode
5777:Bibcode
5746:Bibcode
5715:Bibcode
5596:Bibcode
5561:Bibcode
5482:Bibcode
5408:Bibcode
5218:Bibcode
5035:Bibcode
4985:Bibcode
4925:
4913:
4905:
4893:
4885:
4873:
4834:
4822:
4811:
4799:
4791:
4779:
4690:
4678:
4541:and/or
4516:
4504:
4476:
4464:
4418:and/or
4364:), and
4296:strange
4224:), and
4116:nucleon
4100:isospin
3975:Gravity
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3890:
3878:
3870:
3858:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3769:
3757:
3753:
3741:
3737:
3725:
3721:
3709:
3701:
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3685:
3673:
3669:
3657:
3653:
3641:
3631:
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3603:
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3551:
3547:
3535:
3531:
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3503:
3493:
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3477:
3465:
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3335:
3328:
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3226:
3218:
3206:
3202:
3190:
3180:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3144:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3106:
3094:
3086:
3074:
3066:
3054:
2940:
2928:
2917:
2905:
2894:
2882:
2874:
2862:
2851:
2839:
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2793:
2782:
2770:
2726:
2714:
2703:
2691:
2680:
2668:
2664:
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2644:
2632:
2610:
2598:
2588:) is a
1939:topness
1921:′, and
1782:), the
1573:
1561:
1532:
1520:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1452:
1440:
1429:
1417:
1406:
1394:
1311:
1299:
1264:(udd),
1246:(uud),
1228:(uuu),
1204:
1192:
1188:
1176:
1156:isospin
1135:
1123:
1090:
1078:
1052:Isospin
913:
901:
897:
885:
881:
869:
865:
853:
849:
837:
818:
806:
802:
790:
786:
774:
762:
750:
742:
730:
714:hadrons
656:leptons
644:nucleus
638:in the
624:protons
547:Protons
451:Englert
426:Wilczek
391:Veltman
366:Maskawa
321:Cabibbo
281:Glashow
256:Kendall
241:Feynman
201:Thomson
18:Baryons
6848:Mesons
6797:Phonon
6792:Magnon
6714:Others
6684:Mesons
6577:Others
6473:Mesons
6421:Proton
6285:Others
6240:Others
6221:Gluino
6155:Scalar
6135:Photon
6118:Bosons
5961:Quarks
5869:
5832:
5795:
5692:
5669:
5650:
5500:
5444:
5436:
5244:
5236:
5192:b→J/ψK
4857:Λ
4745:Ω
4662:Ξ
4595:Σ
4571:Λ
4488:Δ
4344:bottom
4294:) and
4237:Ω
4215:Ξ
4193:Σ
4171:Λ
4160:Lambda
4149:Δ
4067:
3977:, the
3954:Parity
3034:Parity
3010:Spin,
2919:, and
2853:, and
2624:Quarks
2612:
2590:vector
2575:, and
1909:where
1766:broken
1454:, and
1376:Δ
1367:, and
1358:Δ
1340:Δ
1322:Δ
1273:Δ
1255:Δ
1237:Δ
1219:Δ
1208:Deltas
1027:proton
979:, and
977:axions
953:matter
928:→ J/ψK
823:Other
718:quarks
712:, are
710:mesons
703:bosons
636:matter
620:mesons
593:proton
559:hadron
555:quarks
532:baryon
481:Lattes
471:Kibble
431:Cronin
416:Reines
381:Yukawa
296:Maiani
271:Powell
261:Taylor
246:Rubbia
32:Barium
6836:Lists
6827:Trion
6822:Roton
6762:Anyon
6589:Atoms
6352:Preon
6292:Axion
6247:Axino
6140:Gluon
6127:Gauge
5867:S2CID
5830:S2CID
5793:S2CID
5551:arXiv
5498:S2CID
5472:arXiv
5453:(PDF)
5442:S2CID
5394:(PDF)
5242:S2CID
5208:arXiv
4951:Meson
4478:) or
4388:heavy
4322:charm
4318:light
4226:Omega
4182:Sigma
4138:Delta
4108:quark
1931:charm
1753:octet
1031:decay
957:atoms
585:barýs
581:Greek
486:Zweig
461:Hagen
456:Brout
446:Higgs
441:Vleck
436:Fitch
406:Pauli
396:Gross
371:Mills
356:Salam
311:Nambu
306:Cowan
236:Dirac
231:Fermi
6787:Hole
6614:Onia
6521:Kaon
6481:Pion
6052:Muon
5690:ISBN
5667:ISBN
5648:ISBN
5519:SLAC
5517:and
5434:PMID
5278:2023
5234:PMID
5185:LHCb
5164:CERN
5055:Pais
4274:down
3936:and
3912:and
3852:and
2705:and
2626:are
2582:Spin
1937:and
1755:and
1741:The
1029:can
917:LHCb
648:atom
626:and
570:spin
549:and
530:, a
401:Pais
376:Yang
351:Ward
331:Perl
301:Meer
211:Bose
6062:Tau
5859:doi
5822:doi
5785:doi
5754:doi
5723:doi
5604:doi
5569:doi
5490:doi
5424:hdl
5416:doi
5404:667
5226:doi
5204:115
5090:doi
5071:doi
5043:doi
4993:doi
4715:or
4632:or
4458:s (
4366:top
4342:),
4272:),
4202:),
4180:),
4158:),
4136:),
3973:).
2987:= |
2982:to
2972:= |
2942:).
1802:′,
1158:by
1115:or
1070:or
724:of
526:In
346:Lee
50:of
6993::
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