1533:, was about to grant the request when the 19-year-old Herrera intervened. Seeing what she perceived as the cowardly attitude of the defenders, Herrera chided: "Have you forgotten the duties imposed by military honor? Are you going to allow the enemy to steal this fortress, which is the safeguard of the Province of Nicaragua and of your families?" Animated by the spirit of her late father and ancestors and knowing the risk to her honor and virginity with the barbarity of the Miskito Sambu, she strongly opposed the fort's surrender. She insisted that each soldier take their place fighting. She locked the fortress's gates, took the keys, and placed sentries.
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located at the junction of the
Bartola and San Juan rivers. Shortly thereafter, the invaders captured the observation post and its defenders. The British commander learned from the Spanish prisoners that the fortress was in disarray due to the recent death of its commander. A few hours later, with
1549:
into the river on floating branches and set them on fire. The current dragged the burning material towards the enemy craft. This unexpected action forced the
British expeditionary force to suspend their attack for the rest of the night and retreat to defensive positions. The next day, the British
1544:
and began a vigorous attack upon the fortress, which continued throughout the night. The garrison, energized by
Herrera's heroism, mounted a fierce resistance which inflicted great losses to the British soldiers and their boats. At nightfall, Herrera ordered the troops to throw some sheets soaked
1563:
garrison commander, led the defenders to victory in a battle that lasted six days. Herrera handled the cannons of the fortress, and the
Spanish managed to defend the strategic position, but the British finally lifted their siege after being called for service in other more critical areas of the
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on the San Juan River in July. The attacking force consisted of two thousand men and more than fifty boats, while the soldiers at the fortress numbered only around a hundred. To make matters worse, the invaders threatened the region at a time when the commander of the fortress, Don
1540:, believing that this would be sufficient to achieve the desired effect. Herrera, trained in handling weapons, fired one cannon and killed a British officer with the third volley of cannon fire. Enraged by the death of a British officer, the British hoisted their
1399:. This treaty created an alliance between Spain and France, bringing Spain into the ongoing war. By an ancillary secret convention, Spain became hurriedly committed to preparing for war against Britain. The major objectives of Spain were the capture of
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made a solemn oath to her father that she would defend the fortress at the cost of her life if necessary. The elder
Herrera died sometime between 15 July and 17 July, and Lieutenant Don Juan de Aguilar y Santa Cruz assumed temporary command of the
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in early 1762. Also, in early 1762, William
Lyttelton, Jamaica's British governor and commander-in-chief, proposed a naval expedition to Nicaragua. The goal was to sail up the San Juan River to Lake Nicaragua and capture the town of
1615:(who later served as Governor of Nicaragua from 1783–7). The expeditionary force succeeded in capturing the fortress on 19 April 1780, despite the fact that it consisted of only 200 men. The 22-year-old Nelson, in command of
1362:
When the Seven Years' War broke out in Europe in 1756, Spain did not initially join either of the two coalitions of belligerents. The
Spanish policy of neutrality was immediately tested on 26 December 1756, when a British
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As the Seven Years' War progressed, the neutral
Spanish government became concerned that the string of significant French losses at the hands of the British had threatened Spanish interests. On 15 August 1761, King
1622:, was responsible for leading his men through dense jungle to attack the fortress from a hill in the rear. The British captured and occupied the fortress for nine months, finally abandoning it in January 1781.
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1599:, the British governor and commander-in-chief of Jamaica, proposed a second naval expedition to Nicaragua. During this expedition, which took place in 1780 and later became known as the
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in half as well as provide potential access to the
Pacific Ocean. The first and most significant obstacle to success was to capture the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception.
1383:
which was awarded as compensation. This outraged the
British, but no military action was taken. This incident marked the beginning of a decline in Anglo-Spanish relations.
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The expeditionary force arrived at the fortress on 26 July 1762. At 4 o'clock that morning, the lookout on duty heard cannon fire from the east, in the direction of an
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on 3 August 1762. They withdrew to the mouth of the San Juan River, where their imposing presence impeded the flow of shipping into the Caribbean Sea for some time.
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roughly parallels the line of the river. At the time of the siege, Nicaragua was part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, an administrative division of the
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1312:, Nicaragua was a major target of attacks by the British during the 18th century. Due to the economic interests of the British in Central America, the
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Britain first declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762, and on 18 January 1762, Spain declared war against Britain. The British quickly captured
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When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762–1764: the story of the 18th century British invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years War
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1260:. El Castillo is located approximately three-quarters of the way along the river inland from the sea. The border between Nicaragua and
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1703:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Archived from
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led a British attack against the fortress. At the time, the Spanish garrison consisted of 228 men under the command of
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Mary W. Helms (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population".
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1774:"Defensas estratégicas de la Capitanía General de Guatemala Castillos de la Inmaculada Concepción y de San Carlos"
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in the south east corner of the lake. The river flows eastward for 192-kilometre (119 mi) into the
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of the fortress in exchange for avoiding further hostilities. The second in command of the garrison, a
2099:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Periodistas Independientes, S.A. (PINSA). 2010-07-15. Archived from
1932:
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Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the present
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Fortunately for the defenders of the fortress, Spain and Britain began peace negotiations (in
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Failed British attack against a fortress in Spanish Nicaragua, as part of the Seven Years' War
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The conflict began in June 1762, during the administration of interim Governor of Nicaragua
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1908:(1st ed.). Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 68–9.
1830:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Managua, Nicaragua: El País. pp. 255–6. Archived from
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was established over the Mosquito Coast, and the British supplied modern weapons to the
1445:. The following month, they raided many undefended settlements in Nicaragua, including
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1864:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 441.
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his fleet anchored in the river, the British commander sent an envoy to demand the
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by attacking Spanish colonies and gained several victories alongside the British.
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was signed on 16 March 1740 between King Edward I of the Miskito Kingdom and King
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1992:
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Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession 1741–48
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1662:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Archivo General de Centroamerica. 2009
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Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal
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The combined British and Miskito Sambu expeditionary force headed towards the
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had been at war over a series of trading disputes in a conflict known as the
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2234:. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 110–1
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1351:. Most of these disputes were more or less settled by the signing of the
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Inspired by Herrera's acts of heroism, Lieutenant Juan de Aguilar, the
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oceans, as well as the possibility of expanding their colonization of
1994:
Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War
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In response to the rejection of their demands, the British formed a
2186:
1941:. Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 93, 348–9
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1511:
1485:, was mortally ill. As he lay on his deathbed, Herrera's daughter
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Flag used in the Spanish coastal fortifications from 1701 to 1785
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to Nicaragua with the primary objective of capturing the town of
1824:
Historia de Nicaragua desde los tiempos prehistóricos hasta 1860
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to the fortress, but with little progress and small casualties.
1407:
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José Dolores Gámez (1889). "Segunda mitad del siglo XVIII".
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1997:. Exeter, England: University of Exeter Press. p. 9.
1430:. Supplied by the British expeditionary force, a group of
2175:
Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York
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was one of several battles that took place during the
2256:
El Castillo de la Concepción, Manfut.org (in Spanish)
2028:. Bloomington, Indiana: 1stBooks Library. p. 2.
1328:. The Miskito Kingdom later aided Britain during the
1296:
Because it represented a potential route between the
1375:. When the British captain took both ships into the
207:
Location of the battle. The largest of the lakes is
1698:"La Fortaleza de la Inmaculada Concepción de María"
2129:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.
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2024:Fish, Shirley (2003). "An invasion takes shape".
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1741:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua. Archived from
1733:"Rafaela Herrera: sinónimo de arrojo y valentía"
1961:"The history of the last session of Parliament"
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914:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
904:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
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1232:. Water from the lake discharges into the
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1906:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia
1660:"Rafaela Herrera: File#201, Record#1651"
1347:, which was later subsumed by the wider
18:Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua
1731:Maradiaga C., Hilda Rosa (2009-09-17).
1648:
1632:Spain in the American Revolutionary War
1959:Kimber, Isaac; Kimber, Edward (1759).
1504:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
1478:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
1250:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
899:Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
55:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
7:
1637:Great Britain in the Seven Years War
1187:battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua
35:Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua
2051:Journal of Anthropological Research
1320:. Under the terms of the treaty, a
400:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
1787:(February): 149–94. Archived from
25:
1314:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
1268:. This also included present-day
1428:Melchor Vidal de Lorca y Villena
193:
186:
160:Don Juan de Aguilar y Santa Cruz
48:
2286:18th century in Central America
2276:Battles of the Seven Years' War
2171:"The Río San Juan de Nicaragua"
1772:Roberto Trigueros Bada (2011).
1580:in November, the Spanish ceded
622:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
1781:Revista de Temas Nicaragüenses
1461:, the mission of Apompuá near
1419:, which would effectively cut
1349:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
2301:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)
2271:Military history of Nicaragua
2125:Chronology of women's history
254:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)
42:Anglo-Spanish War (1761–1763)
1090:Dominican Republic (1863–65)
1696:Carlos Viscasillas (2009).
1483:José de Herrera y Sotomayor
1371:, captured the French ship
1335:Between 1739 and 1748, the
1284:, and the Mexican state of
2317:
2281:Invasions by Great Britain
2097:La Trinchera de la Noticia
1593:American Revolutionary War
1501:
1403:and Jamaica from Britain.
1330:American Revolutionary War
1318:George II of Great Britain
1205:and commander-in-chief of
946:Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
377:Spanish colonial campaigns
1353:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
998:Spanish America (1808–33)
993:Río de la Plata (1806–07)
385:
262:
181:
168:
151:
134:
64:
47:
39:
2063:10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966
1991:Tracy, Nicholas (1995).
1858:David F. Marley (2008).
1337:Kingdom of Great Britain
1167:Western Sahara (1973–76)
1095:Peru and Chile (1864–66)
894:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
395:Canary Islands (1402–96)
2291:1762 in Central America
2093:"Efemerides Nacionales"
1672:(subscription required)
1595:in 1779, Major General
1527:unconditional surrender
1193:, a subconflict of the
951:North America (1779–83)
869:North America (1702–13)
707:Philippines (1599-1600)
642:Philippines (1565–1898)
72:26 July – 3 August 1762
2121:Kirstin Olsen (1994).
1904:Troy S. Floyd (1967).
1517:
1397:Third Pacte de Famille
1341:Bourbon Spanish Empire
316:Colonia del Sacramento
152:Commanders and leaders
2226:Ephraim George Squier
2151:Rafaela Herrera 1762.
1515:
1502:Further information:
1172:Western Sahara (1975)
1125:Philippines (1896–98)
1080:Cochinchina (1858–62)
981:Caribbean (1796–1802)
842:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
778:Philippines (1638-46)
652:Philippines (1567–72)
507:El Salvador (1524–39)
502:Guatemala (1524–1697)
462:Puerto Rico (1511–29)
282:Valencia de Alcántara
107:11.01778°N 84.40111°W
1933:Francis Henry Skrine
1389:Charles III of Spain
852:New Mexico (1680–92)
204:class=notpageimage|
1966:The London Magazine
1601:San Juan Expedition
1459:San Pedro de Lóvago
1345:War of Jenkins' Ear
1085:Morocco (1859–1860)
1075:Balanguingui (1848)
1043:Venezuela (1811–23)
1008:Argentina (1810–18)
522:Yucatán (1527–1697)
497:Chiapas (1523–1695)
322:Spanish East Indies
112:11.01778; -84.40111
103: /
2167:Robert Edwin Peary
1518:
1393:Louis XV of France
1130:Puerto Rico (1898)
1100:Puerto Rico (1868)
1058:Colombia (1819–20)
1053:Colombia (1815–16)
1033:El Salvador (1811)
1018:Paraguay (1810–11)
961:New Granada (1781)
931:Philippines (1762)
837:Porto Bello (1668)
807:Philippines (1646)
763:Philippines (1630)
719:Philippines (1602)
702:Puerto Rico (1598)
692:Philippines (1596)
687:Puerto Rico (1595)
682:Cambodia (1593–97)
562:Colombia (1537–40)
512:Honduras (1524–39)
477:Mexico (1519–1821)
277:Portugal and Spain
2296:Conflicts in 1762
2035:978-1-4107-1069-7
2004:978-0-85989-426-5
1915:978-0-8263-0036-2
1871:978-1-59884-100-8
1439:cocoa plantations
1199:William Lyttelton
1191:Anglo-Spanish War
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1157:Morocco (1920–26)
1152:Morocco (1911–12)
1115:Morocco (1893–94)
1063:Ecuador (1820–22)
1003:Bolivia (1809–25)
936:Chile (1766–1767)
884:Chile (1723–1726)
817:Hispaniola (1655)
724:Insulindia (1603)
677:Insulindia (1585)
672:Insulindia (1582)
582:Chile (1546–1662)
472:Algeria (1517–18)
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1357:Treaty of Madrid
1355:in 1748 and the
1211:naval expedition
1203:British governor
1195:Seven Years' War
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2084:
2041:
2034:
2016:
2003:
1983:
1951:
1921:
1914:
1896:
1883:
1870:
1847:
1804:
1783:(in Spanish).
1755:
1720:
1675:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1609:Horatio Nelson
1573:
1570:
1499:
1496:
1326:Miskito people
1293:
1290:
1266:Spanish Empire
1234:San Juan River
1230:Lake Nicaragua
1222:
1219:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:Morocco (1909)
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1120:Cuba (1895–98)
1117:
1112:
1110:Cuba (1879–80)
1107:
1105:Cuba (1868–78)
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:Uruguay (1811)
1035:
1030:
1028:Peru (1811–24)
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:Florida (1810)
1010:
1005:
995:
989:
988:
984:
983:
978:
973:
971:Algiers (1784)
968:
966:Algiers (1783)
963:
958:
956:Peru (1780–82)
953:
948:
943:
941:Algiers (1775)
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
917:
916:
911:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Bahamas (1720)
876:
871:
865:
864:
860:
859:
857:Morocco (1689)
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:Jamaica (1658)
829:
827:Jamaica (1657)
824:
822:Jamaica (1655)
819:
814:
812:Tortuga (1654)
809:
804:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
751:
746:
741:
736:
734:Morocco (1614)
731:
729:Tunisia (1605)
726:
721:
715:
714:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
662:Tunisia (1574)
659:
657:Tunisia (1573)
654:
649:
647:Florida (1565)
644:
639:
637:Morocco (1564)
634:
632:Morocco (1563)
629:
627:Algeria (1563)
624:
619:
617:Tunisia (1560)
614:
612:Algeria (1558)
609:
607:Algeria (1556)
604:
602:Algeria (1555)
599:
594:
592:Tunisia (1550)
589:
587:Algeria (1547)
584:
579:
574:
572:Algeria (1543)
569:
567:Algeria (1541)
564:
559:
557:Tunisia (1535)
554:
552:Algeria (1535)
549:
544:
542:Tunisia (1534)
539:
537:Peru (1532–72)
534:
532:Algeria (1531)
529:
527:Algeria (1529)
524:
519:
517:Morocco (1525)
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
492:Tunisia (1520)
489:
487:Algeria (1519)
484:
479:
474:
469:
467:Algeria (1516)
464:
459:
457:Tunisia (1510)
454:
452:Tripoli (1510)
449:
447:Algeria (1510)
444:
442:Algeria (1509)
439:
437:Morocco (1508)
434:
432:Algeria (1507)
429:
427:Algeria (1505)
423:
422:
418:
417:
415:Melilla (1497)
412:
410:Algeria (1497)
407:
402:
397:
391:
390:
386:
383:
382:
373:
371:
370:
363:
356:
348:
339:
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274:
268:
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248:
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233:
225:
217:
216:
209:Lake Nicaragua
202:
201:
192:
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185:
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179:
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175:
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165:
158:
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119:
84:, present day
80:
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74:
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62:
61:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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3:
2:
2313:
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2188:
2184:
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2160:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:0-313-28803-8
2136:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2114:
2103:on 2012-03-23
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:(2): 179–97.
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1984:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1837:on 2011-08-12
1833:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1794:on 2011-07-26
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1745:on 2011-10-09
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1710:on 2012-03-23
1706:
1699:
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1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:Juan de Ayssa
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:Fontainebleau
1571:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1542:battle ensign
1539:
1538:skirmish line
1534:
1532:
1528:
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1514:
1509:
1505:
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1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:Miskito Sambu
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Miskito Coast
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Caribbean Sea
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
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1188:
1173:
1170:
1168:
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1128:
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1108:
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1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
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1046:
1044:
1041:
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1036:
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1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
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1014:
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999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
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964:
962:
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954:
952:
949:
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919:
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905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:Chiloé (1712)
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
861:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:Panama (1671)
845:
843:
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838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
801:
796:
794:
793:Taiwan (1642)
791:
789:
788:Taiwan (1641)
786:
784:
783:Brazil (1640)
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Brazil (1638)
771:
769:
768:Brazil (1631)
766:
764:
761:
759:
757:
752:
750:
749:Taiwan (1626)
747:
745:
744:Brazil (1625)
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
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700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
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673:
670:
668:
667:Brunei (1578)
665:
663:
660:
658:
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650:
648:
645:
643:
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635:
633:
630:
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623:
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438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
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420:
419:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:Guinea (1478)
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
387:
384:
379:
369:
364:
362:
357:
355:
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155:
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147:
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142:
141:Great Britain
139:
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133:
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87:
83:
79:
76:
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71:
68:
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63:
60:
56:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2236:. Retrieved
2230:
2206:. Retrieved
2178:
2174:
2150:
2144:. Retrieved
2124:
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2096:
2087:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2025:
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
1993:
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1973:(May): 233–8
1970:
1964:
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1937:
1905:
1899:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1860:
1839:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1823:
1796:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1784:
1780:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1736:
1712:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1664:. Retrieved
1619:Hinchinbrook
1618:
1607:and Captain
1597:John Dalling
1591:entered the
1586:
1575:
1558:
1556:
1535:
1519:
1475:
1425:
1405:
1385:
1381:Antigallican
1380:
1377:Bay of Cadiz
1372:
1369:Antigallican
1368:
1361:
1334:
1322:protectorate
1295:
1238:Río San Juan
1237:
1224:
1186:
1184:
1141:20th century
987:19th century
976:Chile (1792)
925:
863:18th century
799:
758:Nevis (1629)
755:
713:17th century
597:Libya (1551)
421:16th century
389:15th century
310:
135:Belligerents
1892:Google Maps
1605:John Polson
1560:pro tempore
1435:filibusters
1412:Philippines
1395:signed the
1308:beyond the
1278:El Salvador
1254:El Castillo
1135:Guam (1898)
921:Cuba (1762)
889:Oran (1732)
697:Cuba (1596)
110: /
82:El Castillo
59:El Castillo
2265:Categories
2238:2011-04-23
2208:2011-04-23
2146:2011-04-23
2107:2011-04-24
2010:2011-04-30
1977:2011-04-30
1945:2011-05-01
1877:2011-04-23
1841:2011-04-25
1798:2011-04-29
1749:2011-04-28
1714:2011-04-24
1666:2011-04-24
1643:References
1603:, Colonel
1455:Lovigüisca
1373:Penthievre
1292:Background
1270:Costa Rica
1262:Costa Rica
1242:San Carlos
754:St. Kitts
287:Vila Velha
98:84°24′04″W
95:11°01′04″N
2195:1949-8535
2181:: 57–86.
2079:163683579
1738:La Prensa
1617:HMS
1572:Aftermath
1437:attacked
1401:Gibraltar
1391:and King
1365:privateer
1359:in 1750.
1282:Guatemala
1258:Nicaragua
1209:, sent a
311:Nicaragua
86:Nicaragua
2228:(1852).
2169:(1889).
1935:(1906).
1626:See also
1531:sergeant
1492:garrison
1463:Juigalpa
1447:Jinotega
1410:and the
1339:and the
1298:Atlantic
1274:Honduras
1221:Location
300:Americas
169:Strength
77:Location
40:Part of
2071:3629966
1582:Florida
1547:alcohol
1487:Rafaela
1467:Muy Muy
1451:Acoyapa
1441:in the
1417:Granada
1302:Pacific
1286:Chiapas
1226:Granada
1215:Granada
1207:Jamaica
798:Chiloé
2203:196656
2201:
2193:
2137:
2077:
2069:
2032:
2001:
1912:
1868:
1587:After
1498:Battle
1367:, the
1248:. The
1201:, the
333:Cavite
328:Manila
306:Havana
292:Marvão
266:Europe
123:Result
2199:JSTOR
2075:S2CID
2067:JSTOR
1835:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1777:(PDF)
1708:(PDF)
1701:(PDF)
1589:Spain
1552:siege
1550:laid
1545:with
1240:) at
272:Cádiz
174:2,000
146:Spain
2191:ISSN
2135:ISBN
2030:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1890:See
1866:ISBN
1506:and
1465:and
1408:Cuba
1300:and
1185:The
69:Date
2183:doi
2059:doi
177:100
2267::
2217:^
2197:.
2189:.
2179:21
2177:.
2173:.
2158:^
2149:.
2133:.
2131:90
2095:.
2073:.
2065:.
2055:39
2053:.
1971:28
1969:.
1963:.
1924:^
1850:^
1807:^
1785:34
1779:.
1758:^
1735:.
1723:^
1678:^
1651:^
1494:.
1473:.
1457:,
1453:,
1449:,
1288:.
1280:,
1276:,
1272:,
1217:.
57:,
2241:.
2211:.
2185::
2110:.
2081:.
2061::
2038:.
2013:.
1980:.
1948:.
1918:.
1894:.
1880:.
1844:.
1801:.
1752:.
1717:.
1669:.
1236:(
800:·
756:·
367:e
360:t
353:v
244:e
237:t
230:v
211:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
