1374:
1390:
1406:
1359:
112:
1326:
1373:
300:
281:
1264:
834:
36:
1389:
420:
1344:
1358:
344:
332:
318:
226:
1250:. Battleships (ships of the line) are listed in the order they came into action. Orlov's squadron in pink, Spiridov's in blue and Elphinstone's in yellow. Notes: (a) captain Klokatchev; (b) Spiridov's flagship, captain Kruse; (c) Orlov's flagship, captain Greig; (d) Elphinstone's flagship; (e) One or both of these were present; (f) Hired English ships that were supporting the fleet
293:
274:
262:
248:
213:
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1405:
1281:. This battle inspired great confidence in the Russian fleet and allowed the Russians to control the Aegean Sea for some time. The defeat of the Ottoman fleet also sped up rebellions by minority groups in the Ottoman Empire, especially the Orthodox Christian nations in the Balkan peninsula, who helped the Russian army in defeating the Ottoman Empire.
893:
caught fire, and the fire quickly spread to other ships of the line. By 2:00 a.m., two
Ottoman ships of the line had blown up and more were on fire, and Greig sent in three fireships (the fourth, seeing the danger, stayed out), which contributed in a small way to the burning of almost the entire
743:
After settling on a plan of attack, the
Russian battle line (see Table 1) sailed towards the south end of the Ottoman line and then turned north, coming alongside the Ottomans, with the tail end coming into action last (Elphinstone had wanted to approach the northern end first, then follow the wind
723:
and 32 small craft, with about 1,300 guns in total. About 10 of the ships of the line, of 70–100 guns, were in the
Ottoman main line with a further 6 or so in the second, arranged so that they could fire through the gaps in the first line. Behind that were the frigates, xebecs, etc. The fleet was
1284:
After this naval victory, the
Russian fleet stayed in the Aegean for the following five years. It returned to Çeşme twice more during this time to bombard it. Historians still debate the rationale for the Russian military focus on this small fort town while there were many other more strategic
907:, and about 30 wounded, and on 7 July 11 killed. Ottoman casualties were much higher. Hüsameddin, Hasan Pasha and Cafer Bey survived. Hüsameddin was removed from his position, which was given to Cafer Bey. This was the only significant fleet battle during the Russo-Turkish War.
898:
set fire to another ship of the line and consequently the fire continued to spread among various vessels. At about 4:00 a.m., boats were sent in to save two ships of the line which were not burning, but one of these caught fire while it was being towed. The other,
829:
s captain, Kruse, survived too. At about 2:00 p.m. the fighting ended, as the
Ottomans cut their cables and moved south into the bay, forming themselves into a defensive line of eight ships of the line, a second line, and the rest beyond.
473:
3981:
466:
459:
111:
1325:
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The
Ottomans opened fire at about 11:45 a.m., followed by the Russians slightly later. Three of the Russian ships of the line had trouble staying in position;
841:
On 6 July, the
Russians bombarded the Ottoman ships and land positions. At about 12:30 a.m. on the morning of 7 July, Orlov, acting on Spiridov's plan, sent
3991:
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60, survived and was captured along with five galleys. Fighting ended at about 8:00 a.m. Russian casualties on 5 July were 14 killed, plus 636 killed in
3446:
2054:
1835:
This was the second biggest slaughter of the Greek population of Smyrna since 1770, when after the Cesme sea battle, fanatic
Muslims massacred 1, 500 Greeks.
3930:
2644:
1937:
3141:
2045:
2579:
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2001:. Türk Deniz Harp Tarihinde İz Bırakan Gemiler, Olaylar ve Şahıslar. Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, Sayı: 8. İstanbul 2007, Deniz Basımevi,
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On 5 July 1770, they came across it, anchored in line just north of Çeşme Bay, western
Anatolia. The Ottoman fleet contained about 14
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He became commander-in-chief after
Elphinstone's quarrel with Spiridov and ensured coordination between all commanders.
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Due to the Ottoman defeat, fanatical Muslim groups proceeded to massacre c. 1,500 local Greeks in nearby Smyrna.
693:
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253:
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881:. At about 1:30 a.m. or earlier (times were about 90 minutes earlier, according to Elphinstone), fire from
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He was, among other things, Alexey Orlov's adviser on naval operations, in which Orlov had little knowledge.
637:
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1963:. Vol. 24: Щапов – Юшневский. St. Petersburg: Типография Главного Управления Уделов. pp. 225–226.
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circled the second Ottoman vessel before coming back into the Russian line, being attacked in error by
736:, and Cafer Bey in the seventh. Two further ships of the line, probably small, had left this fleet for
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1954:
1932:
1919:] (in Russian). Vol. VIII: Гимры – Двигатели судовые. Moscow: Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина
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2002:
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1815:"The Greek Communities in the Balkans and Asia Minor and Their Theatrical Activity 1800-1922"
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According to Elphinstone, who claimed the Russians were almost useless, Spiridov and Count
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who had risen to the rank of rear admiral in Russia, combined under the overall command of
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1941:(in Russian). Vol. 80. Электровозбудительная сила – Эрготин. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (
1910:
1335:
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799:, before the latter was suddenly seen to be on fire. Her mainmast came down and landed on
696:, supreme commander of the Russian Fleet, and went to look for the Ottoman fleet. Orlov's
683:
522:
517:
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3679:
3634:
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1946:
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Mandalzade Hüsameddin, in the fourth ship from the front (north end) of the line, with
661:
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155:
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fleet, then only six ships of the line strong. Two Russian squadrons, commanded by
621:
582:
507:
285:
151:
1856:
1814:
1693:
1594:
1126:
601:
147:
1501:
In 1768 he entered the Russian service and was sent with a small squadron from
451:
17:
1866:
1609:
744:
along the Ottoman line, attacking their ships one by one – the method used by
653:
440:
176:
163:
1649:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
1502:
1194:
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deck, causing the Russian ship to blow up immediately. Shortly thereafter,
628:(1821–1829), and the first of a number of disastrous fleet battles for the
1294:
commissioned four monuments to commemorate the victory: Chesma Palace and
1909:; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912).
1303:
788:
737:
605:
604:(Cheshme, Chesma, or Chesme) Bay, in the area between the western tip of
1825:(1–2). Centre de recherche helléniques = Centre of Hellenic Research: 53
1942:
890:
712:
669:
1766:"Russo–Ottoman War of 1768–1774". Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters.
720:
612:, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the
1554:
1552:
1277:. It was the greatest naval defeat suffered by Ottomans since the
1262:
832:
716:
690:
609:
869:
attacking the batteries at the eastern side of the bay entrance,
1573:
697:
2027:
455:
652:
had begun in 1768, and Russia sent several squadrons from the
29:
1273:
The Battle of Cheshme was fought on the same day as the land
889:
caused an Ottoman ship of the line to blow up after her main
821:
before the fighting became close-range. Spiridov ended up on
1694:"John Elphinston, Papers Relating to the Russo-Turkish War"
861:
forming a south–north line facing the Ottomans, and with
1875:
1770 Çeşme Deniz Savaşı: 1768–1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları
1730:
1728:
1726:
1813:
Samatopoulou-Vasilakou, Chrysothemis (1 January 2008).
1533:. Russian Military Historical Society. Archived from
1892:
Battle of Çesme 1770. 1768–1774 Ottoman–Russian Wars
1558:
3838:
3477:
3464:
3412:
3258:
3245:
3133:
2736:
2723:
2622:
2371:
2358:
2338:
2079:
2066:
791:from a short distance (50–70 metres). Spiridov, in
3982:Naval battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
1367:watercolor of the second half of the XVIII century
873:attacking the batteries on the western side, and
1669:"Battle of Çeşme | Turkish history | Britannica"
894:Ottoman fleet: fireship commanded by Lieutenant
780:turned around before coming back into the line.
795:, had a close-range battle with Hasan Pasha in
96:
1975:Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version
1748:The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775
116:The destruction of the Ottoman fleet on 7 July
2039:
1999:Çeşme, Navarin, Sinop Baskınları ve Sonuçları
467:
8:
1803:. Cambridge University Press, 1983. Page 69.
3931:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1938:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1750:. Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 199
3972:Naval battles involving the Russian Empire
3474:
3255:
2733:
2368:
2076:
2046:
2032:
2024:
1056:
1051:
1046:
922:
917:
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474:
460:
452:
93:
1861:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1734:
1717:
810:blew up as well — after a 2-hour battle.
787:, the Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman
596:) took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1890:Isipek Ali Rıza and Aydemir Oguz (2010)
1873:İsipek, Ali Rıza ve Oğuz Aydemir (2006)
426:
43:This article includes a list of general
1518:
1476:
1321:
3940:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
2019:Istanbul Naval Museum official website
1244:
3926:For 20th-century battles before 1914
1414:300th anniversary of the Russian Navy
1296:Church of Saint John at Chesme Palace
837:Vladimir Kosov. Chesma battle of 1770
817:(brother of the commander), had left
7:
3992:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
3987:Battles involving the Russian Empire
1788:Russia: A History and Interpretation
27:Part of the Russo-Turkish War (1776)
3935:For the battles during World War I
1625:Naval wars in the Levant, 1559–1853
764:turned around and came back behind
439:Location of the battle site in the
1858:Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853
1768:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
624:of 1770, a precursor to the later
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1559:Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1904
1404:
1388:
1372:
1357:
1342:
1324:
1285:targets along the Aegean coast.
636:. Today it is commemorated as a
425:
418:
342:
330:
316:
298:
291:
279:
272:
260:
246:
224:
211:
110:
34:
1960:Russian Biographical Dictionary
1935:; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1904).
1894:, Istanbul, Denizler Kitabevi,
1877:, Istanbul: Denizler Kitabevi,
1700:from the original on 2022-01-13
1395:Battle plan for July 7 (in the
1379:Battle plan for July 5 (in the
1770:. Facts on File. 2008. p. 492
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941:
938:Battleship (ship of the line)
928:
783:Based on the plan proposed by
700:adviser was Captain-Commander
104:Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774
1:
1627:. Martino. pp. 288–291.
1587:"The history of Russian Navy"
1302:(1774–77), Chesma Obelisk in
598:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
403:6 frigates and escort vessels
909:
1917:Sytin Military Encyclopedia
1912:Военная энциклопедия Сытина
1440:Timeline of Ottoman history
4028:
4007:1770 in the Ottoman Empire
1970:"ЧЕСМЕНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1770"
1460:Action of 3 September 1773
1332:Combat in the Chios Strait
664:attention away from their
409:at least 11,000 men killed
4002:History of the Aegean Sea
3997:History of İzmir Province
3950:Ottoman victories are in
3948:
3922:
1968:Tashlykov, S. L. (2017).
1790:. New York, 1965. p. 521
1651:. ABC-CLIO. 2014. p. 193
1527:"Граф Орлов – История.РФ"
1505:to help Admiral Spiridov.
1450:Action of 6 November 1772
1350:Battle of Chesma at Night
626:Greek War of Independence
493:
413:
386:
355:
236:
204:
126:
109:
101:
1623:Anderson, R. C. (2006).
1279:Battle of Lepanto (1571)
97:Battle of Chesma (Çeşme)
1529:[Count Orlov].
620:. It was a part of the
64:more precise citations.
1905:Velichko, Konstantin;
1801:History of the Balkans
1786:Michael T. Florinsky.
1465:Action of 20 June 1774
1270:
1248:Table 1: Russian ships
838:
740:the previous evening.
638:Day of Military Honour
237:Commanders and leaders
1455:Action of 4 July 1773
1445:Action of 27 May 1770
1266:
836:
387:Casualties and losses
372:16 ships of the line,
177:38.33000°N 26.29000°E
120:Jacob Philipp Hackert
1955:Polovtsov, Alexander
1933:Arsenyev, Konstantin
1612:on 9 September 2020.
1597:on 1 September 2020.
1574:Velichko et al. 1912
951:Battleship; blew up
845:(who transferred to
436:class=notpageimage|
401:16 ships of the line
361:9 ships of the line,
1945:), Ilya A. Yefron (
1799:Jelavich, Barbara.
1602:"Chesma and Patras"
1576:, pp. 464–465.
1411:Russian silver coin
1292:Catherine the Great
1227:Fireship; expended
1214:Fireship; expended
776:as she did so, and
732:in the first ship,
173: /
1819:Études Helléniques
1352:by Ivan Aivazovsky
1271:
1181:Armed merchantman
1168:Armed merchantman
1155:Armed merchantman
839:
750:Battle of the Nile
618:Republic of Venice
608:and the island of
407:32 smaller vessels
392:1 ship of the line
326:
256:
182:38.33000; 26.29000
3977:Conflicts in 1770
3959:
3958:
3918:
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2728:(1550–1700)
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2363:(1453–1550)
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2353:
2071:(1299–1453)
1900:978-9944-264-27-3
1776:978-0-8160-6259-1
1657:978-1-59884-947-9
1634:978-1-57898-538-8
1256:
1255:
1251:
1235:(captain Gagarin)
1189:(captain Dugdale)
849:) to attack with
827:Sviatoi Evstafii'
709:ships of the line
658:Mediterranean Sea
650:Russo-Turkish War
586:Battle of Cheshme
576:
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484:Russo-Turkish War
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16:(Redirected from
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3853:2nd Kerch Strait
3475:
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3442:1st Kerch Strait
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2699:Strait of Hormuz
2561:Peñón of Algiers
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1907:Novitsky, Vasily
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1608:. Archived from
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1593:. Archived from
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1537:on 25 March 2023
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1421:Battle of Chesma
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1318:Other depictions
1246:
1148:Graf Tchernyshev
1142:Despatch vessel
970:Sviatoi Ianuarii
944:Sviatoi Evstafii
910:
905:Sviatoi Evstafii
819:Sviatoi Evstafii
805:
801:Sviatoi Evstafii
793:Sviatoi Evstafii
778:Sviatoi Ianuarii
688:General-in-Chief
680:John Elphinstone
673:Grigory Spiridov
590:Battle of Chesma
488:
476:
469:
462:
453:
429:
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347:
346:
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337:Gazi Hasan Pasha
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324:Hüsameddin Pasha
321:
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305:John Elphinstone
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267:Grigory Spiridov
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60:this article by
51:inline citations
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3193:4th Dardanelles
3187:3rd Dardanelles
3182:2nd Dardanelles
3176:1st Dardanelles
3129:
2941:2nd Zrínyiújvár
2936:1st Zrínyiújvár
2931:Jurjeve Stijene
2727:
2726:
2715:
2618:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2334:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2052:
2015:
1994:
1992:Further reading
1989:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1953:
1949:). p. 690.
1931:
1922:
1920:
1904:
1885:
1853:Anderson, R. C.
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1828:
1826:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1647:Dowling, T. C.
1646:
1642:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1600:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1336:Ivan Aivazovsky
1329:
1320:
1275:Battle of Larga
1261:
1222:(captain Ilyin)
957:Tri Svyatitelya
823:Tri Svyatitelya
803:
770:Tri Svyatitelya
758:
646:
579:
578:
577:
572:
489:
485:
482:
480:
446:
445:
444:
443:
438:
432:
431:
430:
408:
406:
404:
402:
397:
395:
393:
381:
380:32 small craft,
379:
377:
375:
373:
368:
366:
365:1 bomb vessels,
364:
362:
351:
343:
341:
331:
329:
317:
315:
309:
297:
292:
290:
278:
273:
271:
261:
259:
247:
245:
225:
223:
212:
210:
196:Russian victory
181:
179:
175:
172:
167:
164:
162:
160:
159:
158:
118:
117:
115:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Battle of Çeşme
15:
12:
11:
5:
4025:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3933:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3260:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:Cape Celidonia
3162:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2960:Saint Gotthard
2957:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2834:Alcácer Quibir
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2725:Transformation
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2329:Constantinople
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2059:Ottoman Empire
2057:involving the
2053:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2013:External links
2011:
2010:
2009:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1965:
1951:
1947:St. Petersburg
1929:
1902:
1888:
1871:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1805:
1792:
1779:
1759:
1756:978-0521792691
1739:
1735:Tashlykov 2017
1722:
1718:Polovtsov 1912
1710:
1685:
1673:britannica.com
1660:
1640:
1633:
1615:
1578:
1563:
1548:
1517:
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1511:
1508:
1507:
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1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1416:G. A. Spiridov
1410:
1403:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1229:
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1225:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
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1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
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1101:
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1095:
1089:
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1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
988:
985:
979:
978:
975:
972:
966:
965:
962:
959:
953:
952:
949:
946:
940:
939:
936:
933:
927:
926:
921:
916:
901:Semend-i Bahri
785:G. A. Spiridov
757:
754:
645:
642:
614:Ottoman Empire
574:
573:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
481:
479:
478:
471:
464:
456:
448:
447:
434:
433:
424:
423:
417:
416:
415:
414:
411:
410:
399:
396:534–661 killed
389:
388:
384:
383:
370:
369:4 supply ships
358:
357:
353:
352:
350:
349:
339:
327:
312:
310:
308:
307:
288:
269:
257:
242:
239:
238:
234:
233:
231:Ottoman Empire
221:
219:Russian Empire
207:
206:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
156:Ottoman Empire
142:
140:
136:
135:
132:
124:
123:
107:
106:
99:
98:
92:
91:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4024:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:Naval battles
3837:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Philippopolis
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3466:Modernization
3463:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:Naval battles
3411:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:Naval battles
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:Naval battles
2621:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2360:Classical Age
2357:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:Naval battles
2337:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
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2127:
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2110:
2106:
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2089:
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2078:
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2073:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:975-409-452-7
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1883:975-00051-4-7
1880:
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1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:H. M. Scott.
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1699:
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1531:100.histrf.ru
1528:
1522:
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1498:
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1423:
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1407:
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1398:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1312:Tsarskoe Selo
1309:
1308:Chesma Column
1305:
1301:
1300:St Petersburg
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1268:Chesma Column
1265:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:(store ship)
1128:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:Ne Tron Menya
1007:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
989:
986:
984:
981:
976:
973:
971:
968:
963:
960:
958:
955:
950:
947:
945:
942:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
908:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
887:Ne tron menya
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:Ne Tron Menya
856:
852:
848:
844:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
753:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:Kapudan Pasha
724:commanded by
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
692:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
487:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
457:
454:
442:
437:
421:
412:
400:
391:
390:
385:
371:
360:
359:
354:
340:
338:
328:
325:
314:
313:
311:
306:
301:
289:
287:
282:
270:
268:
258:
255:
244:
243:
241:
240:
235:
232:
222:
220:
209:
208:
203:
195:
192:
191:
186:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
137:
134:5–7 July 1770
133:
130:
129:
125:
121:
113:
108:
105:
100:
95:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3951:
3936:
3927:
3867:
3845:
3827:
3805:
3763:
3756:
3734:
3662:
3655:
3633:
3621:
3614:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3521:
3494:
3478:Land battles
3419:
3401:
3394:
3332:
3325:
3303:
3296:
3292:2nd Belgrade
3287:Petrovaradin
3279:
3272:
3265:
3259:Land battles
3230:
3218:
3191:
3174:
3152:
3140:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3078:Egri Palanka
3076:
3069:
3052:
3045:
3033:
3011:
2964:
2952:
2945:
2923:
2916:
2904:
2887:
2880:
2858:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2737:Land battles
2708:
2704:Gulf of Oman
2691:
2674:
2662:
2655:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2611:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2479:
2447:
2440:
2428:
2394:1st Belgrade
2372:Land battles
2327:
2315:
2293:
2276:
2267:Hermannstadt
2259:
2252:
2247:Thessalonica
2245:
2238:
2226:
2199:
2182:
2172:Philadelphia
2170:
2163:
2156:
2151:Sırp Sındığı
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2088:Kulaca Hisar
2086:
2080:Land battles
1998:
1997:Baş, Ersan:
1979:. Retrieved
1973:
1958:
1936:
1923:30 September
1921:. Retrieved
1916:
1911:
1891:
1886:(in Turkish)
1874:
1857:
1845:Bibliography
1834:
1827:. Retrieved
1822:
1818:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1767:
1762:
1747:
1742:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1648:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1610:the original
1605:
1595:the original
1590:
1581:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1530:
1521:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1413:
1381:Chios Strait
1349:
1331:
1306:(1775), and
1290:
1287:
1283:
1272:
1259:Significance
1247:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1202:
1186:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1008:
995:
983:Tri Ierarcha
982:
969:
956:
943:
930:
923:
918:
913:
904:
900:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:in reserve,
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:Samuel Greig
840:
826:
822:
818:
815:Feodor Orlov
812:
808:Real Mustafa
807:
800:
797:Real Mustafa
796:
792:
782:
777:
774:Tri Ierarcha
773:
769:
765:
761:
759:
742:
734:Real Mustafa
733:
711:, perhaps 6
706:
694:Alexei Orlov
682:, a British
677:Rear Admiral
647:
622:Orlov Revolt
600:near and in
593:
589:
585:
580:
512:
508:Orlov revolt
394:4 fire ships
367:4 fireships,
286:Samuel Greig
254:Alexey Orlov
205:Belligerents
152:Chios Strait
102:Part of the
76:
67:
48:
3771:Shipka Pass
3725:Başgedikler
3720:Akhaltsikhe
3685:Akhaltsikhe
3529:Mount Tabor
3512:Shubra Khit
3447:2nd Ochakov
3390:2nd Ochakov
3350:Stavunchany
3345:1st Ochakov
2889:Nagykanizsa
2567:Leobersdorf
1135:Potchtalyon
1080:Sv. Nikolai
1048:Other ships
1042:Battleship
1029:Battleship
1016:Battleship
1003:Battleship
990:Battleship
977:Battleship
964:Battleship
914:Battle line
896:D. S. Ilyin
730:Hasan Pasha
640:in Russia.
486:(1768–1774)
378:13 galleys,
374:6 frigates,
363:3 frigates,
180: /
62:introducing
3966:Categories
3765:Kızıl Tepe
3641:Dervenakia
3539:Heliopolis
3403:Karánsebes
3327:Banja Luka
3247:Old Regime
3232:Samothrace
3160:Cape Corvo
3054:Negroponte
3041:2nd Mohács
3035:Vrtijeljka
3002:2nd Vienna
2987:2nd Khotyn
2972:Krasnobród
2912:1st Khotyn
2900:Tashiskari
2866:Călugăreni
2813:Gvozdansko
2785:Mostaganem
2664:Formentera
2657:1st Jeddah
2554:1st Mohács
2519:Mercidabık
2455:Breadfield
2442:Valea Albă
2404:Târgoviște
2389:2nd Oranik
2317:2nd Kosovo
2311:1st Oranik
2212:Karanovasa
2178:Dubravnica
2144:Adrianople
1981:14 October
1867:1015099422
1704:2008-12-12
1541:18 October
1174:Graf Orlov
1161:Graf Panin
1022:Svyatoslav
752:in 1798).
654:Baltic Sea
588:(also the
441:Aegean Sea
405:13 galleys
398:40 wounded
382:1,300 guns
168:26°17′24″E
165:38°19′48″N
45:references
3823:Velestino
3818:Al Wajbah
3742:Eupatoria
3730:Kurekdere
3690:Kulevicha
3646:Karpenisi
3616:Drăgășani
3380:Kozludzha
3316:Yeghevārd
3220:Oinousses
3084:Slankamen
2997:Trembowla
2947:Novi Zrin
2882:Keresztes
2876:2nd Brest
2841:1st Brest
2613:Sokhoista
2601:Esztergom
2526:Han Yunus
2470:Cătlăbuga
2430:Otlukbeli
2409:2nd Mokra
2346:Gallipoli
2301:1st Mokra
2261:Novo Brdo
2228:Nicopolis
2207:Kırkdilim
2130:Gallipoli
2116:Pelekanon
1599:Article:
1503:Kronstadt
1397:Çeşme Bay
1240:Fireship
1207:Mackenzie
1205:(captain
1119:Sv. Pavel
1073:Bomb ship
996:Rostislav
855:Rostislav
847:Rostislav
766:Rostislav
666:Black Sea
563:Kozludzha
543:Turtucaia
376:6 xebecs,
348:Cafer Bey
144:Çeşme Bay
70:July 2012
3905:Navarino
3900:Gerontas
3863:Kaliakra
3796:Taşkesen
3786:4th Kars
3752:3rd Kars
3747:Chernaya
3736:Oltenița
3700:2nd Acre
3675:2nd Kars
3664:Phaleron
3657:Kamatero
3651:Arachova
3629:Vasilika
3600:Valtetsi
3564:Al-Safra
3559:Slobozia
3549:Arpachai
3523:1st Acre
3517:Pyramids
3452:Fidonisi
3365:Aspindza
3360:Khresili
3355:1st Kars
3214:Mytilene
3170:Focchies
3100:Moulouya
3094:Ustechko
3060:Batočina
2977:Niemirów
2925:Köbölkút
2752:Temesvár
2682:Girolata
2645:Balearic
2533:Ridanieh
2513:Koçhisar
2500:Turnadag
2493:Çaldıran
2399:Albulena
2384:Krusevac
2379:Leskovac
2289:Torvioll
2284:Kunovica
2278:Zlatitsa
2123:Demotika
1957:(1912).
1855:(1952).
1698:Archived
1434:See also
1314:(1778).
1304:Gatchina
1195:Fireship
1113:Frigate
1106:Nadezhda
1100:Frigate
1087:Frigate
867:Nadezhda
738:Mytilene
713:frigates
660:to draw
632:against
630:Ottomans
616:and the
606:Anatolia
548:Kaynarca
528:Akkerman
498:Aspindza
356:Strength
139:Location
3952:italics
3890:Nauplia
3885:Algiers
3829:Domokos
3813:Mouzaki
3801:Novšiće
3781:Aladzha
3758:Al-Hasa
3695:Algiers
3623:Sculeni
3605:Doliana
3595:Erzurum
3584:Alamana
3496:Giurgiu
3485:Focșani
3427:Matapan
3396:Mehadia
3385:Kinburn
3340:Perekop
3305:Samarra
3298:Kurijan
3209:Algiers
3204:Algiers
3199:Algiers
3148:Lepanto
3071:Zernest
3065:2nd Niš
3024:Eperjes
3007:Párkány
2982:Komarno
2966:Ładyżyn
2895:Sufiyan
2871:Giurgiu
2827:Torches
2799:Szigeth
2778:Tlemcen
2745:Tlemcen
2687:Alborán
2676:Preveza
2631:Zonchio
2607:Karagak
2587:Algiers
2580:Baghdad
2573:Gorjani
2547:Tlemcen
2507:Algiers
2449:Shkodra
2306:Otonetë
2272:1st Niš
2254:Golubac
2240:Çamurlu
2190:Pločnik
2165:Maritsa
2158:Samokov
2137:Ihtiman
2095:Bapheus
2055:Battles
1943:Leipzig
1829:4 March
1606:neva.ru
1591:neva.ru
1197:; sunk
1035:Saratov
891:topsail
885:and/or
863:Saratov
748:at the
721:galleys
684:captain
670:Admiral
662:Ottoman
656:to the
644:Prelude
558:Chkheri
553:Hirsovo
503:Nauplia
58:improve
3858:Tendra
3847:Andros
3807:Ulcinj
3776:Plevna
3590:Gravia
3570:Jeddah
3534:Abukir
3502:Izmail
3490:Rymnik
3437:Patras
3421:Imbros
3334:Grocka
3311:Kirkuk
3267:Chelif
3226:Andros
3142:Cyprus
3047:Crimea
2918:Candia
2906:Cecora
2820:Çıldır
2759:Palast
2710:Djerba
2487:Dubica
2481:Krbava
2475:Vrpile
2436:Vaslui
2419:Vaikal
2234:Ankara
2217:Rovine
2201:Kosovo
2195:Bileća
2109:Nicaea
2102:Dimbos
2061:by era
2005:
1898:
1881:
1865:
1774:
1754:
1678:31 May
1655:
1631:
1093:Afrika
1084:26/38?
931:Evropa
879:Afrika
871:Afrika
851:Evropa
804:'s
762:Evropa
756:Battle
746:Nelson
717:xebecs
634:Russia
594:Chesme
538:Patras
533:Beirut
513:Chesma
216:
193:Result
150:) and
47:, but
4012:Çeşme
3910:Sinop
3895:Samos
3880:Athos
3715:Nezib
3710:Konya
3680:Varna
3670:Petra
3610:Lalas
3577:Čegar
3554:Batin
3544:Derna
3507:Măcin
3432:Çeşme
3375:Kagul
3370:Larga
3321:Ganja
3281:Pruth
3154:Tunis
3125:Zenta
3107:Lugos
3089:Hodów
3029:Kassa
2954:Jijel
2860:Banat
2854:Sisak
2848:Bihać
2792:Krupa
2772:Tadla
2693:Ponza
2670:Tunis
2638:Modon
2540:Jajce
2465:Adana
2424:Meçad
2414:Ohrid
2323:Polog
2295:Varna
2222:Ohrid
2184:Savra
1915:[
1471:Notes
1365:Dutch
877:near
719:, 13
702:Greig
698:naval
691:Count
610:Chios
602:Çeşme
583:naval
568:Kerch
523:Cahul
518:Larga
148:Çeşme
146:(off
3705:Hims
3635:Peta
3274:Oran
3120:Azov
3114:Ulaş
3013:Buda
2992:Lwów
2594:Pest
2068:Rise
2003:ISBN
1983:2023
1925:2023
1896:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1863:OCLC
1831:2017
1772:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1680:2023
1653:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1543:2023
1513:Refs
1424:1770
1127:Pink
1065:Grom
1058:Type
1053:Guns
924:Type
919:Guns
883:Grom
875:Grom
857:and
715:, 6
675:and
648:The
581:The
131:Date
3937:see
3928:see
3019:Vác
2806:Fez
2766:Fez
2651:Diu
2460:Una
1334:by
1310:in
1298:in
789:van
592:or
3968::
1972:.
1833:.
1823:16
1821:.
1817:.
1725:^
1696:.
1671:.
1604:.
1589:.
1566:^
1551:^
1178:18
1165:18
1152:22
1139:14
1110:32
1097:32
1069:12
1039:66
1026:84
1013:66
1000:68
987:66
974:66
961:66
948:68
935:66
853:,
825:.
768:,
704:.
154:,
3954:.
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
1985:.
1927:.
1869:.
1737:.
1720:.
1707:.
1682:.
1637:.
1561:.
1545:.
1399:)
1383:)
1233:?
1220:?
1209:)
1203:?
1187:?
1123:8
475:e
468:t
461:v
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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