3231:
2865:
2291:
2553:
1158:
2600:
battery mass, and were the most well-received and understood by the public. The community drop-off containers that were spread around local community areas were also relatively successful in terms of mass of batteries collected. The lowest performing were the hospital and fire service trials (although these served their purpose very well for specialized battery types like hearing aid and smoke alarm batteries). Retail drop off trials were by volume the second most effective method but one of the least well received and used by the public. Both the kerbside and postal trials received the highest awareness and community support.
1139:
2336:
2299:
7748:
2525:
2357:
6804:
6006:
983:
2462:
2441:
7502:
6815:
5968:
7492:
6978:
2504:
2420:
6016:
995:
2399:
2653:
Collection rates through the program for all end of life small sealed lead acid (SLA) consumer batteries were estimated at 10% for 5-year and 15-year hoarding assumptions. It should also be stressed that these figures do not take collection of secondary consumer batteries through other sources into account, and actual collection rates are likely higher than these values."
44:
2483:
2378:
1219:(EPA), has reported lesser and varying levels of lead-acid battery recycling in the United States in earlier years, under various administrations, Republican and Democrat. The EPA reported in 1987 that varying economics and regulatory requirements have contributed to rates of 97 percent in 1965, above 83 percent in 1980, 61 percent in 1983, and around 70 percent in 1985.
5997:
5989:
6232:
7539:
5981:
2572:, one of the aims of which is a higher rate of battery recycling. The EU directive states that at least 25% of all the EU's used batteries must be collected by 2012, and rising to no less than 45% by 2016, of which at least 50% must be recycled. In 2020, 47% of batteries in the EU were collected for recycling.
1301:, and aluminium from spent battery cells, but also a significant share of lithium. Other potentially valuable and recoverable materials are graphite and manganese. Recycling processes today recover approximately 25% to 96% of the materials of a lithium-ion battery cell. In order to achieve this goal, several
2733:
have increased their battery processing capacity as global demand for batteries has grown. The process for recycling batteries often leads to toxic metals being introduced into the environment. In many of these nations, there are little protections available for workers working with the batteries.
2709:
Two of India's largest lead companies—lead manufacturer/exporter
Gravita India and lead battery manufacturer Amara Raja—partnered to annually recycle 8,000 tonnes of lead scrap from Amara Raja's facilities, and return it to them for re-use (Gravita said it can recycle and process up to 50,000 tonnes
1367:
as a reducing agent. This is followed by selective precipitation of the metals as salts. Hydrometallurgical processes has several advantages to pyrometallurgical, such as low energy consumption, low cost and little hazardous gas emission. Conversely, pyrometallurgy has advantages such as flexibility
2701:
India lacks a formal planned recycling industry. The industry is not respected, and lacks designated zones for recycling. However, in a nation with a vast population of people still in poverty, most lead-acid battery recycling is by individuals and small informal enterprises, often taking no safety
2652:
In 2009, Kelleher
Environmental updated the study. The update estimates the following. "Collection rate values for the 5 15-year hoarding assumptions respectively are: 8% to 9% for NiCd batteries; 7% to 8% for NiMH batteries; and 45% to 72% for lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries combined.
2599:
From April 2005 to March 2008, the UK non-governmental body WRAP conducted trials of collection methods for battery recycling around the UK. The methods tested were: Kerbside, retail drop-off, community drop-off, postal, and hospital and fire station trials. The kerbside trials collected the most
1433:
In early 2022, research published in Joule showed that recycling existing lithium-ion batteries by focusing on a method that refurbishes the cathode showed that this technique perform just as well as those with a cathode made from original materials. The study showed that the batteries using the
1406:
A critical part of recycling economics is the value of the recovered cobalt. Manufacturers working to remove cobalt from their products might produce the unintended consequence of reducing recycling. A novel approach is to maintain the cathode's crystalline structure, eliminating the significant
1089:
nickel–cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-ion) and nickel–zinc (Ni-Zn), can also be recycled. Disposable alkaline batteries make up the vast majority of consumer battery use, but there is currently no cost-neutral recycling option. Consumer disposal guidelines vary by
2697:
India is one of the world's chief consumers of lead-acid batteries, according to the India Lead Zinc
Development Association (ILZDA). India, with its recent rapid rise in average wealth, has seen a marked increase in motor vehicles, and a corresponding increase in lead-acid battery recycling.
2584:
took the initiative by setting up the Longue Hougue recycling facility, which, among other functions, offers a drop-off point for used batteries so they can be recycled off-island. The resulting publicity meant that a lot of people complied with the request to dispose of batteries responsibly.
2992:
Our alkaline batteries are composed primarily of common metals – steel, zinc, and manganese – and do not pose a health or environmental risk during normal use or disposal. We have voluntarily eliminated all of the added mercury from our alkaline batteries since the early 1990s .... Therefore,
2681:
Japan does not have a single national battery recycling law, so the advice given is to follow local and regional statutes and codes in disposing batteries. The
Battery Association of Japan (BAJ) recommends that alkaline, zinc-carbon, and lithium primary batteries can be disposed of as normal
2644:
for rechargeable batteries of all types while consumers can drop off batteries at numerous participating collection centers. It claims that no component of any recycled battery eventually reaches a landfill. Other programs, such as the Big Green Box program, offer a recycling option for all
2721:
Lead is a highly toxic substance, and processing it can result in pollution and contamination of people, resulting in long-term health problems and even disability. According to one ranking, lead-acid battery recycling is, by far, the most deadly industrial process, globally, in terms of
2648:
A study estimated battery recycling rates in Canada based on RBRC data. In 2002, it wrote, the collection rate was 3.2%. This implies that 3.2% of rechargeable batteries were recycled, and the rest were thrown in the trash. By 2005, it concluded, the collection rate had risen to 5.6%.
2705:
ILZDA has demanded multiple changes to India's industry and its regulation, including the registration of all battery dealers, and the collection of their returns, and recognition of the best-registered recyclers, while enforcing punishments for violators of government regulations.
1211:
figures indicate that around 15.5 billion pounds of battery lead was consumed in the USA in that period, with a net amount of approximately 2 billion pounds battery scrap lead being exported. Of the 13.6 billion pounds remaining after exports, 13.5 billion pounds were recycled.
1394:
Extraction of lithium from old batteries is five times more expensive than mined lithium. However, lithium extraction from Li-ion batteries has been demonstrated in small setups by various entities as well as in production scale by battery material recycling companies like
6661:
1226:
report, lead batteries account for about 80% of the lead used in the United States, of which about 60% is reclaimed during times of low lead prices, but more in times of high lead prices; it reported that 50% of the nation's lead needs are filled from recycled lead.
1069:. While reducing the amount of pollutants being released through disposal through the uses of landfill and incineration, battery recycling can facilitate the release of harmful materials from batteries to both the environment and the workers recycling batteries.
2259:
Battery recycling is an international industry, with many nations exporting their used or spent lead-acid batteries to other nations for recycling. Consequently, it can be difficult to get accurate analyses of individual nations' exact rate of domestic recycling.
2616:
From 1 February 2010, batteries can be recycled anywhere the "Be
Positive" sign appears. Shops and online retailers that sell more than 32 kilograms of batteries a year must offer facilities to recycle batteries. This is equivalent to one pack of four
2263:
Further, in many countries, lead-acid battery recycling (chiefly from automobiles and motorcycles) is commonly done informally by individuals or informal enterprises, with little or no formal record-keeping, nor effective regulatory oversight.
3340:
Harper, Gavin; Sommerville, Roberto; Kendrick, Emma; Driscoll, Laura; Slater, Peter; Stolkin, Rustam; Walton, Allan; Christensen, Paul; Heidrich, Oliver; Lambert, Simon; Abbott, Andrew; Ryder, Karl; Gaines, Linda; Anderson, Paul (2019).
1289:. To prevent a future shortage of cobalt, nickel, and lithium and to enable a sustainable life cycle of these technologies, recycling processes for lithium batteries are needed. These processes have to regain not only
5717:
2738:, it was reported that over a span of four years, battery recycler's blood lead levels almost doubled. Lead exposure to workers can also be transmitted to family members away from work, ultimately leading to
763:
5942:
1371:
Specific dangers associated with lithium-ion battery recycling processes include electrical, chemical, and thermal dangers, and their potential interactions. A complicating factor is the water sensitivity:
942:
5937:
937:
1134:
batteries. These are recycled by grinding them, neutralizing the acid, and separating the polymers from the lead. The recovered materials are used in a variety of applications, including new batteries.
1247:. Most jurisdictions regulate their handling and disposal to reduce the discharge of mercury into the environment. Silver oxide batteries can be recycled to recover the mercury through the use of both
1359:
methods, or a combinations of the two are used to recover metals from the battery waste. In hydrometallurgical methods, metals are first extracted in aqueous solution, typically using acids (such as
4436:
2275:, officially governs all transboundary movements of hazardous waste for recovery or disposal, among the 172 signatory countries. (The U.S. is not a party, but has alternate arrangements with the
2609:
A scheme started in 2008 by a large retail company allowed household batteries to be posted free of charge in envelopes available at their shops. This scheme was cancelled at the request of the
4018:
1207:. The report says that, after accounting for net scrap battery lead exports from the United States, 99.0% of the remaining lead from lead-acid batteries in the United States is reclaimed. The
2682:
household waste. The BAJ's stance on button cell and secondary batteries is toward recycling and increasing national standardisation of procedures for dealing with these types of batteries.
3441:
Elwert, Tobias; Römer, Felix; Schneider, Kirstin; Hua, Qingsong; Buchert, Matthias (2018), Pistoia, Gianfranco; Liaw, Boryann (eds.), "Recycling of
Batteries from Electric Vehicles",
2718:
Despite the positive outlooks on battery recycling, negative effects also have been shown to impact developing nations that recycle batteries, especially those with lead and lithium.
2276:
6718:
2749:(PFAS). PFAS accumulates in humans and wildlife, often leading to immune and thyroid disfunctions, liver diseases, and other issues relating to homeostasis inside of the body.
4131:
6654:
2880:
Daniell, William E.; Van Tung, Lo; Wallace, Ryan M.; Havens, Deborah J.; Karr, Catherine J.; Bich Diep, Nguyen; Croteau, Gerry A.; Beaudet, Nancy J.; Duy Bao, Nguyen (2015).
7577:
1258:
More recent silver oxide batteries no longer contain mercury and the process of recycling them does not give cause for concern for releasing mercury into the environment.
1192:, a refundable deposit is paid on batteries. This encourages recycling of old batteries instead of abandonment or disposal with household waste. Businesses that sell new
3172:
3045:
2624:
In Great
Britain an increasing number of shops (Argos, Homebase, B&Q, Tesco, and Sainsbury's) are providing battery return boxes and cylinders for their customers.
4238:
3208:
1437:
By 2023, several companies had moved beyond research and had set up process lines to recycle commercial quantities of Li-ion batteries. In its Nevada pilot plant, the
3515:
2271:" and subject to relevant safety, storage, handling and transport regulations, though those vary from country to country. A multilateral international agreement, the
3478:
Hanisch, Christian; Diekmann, Jan; Stieger, Alexander; Haselrieder, Wolfgang; Kwade, Arno (2015). "27". In Yan, Jinyue; Cabeza, Luisa F.; Sioshansi, Ramteen (eds.).
5955:
947:
6639:
4044:
3812:
2945:
4082:
4714:
4253:
5650:
2290:
1203:, calculated battery lead recycling rates in the United States in the period 2014–2018, taking into account battery scrap lead import/export data from the
1025:
713:
7807:
7781:
6486:
2633:
2689:
was created to handle and promote battery recycling throughout Japan. They provide battery recycling containers to shops and other collection points.
4154:
4022:
3827:
3580:
1441:
process had recovered more than 95% of important metals (including lithium, cobalt, nickel and copper) from 230,000 kg (500,000 lb) of old
2673:
announced availability of disposable AAA and AA alkaline batteries made with 3.8% to 4% (by weight) of recycled batteries, branded as EcoAdvanced.
6748:
5889:
4112:
2745:
More studies continue to be conducted to gather an understanding of environmental impacts. Studies show that most lithium-ion batteries contain
2603:
Household batteries can be recycled in the UK at council recycling sites as well as at some shops and shopping centers, e.g. Currys, and The Link
2804:
Bernardes, A. M.; Espinosa, D. C. R.; Tenorio, J. A. S. (3 May 2004). "Recycling of batteries: a review of current processes and technologies".
2753:
of neighborhoods has resulted from the process of recycling lead batteries. In 1992, the EPA reported 29 lead-recycling sites were on the EPA's
7570:
3865:
1090:
region. An evaluation of consumer alkaline battery recycling in Europe showed environmental benefit but at significant expense over disposal.
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6496:
5932:
4688:
3741:
932:
7148:
6763:
5220:
5032:
1204:
206:
5992:
4474:
3893:
3625:
1422:
of the production of lithium-ion batteries significantly. As of 2022, several facilities are operating and under construction, including
6872:
5185:
5078:
4748:
4329:
2746:
1189:
333:
253:
2552:
1157:
7883:
6829:
6824:
5950:
5927:
5106:
4766:
4301:
3929:
3020:
927:
841:
283:
2666:
for recycling as a result of a widening gap between the strictness of environmental and labor regulations between the two countries.
7792:
7563:
6084:
5739:
5625:
5119:
5114:
4177:
3495:
3458:
3055:
783:
688:
3846:
1138:
3786:
2939:
7525:
7246:
6743:
5919:
4628:
Rensmo, Amanda; Savvidou, Eleni K.; Cousins, Ian T.; Hu, Xianfeng; Schellenberger, Steffen; Benskin, Jonathan P. (21 June 2023).
6000:
7873:
7797:
7770:
7650:
7620:
7188:
7178:
6546:
6536:
6451:
6301:
6051:
5665:
5402:
4792:
3962:
3227:
2861:
1216:
1174:
1018:
728:
491:
73:
7515:
7200:
6644:
6521:
6481:
6476:
3939:
3183:
2710:
of lead and aluminium yearly). The companies said the joint program is to advance environment protection and sustainability.
4278:
4704:
4403:
4385:
3526:
3223:
The
Impacts of Lead Industry Economics and Hazardous Waste Regulations on Lead-Acid Battery Recycling: Revision and Update,
3011:
7520:
7510:
7412:
7193:
6541:
6501:
6466:
5975:
5280:
4543:
4462:
2723:
1208:
1200:
963:
413:
7221:
7173:
6839:
6834:
6629:
6566:
6556:
5451:
5200:
5180:
4932:
4419:
2085:
1115:
501:
353:
328:
123:
3243:
Moreno-Merino, Luis; Jiménez-Hernández, Maria Emilia; de la Losa, Almudena; Huerta-Muñoz, Virginia (1 September 2015).
1098:
batteries are recycled in the same process. E.U. consumers recycled almost half of portable batteries bought in 2017.
7655:
7532:
7107:
6753:
6576:
6471:
6461:
6456:
6306:
6124:
5556:
5210:
4496:
4491:
4259:(Report). Environment Canada. "Table 4.11: Recycling Rate Estimates for Secondary Batteries", on page 27 (PDF page 40)
4128:
1373:
612:
363:
6723:
3804:
4604:"Take-Home Lead Exposure Among Children with Relatives Employed at a Battery Recycling Facility — Puerto Rico, 2011"
4007:(in Finnish). The change is related to large grocery stores being obligated to accept used batteries from consumers.
8059:
8013:
7952:
7128:
7031:
6607:
6581:
6571:
6561:
6531:
6511:
6341:
5884:
5807:
5215:
5045:
4875:
4537:
1352:
1248:
1011:
368:
218:
4513:
4354:
3098:
Sun, Zhi; Cao, Hongbin; Zhang, Xihua; Lin, Xiao; Zheng, Wenwen; Cao, Guoqing; Sun, Yong; Zhang, Yi (1 June 2017).
8008:
7993:
7726:
7610:
7092:
6624:
6551:
6516:
6506:
6491:
5687:
5645:
5607:
5172:
4966:
4135:
1396:
743:
708:
668:
321:
288:
138:
3598:
1077:
Most types of batteries can be recycled. However, some batteries are recycled more readily than others, such as
7998:
7942:
7711:
7696:
7670:
7586:
6999:
5682:
5205:
5146:
5057:
3303:"Recovery of High-Purity Silver from Spent Silver Oxide Batteries by Sulfuric Acid Leaching and Electrowinning"
2806:
2750:
738:
358:
293:
230:
4514:"Pure Earth, USC and Macquarie University Publish Landmark Lead Study in The Lancet Planetary Health Journal,"
4093:
1628:
1091:
7721:
7706:
7691:
7437:
6947:
6865:
6666:
5894:
5660:
5190:
4741:
1438:
1400:
768:
723:
343:
4630:"Lithium-ion battery recycling: a source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the environment?"
2973:
7988:
7716:
7685:
7675:
7600:
7477:
7321:
7276:
7133:
7041:
6376:
5853:
5243:
4441:
4151:
3077:
2594:
2029:
906:
393:
4213:
3245:"Comparative assessment of button cells using a normalized index for potential pollution by heavy metals"
2854:"Engineering Bulletin: Selection of Control Technologies for Remediation of Lead Battery Recycling Sites"
2200:
1166:
1147:
1123:
1078:
7900:
7867:
7736:
7266:
7261:
7168:
7163:
6889:
6176:
6156:
5823:
5655:
5531:
5439:
5129:
5022:
4822:
2779:
1415:
1313:
1061:
chemicals and disposing of them by the same process as regular household waste has raised concerns over
1050:
1046:
876:
718:
584:
496:
193:
7543:
5984:
3221:
2853:
2294:
4.5-Volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-Volt, CR2032, and LR44 cells are all recyclable in most countries
1184:
Many cities offer battery recycling services for lead–acid batteries. In some jurisdictions, including
1095:
4557:
4109:
3443:
Behaviour of
Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: Battery Health, Performance, Safety, and Cost
3244:
8038:
7968:
7958:
7895:
7831:
7645:
7615:
7472:
7462:
7014:
6986:
6778:
6526:
6371:
6276:
5630:
5285:
4981:
3934:
3668:
3354:
3256:
3111:
3100:"Spent lead-acid battery recycling in China – A review and sustainable analyses on mass flow of lead"
2993:
alkaline batteries can be safely disposed of with normal household waste, everywhere but
California.
2815:
2784:
2662:
article reported that batteries collected in the United States are increasingly being transported to
1968:
1240:
1086:
418:
151:
4629:
8023:
8018:
7973:
7932:
7862:
7747:
7422:
7286:
7236:
7183:
7153:
7143:
7138:
7102:
6994:
6897:
6738:
6326:
6246:
6191:
6089:
6076:
6044:
5697:
5635:
5602:
5541:
5473:
5338:
5333:
5311:
4885:
3870:
2621:
a day. Shops that sell this amount must by law provide recycling facilities as of 1 February 2010.
2144:
1530:
1385:
1266:
1131:
753:
698:
663:
589:
516:
466:
461:
446:
103:
7491:
4719:
7841:
7823:
7812:
7776:
7731:
7701:
7505:
7495:
7366:
7345:
7311:
7256:
7158:
7021:
6907:
6858:
6808:
6783:
6728:
6634:
6423:
6393:
6109:
6010:
5971:
5904:
5879:
5874:
5692:
5569:
5363:
5235:
4999:
4870:
4797:
4734:
4306:
3958:
3759:
3747:
3719:
3692:
3418:
3099:
2658:
1193:
1107:
1062:
987:
748:
624:
386:
168:
108:
78:
25:
4456:"Current trends and future perspectives in the recycling of spent lead acid batteries in India,"
2298:
3047:
Assessment of options to improve particular aspects of the EU regulatory framework on batteries
7888:
7765:
7306:
7296:
7241:
7066:
7056:
6942:
6687:
6612:
6597:
6388:
6356:
6351:
6271:
6196:
5899:
5759:
5579:
5488:
5456:
5373:
5253:
5225:
4994:
4989:
4787:
4684:
4657:
4649:
4585:
4577:
4437:"Urgent need of safe disposal, green recycling of lead batteries, says lead zinc association,"
4232:
3737:
3684:
3491:
3454:
3410:
3372:
3322:
3280:
3272:
3202:
3127:
3051:
2921:
2903:
2831:
2569:
1492:
1377:
1364:
1356:
1317:
1252:
1244:
1178:
636:
559:
552:
506:
373:
163:
158:
68:
4300:
Rosenthal, Elisabeth; Lehren, Andrew W.; Zabludovsky, Karla; Agren, David (8 December 2011),
7983:
7937:
7904:
7878:
7852:
7802:
7786:
7640:
7635:
7605:
7467:
7457:
7341:
7316:
7216:
7036:
7009:
6957:
6932:
6922:
6917:
6902:
6803:
6671:
6602:
6443:
6413:
6403:
6361:
6336:
6316:
6311:
6151:
6119:
6114:
6094:
6068:
6005:
5843:
5744:
5702:
5670:
5564:
5518:
5478:
5385:
5353:
5321:
5306:
5290:
5265:
5050:
5004:
4641:
4569:
3729:
3676:
3483:
3446:
3402:
3362:
3314:
3264:
3119:
2911:
2893:
2823:
2769:
2726:
lost—costing between 2,000,000 and 4,800,000 estimated lost years of individual human life.
2272:
1800:
1570:
1419:
1286:
982:
896:
793:
733:
619:
572:
521:
481:
456:
441:
423:
398:
338:
223:
173:
8003:
7978:
7846:
7836:
7452:
7417:
7361:
7356:
7336:
7097:
7046:
6967:
6937:
6927:
6773:
6697:
6433:
6428:
6398:
6296:
6281:
6186:
6181:
6141:
5707:
5617:
5583:
5468:
5422:
5348:
5275:
5195:
5098:
5040:
4895:
4407:
4389:
4181:
4158:
4116:
3943:
3787:"Aktualisierte Ă–kobilanzen zum Recyclingverfahren LithoRec II fĂĽr Lithium-Ionen-Batterien"
3771:
3393:
Burkert, Andreas (1 September 2018). "Effective Recycling of Electric-vehicle Batteries".
2268:
1741:
1686:
1384:
to prevent this. Once removed, the jelly rolls are separated and the materials removed by
1339:
1302:
1066:
681:
641:
511:
476:
408:
348:
276:
213:
113:
6029:
4603:
4531:
Ballantyne, Andrew D.; Jason P. Hallett; D. Jason Riley; Nilay Shah; and David J. Payne:
4490:
Ericson, Bret; Howard Hu; Emily Nash; Greg Ferraro; Julia Sinitsky; Mark Patrick Taylor:
4174:
3711:
3710:
Postema M, Phadke S, Novell A, Uzbekov R, Nyamupangedengu C, Anouti M, Bouakaz A (2019).
3552:
3302:
2613:
because of hazardous industrial battery waste being sent as well as household batteries.
4532:
4455:
3672:
3358:
3260:
3115:
2819:
7927:
7909:
7680:
7660:
7625:
7397:
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7271:
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7026:
6819:
6692:
6366:
6346:
6256:
6216:
6104:
6037:
6020:
5754:
5640:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5432:
5417:
5368:
5358:
5270:
5124:
4880:
4851:
3146:
3010:
Fisher, Karen; Wallén, Erika; Laenen, Pieter Paul; Collins, Michael (18 October 2006),
2949:
2916:
2881:
2774:
2739:
2641:
2565:
2467:
1391:
Pouch cells are easier to recycle to salvage copper despite significant safety issues.
1345:
1236:
999:
803:
703:
658:
651:
646:
403:
98:
4454:
Varshney, Kalpna; Pradeep K. Varshney; Kajal Gautam; Monika Tanwar; Meghna Chaudhary:
3733:
8053:
7665:
7630:
7442:
7432:
7301:
7251:
7112:
7082:
7051:
6962:
6758:
6418:
6166:
5774:
5675:
5461:
5390:
5162:
4910:
4774:
3751:
3696:
3656:
3581:"Yes, Tesla Recycles All Of Its Spent Batteries & Wants To Do More In The Future"
3422:
1360:
1323:
1170:
818:
308:
303:
298:
56:
4546:, PMCID: PMC5990833, PMID 29892351, doi: 10.1098/rsos.171368, retrieved May 15, 2021
3445:, Green Energy and Technology, Springer International Publishing, pp. 289–321,
3268:
8028:
7947:
7402:
7371:
7231:
6702:
6408:
6286:
6266:
6211:
5795:
5769:
5749:
5573:
5536:
5500:
5136:
5083:
4959:
4915:
4900:
4829:
4492:"Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review,"
2827:
2637:
2618:
1127:
1054:
851:
813:
798:
629:
594:
539:
258:
118:
4279:"Battery Recycling in Canada 2009 Update: Executive Summary: 4. Battery Recycling"
3487:
3318:
4509:
3450:
3123:
1463:
All figures are percentages; due to rounding they may not add up to exactly 100.
7963:
7376:
7326:
7226:
6733:
6383:
6221:
6136:
6099:
5732:
5727:
5412:
5407:
5378:
5343:
5316:
4846:
4401:
4383:
3978:
3630:
3024:
2446:
2341:
1423:
1196:
may also collect used batteries (or be required to do so by law) for recycling.
1082:
1058:
773:
471:
451:
88:
6977:
3680:
2645:
chemistries, including primary batteries such as alkaline and primary lithium.
2640:
throughout the United States and Canada. RBRC provides businesses with prepaid
7427:
7381:
7281:
6788:
6146:
6131:
5909:
5526:
4841:
4834:
4817:
4802:
4519:
4503:
3406:
3367:
3342:
2610:
1408:
1185:
1119:
823:
579:
83:
4653:
4581:
3828:"Europe's largest electric vehicle battery recycling plant begins operations"
3482:(5 Energy Storage ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 2865–2888.
3414:
3326:
3301:
Wang, Zulin; Peng, Chao; Yliniemi, Kirsi; Lundström, Mari (19 October 2020).
3276:
2907:
2835:
8033:
7756:
7351:
6881:
6768:
6321:
6060:
5838:
5790:
5764:
5712:
5546:
5508:
5258:
5248:
4920:
4782:
4757:
4573:
3230:, by Putnam, Hayes & Bartlett, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, (also at
2857:
2754:
2735:
2670:
1517:
1477:
1427:
1274:
1223:
1177:, which can also be recycled, although there are significant limitations on
1111:
1042:
891:
846:
808:
758:
693:
599:
63:
43:
33:
7555:
6231:
4661:
4589:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3894:"Tesla cofounder's Redwood shows 95% efficiency in battery recycling pilot"
3712:"Ultrasonic Identification Technique in Recycling of Lithium Ion Batteries"
3688:
3626:"Tesla cofounder's Redwood shows 95% efficiency in battery recycling pilot"
3376:
3284:
3131:
2925:
1326:
of battery systems (especially in case of batteries from electric vehicles)
4431:
4429:
4427:
4003:
Numbers actually for years "before 2008" and "now", (that is, 2017), from
2898:
7087:
6291:
6251:
6171:
5483:
5427:
5088:
4937:
4905:
4049:
3226:, p.22. September 1987, prepared for the Office of Policy Analysis, U.S.
2978:
2581:
263:
4683:. Industrial Chemistry Library, Volume 10. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
4084:
Household Battery Collection Trials April 2005 – March 2008 Final report
3930:"Getting the Lead Out: Why Battery Recycling Is a Global Health Hazard,"
7857:
7407:
6261:
5444:
4947:
4925:
4812:
4807:
4645:
4362:
3954:
3952:
2730:
2509:
2425:
2404:
2362:
2307:
1540:
1507:
1497:
1381:
1330:
2302:
Several sizes of button and coin cell. They are all recyclable in the
1434:
recycled cathode charged faster and lasted longer than new batteries.
1161:
Lead–acid batteries collected by an auto parts retailer for recycling.
6912:
6206:
6161:
5848:
5828:
5722:
5397:
4890:
4708:
3961:
in "Wastes - Hazardous Waste - International Waste Activities," U.S.
3480:
Handbook of Clean Energy Systems – Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
3473:
3471:
3469:
2663:
2557:
2530:
2488:
2383:
2284:
2280:
1550:
1545:
1512:
1502:
1482:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1199:
A 2019 study commissioned by battery-industry promotional group, the
901:
881:
788:
778:
486:
4110:
http://www2.sainsburys.co.uk/YourIdeas/forums/10060/ShowThread.aspx
3724:
7447:
7331:
6952:
6201:
6064:
5858:
5800:
5141:
5073:
4971:
4863:
4004:
3171:
SmithBucklin Statistics Group, Chicago, Illinois (November 2019).
2551:
2297:
2289:
1560:
1555:
1535:
1156:
1137:
911:
856:
248:
3959:"Implementation Resources for Spent Lead-Acid Battery Exporters,"
3866:"Recycled Lithium-Ion Batteries Can Perform Better Than New Ones"
3847:"Li-Cycle opens black mass battery recycling facility in Germany"
3657:"Electric cars and batteries: how will the world produce enough?"
1305:
are combined into complex process chains, while ensuring safety.
5833:
4954:
4942:
4858:
4198:
1522:
1487:
1472:
1442:
1151:
886:
133:
128:
93:
7559:
6854:
6033:
4730:
4140:
Recycling batteries: Directgov – Environment and greener living
3044:
Mehlhart, G.; et al. (Ă–ko-Institut e.V.) (22 March 2021),
1368:
in battery feedstock and require simpler pretreatment methods.
1154:
is toxic and should therefore be kept out of the waste stream.
2849:
2847:
2845:
2757:
clean-up list, 22 of them on their "National Priority List."
1376:, a possible electrolyte material, reacts with water to form
6850:
4726:
4045:"Waste statistics - recycling of batteries and accumulators"
1407:
energy expense of recreating it. Another approach is to use
4461:
Volume 26, Part 2, 2020, Pages 592-602, retrieved from the
4186:
WRAP – "RecycleNow" National Recycling Campaign for England
4071:
2882:"Childhood Lead Exposure from Battery Recycling in Vietnam"
2687:
Japan Portable Rechargeable Battery Recycling Center (JBRC)
2303:
4533:"Lead acid battery recycling for the twenty-first century"
4302:"Lead From Old U.S. Batteries Sent to Mexico Raises Risks"
3182:. Battery Council International. p. 5. Archived from
2775:
WEEE directive (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment)
2636:(RBRC), which operates a battery recycling program called
1388:, leaving the electrodes ready for melting and recycling.
1277:. Depending on the active material, they may also contain
1122:
batteries, and commercial batteries. These can be regular
2287:(where it ships many lead-acid batteries for recycling).
4475:"Two of India’s largest lead firms sign recycling deal,"
4019:"UK 'on course' to meet first battery collection target"
3343:"Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles"
1085:(because of the value and toxicity of their chemicals).
3599:"Electra produces lithium from battery recycling trial"
2686:
2267:
Spent lead-acid batteries are generally designated as "
1329:
Mechanical processes (including crushing, sorting, and
4254:
Canadian Consumer Battery Baseline Study: Final Report
3805:"Inside Clean Energy: Here Come the Battery Recyclers"
2277:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
4679:
G. Pistoia, J.-P. Wiaux and S.P. Wolsky, ed. (2001).
4163:
Press article from 'Register Hardware 27 October 2006
1316:
of the battery (especially in case of batteries from
1414:
Energy saving and effective recycling solutions for
1106:
Lead-acid batteries include but are not limited to:
7919:
7822:
7755:
7593:
7390:
7209:
7121:
7075:
6985:
6888:
6711:
6680:
6590:
6442:
6239:
6075:
5918:
5867:
5816:
5783:
5616:
5555:
5517:
5499:
5299:
5234:
5171:
5097:
5066:
5031:
5015:
4980:
4773:
4558:"Lead exposure from battery recycling in Indonesia"
6719:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
3523:Presentation on Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
1411:for separating the individual cathode components.
4094:Guardian Newspaper Online, Leo Hickman 13-12-2007
2632:The rechargeable battery industry has formed the
4330:"Energizer debuts recycled AA and AAA batteries"
1235:Used most frequently in watches, toys, and some
4392:Dry batteries and lithium primary batteries-BAJ
3013:Battery Waste Management: Life Cycle Assessment
4634:Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
4510:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30278-3•
3509:
3507:
7571:
6866:
6045:
4742:
4410:Recycling portable rechargeable batteries-BAJ
2946:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2556:A battery recycling station at a bus stop in
1019:
8:
4237:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3207:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4214:"Sustainable Materials Management – US EPA"
3307:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
1118:batteries, industrial fork-lift batteries,
1045:activity that aims to reduce the number of
7578:
7564:
7556:
6873:
6859:
6851:
6052:
6038:
6030:
4749:
4735:
4727:
4535:, R Soc Open Sci. 2018 May; 5(5): 171368,
4355:"Energizer EcoAdvanced Recycled Batteries"
2634:Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation
2313:
1026:
1012:
916:
42:
20:
4328:reports, Tribune wire (3 February 2015).
3723:
3366:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2915:
2897:
7671:Environmentally healthy community design
4252:RIS International Ltd. (February 2007).
1465:
6749:High-level radioactive waste management
5890:Pollutant release and transfer register
4212:EPA, OSWER, ORCR, US (10 August 2015).
3655:Castelvecchi, Davide (17 August 2021).
3525:. Lion Engineering GmbH. Archived from
2796:
1426:in Norway and a black mass facility in
955:
919:
32:
4230:
4073:Waste & Resources Action Programme
3973:
3971:
3785:Buchert, Matthias (14 December 2016).
3767:
3757:
3200:
4681:Used battery collection and recycling
3864:Wilkerson, Jordan (1 February 2022).
3815:from the original on 4 February 2022.
3650:
3648:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3388:
3386:
3296:
3294:
7:
7538:
6764:Sewage regulation and administration
5980:
5221:Electromagnetic radiation and health
4542:posted on the NCBI site of the U.S.
4098:Battery Recycling and Ethical Living
3516:"Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries"
3039:
3037:
2968:
2966:
2875:
2873:
2729:Since 2015, developing nations like
5996:
5988:
5079:Radium and radon in the environment
4199:"Call2Recycle | United States"
3826:Krivevski, Blagojce (19 May 2022).
2747:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
254:Radium and radon in the environment
7808:waste-water treatment technologies
3050:, European Union, pp. 55–56,
3021:Environmental Resources Management
1142:Recycling the lead from batteries.
14:
7793:agricultural wastewater treatment
4021:. letsrecycle.com. Archived from
3979:"EU agrees battery recycling law"
3845:Murray, Cameron (2 August 2023).
3734:10.1109/AFRICON46755.2019.9133954
2974:"Battery Care, Use, and Disposal"
2714:Health and Environmental Concerns
7746:
7537:
7501:
7500:
7490:
7247:Extended producer responsibility
6976:
6814:
6813:
6802:
6744:Extended producer responsibility
6230:
6014:
6004:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5967:
5966:
4017:Date, Will (19 September 2012).
3803:Gearino, Dan (13 January 2022).
3249:Science of the Total Environment
2523:
2502:
2481:
2460:
2439:
2418:
2397:
2376:
2355:
2334:
1380:; cells are often immersed in a
1053:. Batteries contain a number of
993:
981:
7874:List of energy storage projects
7798:industrial wastewater treatment
7651:Environmental impact assessment
7621:Environmental impact assessment
6302:Mechanical biological treatment
4793:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
4562:Reviews on Environmental Health
4556:Haryanto, Budi (1 March 2016).
4445:(India), retrieved May 15, 2021
4421:JBRC Homepage – Google webcache
4005:http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6434741
3963:Environmental Protection Agency
3269:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.068
3228:Environmental Protection Agency
3173:"National Recycling Rate Study"
2862:Environmental Protection Agency
1269:contain lithium and high-grade
1217:Environmental Protection Agency
74:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3940:Yale School of the Environment
2828:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.026
2724:Disability-adjusted life years
2702:or environmental precautions.
1081:(nearly 90% are recycled) and
1079:lead–acid automotive batteries
943:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
7413:Container-deposit legislation
5281:Electrical resistance heating
4544:National Institutes of Health
4463:National Institutes of Health
4459:Materials Today: Proceedings,
4165:. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
4100:. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
3892:Dow, Jameson (2 March 2023).
3624:Dow, Jameson (2 March 2023).
3488:10.1002/9781118991978.hces221
3319:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04701
2886:BioMed Research International
2255:Battery recycling by location
1456:designates button cell types.
414:Electrical resistance heating
4933:Persistent organic pollutant
4188:. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
3451:10.1007/978-3-319-69950-9_12
3145:US EPA, OLEM (16 May 2019).
3124:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.007
2544:Figures for Q1 and Q2 2012.
124:Persistent organic pollutant
48:Air pollution from a factory
7656:Environmental impact design
7108:Materials recovery facility
6754:History of waste management
5943:Least polluted cities by PM
4497:The Lancet Planetary Health
3579:Field, Kyle (7 June 2018).
1461:designates secondary types.
1449:Battery composition by type
1374:lithium hexafluorophosphate
1150:can be recycled. Elemental
8076:
8014:High-performance buildings
6342:fluorescent lamp recycling
5885:Pollution haven hypothesis
5808:Brain health and pollution
5046:Ecological light pollution
4876:Internal combustion engine
4538:Royal Society Open Science
4281:. Environment Canada. 2009
4129:Directgov, 22 January 2010
3681:10.1038/d41586-021-02222-1
3553:"Auf dem Weg zum Ă–ko-Akku"
3551:Dilba, Denis (July 2019).
3147:"Used Household Batteries"
2592:
1243:contain a small amount of
8009:Heat recovery ventilation
7994:Environmental remediation
7744:
7611:Climate smart agriculture
7486:
6974:
6797:
6228:
5964:
5688:Nonpoint source pollution
5608:War and environmental law
4967:Volatile organic compound
4764:
4136:UK Government Web Archive
3407:10.1007/s38311-018-0139-z
3368:10.1038/s41586-019-1682-5
2860:: EPA/540/S-95/011, U.S.
2319:
2316:
1397:Electra Battery Materials
1073:Battery recycling by type
669:War and environmental law
289:Health effects from noise
139:Volatile organic compound
7999:Glass in green buildings
7943:sustainable architecture
7587:Environmental technology
6724:China's waste import ban
5147:Marine mammals and sonar
5058:Radio spectrum pollution
4522:, retrieved May 15, 2021
4479:Batteries International,
4406:12 November 2020 at the
4180:25 November 2021 at the
4119:Sainsbury's help centre.
3965:, retrieved May 15, 2021
3946:, retrieved May 15, 2021
3233:) retrieved May 15, 2021
2941:Battery recycling in USA
2867:) retrieved May 15, 2021
2807:Journal of Power Sources
1222:According to a 1992 EPA
1169:is often made of either
294:Marine mammals and sonar
7438:Reverse vending machine
6085:Agricultural wastewater
5993:WikiProject Environment
5951:Most polluted countries
5895:Polluter pays principle
5626:Agricultural wastewater
4574:10.1515/reveh-2015-0036
4134:15 October 2012 at the
769:Freshwater salinization
689:Agricultural wastewater
7989:Environmental movement
7686:Sustainability science
7676:Public interest design
7601:Appropriate technology
7478:Water recycling shower
7322:Reuse of human excreta
7292:Recycling (ecological)
7277:Material flow analysis
6809:Environment portal
6487:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6377:water recycling shower
6011:Environment portal
5244:Agricultural pollution
4715:Taking Batteries Green
4481:retrieved May 15, 2021
4152:Info on store takeback
3832:electriccarsreport.com
2595:UK battery regulations
2561:
2311:
2295:
1401:Redwood Materials, Inc
1241:silver oxide batteries
1231:Silver oxide batteries
1205:Department of Commerce
1162:
1143:
988:Environment portal
7868:hydrogen technologies
7782:Solid waste treatment
7267:Interchangeable parts
7262:Industrial metabolism
6177:Municipal solid waste
6157:Industrial wastewater
5666:Industrial wastewater
5532:Clutter (advertising)
5440:Municipal solid waste
5286:Soil guideline values
5130:Sustainable transport
5023:Information pollution
4823:Open burning of waste
3569:Kijk magazine, 2/2017
3078:"Lead-Acid Batteries"
2780:Battery (electricity)
2555:
2301:
2293:
1416:lithium-ion batteries
1267:Lithium-ion batteries
1262:Lithium ion batteries
1160:
1141:
1051:municipal solid waste
729:Industrial wastewater
497:Municipal solid waste
419:Soil guideline values
8039:Water heat recycling
7969:Efficient energy use
7959:Conservation biology
7896:Sustainable lighting
7832:Efficient energy use
7646:Environmental Design
7616:Environmental design
7473:Water heat recycling
7463:Waste management law
6372:water heat recycling
6277:Garden waste dumping
5938:Most polluted cities
5631:Biological pollution
5542:Overhead power lines
4157:21 June 2009 at the
4115:28 July 2011 at the
3935:Yale Environment 360
3514:Hanisch, Christian.
2785:Rechargeable battery
1386:ultrasonic agitation
1336:Electrolyte recovery
1126:, sealed lead–acid,
938:Most polluted cities
590:Overhead power lines
8024:Nature conservation
8019:Land rehabilitation
7974:Energy conservation
7863:carbon-neutral fuel
7771:dispersion modeling
7423:Ethical consumerism
7357:Urban lumberjacking
7287:Product stewardship
7237:Eco-industrial park
6739:Eco-industrial park
6327:appliance recycling
6247:Anaerobic digestion
6192:Post-consumer waste
6090:Biodegradable waste
6001:WikiProject Ecology
5698:Ocean acidification
5603:Unexploded ordnance
5474:Post-consumer waste
5334:Foam food container
5312:Biodegradable waste
4886:Global distillation
4517:The Pollution Blog,
4025:on 11 November 2013
3871:Scientific American
3851:Energy-Storage.News
3809:Inside Climate News
3673:2021Natur.596..336C
3532:on 26 February 2017
3359:2019Natur.575...75H
3313:(41): 15573–15583.
3261:2015ScTEn.526..187M
3116:2017WaMan..64..190S
2952:on 25 February 2004
2899:10.1155/2015/193715
2820:2004JPS...130..291B
2685:In April 2004, the
2642:shipping containers
1430:, Germany in 2023.
1132:absorbent glass mat
1102:Lead–acid batteries
754:Ocean acidification
664:Unexploded ordnance
585:Advertising clutter
517:Post-consumer waste
462:Foam food container
447:Biodegradable waste
104:Global distillation
7842:Energy development
7824:Sustainable energy
7813:water purification
7777:Industrial ecology
7496:Environment portal
7367:Waste minimisation
7312:Reusable packaging
7257:Industrial ecology
6784:Waste minimisation
6729:Cleaner production
6394:Reusable packaging
6307:Mechanical sorting
6110:Construction waste
6021:Ecology portal
5905:Waste minimisation
5880:Industrial ecology
5875:Cleaner production
5693:Nutrient pollution
5570:Herbicidal warfare
5364:Construction waste
5000:Introduced species
4871:Indoor air quality
4798:Chlorofluorocarbon
4646:10.1039/D2EM00511E
4388:6 May 2020 at the
4334:chicagotribune.com
4307:The New York Times
3932:November 2, 2020,
2856:, September 1992,
2751:Lead contamination
2659:The New York Times
2562:
2320:Return percentage
2312:
2296:
1445:and Li-Ion packs.
1353:Hydrometallurgical
1340:Hydrometallurgical
1249:Hydrometallurgical
1190:Canadian provinces
1179:recycling plastics
1163:
1144:
1063:soil contamination
1049:being disposed as
1000:Ecology portal
625:Herbicidal warfare
169:Introduced species
109:Indoor air quality
79:Chlorofluorocarbon
8060:Battery recycling
8047:
8046:
7884:commercialization
7553:
7552:
7307:Resource recovery
7297:Refill (campaign)
7242:Ecological design
7222:Dematerialization
7032:Fluorescent lamps
6848:
6847:
6779:Waste legislation
6688:Sanitation worker
6662:London Convention
6598:Bamako Convention
6389:Resource recovery
6357:textile recycling
6352:plastic recycling
6332:battery recycling
6272:Ecological design
6197:Radioactive waste
6027:
6026:
5900:Pollution control
5580:Nuclear holocaust
5489:Thermal treatment
5457:Plastic pollution
5374:Mercury poisoning
5327:Battery recycling
5226:Radioactive waste
4995:Genetic pollution
4990:Biological hazard
4788:Air quality index
4723:article from 2010
4705:Battery recycling
4690:978-0-444-50562-0
4359:www.energizer.com
4201:. 2 January 2017.
4175:Info on recycling
3743:978-1-7281-3289-1
3716:2019 IEEE Africon
3667:(7872): 336–339.
3557:Technology Review
3030:on 8 October 2013
2570:Battery Directive
2542:
2541:
2279:(OECD), and with
2252:
2251:
1439:Redwood Materials
1378:hydrofluoric acid
1365:hydrogen peroxide
1357:pyrometallurgical
1346:Pyrometallurgical
1318:electric vehicles
1308:These steps are:
1287:rare earth metals
1253:pyrometallurgical
1167:Lead–acid battery
1148:lead–acid battery
1039:Battery recycling
1036:
1035:
971:
970:
637:Nuclear holocaust
560:Urban heat island
374:Radioactive waste
159:Biological hazard
69:Air quality index
8067:
7984:Energy recycling
7905:electric vehicle
7879:Renewable energy
7853:alternative fuel
7803:sewage treatment
7787:Waste management
7750:
7641:Energy recycling
7636:Electric vehicle
7606:Clean technology
7580:
7573:
7566:
7557:
7541:
7540:
7504:
7503:
7494:
7468:Waste management
7458:Waste collection
7317:Reuse of bottles
7217:Circular economy
7194:Northern Ireland
6980:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6852:
6817:
6816:
6807:
6806:
6672:OSPAR Convention
6603:Basel Convention
6414:Waste collection
6404:Sewage treatment
6362:timber recycling
6337:bottle recycling
6317:Reclaimed lumber
6312:Photodegradation
6234:
6152:Industrial waste
6120:Electronic waste
6115:Demolition waste
6095:Biomedical waste
6069:waste management
6054:
6047:
6040:
6031:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6009:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5982:
5970:
5969:
5844:Legacy pollution
5703:Oil exploitation
5565:Chemical warfare
5479:Waste management
5386:Industrial waste
5354:Biomedical waste
5322:Electronic waste
5307:Advertising mail
5291:Phytoremediation
5266:Land degradation
5051:Overillumination
5005:Invasive species
4751:
4744:
4737:
4728:
4694:
4666:
4665:
4640:(6): 1015–1030.
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4553:
4547:
4529:
4523:
4488:
4482:
4472:
4466:
4452:
4446:
4439:March 18, 2021,
4433:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4399:
4393:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4365:on 24 April 2018
4361:. Archived from
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4172:
4166:
4149:
4143:
4126:
4120:
4107:
4101:
4091:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4014:
4008:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3975:
3966:
3956:
3947:
3926:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3727:
3718:. pp. 1–4.
3707:
3701:
3700:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3475:
3464:
3463:
3438:
3427:
3426:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3240:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3104:Waste Management
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3023:, archived from
3018:
3007:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2948:, archived from
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2901:
2877:
2868:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2814:(1–2): 291–298.
2801:
2770:Electronic waste
2734:In nations like
2656:A November 2011
2529:
2527:
2526:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2314:
2273:Basel Convention
1466:
1420:carbon footprint
1312:Deactivation or
1165:The casing of a
1028:
1021:
1014:
998:
997:
996:
986:
985:
917:
620:Chemical warfare
522:Waste management
482:Industrial waste
457:Electronic waste
442:Advertising mail
424:Phytoremediation
399:Land degradation
339:Depleted uranium
224:Overillumination
174:Invasive species
46:
36:
21:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8004:Green computing
7979:Energy recovery
7915:
7847:Energy recovery
7837:Electrification
7818:
7764:Air pollution (
7751:
7742:
7589:
7584:
7554:
7549:
7482:
7453:Waste-to-energy
7418:Dumpster diving
7386:
7362:Waste hierarchy
7337:Right to repair
7205:
7174:The Netherlands
7129:Rate by country
7117:
7071:
6981:
6972:
6884:
6879:
6849:
6844:
6820:Category: Waste
6801:
6793:
6774:Waste hierarchy
6707:
6698:Waste collector
6676:
6667:Oslo Convention
6586:
6438:
6434:Waste-to-energy
6429:Waste treatment
6399:Right to repair
6297:Landfill mining
6282:Illegal dumping
6235:
6226:
6187:Packaging waste
6182:Open defecation
6142:Hazardous waste
6071:
6058:
6028:
6023:
6015:
6013:
6003:
5960:
5946:
5914:
5863:
5812:
5779:
5718:Pharmaceuticals
5708:Oil exploration
5612:
5584:Nuclear fallout
5551:
5513:
5495:
5469:Packaging waste
5423:Deep sea mining
5349:Hazardous waste
5295:
5276:Open defecation
5230:
5196:Nuclear fallout
5191:Nuclear fission
5167:
5093:
5062:
5033:Electromagnetic
5027:
5011:
4976:
4896:Ozone depletion
4769:
4760:
4755:
4701:
4691:
4678:
4675:
4673:Further reading
4670:
4669:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4530:
4526:
4489:
4485:
4473:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4435:Slingal, Nidhi:
4434:
4425:
4418:
4414:
4408:Wayback Machine
4400:
4396:
4390:Wayback Machine
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4313:
4311:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4229:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4182:Wayback Machine
4173:
4169:
4159:Wayback Machine
4150:
4146:
4127:
4123:
4117:Wayback Machine
4108:
4104:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3957:
3950:
3944:Yale University
3927:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3756:
3744:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3605:. 13 March 2023
3597:
3596:
3592:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3461:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3353:(7781): 75–86.
3339:
3338:
3334:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3220:
3216:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3189:on 20 June 2022
3186:
3180:Battery Council
3175:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3016:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2985:
2983:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2852:
2843:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2766:
2760:
2716:
2695:
2679:
2630:
2597:
2591:
2580:In early 2009,
2578:
2576:Channel Islands
2550:
2524:
2522:
2503:
2501:
2482:
2480:
2461:
2459:
2440:
2438:
2419:
2417:
2398:
2396:
2377:
2375:
2356:
2354:
2335:
2333:
2269:hazardous waste
2257:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1418:can reduce the
1264:
1237:medical devices
1233:
1209:Battery Council
1201:Battery Council
1104:
1075:
1067:water pollution
1032:
994:
992:
980:
973:
972:
872:
864:
863:
837:
829:
828:
764:Pharmaceuticals
744:Nonpoint source
684:
674:
673:
642:Nuclear fallout
615:
605:
604:
575:
565:
564:
555:
545:
544:
535:
527:
526:
512:Packaging waste
477:Hazardous waste
437:
429:
428:
389:
379:
378:
349:Nuclear fallout
344:Nuclear fission
324:
314:
313:
279:
269:
268:
244:
236:
235:
209:
207:Electromagnetic
199:
198:
189:
181:
180:
154:
144:
143:
114:Ozone depletion
59:
49:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8073:
8071:
8063:
8062:
8052:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7913:
7910:hybrid vehicle
7907:
7901:Transportation
7898:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7768:
7761:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7688:
7683:
7681:Sustainability
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7661:Green building
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7626:Eco-innovation
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7560:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7535:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7498:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7398:Bottle cutting
7394:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7272:Land recycling
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7189:United Kingdom
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7007:
7002:
7000:Automotive oil
6997:
6991:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6894:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6855:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6811:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6693:Street sweeper
6690:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6577:United Kingdom
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6448:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6367:tire recycling
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6347:land recycling
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6257:Biodegradation
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6217:Surface runoff
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6105:Chemical waste
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6025:
6024:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5933:Law by country
5930:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5755:Surface runoff
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5641:Eutrophication
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5598:Scorched earth
5595:
5592:nuclear winter
5588:nuclear famine
5577:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5433:Uranium mining
5430:
5425:
5420:
5418:Surface mining
5415:
5410:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5369:Lead poisoning
5366:
5361:
5359:Chemical waste
5356:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5271:Bioremediation
5268:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5186:Bioremediation
5183:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:Transportation
5103:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5007:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4881:Global dimming
4878:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4852:Diesel exhaust
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4711:
4700:
4699:External links
4697:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4620:
4595:
4548:
4524:
4512:, as cited in
4483:
4477:May 23, 2018,
4467:
4465:, May 15, 2021
4447:
4442:Business Today
4423:
4412:
4394:
4376:
4346:
4320:
4292:
4270:
4244:
4204:
4190:
4167:
4144:
4121:
4102:
4086:
4075:
4064:
4053:. January 2023
4036:
4009:
3996:
3967:
3948:
3928:Pearce, Fred:
3910:
3884:
3856:
3837:
3818:
3795:
3777:
3768:|journal=
3742:
3702:
3644:
3616:
3590:
3571:
3562:
3543:
3503:
3496:
3465:
3459:
3428:
3382:
3332:
3290:
3235:
3214:
3163:
3137:
3090:
3069:
3056:
3033:
2997:
2962:
2931:
2869:
2841:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2762:
2740:lead poisoning
2715:
2712:
2694:
2691:
2678:
2675:
2629:
2626:
2590:
2589:United Kingdom
2587:
2577:
2574:
2566:European Union
2549:
2548:European Union
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:United Kingdom
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:Nickel-cadmium
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1450:
1447:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1263:
1260:
1232:
1229:
1146:The lead in a
1103:
1100:
1074:
1071:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
990:
975:
974:
969:
968:
967:
966:
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
933:Law by country
930:
922:
921:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
860:
859:
854:
844:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
804:Surface runoff
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
704:Eutrophication
701:
696:
691:
685:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
659:Scorched earth
656:
655:
654:
652:Nuclear winter
649:
647:Nuclear famine
644:
634:
633:
632:
622:
616:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
576:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
556:
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Bioremediation
401:
396:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
334:Bioremediation
331:
325:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
284:Transportation
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
231:Radio spectrum
228:
227:
226:
221:
210:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
166:
161:
155:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
99:Global dimming
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8072:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7953:New Classical
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7918:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7749:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7727:refurbishment
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:Sustainable (
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7666:Green vehicle
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7631:Ecotechnology
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7581:
7576:
7574:
7569:
7567:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7546:
7545:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7526:organizations
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7443:Simple living
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7433:Pallet crafts
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7372:Waste picking
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7302:Repairability
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7252:Green economy
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7201:United States
7199:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7113:Waste sorting
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7042:Mobile phones
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6841:
6840:Organizations
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6812:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6759:Landfill fire
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6608:EU directives
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6582:United States
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6419:Waste sorting
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6233:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Marine debris
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6050:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6022:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5994:
5986:
5977:
5973:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5775:Water quality
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:Traffic signs
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5462:Microplastics
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Nanomaterials
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5391:Lead smelting
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:Radioactivity
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5163:Noise control
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Metal working
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4494:, March 2021
4493:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4321:
4310:, nytimes.com
4309:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3585:CleanTechnica
3582:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3559:. 7/2019: 28.
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3497:9781118991978
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:9783319699509
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:ATZ Worldwide
3389:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3059:
3057:9789276320685
3053:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:North America
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2564:In 2006, the
2559:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2453:
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2448:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1873:
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1863:
1860:
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1855:
1854:
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1839:
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1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
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1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1742:Mercury-oxide
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1696:
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1690:
1688:
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1680:
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1669:
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1655:
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1649:
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1640:
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1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
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1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
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1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:sulfuric acid
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1194:car batteries
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:polypropylene
1168:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:car batteries
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
991:
989:
984:
979:
978:
977:
976:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
923:
918:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
868:
867:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
833:
832:
825:
822:
820:
819:Water quality
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
683:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
609:
608:
601:
598:
596:
595:Traffic signs
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
569:
568:
561:
558:
557:
554:
549:
548:
541:
538:
537:
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:Nanomaterials
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
433:
432:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Radioactivity
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
318:
317:
310:
309:Soundproofing
307:
305:
304:Noise control
302:
300:
299:Noise barrier
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:
273:
272:
265:
262:
260:
257:
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232:
229:
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220:
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195:
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185:
184:
175:
172:
171:
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167:
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156:
153:
148:
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140:
137:
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132:
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127:
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107:
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100:
97:
95:
92:
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87:
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65:
62:
61:
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45:
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40:
37:
31:
27:
23:
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19:
8029:Permaculture
7948:New Urbanism
7920:Conservation
7712:food systems
7697:architecture
7542:
7403:Cogeneration
7232:Durable good
7004:
6712:Other topics
6703:Waste picker
6630:incineration
6617:
6409:Urban mining
6331:
6287:Incineration
6267:Durable good
6212:Sharps waste
6172:Mining waste
5854:Point source
5796:Heavy metals
5770:Urban runoff
5750:Sulfur water
5728:Septic tanks
5574:Agent Orange
5428:Mining waste
5326:
5254:Manure waste
5084:Volcanic ash
4960:Black carbon
4916:Oil refining
4901:Particulates
4830:Construction
4720:ECN Magazine
4718:
4680:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4607:
4598:
4568:(1): 13–16.
4565:
4561:
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4363:the original
4358:
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4312:, retrieved
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4273:
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4247:
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4217:
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4067:
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4023:the original
4012:
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3987:. Retrieved
3985:. 3 May 2006
3982:
3933:
3901:. Retrieved
3897:
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3869:
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3629:
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3527:the original
3522:
3479:
3442:
3401:(9): 10–15.
3398:
3394:
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3335:
3310:
3306:
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3184:the original
3179:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3150:
3140:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3072:
3061:, retrieved
3046:
3025:the original
3012:
2991:
2984:. Retrieved
2977:
2954:, retrieved
2950:the original
2940:
2934:
2889:
2885:
2864:, (also at:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2759:
2744:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2684:
2680:
2668:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2638:Call2Recycle
2631:
2623:
2619:AA batteries
2615:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2579:
2563:
2543:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2199:
2143:
2084:
2028:
1969:Silver oxide
1967:
1910:
1856:
1799:
1740:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1413:
1405:
1393:
1390:
1370:
1351:
1307:
1265:
1257:
1251:methods and
1234:
1221:
1214:
1198:
1183:
1164:
1145:
1105:
1087:Rechargeable
1083:button cells
1076:
1055:heavy metals
1038:
1037:
907:Point source
852:Heavy metals
814:Urban runoff
799:Sulfur water
774:Septic tanks
630:Agent Orange
540:Space debris
394:Agricultural
259:Volcanic ash
119:Particulates
18:
7964:Ecoforestry
7722:procurement
7707:development
7692:agriculture
7516:by material
7377:Wishcycling
7327:Repurposing
7227:Downcycling
7179:Switzerland
7015:PET bottles
6963:Cooking oil
6948:Refrigerant
6734:Downcycling
6681:Occupations
6650:waste water
6547:Switzerland
6537:South Korea
6527:New Zealand
6452:Afghanistan
6424:Waste trade
6384:Repurposing
6222:Toxic waste
6202:Scrap metal
6137:Green waste
6100:Brown waste
6077:Major types
5824:Area source
5733:Pit latrine
5656:Groundwater
5413:Gold mining
5408:Coal mining
5379:Toxic waste
5344:Green waste
5317:Brown waste
5300:Solid waste
4847:Exhaust gas
4608:www.cdc.gov
4314:10 December
3631:electrek.co
3255:: 187–195.
3151:www.epa.gov
3110:: 190–201.
2956:9 September
2568:passed the
2447:Netherlands
2342:Switzerland
1629:Zinc-carbon
1424:Fredrikstad
1324:Disassembly
1314:discharging
1186:U.S. states
1114:batteries,
1092:Zinc–carbon
877:Area source
719:Groundwater
472:Green waste
452:Brown waste
436:Solid waste
194:Information
89:Exhaust gas
7933:insulation
7926:Building (
7889:transition
7732:technology
7717:industries
7521:by product
7511:by country
7428:Freeganism
7408:Composting
7382:Zero waste
7282:Precycling
7103:Collection
7093:Blue boxes
6995:Appliances
6789:Zero waste
6591:Agreements
6522:Kazakhstan
6477:Bangladesh
6262:Composting
6147:Heat waste
6132:Food waste
6125:by country
5976:by country
5972:Categories
5910:Zero waste
5791:Pollutants
5745:Stagnation
5683:Monitoring
5651:Freshwater
5527:Air travel
5339:Food waste
5259:Pesticides
5249:Herbicides
5153:Industrial
4982:Biological
4842:Demolition
4835:Renovation
4818:Joss paper
4803:Combustion
4520:Pure Earth
4504:The Lancet
4029:31 January
3989:22 October
3983:BBC Online
3877:5 February
3725:2001.09942
3603:MINING.COM
2892:: 193715.
2791:References
2611:Royal Mail
2593:See also:
1409:ultrasound
1333:processes)
1120:motorcycle
964:By country
956:Categories
847:Pollutants
824:Wastewater
794:Stagnation
739:Monitoring
714:Freshwater
580:Air travel
467:Food waste
409:Defecation
219:Ecological
152:Biological
84:Combustion
24:Part of a
8034:Recycling
7757:Pollution
7737:transport
7352:Upcycling
7346:Green Dot
7134:Australia
7122:Countries
7088:Blue bags
7076:Apparatus
7022:Computers
7005:Batteries
6898:Aluminium
6890:Materials
6882:Recycling
6769:Upcycling
6635:landfills
6625:framework
6618:Recycling
6613:batteries
6542:Sri Lanka
6502:Hong Kong
6467:Australia
6444:Countries
6322:Recycling
6240:Processes
6061:Biosolids
5868:Responses
5839:Garbology
5765:Turbidity
5713:Oil spill
5646:Firewater
5547:Vandalism
5509:Satellite
5206:Poisoning
5201:Plutonium
5181:Actinides
5173:Radiation
4921:Wood dust
4783:Acid rain
4758:Pollution
4654:2050-7895
4582:2191-0308
3903:28 August
3770:ignored (
3760:cite book
3752:210920508
3697:237198496
3423:134968969
3415:2192-9076
3327:2168-0485
3277:0048-9697
3193:8 January
2908:2314-6133
2858:Superfund
2836:0378-7753
2755:Superfund
2736:Indonesia
2671:Energizer
2669:In 2015,
2283:and with
2201:Lead–acid
1428:Magdeburg
1355:methods,
1348:processes
1342:processes
1275:aluminium
1255:methods.
1224:Superfund
1215:The U.S.
1124:lead–acid
1112:golf cart
1047:batteries
1043:recycling
892:Garbology
809:Turbidity
759:Oil spill
709:Firewater
694:Biosolids
600:Vandalism
359:Poisoning
354:Plutonium
329:Actinides
322:Radiation
64:Acid rain
35:Pollution
8054:Category
7506:Category
7391:See also
7210:Concepts
7169:Mongolia
7164:Malaysia
7067:Vehicles
7057:Textiles
6987:Products
6908:Concrete
6830:Journals
6645:vehicles
6567:Thailand
6557:Tanzania
6292:Landfill
6252:Balefill
5956:Treaties
5928:Diseases
5740:Shipping
5636:Diseases
5484:Landfill
5159:Abstract
5156:Military
5089:Wildfire
4938:Smelting
4906:Asbestos
4662:37195252
4590:26812760
4404:Archived
4386:Archived
4369:23 April
4339:23 April
4285:15 March
4263:15 March
4233:cite web
4223:23 April
4178:Archived
4155:Archived
4132:Archived
4113:Archived
4050:Eurostat
3898:ElecTrek
3813:Archived
3689:34404944
3377:31695206
3285:25933290
3203:cite web
3156:25 March
3132:28318961
2979:Duracell
2926:26587532
2764:See also
2582:Guernsey
1911:Alkaline
1801:Zinc-air
1571:Alkaline
1128:gel type
1096:Zinc–air
948:Treaties
928:Diseases
784:Shipping
749:Nutrient
699:Diseases
264:Wildfire
7938:natural
7858:biofuel
7791:Water (
7766:control
7594:General
7544:Commons
7149:Ireland
7010:Bottles
6943:Plastic
6903:Asphalt
6497:Georgia
6472:Belgium
6462:Armenia
6457:Albania
5985:Commons
5760:Thermal
5661:Hypoxia
5445:Garbage
5216:Uranium
5067:Natural
5016:Digital
4948:Aerosol
4926:Welding
4813:Biomass
4808:Biofuel
4767:History
4613:7 March
3669:Bibcode
3637:6 March
3609:28 June
3536:22 July
3355:Bibcode
3257:Bibcode
3112:Bibcode
3083:21 June
3063:20 June
2986:26 July
2917:4637436
2816:Bibcode
2731:Vietnam
2510:Finland
2426:Austria
2405:Germany
2363:Belgium
2317:Country
2308:Ireland
1857:Lithium
1687:Lithium
1541:Plastic
1454:Italics
1382:solvent
1331:sieving
1245:mercury
842:History
724:Hypoxia
553:Thermal
507:Plastic
369:Uranium
243:Natural
188:Digital
164:Genetic
16:Process
7851:Fuel (
7702:design
7342:Symbol
7184:Taiwan
7154:Israel
7144:Canada
7139:Brazil
7037:Lumber
6958:Timber
6933:Gypsum
6923:Energy
6918:Cotton
6913:Copper
6818:
6572:Turkey
6562:Taiwan
6532:Russia
6512:Israel
6482:Brazil
6207:Sewage
6162:Litter
6067:, and
5849:Midden
5829:Debris
5784:Topics
5723:Sewage
5676:debris
5671:Marine
5519:Visual
5403:Mining
5398:Litter
4891:Mining
4709:Curlie
4687:
4660:
4652:
4588:
4580:
4218:US EPA
4057:5 July
3750:
3740:
3695:
3687:
3661:Nature
3494:
3457:
3421:
3413:
3375:
3347:Nature
3325:
3283:
3275:
3130:
3054:
2982:. 2016
2924:
2914:
2906:
2834:
2664:Mexico
2558:Madrid
2531:Canada
2528:
2507:
2489:France
2486:
2465:
2444:
2423:
2402:
2384:Sweden
2381:
2360:
2339:
2285:Mexico
2281:Canada
2145:Li-ion
1565:Other
1546:Alkali
1363:) and
1299:copper
1295:nickel
1291:cobalt
1283:nickel
1279:cobalt
1271:copper
902:Midden
897:Legacy
882:Debris
836:Topics
789:Sludge
779:Sewage
734:Marine
573:Visual
492:Mining
487:Litter
26:series
7928:green
7533:Index
7448:Waste
7332:Reuse
7159:Japan
7098:Codes
7062:Tires
7052:Ships
7047:Paint
7027:Drugs
6968:Water
6953:Scrap
6938:Paper
6928:Glass
6835:Lists
6825:Index
6552:Syria
6517:Japan
6507:India
6492:Egypt
6065:waste
5920:Lists
5859:Waste
5801:Paint
5618:Water
5501:Space
5142:Sonar
5137:Urban
5115:Water
5099:Noise
5074:Ozone
5041:Light
4972:Waste
4864:Smoke
4257:(PDF)
3790:(PDF)
3748:S2CID
3720:arXiv
3693:S2CID
3530:(PDF)
3519:(PDF)
3419:S2CID
3187:(PDF)
3176:(PDF)
3028:(PDF)
3017:(PDF)
2693:India
2677:Japan
2538:5.6%
2328:2012
1681:15.2
1561:Water
1556:Acids
1536:Paper
1527:Other
1469:Type
1303:steps
1130:, or
1059:toxic
1041:is a
920:Lists
912:Waste
857:Paint
682:Water
534:Space
277:Noise
249:Ozone
214:Light
7083:Bins
6655:WEEE
6640:RoHS
5834:Dust
5817:Misc
5236:Soil
5125:Rail
5111:Land
4955:Soot
4943:Smog
4859:Haze
4685:ISBN
4658:PMID
4650:ISSN
4615:2024
4586:PMID
4578:ISSN
4508:DOI:
4371:2018
4341:2018
4316:2011
4287:2012
4265:2012
4239:link
4225:2018
4059:2023
4031:2013
3991:2010
3905:2023
3879:2022
3772:help
3738:ISBN
3685:PMID
3639:2023
3611:2023
3538:2015
3492:ISBN
3455:ISBN
3411:ISSN
3373:PMID
3323:ISSN
3281:PMID
3273:ISSN
3209:link
3195:2021
3158:2024
3128:PMID
3085:2020
3065:2022
3052:ISBN
2988:2018
2958:2008
2922:PMID
2904:ISSN
2890:2015
2832:ISSN
2517:40%
2475:32%
2412:44%
2391:60%
2370:63%
2349:73%
2325:2002
2306:and
2086:NiMH
1678:12.3
1641:19.4
1633:16.8
1620:10.1
1584:14.9
1578:22.3
1575:24.8
1459:Bold
1443:NiMH
1399:and
1285:and
1273:and
1188:and
1152:lead
1094:and
1065:and
1057:and
887:Dust
871:Misc
387:Soil
134:Soot
129:Smog
94:Haze
5945:2.5
5557:War
5120:Air
4775:Air
4717:",
4707:at
4642:doi
4570:doi
4501:of
3730:doi
3677:doi
3665:596
3484:doi
3447:doi
3403:doi
3399:120
3363:doi
3351:575
3315:doi
3265:doi
3253:526
3120:doi
2912:PMC
2894:doi
2824:doi
2812:130
2742:.
2514:15%
2493:16%
2451:32%
2430:44%
2409:39%
2388:55%
2367:59%
2346:61%
2194:28
2079:11
2015:0.5
1986:0.4
1962:14
1927:0.6
1905:13
1735:19
1673:9.2
1664:0.7
1659:0.8
1656:0.1
1623:14
1615:3.7
1612:5.4
1609:2.2
1601:1.3
1581:0.5
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1175:ABS
1173:or
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613:War
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2248:5
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2187:13
2176:11
2168:18
2150:22
2138:8
2118:10
2097:35
2091:20
2066:10
2051:15
2040:22
2035:35
2023:4
1991:31
1974:42
1924:11
1918:23
1915:37
1864:18
1861:60
1851:3
1848:10
1813:35
1806:42
1794:7
1759:31
1756:14
1747:37
1694:19
1691:50
1636:15
1523:Pb
1518:Al
1513:Co
1508:Cd
1503:Ag
1498:Li
1493:Hg
1488:Zn
1483:Ni
1478:Mn
1473:Fe
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1297:,
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2069:2
2020:2
2012:1
2009:2
2002:4
1983:9
1980:2
1977:2
1959:6
1954:2
1951:2
1948:6
1921:1
1898:2
1893:3
1874:3
1867:1
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1840:4
1837:4
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1786:1
1781:3
1776:2
1753:1
1750:1
1728:2
1723:7
1704:2
1697:1
1670:6
1667:4
1606:1
1551:C
1320:)
1027:e
1020:t
1013:v
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