252:
248:
between populations along the ridge-axis. A study sampled mussels across various topographical interruptions along the ridge system and localities encompassed the
Galapagos Rift and the East Pacific Rise. Results determined that mussel populations that were geographically isolated from one another via the Easter Microplate, known for its strong cross-axis currents, were genetically more divergent than populations from the Galapagos Rift and the East Pacific Rise, where there are no barriers to dispersal and no isolation-by-distance. Mussels in these populations were genetically homogeneous and contained high levels of unimpeded interpopulational gene flow.
46:
33:
311:
produced organic matter. The bacteria lacks enzymes used to synthesize succinate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, but is able to synthesize nutrients by using sulfur compounds in the environment. The genome of the bacteria reveals that it possesses pathways for the sulfide energy source
247:
Deep sea hydrothermal vents are frequently found along tectonic plate boundaries, and underwater mountain ranges and ridges. They are particularly well dispersed along the global mid-ocean ridge system. Specific geographical barriers exist along the mid-ocean ridge system that may impede gene flow
395:
serves two physiological roles, one being the accumulation of somatic reserves, and the other being the development of the gonads. Gonads likely originate from germinal stem cells that appear in germinal stem-cell clumps around the dorsal region, between the mantle and the gill of the animal. In
331:
and the bacteria benefit the mussel, but there is some speculation that living inside the gills of the mussel also benefits the bacteria. It is possible that living within another host helps the bacteria withstand the harsh environment of the hydrothermal vents.
387:
Adult stages of the bathymodioline species have received the most attention, especially when studying the bacterial symbionts that are fundamental to the mussels nutritional needs. When reaching maturity, adults form close aggregations along seeps and vents.
274:
along hydrothermal events has an impact on the biodiversity in the environment. High-density mussel populations can directly inhibit the recruitment of invertebrates at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. When researchers transplanted
505:
Fisher CR, Childress JJ, Arp AJ, Brooks JM, Distel D, Favuzzi JA, et al. (October 1988). "Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at the Rose Garden vent on the
Galapagos Rift".
279:
to a naturally high density hydrothermal vent, there was a lower recruitment at the hydrothermal vent in just 11 months. A potential reason for this phenomenon is due to enhanced predation or avoidance of superior competitors.
371:
has been extensively studied due to their chemosynthetic symbioses and their crucial roles in ecosystem productivity. In early stages of development, deep-sea mussels appear to follow similar growth processes of
224:
threads but it is able to detach itself and move to a different location. It is sometimes very abundant, having been recorded at densities of up to 300 individuals per square metre (270 per square yard).
703:
Lenihan HS, Mills SW, Mullineaux LS, Peterson CH, Fisher CR, Micheli F (December 2008). "Biotic interactions at hydrothermal vents: Recruitment inhibition by the mussel
Bathymodiolus thermophilus".
291:
feeds by extracting suspended food particles from the surrounding water through its gills. This mostly consists of the bacteria that live around the vent, often forming a dense mat. As a result,
320:
fixation. The bacteria also contain genes for cell surface adhesion, bacteriotoxicity, and phage immunity. These genetic characteristics may help the chemosynthetic bacteria defend against the
593:
Won Y, Young CR, Lutz RA, Vrijenhoek RC (January 2003). "Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern
Pacific hydrothermal vents".
380:. It has been observed that Bathymodiolins produce small oocytes which may predict high fecundity levels for this species. While there are limited studies regarding fecundity of
647:
Raulfs EC, Macko SA, Van Dover CL (February 2004). "Tissue and symbiont condition of mussels (Bathymodiolus thermophilus) exposed to varying levels of hydrothermal activity".
263:
to survive. It has been shown that environmental changes can impair the ability of the mussels and their symbiotic bacteria to live. Research has shown that when the
1039:
436:
mussels and their relatives had derivations from a single ancestor with COI (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I) or ND4 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4) sequence data.
1170:
1052:
803:
iala-Médioni A, Alayse AM, Cahet G (April 1986). "Evidence of in situ uptake and incorporation of bicarbonate and amino acids by a hydrothermal vent mussel".
1026:
267:
are experimentally placed in a low-sulfide environment, the gill symbionts are lost, and the mussels suffer harm to the gills and body conditions.
384:, one way to improve understanding of both fecundity as well as spawning patterns would to observe a spawning event with use of yearly sampling.
251:
1065:
1155:
1165:
432:
Sequence data provided evidence for an outgroup of
Modioline species from sunken wood and whale carcasses and that the phylogeny of
1127:
552:
485:
45:
1000:
453:
Kenk VC, Wilson BR (1985). "A new mussel (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents in the
Galapagos Rift zone".
428:
All members of Group 2 subspecies were labelled as thioautotrophs, chemoautotrophic organisms that feed on sulfides
1057:
367:
species represents one of the most well-known fauna to colonize hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. In particular,
404:
deliver nutrients to the developing gametes, where follicle cells perform the analogous role in female mussels.
412:
Analysis of DNA sequence data posited that mussels of subfamily
Bathymodiolinae were divided into four groups.
1160:
968:
316:
fixation. Only mussels that contain high concentrations of bacteria demonstrated the ability to perform CO
1091:
1005:
140:
400:
occurs in small saclike cavity in a matrix of connective tissue supplied with seminal cells. In males,
1132:
920:
812:
712:
656:
602:
515:
473:
352:. This method of feeding is likely to give them good dispersal capabilities and it has been shown by
745:
Ponnudurai R, Sayavedra L, Kleiner M, Heiden SE, Thürmer A, Felbeck H, et al. (December 2017).
324:’ immune system, which allows for the bacteria to live in the mussels’ gills without being killed.
300:
307:
in the mussel's gills. The mussel absorbs nutrients synthesized by bacteria and is not reliant on
1109:
680:
626:
40:
220:, growing to a length of about 20 cm (8 in). It is attached to rocks on the seabed by
1096:
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1078:
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948:
886:
782:
672:
618:
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876:
866:
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772:
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began exploring the deep ocean. It occurs on the sea bed, often in great numbers, close to
924:
816:
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308:
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345:
117:
684:
907:
Miyazaki J, de
Oliveira Martins L, Fujita Y, Matsumoto H, Fujiwara Y (April 2010).
630:
401:
217:
194:
1018:
933:
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349:
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where hot, sulphur-rich water wells up through the floor of the
Pacific Ocean.
881:
767:
724:
890:
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854:
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573:
535:
377:
357:
198:
190:
107:
57:
952:
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255:
Example of a hydrothermal vent found in the depths of the
Galapagos Rift.
97:
87:
77:
1031:
396:
larger adult specimens, gonads can extend along the mantle epithelium.
183:
180:
169:
259:
The environments surrounding hydrothermal vents are important for the
221:
173:
67:
962:
250:
1070:
855:"Lifecycle Ecology of Deep-Sea Chemosymbiotic Mussels: A Review"
966:
576:
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
344:
drift with the currents and are planktotrophic, feeding on
909:"Evolutionary process of deep-sea bathymodiolus mussels"
236:
is found clustered around deep sea thermal vents on the
705:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
508:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
649:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK
327:
Not only does the chemosymbiotic relationship between
244:
at depths around 2800 metres (one and a half miles).
975:
416:belongs to Group 2, along with four other species:
805:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
193:, the true mussels. The species was discovered at
853:Laming SR, Gaudron SM, Duperron S (August 2018).
8:
360:between populations round different vents.
963:
31:
20:
942:
932:
880:
870:
776:
766:
747:"Genome sequence of the sulfur-oxidizing
216:is a very large mussel with a dark brown
240:between 13°N and 22°S and in the nearby
445:
547:
545:
902:
900:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
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798:
796:
559:. Columbia University. Archived from
7:
1171:Animals living on hydrothermal vents
740:
738:
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734:
698:
696:
694:
642:
640:
588:
586:
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197:when submersible vehicles such as
14:
615:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01726.x
486:World Register of Marine Species
44:
376:in comparison to shallow-water
1:
755:Standards in Genomic Sciences
356:that there is a high rate of
934:10.1371/journal.pone.0010363
825:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90242-X
528:10.1016/0198-0149(88)90049-0
859:Frontiers in Marine Science
1187:
1156:Molluscs described in 1985
977:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
749:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
669:10.1017/S0025315404009087h
557:Deep Ocean, Fathom Archive
476:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
342:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
289:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
234:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
214:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
165:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
150:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
25:Bathymodiolus thermophilus
768:10.1186/s40793-017-0266-y
725:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.007
312:and encodes cycles for CO
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1166:Chemosynthetic symbiosis
872:10.3389/fmars.2018.00282
478:Kenk & Wilson, 1985"
156:Kenk & Wilson, 1985
408:Evolution and phylogeny
256:
1092:Paleobiology Database
574:Deep-Sea Vent Mussels
284:Symbiosis and feeding
254:
172:of large, deep water
553:"Hydrothermal vents"
299:relationship with a
270:The distribution of
132:B. thermophilus
925:2010PLoSO...510363M
817:1986JEMBE..96..191F
717:2008DSRI...55.1707L
661:2004JMBUK..84..229R
607:2003MolEc..12..169W
520:1988DSRA...35.1769F
301:Gammaproteobacteria
882:20.500.12210/72318
751:gill endosymbiont"
309:photosynthetically
257:
203:hydrothermal vents
16:Species of bivalve
1143:
1142:
1079:Open Tree of Life
969:Taxon identifiers
711:(12): 1707–1717.
595:Molecular Ecology
514:(10): 1769–1791.
238:East Pacific Rise
161:
160:
1178:
1136:
1135:
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496:
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472:Huber M (2010).
469:
463:
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450:
426:B. marisindicus.
305:hydrogen sulfide
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
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499:
490:
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471:
470:
466:
461:(1–2): 253–271.
452:
451:
447:
442:
418:B. septemdierum
414:B. thermophilus
410:
393:B. thermophilus
382:B. thermophilus
369:B. thermophilus
338:
329:B. thermophilus
322:B. thermophilus
319:
315:
293:B. thermophilus
286:
277:B. thermophilus
272:B. thermophilus
265:B. thermophilus
261:B. thermophilus
231:
211:
157:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1023:
1010:
997:
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973:
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967:
959:
958:
896:
830:
811:(2): 191–198.
792:
730:
690:
655:(1): 229–234.
636:
601:(1): 169–184.
578:
566:
563:on 2008-12-10.
541:
497:
464:
444:
443:
441:
438:
409:
406:
391:The mantle of
340:The larvae of
337:
334:
317:
313:
303:that oxidizes
297:chemosymbiotic
285:
282:
242:Galapagos Rift
230:
227:
210:
207:
195:abyssal depths
159:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1183:
1172:
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1161:Bathymodiolus
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919:(4): e10363.
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434:Bathymodiolus
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
402:sertoli cells
399:
398:Gametogenesis
394:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:gametogenesis
370:
366:
365:Bathymodiolus
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:phytoplankton
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141:Binomial name
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119:Bathymodiolus
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561:the original
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489:. Retrieved
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354:DNA analysis
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295:possesses a
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233:
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229:Distribution
218:periostracum
213:
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164:
163:
162:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
1105:SeaLifeBase
455:Malacologia
350:zooplankton
209:Description
1150:Categories
491:2012-04-15
440:References
422:B. brevior
348:and small
336:Life cycle
891:2296-7745
761:(1): 50.
677:0025-3154
536:0198-0149
378:mytilidae
358:gene flow
199:DSV Alvin
191:Mytilidae
126:Species:
108:Mytilidae
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1045:11026564
992:Q4869188
986:Wikidata
953:20436906
913:PLOS ONE
787:28878861
685:84849132
623:12492886
104:Family:
98:Mytilida
88:Bivalvia
78:Mollusca
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1120:5795756
1032:4374612
944:2860499
921:Bibcode
813:Bibcode
778:5581435
713:Bibcode
657:Bibcode
631:9002977
603:Bibcode
516:Bibcode
186:in the
184:mollusc
181:bivalve
170:species
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1133:183000
1117:uBio:
1084:237311
1071:183000
951:
941:
889:
785:
775:
683:
675:
629:
621:
534:
424:, and
222:byssus
188:family
178:marine
174:mussel
1128:WoRMS
1110:72101
1097:89984
1058:12966
1040:IRMNG
1006:31810
681:S2CID
627:S2CID
482:WoRMS
168:is a
1066:OBIS
1053:NCBI
1027:GBIF
1019:KXBV
1001:BOLD
949:PMID
887:ISSN
783:PMID
673:ISSN
619:PMID
532:ISSN
363:The
176:, a
1014:CoL
939:PMC
929:doi
877:hdl
867:doi
821:doi
773:PMC
763:doi
721:doi
665:doi
611:doi
524:doi
1152::
1130::
1107::
1094::
1081::
1068::
1055::
1042::
1029::
1016::
1003::
988::
947:.
937:.
927:.
915:.
911:.
899:^
885:.
875:.
865:.
861:.
857:.
833:^
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809:96
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771:.
759:12
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679:.
671:.
663:.
653:84
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639:^
625:.
617:.
609:.
599:12
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544:^
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512:35
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484:.
480:.
459:26
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879::
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765::
727:.
723::
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687:.
667::
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633:.
613::
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538:.
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518::
494:.
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430:.
318:2
314:2
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