Operation Michael - Knowledge (XXG)

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solid were about faced and moved off to the attack with an enthusiasm that is nothing short of incredible. By rights, the Brigade should have been incapable of the action yet those quoted as being there remark that it was the most memorable event of the entire rearguard action. At 5pm, with the Fusiliers on the right, the Bedfords on the left and the Northamptons in reserve, the Brigade formed up with the Babouef to Compeigne road on their right and the southern edge of the woods above Babouef to their left. The Germans had not expected a British counter attack, thinking there was nothing but ragged French units in their area, so were surprised at the arrival of three small but determined British battalions. They put little fight up and many Germans fell in the hand to hand fighting that lasted for around

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made more progress south of Arras, his troops posed less of a threat to the stronger Third Army than the Fifth Army, because the British defences to the north were superior and because of the obstacle of the old Somme battlefield. Ludendorff expected that his troops would advance 8 km (5 mi) on the first day and capture the Allied field artillery. Ludendorff's dilemma was that the parts of the Allied line that he needed to break most were also the best defended. Much of the German advance was achieved quickly but in the wrong direction, on the southern flank where the Fifth Army defences were weakest. Operation Mars was hastily prepared, to try to widen the breach in the Third Army lines but was repulsed, achieving little but German casualties.

1573: 1712:, composed during the 1920s, describes Petain as informing Haig on 24 March, that the French army were preparing to fall back towards Beauvais to protect Paris if the German advance continued. This would create a gap between the British and French armies and force the British to retreat towards the Channel Ports. The traditional account then describes Haig as sending a telegram to the War Office to request an Allied conference. More recent historians view this view as a fabrication: the earlier manuscript version of Haig's diary, rather than the edited typeset version, is silent on the supposed telegram and Petain's willingness to abandon the British for Paris (a withdrawal which is also geographically implausible). 1313: 1484:. The 54th Brigade were holding the line directly to their south and were initially unaware of their predicament, as they were unknowingly being outflanked and surrounded. The 54th Brigade History records "the weather still favoured the Germans. Fog was thick over the rivers, canals and little valleys, so that he could bring up fresh masses of troops unseen". In the confusion, Brigade HQ tried to establish what was happening around Jussy and by late morning the British were retreating in front of German troops who had crossed the Crozat Canal at many points. All lines of defence had been overrun and there was nothing left to stop the German advance; during the day Aubigny, Brouchy, Cugny and Eaucourt fell. 1405:

often not knowing who was to either side of them. Brigade and battalion control over events was absent. It was a day of stubborn and often heroic actions by platoons, sections and even individuals isolated from their comrades by the fragmented nature of the battle and lack of visibility. The greatest danger facing the British on 22 March was that the Third and Fifth Armies might become separated. Byng did not order a retirement from the Flesquières salient, which his army had won at such cost and Haig ordered him to keep in contact with the Fifth Army, even if that required a further retreat; the day also saw the first French troops enter the battle on the southern flank.

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small redoubts for two or four platoons. Posts and redoubts were sited so that intervening ground could be swept by machine-gun and rifle-fire or from machine-guns adjacent to the redoubts. Defence of the Forward Zone depended on fire-power rather than large numbers of troops but in the Fifth Army area a lack of troops meant that the zone was too weak to be able to repulse a large attack. The Battle Zone was also usually organised in three defensive systems, front, intermediate and rear, connected by communication trenches and switch lines, with the defenders concentrated in centres of resistance rather than in continuous lines. About

2130: 1633:. A series of small German attacks dislodged the exhausted British troops piecemeal and gaps in the front created by this staggered withdrawal were exploited by the Germans. The 54th Brigade was slowly outflanked by attacks from the north-east and north-west, the brigade fell back into Villeselve and were heavily bombarded by German Artillery from around 12:00. British troops, supported by French infantry attempted to hold the line here but the French received orders to retreat, leaving the British flank exposed; the British retreated with the French and fell back through 1721: 1896:

action north of Guiscard the night before and their retreat was a 50-kilometre (30 mi) continuous night march from Guiscard to Erches, along the Guerbigny–Bouchoir road. They route-marched through Bussy to Avricourt, then on to Tilloloy, Popincourt, Grivillers, Marquivillers and finally via Guerbigny to Erches, where they arrived, completely exhausted, around 11:00 on 26 March. The German troops who took Roye during the early hours of the morning, continued to advance on the Bouchoir–Guerbigny line and by mid-morning were in Andechy, 5.6 kilometres (

248: 358: 228: 887:). During the winter of 1917–1918, the new British line was established in an arc around St. Quentin, by many small unit actions among the ruined villages in the area. There were many isolated outposts, gaps in the line and large areas of disputed territory and waste land. These positions were slowly improved by building the new three-zone system of defence in depth but much of the work was performed by infantry working-parties. Most of the redoubts in the battle zone were complete by March 1918 but the rear zone was still under construction. 130: 1781: 171: 1202:

German preparations, new supply roads had been constructed and shell craters had been turned into concealed trench mortar batteries. Heavily laden motorised and horse-drawn transports had been seen heading into St. Quentin from the east, and in the distance German officers were observed studying British lines. The British replied with nightly bombardments of the German front line, rear areas and possible assembly areas. A few days before the attack, two German deserters slipped through No Man's Land and surrendered to the

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barely 10 m (10 yd) in places and the fog was extremely slow to dissipate throughout the morning. The fog and smoke from the bombardment made visibility poor throughout the day, allowing the German infantry to infiltrate deep behind the British front positions undetected. Much of the Forward Zone fell during the morning as communication failed; telephone wires were cut and runners struggled to find their way through the dense fog and heavy shelling. Headquarters were cut off and unable to influence the battle.

2084:. His aim was to secure that town and the surrounding high ground from which artillery bombardments could systematically destroy Amiens and render it useless to the Allies. The fighting was remarkable on two counts: the first use of tanks simultaneously by both sides in the war and a night counter-attack hastily organised by the Australian and British units (including the exhausted 54th Brigade) which re-captured Villers-Bretonneux and halted the German advance. From north to south, the line was held by the 1871:

the northern end of the village, they produced an instantaneous effect. Some three hundred of the enemy, about to enter it from the east, fled in panic. A number of others, finding their retreat cut off, surrendered to some infantry of the 51st Divn…" Despite this success German pressure on Byng's southern flank and communication misunderstandings resulted in the premature retirement of units from Bray and the abandonment of the Somme crossings westwards. To the south of the Somme the 1/1st Herts were:

1549: mi) west of Bapaume). 2nd Army will take Miraumont–Lihons (near Chaulnes) as direction of advance. 18th Army, echeloned, will take Chaulnes–Noyon as direction of advance, and will send strong forces via Ham". The 17th Army was to roll-up British forces northwards and the 2nd Army was to attack west along the Somme, towards the vital railway centre of Amiens. The 18th Army was to head south-west, destroying French reinforcements on their line of march and threatening the approaches to Paris in the 158: 1508:

stubbornly defended. The Bn then retired with difficulty to the line protecting the PERONNE–CLERY road with the remainder of the 116th Inf. Bde. to cover the retreat of the 117th and 118th Inf. Bdes. When this had been successfully accomplished under very harassing machine gun fire from the enemy, the Bn conformed to the general retirement on CLERY village where it concentrated. The remnants of the Bn then defended a line of trenches between the village and running down to the River SOMME.

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Elsewhere the transport infrastructure had been demolished and wells poisoned during the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917. The initial German jubilation at the successful opening of the offensive soon turned to disappointment as it became clear that the attack had not been decisive. Marix Evans wrote in 2002, that the magnitude of the Allied defeat was not decisive, because reinforcements were arriving in large numbers, that by 6 April the BEF would have received

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where the defences had been completed and had been captured. Most of the troops in the zone were taken prisoner by the Germans who moved up unseen in the fog; garrisons in the various keeps and redoubts had been surrounded. Many parties inflicted heavy losses on the Germans, despite attacks on their trenches with flame throwers. Some surrounded units surrendered once cut off, after running out of ammunition and having had many casualties; others fought to the last man.

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barrage of 6,000 guns on the Western Front, refers to the recent defeat of Russia which allowed the release of troops from the East to reinforce the Western armies, and expresses the hope of the High Command that victory in the offensive before America can effectively intervene will win the war for Germany. The second half of the movie following the intermission begins with the breakdown of the German attack and the armies being forced into retreat.

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by all the laws of strategy they ought to have done, was the heroism of the Fifth Army and its utter refusal to break. They fought a 38-mile rearguard action, contesting every village, field and, on occasion, yard ... With no reserves and no strongly defended line to its rear, and with eighty German divisions against fifteen British, the Fifth Army fought the Somme offensive to a standstill on the Ancre, not retreating beyond Villers-Bretonneux.

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themselves, started at Curlu on the Somme and ran past places well known in the battle of the Somme, the Bazentins and High Wood, and then extended due north to Arras. It was, for the most part, continuous, but broken and irregular in the centre where some parts were in advance of others; and there were actually many gaps... Further, the men of the right and centre corps ... were almost exhausted owing to hunger and prolonged lack of sleep.

1519: 752: 1960: 60: 2000:] very few men. The retirement took place in daylight through HARBONNIERS & CAIX. At the latter place the Bn attacked the enemy successfully but thereafter had orders to retire on COYEUX where it again assembled in a counter attack in which the acting Commanding Officer was wounded. During the day rearguard actions took place along the river bed to IGNAUCOURT. In the evening the Bn went into trenches in front of AUBERCOURT. 1123: 185: 1035: 2106: 1875:... moved forward through CHUIGNES to a line in front of the CHUIGNES-FOUCACOURT road I support to the 117th and 118th Bdes. After covering their retirement the Bn fought a series of rearguard actions on the many ridges in front of the village of CHUIGNOLLES. In the afternoon the Bn occupied the PROYART-FROISSY road. Orders were given for the Bn to withdraw behind PROYART, astride the FOUCACOURT-MANOTTE road. 1395: 1304:, at the XVIII Corps HQ he was briefed that the Battle Zone was intact and at the XIX Corps HQ found that the Forward Zone on each flank had been captured. Gough ordered that ground was to be held for as long as possible but that the left flank was to be withdrawn, to maintain touch with the VII Corps. The 50th Division was ordered forward as a reinforcement for the next day. On the VII Corps front, 967:

telephone exchanges, railways and communication centres. There were three phases to the bombardment: a brief fire on command and communications, then a destructive counter-battery bombardment and then bombardment of front-line positions. The deep bombardment aimed to knock out the opponent's ability to respond; it lasted only a few hours to retain surprise, before the infantry attacked behind a

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for a new line which would be formed between Bouchoir and Guerbigny. During the day, the Germans made a rapid advance and Allied troops and civilians with laden carts and wagons filled the roads south and west. The Germans passed through Libermont and over the Canal du Nord. Further north, the town of Nesle was captured, while south-west of Libermont German troops faced the French along the

1836:, and Generals Pétain, Foch, Haig and Wilson. The result of the meeting was that General Foch was first given command on the Western Front and then made Generalissimo of the Allied forces. It was agreed to hold the Germans east of Amiens and an increasing number of French formations would reinforce the Fifth Army, eventually taking over large parts of the front south of Amiens. 993:. This reduced the proportion of troops in the front line, which was lightly held by snipers, patrols and machine-gun posts and concentrated reserves and supply dumps to the rear, away from German artillery. British divisions arranged their nine infantry battalions in the forward and battle zones according to local conditions and the views of commanders; about 924: 1931:

than 30 kilometres (20 mi) east of Amiens. This was a consequence of the precipitate abandonment of Bray and the winding line of the Somme river, with its important bridgeheads westwards towards Sailly-le-Sec, by the Third Army on the afternoon of 26 March. The important communications centre of Montdidier was lost by the French on 27 March.

823:. There were 110 of these divisions on the front line, and 50 of them faced the smaller British front. With 31 facing the BEF, there were 67 additional divisions in reserve. 318,000 American soldiers were expected in France by May 1918, and another million were expected by August. The Germans knew that the only chance of victory was to defeat the 876:, had agreed that the BEF would take over more of the front line, at the Boulogne Conference, against military advice, after which the British line was extended. The "line", taken over from the French, barely existed, needing much work to make it easily defensible to the positions further north, which slowed progress in the area of the 1891:

remains of the four divisions, the 20th, 36th, 30th and 61st, of the XVIII Corps. These General Maxse had instructed to assemble at and north-west of Roye, in order to keep connection between Robillot's Corps and the XIX Corps and to ensure that if the Allied Armies separated, the XVIII Corps might still remain with the Fifth Army.

1421:, to which the survivors retired. The redoubt was reinforced by two companies of the 18th King's and attacked from all sides after the units on the flanks had been pushed back. The Bedfords were ordered to retire just as their ammunition ran out and retreated through the lines of the 20th Division, having lost half their number. 1939:

forward to the left and cover their withdrawal. After having skilfully carried this out the Bn conformed to the general withdrawal to a line between MORCOURT and the FOUCACOURT–LAMOTTE road. The Bn collected and assembled, then counter attacked the enemy, driving him back to within a few hundred yards of the village of MORCOURT.

1206:. They spoke of troops, batteries of artillery and trench mortars massing on the German front. They reported massed trench mortars directly in front of 36th Division lines for wire cutting and an artillery bombardment, lasting several hours, as a preliminary to an infantry assault. During the night of 20 March, troops of the 1749:

them retreated, so another retirement was ordered. They withdrew back to Mont Du Grandu further south and away from the British Fifth Army. Midday saw them in a stronger position until French artillery and machine guns opened fire on them, mistaking them for Germans, forcing them to retire to high ground west of Grandu.

1805:, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, arrived at General Headquarters at 11:00 on 25 March, where they discussed the position of the British Armies astride the river Somme. Haig wanted at least twenty French divisions to help defend Amiens and delivered a message for the French Premier Clemenceau. The 1993:

The position gained was held stubbornly against all enemy attempts to retake it. On the morning of the 28th orders were received for a speedy evacuation of this line. The enemy at this point was well in our rear in possession of LAMOTTE so that the withdrawal had to be done quickly. The Bn showed the

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salient, created during the Battle of Cambrai. The 18th Army, transferred from the Eastern Front, planned its attack either side of St. Quentin, to divide the British and French armies. The two northern armies would then attack the British position around Arras, before advancing north-west to cut off

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bypassed heavily defended areas, which follow-up infantry units could deal with once they were isolated, and occupied territory rapidly to disrupt communication by attacking enemy headquarters, artillery units and supply depots in the rear. Each division transferred its best and fittest soldiers into

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took place against the French in the Champagne region. Although British intelligence knew that a German offensive was being prepared, this far-reaching plan was much more ambitious than Allied commanders expected. Ludendorff aimed to advance across the Somme, then wheel north-west, to cut the British

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had commanded the attack on Riga in late 1917 and because the 18th Army under his command had advanced the furthest during Operation Michael but the methods used in 1918 had been developed in the trench warfare of the Western Front 1915–1917. German artillery tactics in 1918 were also the product of

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were lost. It was of little military value with the casualties suffered by the German elite troops and the failure to capture Amiens and Arras. The captured ground was hard to move over and difficult to defend, as much of it was part of the shell-torn wilderness left by the 1916 Battle of the Somme.

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The offensive saw a great wrong perpetrated on a distinguished British commander that was not righted for many years. Gough's Fifth Army had been spread thin on a 42-mile front lately taken over from the exhausted and demoralized French. The reason why the Germans did not break through to Paris, as

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The town was then occupied by German troops who looted writing paper, wine and other items they found. 27 March saw a series of continuous complex actions and movements during the defensive battle of XIX Corps against incessant German attacks from the north, east and north-west around Rosières, less

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After three days the infantry was exhausted and the advance bogged down, as it became increasingly difficult to move artillery and supplies over the Somme battlefield of 1916 and the wasteland of the 1917 German retreat to the Hindenburg Line. German troops had also examined abandoned British supply

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By nightfall, the British had lost the line of the Somme, except for a stretch between the Omignon and the Tortille. The fighting and retirements in the face of unceasing pressure by the 2nd Army led the right of the Third Army to give up ground as it tried to maintain contact with the left flank of

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On the second day of the offensive, British troops continued to fall back, losing their last footholds on the original front line. Thick fog impeded operations and did not disperse until early afternoon. Isolated engagements took place as the Germans pressed forward and the British held their posts,

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had been captured and the 39th Division was being brought forward; on the rest of the front, the 21st and 9th divisions were maintaining their positions and had preserved the link with V Corps of the Third Army in the Flesquières Salient to the north. The Fifth Army "Forward Zone", was the only area

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When the infantry assault began at 09:40, the German infantry had mixed success; the German 17th and 2nd Armies were unable to penetrate the Battle Zone on the first day but the 18th Army advanced further and reached its objectives. Dawn broke to reveal a heavy morning mist. By 05:00, visibility was

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In the Weekly Intelligence Summary of 10 March 1918, British intelligence predicted a German offensive in the Arras–St. Quentin area based on air reconnaissance photographs and the testimony of deserters; the prediction was reiterated in the next summary on 17 March. Allied aircraft had photographed

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Today (March 30) saw the enemy advancing on the right flank on the other side of the river de LUCE. He very soon enfiladed our positions both with artillery and machine guns. This was followed by a strong enemy bombardment and attack on our front. After a stubborn resistance the Bn fell back to the

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The focus of the German attack changed again on 28 March. The Third Army, around Arras, that would be the target of Operation Mars. Twenty-nine divisions attacked the Third Army and were repulsed. German troops advancing against the Fifth Army, from the original front at St. Quentin, had penetrated

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The Bn who were in trenches on both sides of the road were ordered to move forward in support of the 118th Bde, being temporarily attached to the 4/5th Black Watch Regt. Soon after moving forward British troops were seen retiring to the left in large numbers. Consequently the Bn was ordered to move

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Most of the 36th Division had arrived in their new lines around 02:00 on 26 March, and were able to sleep for about six hours, the longest continuous sleep they had in six days, as German troops occupied Roye. The 9th Irish Fusiliers were a long way behind the rest of the Division, delayed by their

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More orders were received at 3pm to move to Varesnes on the south bank of the River Oise but whilst en-route they were countermanded with surprise orders to counter attack and retake a village called Babouef. Therefore, the war worn Brigade who had been fighting and marching for four punishing days

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The remaining troops of the 36th Division were ordered to withdraw and reorganise. To give support to French troops now holding the front, they set off on a 24-kilometre (15 mi) march west. Around midday, they halted for a few hours rest near Avricourt. While there they received orders to head

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The focus of fighting developed to the north of the 54th Brigade, who were now joined with the French and the survivors of the 18th Division, who could scarcely raise enough men to form a small Brigade. By 10:00 on the 25th, the left flank of 7th Bedfordshires was again exposed as the French around

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By now, the front line was badly fragmented and highly fluid, as the remnants of the divisions of the Fifth Army were fighting and moving in small bodies, often composed of men of different units. German units advanced irregularly and some British units ended up under French command to the south or

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Before dawn the Bn marched to BUSSU & dug in hastily on the east side of the village. When both flanks became exposed the Bn retired to a line of trenches covering the PERONNE–NURLU road. After covering the 4/5th Black Watch Regt on the left the Bn withdrew to the ST. DENNIS line which was very

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Training emphasised rapid advance, the silencing of machine-guns and maintaining communication with the artillery, to ensure that infantry and the creeping barrage moved together. Infantry were issued with light machine-guns, mortars and rifle grenades and intensively trained. Thirty divisions were

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old were transferred, a machine-gun unit, air support and a communications unit were added to each division and the supply and medical branches were re-equipped but a chronic shortage of horses and fodder could not be remedied. Around the new year the mobile divisions were withdrawn for training in

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and pioneer battalions of the Fifth Army held the Forward Zone. Artillery, trench mortars and machine-guns were also arranged in depth, in positions chosen to allow counter-battery fire, harassing fire on transport routes, fire on assembly trenches and to be able to fire barrages along the front of

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lines of communication behind the Artois front, trapping the BEF in Flanders. Allied forces would be drawn away from the Channel ports, which were essential for British supply; the Germans could then attack these ports and other lines of communication. The British would be surrounded and surrender.

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depicts Operation Michael as the big German offensive Bruno Stachel's (George Peppard) squadron is supporting with strafing attacks and aerial combat against Allied air forces. At a squadron party celebrating one pilot's award of the Blue Max medal, the General (James Mason) announces the pending

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tanks which were lighter and faster than the Mark IVs. This was their first time in action. At around 13:00, "twelve Whippets of the 3rd Tank Battalion suddenly appeared from Colincamps, which they had reached at midday, and where there were only two infantry posts of the 51st Div. Debouching from

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What remains in my memory of this day is the constant taking up of new positions, followed by constant orders to retire, terrible blocks on the roads, inability to find anyone anywhere; by exceeding good luck almost complete freedom from shelling, a complete absence of food of any kind except what

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Late that night Haig (after first dining with General Byng when he urged Third Army to "hold on ... at all costs") travelled to Dury to meet the French commander-in-chief, General Pétain, at 23:00. Pétain was concerned that the British Fifth Army was beaten and that the "main" German offensive was

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After an intense bombardment of our trenches the enemy attacked with large numbers. The Bn, after heavy fighting, retired to a crest in front of the FEVILLERS-HEM WOOD ROAD. Here the Bn lost its Commanding Officer, Lieut. Colonel E. C. M. PHILLIPS, about whom, up to the time of writing, nothing is

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The Forward Zone was organised in three lines to a depth depending on the local terrain. The first two lines were not held continuously, particularly in the Fifth Army area, where they were in isolated outpost groups in front of an irregular line of supporting posts. The third line was a series of

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Developments in artillery tactics were also influential. Ludendorff was able to dispense with slow destructive and wire-cutting bombardments by using the large number of artillery pieces and mortars to fire "hurricane" bombardments concentrated on artillery and machine-gun positions, headquarters,

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The German attack against the Third Army was less successful than that against the Fifth Army. The German 17th Army east of Arras advanced only 3 km (2 mi) during the offensive, largely due to the British bastion of Vimy Ridge, the northern anchor of the British defences. Although Below

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Of the front between the Oise and the Somme, the French held 18 miles and the British 19 miles . It was for the greater part a continuous line; but there was a three-mile space between the French left at Roye and the right of the XIX Corps at Fransart... To fill the gap there were available the

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The whole of the Third Army had swung back, pivoting on its left, so that, although the VI and XVII Corps were little behind their positions of the 21st March, the right of V Corps had retired seventeen miles . The new line, consisting partly of old trenches and partly shallow ones dug by the men

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of the 6th Northamptonshire Battalion in the 54th Brigade, despite having never been in battle before, led a small and untried platoon as part of a counter-attack made by three companies, against German troops who had captured the Montagne Bridge on the Crozat Canal. The bridge was recaptured and

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Small parties of British troops fought delaying actions, to allow those to their rear to reach new defensive positions. Some British battalions continued to resist in the Battle Zone and delay the German advance, even managing to withdraw at the last moment. At l'Épine de Dallon the 2nd Wiltshire

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were fired in five hours, hitting targets over an area of 400 km (150 sq mi) in the biggest barrage of the war, against the Fifth Army, most of the front of Third Army and some of the front of the First Army to the north. The front line was badly damaged and communications were cut

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The German breakthrough had occurred just to the north of the boundary between the French and British armies. The new focus of the German attack came close to splitting the British and French armies. As the British were forced further west, the need for French reinforcements became increasingly

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Gough ordered a fighting retreat to win time for reinforcements to reach his army. As the British fell back, troops in the redoubts fought on, in the hope that they would be relieved by counter-attacks or to impose the maximum delay on the German attackers. The right wing of the Third Army also

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After three days of battle, with each night spent on the march or occupied in the sorting out and reorganization of units, the troops – Germans as well as British – were tired almost to the limits of endurance. The physical and mental strain of the struggle against overwhelming odds, the heavy

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At the time of the attack Fifth Army defences were still incomplete. The Rear Zone existed as outline markings only, while the Battle Zone consisted of battalion "redoubts" that were not mutually supporting, and were vulnerable to German troops infiltrating between them. The British ordered an

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The RFC flew sorties at low altitude in order to machine-gun and bomb ground targets and impede the German advance. On 25 March, they were particularly active west of Bapaume. Rearguard actions by the cavalry in the Third Army slowed the German advance but by 18:00 Byng had ordered a further

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prisoners were taken with very light casualties recorded by the Brigade; an incredible feat whatever way you view it. They dug in on the German side of the village amongst the cornfields and settled in for the night. Cooking limbers were even brought up and the idea of a quiet night gave the

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on the south, and quite unending in either direction...the enormous explosions of the shells upon our trenches seemed almost to touch each other, with hardly an interval in space or time...The weight and intensity of the bombardment surpassed anything which anyone had ever known before.

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An attempt by the Germans to renew the offensive on 5 April failed and by early morning, the British had forced the enemy out of all but the south-eastern corner of the town. German progress towards Amiens had reached its furthest westward point and Ludendorff terminated the offensive.

1150:), defended the area from Arras south to the Flesquières Salient. To the south, the Fifth Army (General Hubert Gough) held the line down to the junction with the French at Barisis. The Fifth Army held the longest front of the BEF, with twelve divisions and three cavalry divisions, 1234:

And then, exactly as a pianist runs his hands across the keyboard from treble to bass, there rose in less than one minute the most tremendous cannonade I shall ever hear...It swept round us in a wide curve of red leaping flame stretching to the north far along the front of the

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On 26 March, the general direction of the two northern German Armies of attack, the 2nd and 17th, was still due west; the 18th Army opened fanwise, its northern boundary some six miles , south of the Somme at Peronne, running west, but its southern one near Chauny, pointing

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slightly more than they inflicted on the BEF. The attack in the north had failed to isolate the Flesquières Salient, which had been held by the 63rd Division and the weight of the German offensive was increased in the south, where the 18th Army received six fresh divisions.

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road. The 1/1st Herts having spent the night in Maricourt, "marched from MARICOURT to INSAUNE. The march was continued after breakfast across the River SOMME at CAPPY to CHUIGNOLLES, where the Bn reorganised and spent the night." (1/1 Herts war diary, 25 March 1918).

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The artillery bombardment began at 04:35 with an intensive German barrage opened on British positions south west of St. Quentin for a depth of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi). At 04:40 a heavy German barrage began along a 60 km (40 mi) front. Trench mortars,

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wrote: "The year 1917 ... closed in an atmosphere of depression. Most divisions on the Western front had been engaged continuously in offensive operations ... all were exhausted ... and weakened." The last German offensive on the Western Front, before the Cambrai

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trained in the new tactics but had a lower scale of equipment than the elite divisions and the remainder were stripped of material to supply them, giving up most of their remaining draught animals. In the north, two German armies would attack either side of the

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17th Army ... met with very determined resistance, but it was hoped, with the aid of the 2nd Army on the south, which had not encountered so much opposition, and of new attacks – "Mars" and "Valkyrie" ... on the north that the 17th would be able to get going

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battalions. Second-line territorial and New Army divisions were badly disrupted, having in some cases to disband half of their battalions, to make way for units transferred from regular or first-line territorial divisions. Battalions had an establishment of

2042:). Some British ground was lost but the German attack was rapidly losing strength. The Germans had suffered massive casualties during the battle, many to their best units and in some areas the advance slowed, when German troops looted Allied supply depots. 1467:

French troops on the British right flank moved quickly to reinforce, with French commander-in-chief Petain dispatching three divisions before British General Headquarters requested assistance at 2 am and alerting 12 divisions to move forward the next day.

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With the choice of holding the old position on the heights east of Albert, on the left bank of the Ancre, or the high ground west of the devastated town, it had been decided to adopt the latter course. The ruins of Albert were therefore abandoned to the

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storm units, from which several new divisions were formed. This process gave the German army an initial advantage in the attack but meant that the best troops would suffer disproportionate casualties, while the men in reserve were of lower quality.

1346:. South-west of St. Quentin in the 36th Division area, the 9th Irish Fusiliers war diary record noted that there had been many casualties, three battalions of the Forward Zone had been lost and three battalions in the Battle Zone were reduced to 1738:

The movements of 25 March were extremely confused and reports from different battalions and divisions are often contradictory. An unidentified officer's account of his demoralising experiences that day is quoted in the British official history:

2474:

The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements Fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919 and the Third Afghan War, 1919: Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee as approved by the Army

1839:

Ludendorff issued new orders on 26 March. All three of his armies were given ambitious targets, including the capture of Amiens and an advance towards Compiègne and Montdidier, which fell on 27 March. Edmonds, the official historian, noted:

1214:

intermittent bombardment of German lines and likely assembly areas at 03:30 and a gas discharge on the 61st Division front. At 04:40 a huge German barrage began along all the Fifth Army front and most of the front of the Third Army.

2399:

from 18 to 21 March, before Operation Michael. There are frequent references to the anticipated "big German attack" and the play concludes with the launch of the German bombardment, in which one of the central characters is killed.

1534:

Ludendorff issued a directive for the "continuation of the operations as soon as the line Bapaume–Peronne–Ham had been reached: 17th Army will vigorously attack in the direction Arras–St Pol, left wing on Miraumont (7 km

1334:. By the close of the day, the Germans had broken through the British Forward Zone and entered the Battle Zone on most of the attack front and had advanced through the Battle Zone, on the right flank of the Fifth Army, from 3966:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1138:

the BEF in Flanders. In the south, it was intended to reach the Somme and then hold the line of the river against any French counter-attacks; the southern advance was extended to include an advance across the Somme.

1801:

retirement beyond the Ancre. Through the night of 25 March, the men of the Third Army attained their positions but in the process gaps appeared, the largest of over 6 km (4 mi) between V and VI Corps. Sir

1616:

and the south of Golancourt. An example of the condition of many British units, was the 54th Brigade of the 18th Division where by nightfall on 23 March, the 7th Bedfordshire and 6th Northamptonshire battalions had

391: 1970:

some 60 km (40 mi) by this time, reaching Montdidier. Rawlinson replaced Gough, who was "Stellenbosched" (sacked) despite having organised a long and reasonably successful retreat given the conditions.

4010:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 3944:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 4401:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. IV (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 1885:

French forces on the extreme right (south) of the line under the command of General Fayolle were defeated and fell back in the face of protracted fighting; serious gaps appeared between the retreating groups.

1700:

By night the Enemy had reached Le Transloy and Combles. North of Le Transloy our troops had hard fighting; the 31st, Guards, 3rd, 40th and 17th Divisions have all repulsed heavy attacks and held their ground.

989:, giving the British commanders little experience in defence. The development of a deep defence system of zones and trench lines by the Germans during 1917, had led the British to adopt a similar system of 6054: 6069: 1670:

In the late evening of 24 March, after enduring unceasing shelling, Bapaume was evacuated and then occupied by German forces on the following day. The British official historian, Brigadier-General Sir

6253: 2088:, 35th Australian Battalion and 18th Division. By 4 April the 14th Division fell back under attack from the German 228th Division. The Australians repulsed the 9th Bavarian Reserve Division and the 6753: 803:

on 21 January 1918. At the start of 1918, the German people were close to starvation and growing tired of the war. By mid-February 1918, while Germany was negotiating the Russian surrender and the

1559:). The advance had been costly and the German infantry were beginning to show signs of exhaustion; transport difficulties had emerged, supplies and much heavy artillery lagged behind the advance. 6728: 1832:

The Allied conference took place on 26 March at Doullens. Ten senior Allied politicians and generals were present, including the French President, British Prime Minister, Minister of Munitions

6723: 1448:. The daylight withdrawal to the Green Line, over almost 14 km (9 mi), was completed gradually, assisted by the defence of the Ricardo Redoubt whose garrison did not surrender until 1330:

In the Third Army area, German troops broke through during the morning, along the Cambrai–Bapaume road in the Boursies–Louverval area and through the weak defences of the 59th Division near

6151: 5788: 2076:

The final German attack was launched towards Amiens. It came on 4 April, when fifteen divisions attacked seven Allied divisions on a line east of Amiens and north of Albert (towards the

4952: 384: 2034:

The last general German attack came on 30 March. Von Hutier renewed his assault on the French, south of the new Somme salient, while von der Marwitz launched an attack towards Amiens (

1432:

appeared to have misinterpreted an order from Gough for a fighting retreat if necessary, to mean that the corps should fall back to the Somme. The Germans brought heavy artillery into

1016:

the British positions at the first sign of attack. Artillery positions were also chosen to offer cover and concealment, with alternative positions on the flanks and to the rear. About

6230: 498: 2145:

The Germans had captured 3,100 km (1,200 sq mi) of France and advanced up to 65 km (40 mi) but they had not achieved any of their strategic objectives. Over

6258: 4765: 6173: 730:

was unable to recover from its losses before these reinforcements took the field. Operation Michael failed to achieve its objectives and the German advance was reversed during the

1629:

at 10:00. The battle continued throughout the morning along the entire front and at 11:00, the remnants of the 14th Division were ordered to withdraw further south to the town of

6743: 6446: 5865: 4823: 1300:. Gough kept in contact with the corps commanders by telephone until 15:00 then visited them in turn. At the III Corps Headquarters ("HQ"), he authorised a withdrawal behind the 971:. Such artillery tactics had been made possible by the vast numbers of accurate heavy guns and large stocks of ammunition that Germany had deployed on the Western Front by 1918. 6553: 6738: 6718: 6461: 6216: 377: 1440:. The result of the misunderstanding between Gough and Maxse and different interpretations placed on boom messages and written orders, was that the 36th Division retired to 6456: 6146: 6097: 6012: 2178: 6300: 2429:

the first character introduced to the reader is Paul Jonas, who is fighting for the Allies on the Western Front somewhere near Ypres and Saint-Quentin on 24 March 1918.

6748: 6733: 890:

The BEF had been reorganised due to a lack of infantry replacements; divisions were reduced from twelve to nine battalions, on the model established by the German and

6141: 5499: 1026:

of the artillery was in the Battle Zone, with a few guns further forward and some batteries were concealed and forbidden to fire before the German offensive began.

28: 1114:

Forty-four divisions were allocated to Operation Michael and called mobile divisions, which were brought up to full strength in manpower and equipment. Men over

697:, where the Allies managed to halt the German advance; the German Army had suffered many casualties and was unable to maintain supplies to the advancing troops. 5770: 4992: 6758: 6201: 6131: 4982: 4893: 1284:

and smoke canisters were concentrated on the forward trenches, while heavy artillery bombarded rear areas to destroy Allied artillery and supply lines. Over

2050:

BOIS DE HANGARD, making two counter attacks en route. (Comment: Lt John William CHURCH died from his wounds and Lt Angier Percy HURD was killed on 30-3-18).

6225: 5116: 4570: 491: 281: 259: 205: 4793: 1572: 1436:

under the cover of the morning mist, which forced the remaining battalions of the 109th Brigade (36th Division) to retreat to join the 108th Brigade at

1296:

Around midday German troops broke through south-west of St. Quentin, reached the Battle Zone and by 14:30 were nearly 3 km (1.9 mi) south of

5123: 773: 666: 1499:

were retreating across the southernmost edges of the 1916 Somme battlefield and by the morning of 24 March there were only eight officers and around

1049:

The Germans chose to attack the sector around St. Quentin taken over by the British from February–April 1917, following the German withdrawal to the

4775: 1776:

exhausted men a welcomed break from the extreme stress they had all been through in the past five days. Unfortunately, their rest did not last long.

1312: 465: 5800: 5509: 5411: 6383: 6221: 6208: 6165: 6074: 5602: 5169: 4816: 1696:

urgent. In his diary entry for 24 March, Haig acknowledged important losses but derived comfort from the resilience of British rearguard actions,

1418: 6565: 4425:

1918 Defining Victory: Proceedings of the Chief of Army's History Conference Held at the National Convention Centre, Canberra, 29 September 1998

6575: 6433: 1147: 484: 6347: 6281: 6118: 5997: 5670: 4689: 4545: 4451: 4238: 4053: 6522: 5942: 4727: 869: 6293: 6507: 1641:

and at 03:00 on 25 March they slipped away under cover of darkness to Beaurains. Further north, the 1/1st Hertfordshires war diary read,

5245: 4750: 2453: 1692:

falling into their hands. Fresh British troops had been hurried into the region and were moved towards the vital rail centre of Amiens.

1210:

conducted a raid on German positions and took more prisoners, who told them that the offensive would be launched the following morning.

594: 6492: 5782: 5184: 2448: 2035: 570: 5877: 4930: 2170:

month. The appointment of Foch as Generalissimo at the Doullens Conference had created formal unity of command in the Allied forces.

1362:

retreated, to avoid being outflanked. The morning fog had delayed the use of aircraft but by the end of the day, 36 squadrons of the

6367: 6061: 5149: 4620: 4475: 4432: 4406: 4317: 4219: 4174: 4151: 4132: 4110: 4072: 4034: 4015: 3993: 3971: 3949: 3927: 1464:

suffered only minor damage. The Germans were soon over the river and advanced up to 15 kilometres (10 mi) to the Crozat canal.

1207: 860:. Michael took place on the Somme and then Georgette was conducted on the Lys and at Ypres, which was planned to confuse the enemy. 731: 6669: 2129: 5547: 4585: 2425: 1444:

on the south bank of the Canal de Saint-Quentin, to form a new line of defence. This required the Division to cross the Canal at

944: 5283: 6618: 6423: 6403: 6190: 6126: 5949: 5818: 4722: 4642: 4580: 2236:

All three formations were destroyed and had to be taken out of the order of battle to be rebuilt. Six divisions lost more than

1785: 1091: 686: 6092: 5459: 3210:

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2004). "Myth and Memory: Sir Douglas Haig and the Imposition of Allied Unified Command in March 1918".

113:

Germans penetrate British lines up to 40 mi (64 km) while seizing 1,200 sq mi (3,100 km) of territory

6418: 6413: 6408: 6398: 4737: 4712: 4610: 4257: 4091: 1101: 777: 6451: 6393: 6388: 6352: 6286: 6178: 6024: 5607: 4997: 4925: 4856: 4625: 4595: 4590: 2499:, who had planned the artillery bombardment for the attack on Riga, due to his "talent as a self-publicist" after the war. 2085: 1802: 828: 723: 5617: 4342: 2521:

An example of the rearguard action fought by the Fifth Army is given on a website dedicated to the Bedfordshire regiment.

6342: 5969: 5909: 5806: 5711: 5474: 5260: 4964: 4803: 4702: 1646:

known. In the evening the Bn got orders to withdraw through the 35th Division to MARICOURT where the Bn spent the night.

1425: 603: 585: 5577: 1720: 6580: 6017: 6002: 5860: 5812: 5128: 5002: 4915: 4679: 4667: 4662: 1240: 1236: 936: 877: 820: 780: 769: 560: 551: 442: 264: 5794: 5189: 1417:, fought until he was killed at 16:30. Directly to their rear was the "Stevens Redoubt", of the 2nd Battalion of the 6768: 6763: 6713: 6560: 6517: 5552: 5537: 5439: 5308: 4876: 4788: 4745: 1476:

Early on the morning of Saturday 23 March, German troops broke through the line in the 14th Division sector on the

891: 682: 452: 6502: 5842: 5449: 5303: 4518: 4493: 1587:

behind enemy lines to the east, making the logistic tasks of the corps and divisional staffs nigh impossible. The

811:

from the east, so that on the Western Front, Germany's troops outnumbered those of the Allied armies. Germany had

6270: 5854: 5597: 5582: 5194: 4888: 4866: 4615: 4605: 4538: 1684:

dumps which caused some despondency, when German troops found out that the Allies had plenty of food despite the

1110:. The main weight of attack was between Arras and a few kilometres south of St. Quentin, where the 18th Army had 1097: 1075: 788: 427: 5883: 5824: 5764: 1780: 1604:

The 109th brigade planned a counter-attack in the early hours of 24 March but before dawn German troops entered

6477: 5964: 5954: 5836: 5572: 5567: 5489: 4898: 4871: 4575: 4008:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

2251: 2195: 1588: 1107: 1083: 975: 881: 796: 422: 5293: 1638: 1626: 6708: 6548: 6540: 6482: 6242: 5937: 5700: 5612: 5527: 5522: 5494: 5454: 5313: 5298: 5273: 5154: 5031: 4343:"War Diary of the 9th (North Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers, 1 September 1917 to 9 June 1919" 2089: 1578: 1256: 835: 804: 792: 677:, adjusted his plan and pushed for an offensive due west, along the whole of the British front north of the 642: 437: 401: 190: 47: 1003:

of the infantry battalions of the Fifth Army and a similar number in the Third Army held the forward zone.

6315: 6039: 5974: 5830: 5557: 5484: 5434: 5419: 5401: 5374: 5288: 5255: 4920: 4881: 4861: 4672: 4565: 4466: 2532: 1771:

before the village was secured and the remaining enemy – that could get away – fled. Ten machine guns and

1496: 1477: 1301: 784: 735: 565: 432: 5848: 2092:

held off the German Guards Ersatz Division and 19th divisions in the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux.

1708:

Historians differ as to the immediate British reaction. The traditional account, as repeated in Edmonds'

6305: 5959: 5624: 5587: 5517: 5464: 5386: 5354: 5328: 5278: 5209: 5111: 5064: 4910: 4848: 4717: 4600: 3911: 1867: 1789: 1249: 1087: 1056:

The attacking armies were spread along a 69-kilometre (43 mi) front between Arras, St. Quentin and

824: 763: 658: 270: 220: 5250: 1863: 1612:, so British troops were forced to remain in their defensive positions. The front ran roughly between 6655: 6570: 5224: 5199: 5174: 4531: 4461: 4301: 3959: 3937: 2496: 2396: 2183: 2133:

Soldiers help man-handle horse-drawn German 77mm field gun forward over shell-torn ground, March 1918

1859: 1671: 1592: 1203: 953: 727: 674: 650: 634: 4513: 4367: 704:

in 1916. The action was therefore officially named by the British Battles Nomenclature Committee as

689:

before continuing with the original concept of pushing the BEF into the sea. The offensive ended at

6637: 6590: 5776: 5640: 5592: 5469: 5429: 5424: 5369: 5052: 5046: 4947: 4508: 2541: 1806: 1410: 1350:

each, leaving only the three reserve battalions relatively intact. Casualties in the division from

1343: 903: 701: 6597: 6512: 5871: 5735: 5717: 5682: 5646: 5479: 5444: 5396: 5381: 5268: 5219: 5058: 5017: 4697: 4120: 3235: 2081: 2066: 1634: 1363: 902:

battalions were to be retained, in preference to the higher-numbered second-line territorial and

873: 690: 575: 3964:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives

2080:). Ludendorff decided to attack the outermost eastern defences of Amiens centred on the town of 1822: 1523: 6630: 6624: 6585: 6487: 6320: 5903: 5758: 5741: 5542: 5364: 5344: 5179: 5164: 5094: 5082: 4942: 4783: 4760: 4707: 4471: 4447: 4428: 4402: 4313: 4275: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4191: 4170: 4147: 4128: 4106: 4087: 4068: 4065:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

4049: 4030: 4011: 3989: 3967: 3945: 3942:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries

3923: 3899: 3227: 2392: 2273:

In 1978 Middlebrook wrote that casualties in the 31 German divisions engaged on 21 March were

1959: 1833: 1441: 1252: 899: 59: 2190:) mentioning local man Franz Krämer, who was killed in action at St. Quentin on 27 March 1918 5688: 5658: 5652: 5562: 5391: 5359: 5349: 5088: 5012: 5007: 4935: 4755: 4655: 4305: 4212:

Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918

3219: 2530:

The physical and mental stress on the RFC pilots engaged in ground strafing, is detailed in

2491: 2387: 1297: 990: 968: 800: 670: 252: 4503: 1637:

to Guiscard. The 54th Brigade ordered the retirement of what was left of its battalions to

1518: 751: 718:). The failure of the offensive marked the beginning of the end of the First World War for 6497: 6337: 5676: 5229: 5204: 4903: 4811: 4650: 2141:

Some German soldiers resting while others continue the advance through the Somme wasteland

1685: 1414: 1050: 940: 646: 623: 447: 17: 4185: 1034: 956:, operating in small groups that advanced quickly by exploiting gaps and weak defences. 6330: 6310: 5981: 5694: 5532: 5323: 5214: 5070: 4974: 4957: 4267: 4163: 3916: 2554: 2509: 2382: 1726: 1488: 1134: 1122: 1079: 275: 149: 4295: 6702: 6441: 5729: 5723: 5159: 5076: 4987: 4396: 3239: 2412: 935:

The German army trained using open-warfare tactics which had proved effective on the

895: 719: 678: 662: 631: 247: 233: 135: 2105: 1858:

A gap in the British line near Colincamps was held by newly arrived elements of the

1492:

held for twelve hours before Herring was captured with the remnants of his platoon.

5891: 5318: 4187:

The 54th Infantry Brigade, 1914–1918; Some Records of Battle and Laughter in France

2537: 2434: 2420: 2404: 2224:

many with no known grave. The greatest losses were to 36th (Ulster) Division, with

2077: 1730: 1481: 1394: 1260: 884: 286: 4497: 4423:

Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (1999). "Winning the War". In Dennis, P.; Grey, J. (eds.).

6102: 6007: 5705: 5133: 4554: 4398:

The War in the Air Being the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4003: 3981: 2137: 1758: 1600:

losses, the sinister rumours which were rife, all contributed to depress morale.

1445: 1437: 1322: 1273: 638: 51: 4125:

The Kaiser's Battle 21 March 1918: The First Day of the German Spring Offensive

4350: 1609: 1605: 1527: 1453: 1429: 1378:

The first day of the battle had been costly for the Germans, who had suffered

1339: 1331: 1057: 6684: 6671: 4195: 3231: 1409:

battalion held out until 14:30 and at "Manchester Hill", the garrison of the

5897: 5664: 4279: 1689: 163: 3903: 3223: 2553:

Lieutenant Colonel John Stanhope Collings-Wells, VC, DSO won a posthumous

369: 6157: 4444:

The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History

1630: 1335: 1281: 1277: 1039:

The front line between British and German forces, 21 March – 5 April 1918

3401: 3399: 1452:

During the retreat, Engineers blew the bridges across the Canal between

2187: 1625:

who were hurriedly reorganised and then took post in the wood north of

1433: 1305: 923: 661:(Entente) lines and advance in a north-westerly direction to seize the 4498:

1914–1918 – online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

4309: 2416:, two maps represent Operation Michael: St. Quentin Scar and Amiens. 2198:(1935) Davies, Edmonds and Maxwell-Hyslop wrote that the Allies lost 1461: 1457: 986: 694: 654: 176: 86: 476: 783:, which they believed had been exhausted by the battles in 1917 at 6325: 2177: 2136: 2128: 2104: 1994:

utmost resource during this dangerous manoeuvre, loosing [

1958: 1821: 1793: 1779: 1754: 1719: 1613: 1571: 1517: 1393: 1311: 1121: 1033: 985:(counter-stroke) of December 1917, had been against the French at 928: 922: 750: 2246:

many of them irreplaceable élite troops. German casualties, from

768:) discussed what they hoped would be a decisive offensive on the 669:(BEF), and to drive the BEF into the sea. Two days later General 4067:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 3988:(Constable 1996 ed.). Belfast: McCaw, Stevenson & Orr. 2866: 2864: 2557:

for his handling of the 4th Bedfordshires throughout the battle.

2486:

Allied commentators described German infantry attack methods as

531: 4527: 2258:

A comparable Allied figure over this longer period, is French:

480: 373: 4523: 1996: 1318: 700:

Much of the ground fought over was the wilderness left by the

3788: 3786: 3263: 3261: 2019:

The enemy remained fairly quiet except for machine gun fire.

894:

armies earlier in the war. It was laid down that the senior

815:

and three brigades on the Western Front by 21 March, out of

2905: 2903: 4304:, Department of Defence Management and Security Analysis. 4146:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Blackwood. 3820: 3818: 3805: 3803: 3801: 1705:

about to be launched against French forces in Champagne.

3386: 3384: 2920: 2918: 2695: 2693: 2544:, who was shot down by machine-gun fire on 25 March 1918. 2407:

the battle is the culmination of an espionage operation.

1127:

The movement of German field armies through the offensive

722:. The arrival in France of large reinforcements from the 4029:. Osprey Campaign Series. Vol. XI. London: Osprey. 1918:

The town of Albert was relinquished during the night of

1827:

British artillery in action on the Ancre, 26 March 1918

2965: 2472:

Battles and actions described follow the publication:

4514:

War diary, The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War

2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 1399:

Operation Michael: British troops retreat, March 1918

693:, to the east of the Allied communications centre at 6754:

Military operations of World War I involving Germany

4165:

A History of the English Speaking Peoples Since 1900

2495:

years of development but became ascribed to Colonel

541: 6729:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

6610: 6531: 6470: 6432: 6376: 6365: 6269: 6241: 6189: 6111: 6085: 6037: 5990: 5930: 5923: 5751: 5633: 5508: 5410: 5337: 5238: 5142: 5104: 5039: 5030: 4973: 4847: 4836: 4802: 4774: 4736: 4688: 4641: 4634: 6724:Battles of World War I involving the United States 4162: 3915: 1289:with the Rear Zone, which was severely disrupted. 915:due to casualties and sickness during the winter. 3898:(Odhams ed.). London: Thornton Butterworth. 1160:An average British division in 1918 consisted of 580: 4519:Major J. G. Brew, 1918: Retreat from St. Quentin 1866:to close the gap. They were assisted by British 5500:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4250:Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918 4027:Kaiserschlacht 1918: the Final German Offensive 3525: 3441: 2047: 2017: 1991: 1972: 1936: 1923: 1888: 1873: 1851: 1842: 1764: 1741: 1698: 1676: 1643: 1597: 1505: 1232: 40: 29:Allied Troop Movements During Operation Michael 4297:Operational Art and the German 1918 Offensives 761:On 11 November 1917, the German High Command ( 4539: 4470:(Mayflower ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. 2391:(first produced 1928) is set in an officers' 844:(Kaiser's Battle), involved four offensives, 492: 385: 64:Evolution of the front line during the battle 8: 6744:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand 4231:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 2324: 1792:man a line of newly scraped rifle pits near 1554: 980: 957: 947: 839: 799:. A decision to attack was taken by General 713: 536: 3848: 3836: 3792: 1688:, with luxuries such as chocolate and even 1563:Actions at the Somme crossings, 24–25 March 772:the following spring. Their target was the 645:on 21 March 1918. It was launched from the 6739:Battles of World War I involving Australia 6719:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 6373: 6082: 5987: 5927: 5036: 4844: 4638: 4546: 4532: 4524: 4372:The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War 3477: 1096:(Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria) and the 681:. This was designed to first separate the 546: 499: 485: 477: 392: 378: 370: 37: 4509:Commonwealth War Graves Commission, p. 79 3986:The History of the 36th (Ulster) Division 3549: 2936: 2735: 2232:and 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, 2162:guns, British machine-gun production was 1106:(Army Group German Crown Prince) and the 5789:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 4127:(Penguin ed.). London: Allen Lane. 3872: 1744:could be picked up from abandoned dumps. 734:(21 August – 3 September) in the Allied 33:1918 German offensive during World War I 6749:Battles of World War I involving Canada 6734:Battles of World War I involving France 6166:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3860: 3824: 3809: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3537: 3513: 3501: 3465: 3453: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3390: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3252: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3137: 3113: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2924: 2909: 2882: 2870: 2855: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2759: 2747: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2569: 2465: 1366:had been in action and reported losing 4442:Roberts, P.; Tucker, S., eds. (2005). 4347:Official War Diaries (Ref. WO 95/2505) 2969: 1146:In the north, the Third Army (General 1060:. Ludendorff had assembled a force of 6119:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 5455:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 4169:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4048:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3621: 3489: 3125: 2894: 2771: 2576: 2149:soldiers had been taken prisoner and 1910: mi) from the new British line. 7: 6523:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3918:A History of the Great War 1914–1918 3101: 2843: 1964:Front lines, 21 March – 5 April 1918 1661:First Battle of Bapaume, 24–25 March 1577:German supply column moving up near 1428:area, where corps commander General 1424:The longest retreat was made in the 1100:(General Oskar von Hutier), part of 927:German stormtrooper with a Bergmann 726:replaced Entente casualties but the 706:The First Battles of the Somme, 1918 657:. Its goal was to break through the 6759:Military history of Hauts-de-France 6452:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5246:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4272:Journey's End: A Play in three Acts 3922:(repr. ed.). London: Granada. 2536:, a semi-autobiographical novel by 2454:Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux 1119:the latest German attack doctrine. 943:in 1917. The Germans had developed 5185:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4248:Sheffield, G.; Bourne, J. (2005). 4144:The 18th Division in the Great War 2449:First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux 2055:1/1 Herts war diary, 30 March 1918 2036:First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux 2024:1/1 Herts war diary, 29 March 1918 2005:1/1 Herts war diary, 28 March 1918 1950:Third Battle of Arras, 28–29 March 1944:1/1 Herts war diary, 27 March 1918 1880:1/1 Herts war diary, 26 March 1918 1651:1/1 Herts war diary, 24 March 1918 1513:1/1 Herts war diary, 23 March 1918 1223:Battle of St. Quentin, 21–23 March 25: 4300:(PhD) (online ed.). London: 2508:Lieutenant Herring was awarded a 2280:and that British casualties were 1934:The 1/1st Herts war diary reads: 1862:that had moved to the line Hamel– 1621:and the 11th Royal Fusiliers had 1370:and crew, while having shot down 1208:61st (2nd South Midland) Division 952:units, elite infantry which used 834:The German strategy for the 1918 5548:Second Battle of the Piave River 5170:Russian invasion of East Prussia 2426:Otherland: City of Golden Shadow 2323:many of whom were irreplaceable 2228:the 16th (Irish) Division, with 2061:Battle of the Avre, 4 April 1918 1413:commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel 1358:most costly day being 21 March. 1103:Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz 1093:Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht 732:Second Battle of the Somme, 1918 708:, whilst the French call it the 522: 356: 346: 336: 280: 269: 258: 246: 226: 213: 198: 183: 169: 156: 142: 128: 58: 6619:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5819:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 4446:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 4427:. Canberra: Army History Unit. 3212:The Journal of Military History 2512:when repatriated after the war. 2395:in the British trenches facing 1813:Battle of Rosières, 26–27 March 6442:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6301:Deportations from East Prussia 6098:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3408:, pp. 413, 444, 492, 519. 2319:In 2002, Marix Evans recorded 2205:of which the British suffered 1374:aircraft; German records show 1142:British defensive preparations 1074:aircraft, divided between the 807:, Ludendorff had moved nearly 99: 1: 6353:Ukrainian Canadian internment 4494:German Spring Offensives 1918 4252:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4190:. London: Gale & Polden. 4084:The German Offensives of 1918 3894:Churchill, W. S. C. (1928) . 3660:, pp. 496, 509–517, 532. 2313: 2306: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2218: 2199: 1786:French 22nd Infantry Division 1379: 6508:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5807:Estonian War of Independence 5475:Southern Palestine offensive 4341:Chester, A. G. (2003–2010). 4046:1918: A Very British Victory 2096:Battle of the Ancre, 5 April 829:American Expeditionary Force 6462:USA against Austria-Hungary 5861:Turkish War of Independence 5813:Latvian War of Independence 5538:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5129:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 4274:. New York: Coward-McCann. 4142:Nichols, G. H. F. (2004) . 4103:1918: The Year of Victories 3526:Sheffield & Bourne 2005 3442:Sheffield & Bourne 2005 2403:In John Buchan’s 1919 book 2213:them in the Fifth Army and 2110:Situation map, 5 April 1918 2045:The Herts war diary reads: 2015:The Herts war diary reads: 1989:The Herts war diary reads: 827:before the build-up of the 774:British Expeditionary Force 667:British Expeditionary Force 6785: 6545:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6093:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 5553:Second Battle of the Marne 5440:Second battle of the Aisne 5309:Second Battle of Champagne 5150:German invasion of Belgium 2294:casualties up to 5 April, 2287:Middlebrook also recorded 2064: 1503:left. The war diary read, 1495:The remnants of the 1/1st 1460:but the railway bridge at 931:submachinegun, Spring 1918 756:German gains in early 1918 26: 18:Battle of the Ancre (1918) 6651: 6326:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5855:Irish War of Independence 5598:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5583:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 5195:First Battle of the Marne 4561: 1809:took place the next day. 1383: 40,000 casualties, 1255:, who was inspecting the 715:2ème Bataille de Picardie 518: 411: 317: 310:23 French divisions later 292: 239: 121: 68: 57: 45: 6478:Constantinople Agreement 5771:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 5634:Co-belligerent conflicts 5603:Second Romanian campaign 5573:Third Transjordan attack 5284:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5190:Battle of Grand Couronné 4184:Rowan, E. W. J. (1919). 4101:Marix Evans, M. (2002). 3092:, pp. 207–208, 304. 3068:, pp. 196, 207–208. 3044:, pp. 167–187, 258. 3032:, pp. 176, 194–196. 2984:, pp. 162–165, 168. 2217:the Third Army, of whom 1551:Second Battle of Picardy 976:51st (Highland) Division 911:but some had fewer than 710:Second Battle of Picardy 6541:Modus vivendi of Acroma 6493:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5801:Greater Poland Uprising 5701:National Protection War 5578:Meuse–Argonne offensive 5528:German spring offensive 5523:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5299:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5274:Second Battle of Artois 5155:Battle of the Frontiers 4294:Zabecki, D. T. (2004). 4233:. London: Aurum Press. 3962:; et al. (1995) . 3940:; et al. (1995) . 2312:German casualties were 2305:French casualties were 1556:2e Bataille de Picardie 1257:9th (Scottish) Division 805:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 643:German spring offensive 403:German spring offensive 76:21 March – 5 April 1918 48:German spring offensive 6566:Paris Peace Conference 6554:Ukraine–Central Powers 6348:Massacres of Albanians 6316:Late Ottoman genocides 6123:Bulgarian occupations 5831:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5795:Hungarian–Romanian War 5613:Naval Victory Bulletin 5608:Armistice with Germany 5558:Hundred Days Offensive 5485:Battle of La Malmaison 5435:Second battle of Arras 5402:Battle of Transylvania 5256:Second Battle of Ypres 5124:Sarajevo assassination 5013:South African Republic 4395:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 4229:Sheffield, G. (2011). 4214:. London: Frank Cass. 4063:James, E. A. (1990) . 3912:Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. 2363:In 2004, Zabecki gave 2325: 2292: 160,000 British 2191: 2166:month and tank output 2142: 2134: 2112: 2058: 2027: 2008: 1983: 1966: 1947: 1928: 1893: 1883: 1856: 1847: 1829: 1797: 1778: 1746: 1735: 1702: 1681: 1654: 1602: 1583: 1555: 1531: 1516: 1497:Hertfordshire Regiment 1478:Canal de Saint-Quentin 1401: 1327: 1246: 1129: 1041: 981: 958: 948: 939:, particularly at the 932: 840: 758: 747:Strategic developments 736:Hundred Days Offensive 714: 627: 240:Commanders and leaders 6576:Treaty of St. Germain 6549:Russia–Central Powers 6503:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6331:Pontic Greek genocide 6306:Destruction of Kalisz 6282:Eastern Mediterranean 5843:Polish–Lithuanian War 5625:Armistice of Belgrade 5588:Armistice of Salonica 5518:Operation Faustschlag 5465:Third Battle of Oituz 5387:Baranovichi offensive 5355:Lake Naroch offensive 5329:Battle of Robat Karim 5304:Vistula–Bug offensive 5279:Battles of the Isonzo 5210:First Battle of Ypres 3224:10.1353/jmh.2004.0112 2873:, p. March 1918. 2352:The Allies also lost 2349:whom were captured. 2337:been taken prisoner, 2209:wounded and missing, 2181: 2140: 2132: 2108: 2090:British 18th Division 1962: 1825: 1790:20th (Light) Division 1783: 1723: 1608:, just north-west of 1575: 1521: 1419:Bedfordshire Regiment 1397: 1315: 1250:Minister of Munitions 1125: 1088:Georg von der Marwitz 1045:German plan of attack 1037: 926: 919:Tactical developments 764:Oberste Heeresleitung 754: 665:, which supplied the 649:, in the vicinity of 318:Casualties and losses 6571:Treaty of Versailles 6287:Mount Lebanon famine 6202:in the United States 6170:Russian occupations 5884:Turkish–Armenian War 5825:Polish–Ukrainian War 5765:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5712:Central Asian Revolt 5495:Armistice of Focșani 5225:Battle of Sarikamish 5175:Battle of Tannenberg 4571:Military engagements 4302:Cranfield University 4210:Samuels, M. (1995). 4161:Roberts, A. (2006). 4105:. London: Arcturus. 4082:Kitchen, M. (2001). 3480:, pp. 791, 811. 3294:, pp. 323, 398. 3255:, pp. 328, 343. 2726:, pp. 231, 251. 2248:21 March – 30 April, 2184:Ruhstorf an der Rott 1860:New Zealand Division 1593:Sir James E. Edmonds 1591:, Brigadier-General 1579:Étricourt-Manancourt 1526:crew moving up near 1239:, as well as of the 1182:light machine-guns, 1178:heavy machine guns, 954:infiltration tactics 831:(AEF) was complete. 776:(BEF), commanded by 675:German General Staff 6681: / 6638:They shall not pass 6561:Treaty of Bucharest 6518:Treaty of Bucharest 6457:USA against Germany 6434:Declarations of war 6138:German occupations 6051:British casualties 5910:Soviet–Georgian War 5837:Egyptian Revolution 5777:Armeno-Georgian War 5641:Somaliland campaign 5593:Armistice of Mudros 5470:Battle of Caporetto 5460:Battle of Mărășești 5430:Zimmermann telegram 5425:February Revolution 5370:Battle of the Somme 5294:Bug-Narew Offensive 5269:Battle of Gallipoli 5261:Sinking of the RMS 5053:Scramble for Africa 5047:Franco-Prussian War 4703:Sinai and Palestine 4492:Watson, Alexander: 4366:Fuller, S. (2013). 3756:, pp. 130–137. 3744:, pp. 121–129. 3696:, pp. 136–137. 3624:, pp. 219–222. 3612:, pp. 496–497. 3576:, pp. 536–537. 3540:, pp. 538–544. 3516:, pp. 491–492. 3492:, pp. 138–139. 3420:, pp. 393–394. 3378:, pp. 438–439. 3354:, pp. 293–298. 3270:, pp. 269–270. 3128:, pp. 128–129. 3056:, pp. 224–225. 3020:, pp. 170–182. 3008:, pp. 163–164. 2996:, pp. 260–263. 2858:, pp. 107–108. 2834:, pp. 144–151. 2774:, pp. 110–116. 2762:, pp. 124–125. 2714:, pp. 158–160. 2378:Cultural references 2333:casualties of whom 2317: 250,000 men. 2250:which includes the 2242:German losses were 2222: 15,000 died, 1849:In the north, the 1807:Doullens Conference 1344:Seraucourt-le-Grand 702:Battle of the Somme 673:, the chief of the 628:Unternehmen Michael 460:Associated articles 6598:Treaty of Lausanne 6513:Paris Economy Pact 6447:UK against Germany 6377:Entry into the war 6343:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6062:Ottoman casualties 5872:Franco-Turkish War 5752:Post-War conflicts 5736:Russian Revolution 5718:Invasion of Darfur 5683:Kelantan rebellion 5671:Kurdish rebellions 5647:Mexican Revolution 5480:October Revolution 5445:Kerensky offensive 5420:Capture of Baghdad 5397:Monastir offensive 5382:Brusilov offensive 5220:Battle of Kolubara 5059:Russo-Japanese War 4086:. Stroud: Tempus. 3720:, pp. 87–137. 2357:2,000 machine-guns 2203: 255,000 men 2192: 2143: 2135: 2113: 2082:Villers-Bretonneux 2067:Battle of the Avre 2040:30 March – 5 April 1967: 1830: 1798: 1736: 1589:official historian 1584: 1532: 1402: 1364:Royal Flying Corps 1328: 1263:on the morning of 1130: 1042: 974:An officer of the 933: 874:David Lloyd George 759: 691:Villers-Bretonneux 635:military offensive 6769:April 1918 events 6764:March 1918 events 6714:Conflicts in 1918 6664: 6663: 6647: 6646: 6631:The Golden Virgin 6625:Mutilated victory 6606: 6605: 6586:Treaty of Trianon 6581:Treaty of Neuilly 6488:Damascus Protocol 6361: 6360: 6321:Armenian genocide 6278:Allied blockades 6250:Belgian refugees 6033: 6032: 5943:Strategic bombing 5919: 5918: 5904:Franco-Syrian War 5878:Greco-Turkish War 5866:Anglo-Turkish War 5849:Polish–Soviet War 5783:German Revolution 5759:Russian Civil War 5742:Finnish Civil War 5568:Battle of Megiddo 5543:Battle of Goychay 5490:Battle of Cambrai 5450:Battle of Mărăști 5365:Battle of Jutland 5345:Erzurum offensive 5200:Siege of Przemyśl 5180:Siege of Tsingtao 5165:Battle of Galicia 5095:Second Balkan War 5083:Italo-Turkish War 5040:Pre-War conflicts 5026: 5025: 4916:Portuguese Empire 4832: 4831: 4794:German New Guinea 4776:Asian and Pacific 4453:978-1-85109-420-2 4353:on 4 October 2013 4240:978-1-84513-691-8 4055:978-0-29784-652-9 4044:Hart, P. (2008). 4025:Gray, R. (1991). 3875:, pp. 1–204. 3708:, pp. 64–75. 3684:, pp. 27–28. 3104:, pp. 35–40. 2912:, pp. 94–99. 2810:, pp. 20–21. 2750:, pp. 41–42. 2687:, pp. 51–56. 2675:, pp. 98–99. 2579:, pp. 26–31. 2497:Georg Bruchmüller 2310: 80,000 and 2278: 39,929 men 2252:Battle of the Lys 2234:7,023 casualties. 2226:7,310 casualties, 1834:Winston Churchill 1442:Sommette-Eaucourt 1253:Winston Churchill 620:Operation Michael 616: 615: 589: 555: 510:Operation Michael 474: 473: 368: 367: 117: 116: 41:Operation Michael 16:(Redirected from 6776: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6685:49.800°N 2.800°E 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6591:Treaty of Sèvres 6483:Treaty of London 6374: 6152:Northeast France 6083: 6055:Parliamentarians 5988: 5950:Chemical weapons 5928: 5689:Senussi campaign 5659:Muscat rebellion 5653:Maritz rebellion 5621: 5563:Vardar offensive 5392:Battle of Romani 5360:Battle of Asiago 5350:Battle of Verdun 5314:Kosovo offensive 5089:First Balkan War 5037: 4936:Russian Republic 4845: 4639: 4581:Economic history 4548: 4541: 4534: 4525: 4481: 4457: 4438: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4368:"1918 War Diary" 4362: 4360: 4358: 4349:. Archived from 4330: 4328: 4326: 4283: 4263: 4244: 4225: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4180: 4168: 4157: 4138: 4116: 4097: 4078: 4059: 4040: 4021: 3999: 3977: 3955: 3933: 3921: 3907: 3896:The World Crisis 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3849:Middlebrook 1978 3846: 3840: 3837:Middlebrook 1978 3834: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3796: 3793:Marix Evans 2002 3790: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3394: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2492:Oskar von Hutier 2490:because General 2484: 2478: 2470: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:75,000 prisoners 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:7,149 casualties 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2196:Official History 2182:War memorial in 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2056: 2041: 2030:Day 10, 30 March 2025: 2006: 1981: 1955:Day 8, 28 March, 1945: 1921: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1881: 1788:and the British 1784:Infantry of the 1774: 1770: 1710:Official History 1672:James E. Edmonds 1652: 1624: 1620: 1558: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1514: 1502: 1451: 1411:16th Manchesters 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376:19 and 8 losses. 1373: 1369: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1287: 1286:3,500,000 shells 1267: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1117: 1113: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1010: 1002: 1001: 997: 991:defence in depth 984: 969:creeping barrage 961: 951: 914: 910: 843: 836:Spring Offensive 818: 814: 810: 801:Erich Ludendorff 781:Sir Douglas Haig 717: 671:Erich Ludendorff 607: 598: 587: 553: 532:Cugny-Golancourt 526: 513: 511: 501: 494: 487: 478: 438:Montdidier-Noyon 406: 404: 394: 387: 380: 371: 361: 360: 359: 351: 350: 349: 341: 340: 339: 285: 284: 274: 273: 263: 262: 253:Erich Ludendorff 251: 250: 232: 230: 229: 223: 219: 217: 216: 208: 204: 202: 201: 193: 189: 187: 186: 175: 173: 172: 162: 160: 159: 148: 146: 145: 134: 132: 131: 70: 69: 62: 38: 21: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6699: 6698: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6643: 6602: 6534: 6527: 6498:Treaty of Darin 6466: 6428: 6384:Austria-Hungary 6370: 6357: 6338:Rape of Belgium 6265: 6237: 6185: 6179:Western Armenia 6174:Eastern Galicia 6107: 6081: 6045: 6044:Civilian impact 6043: 6029: 5986: 5915: 5747: 5677:Ovambo Uprising 5629: 5615: 5504: 5406: 5333: 5251:Battle of Łomża 5234: 5230:Christmas truce 5205:Race to the Sea 5138: 5100: 5022: 4993:Austria-Hungary 4969: 4904:Empire of Japan 4841: 4839: 4828: 4812:U-boat campaign 4798: 4770: 4732: 4684: 4630: 4611:Popular culture 4557: 4552: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4460: 4454: 4441: 4435: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4390: 4388:Further reading 4385: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4340: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4293: 4268:Sherriff, R. C. 4266: 4260: 4247: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4183: 4177: 4160: 4154: 4141: 4135: 4121:Middlebrook, M. 4119: 4113: 4100: 4094: 4081: 4075: 4062: 4056: 4043: 4037: 4024: 4018: 4002: 3996: 3980: 3974: 3958: 3952: 3936: 3930: 3910: 3893: 3884: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3799: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3478:Greenhalgh 2004 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3397: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2445: 2432:The 1966 movie 2380: 2371: 2368:177,739 British 2367: 2365:239,800 German, 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2341:casualties and 2338: 2334: 2331:177,739 British 2330: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2303:65,000 wounded; 2302: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2277: 2271: 328,000. 2270: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254:, are given as 2247: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2210: 2207:177,739 killed, 2206: 2202: 2194:In the British 2176: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151:1,300 artillery 2150: 2146: 2127: 2122: 2111: 2103: 2101:Day 15, 5 April 2098: 2074: 2072:Day 14, 4 April 2069: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2013: 2011:Day 9, 29 March 2007: 2004: 1982: 1979: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1919: 1916: 1914:Day 7, 27 March 1906: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1882: 1879: 1828: 1820: 1818:Day 6, 26 March 1815: 1796:, 25 March 1918 1772: 1768: 1734: 1718: 1716:Day 5, 25 March 1686:U-boat campaign 1668: 1666:Day 4, 24 March 1663: 1653: 1650: 1622: 1619:c. 206 men each 1618: 1582: 1570: 1568:Day 4, 24 March 1565: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1530: 1524:21 cm Mörser 16 1515: 1512: 1500: 1474: 1472:Day 3, 23 March 1449: 1415:Wilfrith Elstob 1400: 1392: 1390:Day 2, 22 March 1382: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1326: 1325:, 26 March 1918 1285: 1269: 1248: 1230: 1228:Day 1, 21 March 1225: 1220: 1195: 1191: 1188:360 motorcycles 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1144: 1128: 1115: 1111: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1051:Hindenburg Line 1047: 1040: 1032: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 999: 995: 994: 921: 912: 908: 898:and first-line 816: 812: 808: 757: 749: 744: 647:Hindenburg Line 641:that began the 617: 612: 605: 596: 524: 514: 509: 507: 505: 475: 470: 466:Order of Battle 457: 443:3rd Morlancourt 407: 402: 400: 398: 357: 355: 347: 345: 337: 335: 332: 313: 279: 278: 268: 267: 257: 245: 227: 225: 224: 214: 212: 211: 199: 197: 196: 184: 182: 181: 170: 168: 157: 155: 143: 141: 129: 127: 109: 89: 63: 34: 31: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6782: 6780: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6709:1918 in France 6701: 6700: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6533:Peace treaties 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6419:United Kingdom 6416: 6411: 6409:Ottoman Empire 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6313: 6311:Sack of Dinant 6308: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6259:United Kingdom 6256: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6219: 6213:POW locations 6211: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6121: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6013:United Kingdom 6010: 6008:Ottoman Empire 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5985: 5984: 5982:Trench warfare 5979: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5934: 5932: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5698: 5695:Volta-Bani War 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5533:Zeebrugge Raid 5530: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5324:Battle of Loos 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5215:Black Sea raid 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5117:Historiography 5108: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5071:Bosnian Crisis 5068: 5065:Tangier Crisis 5062: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4998:Ottoman Empire 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4975:Central Powers 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4958:British Empire 4953:United Kingdom 4950: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4931:Russian Empire 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4849:Entente Powers 4842: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4817:North Atlantic 4808: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4728:Central Arabia 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4690:Middle Eastern 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4591:Historiography 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4488: 4487:External links 4485: 4483: 4482: 4476: 4467:Winged Victory 4458: 4452: 4439: 4433: 4420: 4407: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4363: 4332: 4331: 4318: 4285: 4284: 4264: 4258: 4245: 4239: 4226: 4220: 4207: 4181: 4175: 4158: 4152: 4139: 4133: 4117: 4111: 4098: 4092: 4079: 4073: 4060: 4054: 4041: 4035: 4022: 4016: 4000: 3994: 3978: 3972: 3960:Edmonds, J. E. 3956: 3950: 3938:Edmonds, J. E. 3934: 3928: 3908: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3865: 3863:, p. 349. 3853: 3851:, p. 347. 3841: 3839:, p. 322. 3829: 3827:, p. 491. 3814: 3812:, p. 490. 3797: 3782: 3780:, p. 137. 3770: 3768:, p. 489. 3758: 3746: 3734: 3732:, p. 127. 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3648:, p. 523. 3638: 3636:, p. 518. 3626: 3614: 3602: 3600:, p. 526. 3590: 3588:, p. 536. 3578: 3566: 3564:, p. 544. 3554: 3552:, p. 510. 3550:Cruttwell 1940 3542: 3530: 3528:, p. 393. 3518: 3506: 3504:, p. 472. 3494: 3482: 3470: 3468:, p. 450. 3458: 3456:, p. 448. 3446: 3444:, p. 391. 3434: 3432:, p. 392. 3422: 3410: 3395: 3393:, p. 470. 3380: 3368: 3366:, p. 427. 3356: 3344: 3342:, p. 406. 3332: 3330:, p. 291. 3320: 3318:, p. 405. 3308: 3306:, p. 400. 3296: 3284: 3282:, p. 396. 3272: 3257: 3245: 3202: 3200:, p. 299. 3190: 3188:, p. 272. 3178: 3176:, p. 266. 3166: 3164:, p. 274. 3154: 3152:, p. 177. 3142: 3140:, p. 271. 3130: 3118: 3116:, p. 262. 3106: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2941: 2939:, p. 768. 2937:Churchill 1938 2929: 2927:, p. 162. 2914: 2899: 2897:, p. 192. 2887: 2885:, p. 111. 2875: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2798:, p. 247. 2788: 2786:, p. 288. 2776: 2764: 2752: 2740: 2738:, p. 258. 2736:Sheffield 2011 2728: 2716: 2704: 2702:, p. 157. 2689: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2651:, p. 123. 2641: 2639:, p. 144. 2629: 2627:, p. 139. 2617: 2615:, p. 142. 2605: 2593: 2591:, p. 140. 2581: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2555:Victoria Cross 2546: 2533:Winged Victory 2523: 2514: 2510:Victoria Cross 2501: 2488:Hutier tactics 2479: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2383:R. C. Sherriff 2379: 2376: 2296:22,000 killed, 2285: 38,512. 2175: 2172: 2147:75,000 British 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2073: 2070: 2065:Main article: 2062: 2059: 2052: 2031: 2028: 2021: 2012: 2009: 2002: 1977: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1941: 1915: 1912: 1877: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1727:60 pounder gun 1724: 1717: 1714: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1648: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1522: 1510: 1489:Alfred Herring 1473: 1470: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1316: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1190:and bicycles, 1143: 1140: 1126: 1080:Otto von Below 1046: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1028: 941:Battle of Riga 920: 917: 870:Prime Minister 841:Kaiserschlacht 755: 748: 745: 743: 740: 687:British Armies 630:) was a major 614: 613: 611: 610: 601: 592: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 519: 516: 515: 506: 504: 503: 496: 489: 481: 472: 471: 469: 468: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 412: 409: 408: 399: 397: 396: 389: 382: 374: 366: 365: 364: 363: 353: 343: 331: 330: 326: 324: 320: 319: 315: 314: 312: 311: 308: 305: 301: 299: 295: 294: 290: 289: 276:Ferdinand Foch 255: 242: 241: 237: 236: 210: 209: 206:United Kingdom 194: 179: 166: 150:British Empire 138: 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 105: 104: 95: 91: 90: 84: 82: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 55: 54: 43: 42: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6781: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6697: 6694: 6690:49.800; 2.800 6657: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6424:United States 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6041: 6036: 6026: 6025:United States 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5975:Convoy system 5973: 5972: 5971: 5970:Naval warfare 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5730:Kaocen revolt 5728: 5725: 5724:Easter Rising 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Great Retreat 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5160:Battle of Cer 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5077:Agadir Crisis 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4965:United States 4963: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4882:French Empire 4880: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4835: 4825: 4824:Mediterranean 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4804:Naval warfare 4801: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4680:Italian Front 4678: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4668:Eastern Front 4666: 4664: 4663:Western Front 4661: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Puppet states 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4477:0-58312-287-6 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4462:Yeates, V. M. 4459: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4434:0-73170-510-6 4430: 4426: 4421: 4410: 4408:1-84342-415-0 4404: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4321: 4319:0-41535-600-8 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4221:0-7146-4214-2 4217: 4213: 4208: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4176:0-29785-076-8 4172: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4153:1-84342-866-0 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4134:0-14-005278-X 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4112:0-572-02838-5 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4074:0-948130-18-0 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4036:1-85532-157-2 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4017:0-89839-180-6 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3995:0-09-476630-4 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3973:0-89839-223-3 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3951:0-89839-219-5 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3929:0-586-08398-7 3925: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3874: 3873:Sherriff 1937 3869: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3795:, p. 63. 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3672:, p. 34. 3671: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3080:, p. 18. 3079: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2822:, p. 21. 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2663:, p. 40. 2662: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2603:, p. 10. 2602: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2413:Battlefield 1 2408: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2397:Saint-Quentin 2394: 2390: 2389: 2388:Journey's End 2384: 2377: 2375: 2372:77,000 French 2350: 2343:77,000 French 2327: 2253: 2240: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2139: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2107: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2086:14th Division 2083: 2079: 2071: 2068: 2060: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1987: 1976: 1971: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1892: 1887: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1396: 1389: 1387: 1365: 1359: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1204:107th Brigade 1199: 1158:357 aircraft. 1155:119 tanks and 1149: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1124: 1120: 1112:27 divisions. 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1068:3,500 mortars 1062:74 divisions, 1059: 1054: 1052: 1044: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1004: 992: 988: 983: 977: 972: 970: 964: 960: 955: 950: 949:(Stoßtruppen) 946: 942: 938: 937:Eastern Front 930: 925: 918: 916: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 863: 859: 858:Blücher–Yorck 855: 851: 847: 842: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 813:192 divisions 806: 802: 798: 794: 793:Passchendaele 790: 786: 782: 779: 778:Field Marshal 775: 771: 770:Western Front 767: 765: 753: 746: 741: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724:United States 721: 716: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663:Channel Ports 660: 656: 652: 651:Saint-Quentin 648: 644: 640: 636: 633: 629: 625: 621: 609: 602: 600: 593: 591: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 521: 520: 517: 512: 502: 497: 495: 490: 488: 483: 482: 479: 467: 464: 463: 462: 461: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418: 414: 413: 410: 405: 395: 390: 388: 383: 381: 376: 375: 372: 354: 344: 334: 333: 328: 327: 325: 322: 321: 316: 309: 306: 303: 302: 300: 297: 296: 291: 288: 283: 277: 272: 266: 261: 256: 254: 249: 244: 243: 238: 235: 234:United States 222: 207: 195: 192: 180: 178: 167: 165: 154: 153: 152: 151: 139: 137: 136:German Empire 126: 125: 120: 112: 107: 106: 102: 101: 96: 93: 92: 88: 83: 80: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 61: 56: 53: 49: 44: 39: 36: 30: 19: 6666: 6636: 6629: 6617: 6224: / 6156: 5991:Conscription 5955:Cryptography 5892:Iraqi Revolt 5319:Siege of Kut 5262: 4840:participants 4789:German Samoa 4723:South Arabia 4465: 4443: 4424: 4412:. Retrieved 4397: 4375:. Retrieved 4371: 4355:. Retrieved 4351:the original 4346: 4334: 4333: 4323:. Retrieved 4296: 4287: 4286: 4271: 4249: 4230: 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4186: 4164: 4143: 4124: 4102: 4083: 4064: 4045: 4026: 4007: 3985: 3963: 3941: 3917: 3895: 3887: 3886: 3882:Bibliography 3868: 3861:Zabecki 2004 3856: 3844: 3832: 3825:Edmonds 1937 3810:Edmonds 1937 3778:Edmonds 1937 3773: 3766:Edmonds 1937 3761: 3754:Edmonds 1937 3749: 3742:Edmonds 1937 3737: 3730:Edmonds 1937 3725: 3718:Edmonds 1937 3713: 3706:Edmonds 1937 3701: 3694:Roberts 2006 3689: 3682:Edmonds 1937 3677: 3670:Edmonds 1937 3665: 3658:Edmonds 1935 3653: 3646:Edmonds 1935 3641: 3634:Edmonds 1935 3629: 3617: 3610:Edmonds 1935 3605: 3598:Edmonds 1935 3593: 3586:Edmonds 1935 3581: 3574:Edmonds 1935 3569: 3562:Edmonds 1935 3557: 3545: 3538:Edmonds 1935 3533: 3521: 3514:Edmonds 1935 3509: 3502:Edmonds 1935 3497: 3485: 3473: 3466:Edmonds 1935 3461: 3454:Edmonds 1935 3449: 3437: 3430:Edmonds 1935 3425: 3418:Edmonds 1935 3413: 3406:Edmonds 1935 3391:Edmonds 1935 3376:Edmonds 1935 3371: 3364:Edmonds 1935 3359: 3352:Nichols 1922 3347: 3340:Edmonds 1935 3335: 3328:Nichols 1922 3323: 3316:Edmonds 1935 3311: 3304:Edmonds 1935 3299: 3292:Edmonds 1935 3287: 3280:Edmonds 1935 3275: 3268:Edmonds 1935 3253:Edmonds 1935 3248: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3198:Edmonds 1935 3193: 3186:Edmonds 1935 3181: 3174:Edmonds 1935 3169: 3162:Edmonds 1935 3157: 3150:Edmonds 1935 3145: 3138:Edmonds 1935 3133: 3121: 3114:Edmonds 1935 3109: 3097: 3090:Edmonds 1935 3085: 3078:Edmonds 1937 3073: 3066:Edmonds 1935 3061: 3054:Edmonds 1935 3049: 3042:Edmonds 1935 3037: 3030:Edmonds 1935 3025: 3018:Edmonds 1935 3013: 3006:Edmonds 1935 3001: 2994:Edmonds 1935 2989: 2982:Edmonds 1935 2977: 2932: 2925:Edmonds 1935 2910:Edmonds 1935 2890: 2883:Edmonds 1935 2878: 2871:Chester 2010 2856:Edmonds 1935 2851: 2846:, p. ?. 2839: 2832:Edmonds 1935 2827: 2820:Kitchen 2001 2815: 2808:Kitchen 2001 2803: 2796:Samuels 1995 2791: 2784:Kitchen 2001 2779: 2767: 2760:Edmonds 1935 2755: 2748:Edmonds 1935 2743: 2731: 2724:Samuels 1995 2719: 2712:Edmonds 1935 2707: 2700:Edmonds 1935 2685:Edmonds 1935 2680: 2673:Edmonds 1935 2668: 2661:Edmonds 1935 2656: 2649:Edmonds 1935 2644: 2637:Edmonds 1935 2632: 2625:Edmonds 1935 2620: 2613:Edmonds 1935 2608: 2601:Edmonds 1935 2596: 2589:Edmonds 1935 2584: 2572: 2549: 2538:V. M. Yeates 2531: 2526: 2517: 2504: 2487: 2482: 2473: 2468: 2435:The Blue Max 2433: 2431: 2424: 2421:Tad Williams 2418: 2411: 2409: 2405:Mr Standfast 2402: 2386: 2381: 2374:casualties. 2351: 2321:239,000 men, 2244:250,000 men, 2241: 2193: 2144: 2114: 2075: 2048: 2044: 2033: 2018: 2014: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1973: 1968: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920:26/27 March, 1917: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1874: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1831: 1803:Henry Wilson 1799: 1765: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1731:La Boisselle 1729:firing near 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1682: 1677: 1669: 1657:Fifth Army. 1655: 1644: 1603: 1598: 1585: 1550: 1533: 1506: 1494: 1486: 1475: 1466: 1423: 1407: 1403: 1360: 1329: 1302:Crozat canal 1295: 1291: 1270: 1264: 1247: 1233: 1212: 1200: 1198:ambulances. 1196:21 motorised 1186:and wagons, 1169:48 artillery 1165:3,670 horses 1145: 1131: 1102: 1092: 1055: 1048: 1013:110 infantry 1005: 973: 965: 945:stormtrooper 934: 889: 885:Hubert Gough 868:The British 867: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 833: 809:50 divisions 762: 760: 709: 705: 699: 619: 618: 581:Ancre (1918) 566:Moreuil Wood 508: 459: 458: 433:Belleau Wood 416: 415: 304:26 divisions 298:72 divisions 287:Hubert Gough 265:Douglas Haig 140: 122:Belligerents 98: 46:Part of the 35: 6688: / 6254:Netherlands 6231:Switzerland 6112:Occupations 6103:Spanish flu 5880:(1919–1922) 5874:(1918–1921) 5868:(1918–1923) 5857:(1919–1921) 5851:(1919–1921) 5845:(1919–1920) 5821:(1918–1920) 5815:(1918–1920) 5809:(1918–1920) 5791:(1918–1920) 5773:(1918–1920) 5767:(1917–1921) 5761:(1917–1921) 5708:(1916-1918) 5706:Arab Revolt 5697:(1915–1917) 5691:(1915–1917) 5679:(1914-1917) 5673:(1914–1917) 5667:(1914–1921) 5661:(1913–1920) 5649:(1910–1920) 5643:(1900–1920) 5616: [ 5134:July Crisis 5055:(1880–1914) 4718:Mesopotamia 4596:Home fronts 4555:World War I 2970:Fuller 2013 2542:46 Squadron 2354:1,300 guns, 2339:77 American 2326:Stoßtruppen 2153:pieces and 1845:south-west. 1733:on 25 March 1635:Berlancourt 1487:Lieutenant 1438:Happencourt 1426:XVIII Corps 1368:16 aircraft 1352:21–27 March 1323:Roye, Somme 1274:mustard gas 1173:36 mortars, 1167:and mules, 1162:11,800 men, 1152:1,650 guns, 1148:Julian Byng 1135:Flesquières 1072:326 fighter 1065:6,600 guns, 982:Gegenschlag 959:Stoßtruppen 900:territorial 821:German Army 728:German Army 679:River Somme 639:World War I 608:Morlancourt 590:Dernancourt 561:Morlancourt 556:Dernancourt 527:St. Quentin 191:New Zealand 108:Territorial 52:World War I 6703:Categories 6471:Agreements 6271:War crimes 6147:Luxembourg 6040:Casualties 4911:Montenegro 4746:South West 4626:Technology 4616:Propaganda 4606:Opposition 4259:0297847023 4093:0752417991 3622:Falls 1922 3490:Rowan 1919 3218:(3): 788. 3126:Rowan 1919 2895:Falls 1922 2772:Falls 1940 2577:James 1924 2361:200 tanks. 2335:77,000 had 2264:236,300, a 2260:92,004 and 2238:5,000 men. 2174:Casualties 2164:10,000 per 2078:Avre River 1773:230 German 1769:20 minutes 1610:Villeselve 1606:Golancourt 1581:, 24 March 1430:Ivor Maxse 1356:6,109, the 1340:Oise river 1332:Bullecourt 1241:Fifth Army 1237:Third Army 1192:14 trucks, 1176:64 Vickers 878:Fifth Army 742:Background 27:See also: 6368:Diplomacy 6075:Olympians 5998:Australia 5965:Logistics 5898:Vlora War 5827:(1918–19) 5803:(1918–19) 5797:(1918–19) 5785:(1918–19) 5732:(1916–17) 5714:(1916–17) 5665:Zaian War 5655:(1914–15) 5375:first day 5263:Lusitania 5091:(1912–13) 5085:(1911–12) 5073:(1908–09) 5067:(1905–06) 5049:(1870–71) 4838:Principal 4698:Gallipoli 4601:Memorials 4586:Geography 4576:Aftermath 4464:(1974) . 4414:5 October 4377:2 October 4357:1 October 4325:3 October 4310:1826/3897 4201:2 October 4196:752706407 4123:(1983) . 4006:(1992) . 4004:Falls, C. 3982:Falls, C. 3914:(1982) . 3240:159845369 3232:1543-7795 3102:Grey 1991 2844:Grey 1991 2565:Footnotes 2347:17,000 of 2266:total of 2262:British: 2215:78,860 in 2211:90,882 of 2160:1,915 new 2155:200 tanks 2120:Aftermath 1868:"Whippet" 1690:Champagne 1674:, wrote: 1627:Caillouel 1372:14 German 1194:cars and 1184:770 carts 1180:144 Lewis 1098:18th Army 1076:17th Army 909:1,000 men 854:Gneisenau 850:Georgette 547:3rd Arras 453:2nd Marne 428:3rd Aisne 342:: 177,739 307:3 cavalry 164:Australia 100:Aftermath 85:Northern 6656:Category 6243:Refugees 6209:Italians 6198:Germans 6158:Ober Ost 5938:Aviation 5032:Timeline 5003:Bulgaria 4784:Tsingtao 4761:Togoland 4708:Caucasus 4643:European 4635:Theatres 4504:CWGC map 4335:Websites 4280:31307878 4270:(1937). 3984:(1922). 2443:See also 2385:'s play 2345:losses, 2256:348,300. 2125:Analysis 2053:— 2022:— 2003:— 1978:— 1942:— 1878:— 1725:British 1649:— 1639:Crepigny 1631:Guiscard 1511:— 1336:Tergnier 1321:tank in 1282:tear gas 1278:chlorine 1171:pieces, 1116:35 years 1108:7th Army 1084:2nd Army 913:500 men, 904:New Army 789:Messines 542:Rosières 352:: 77,000 293:Strength 81:Location 6676:02°48′E 6673:49°48′N 6394:Germany 6294:Germany 6222:Germany 6142:Belgium 6127:Albania 6086:Disease 6066:Sports 6018:Ireland 5931:Warfare 5924:Aspects 5112:Origins 5105:Prelude 5008:Senussi 4988:Germany 4983:Leaders 4921:Romania 4862:Belgium 4857:Leaders 4756:Kamerun 4738:African 4673:Romania 4651:Balkans 4566:Outline 3904:4945014 2475:Council 2188:Bavaria 2168:100 per 1980:Roberts 1905:⁄ 1623:27 men, 1595:wrote: 1544:⁄ 1501:450 men 1434:Artemps 1348:250 men 1338:on the 1317:German 1306:Ronssoy 1298:Essigny 1265:Michael 1058:La Fère 1030:Prelude 1021:⁄ 998:⁄ 896:regular 882:General 862:Blücher 846:Michael 797:Cambrai 720:Germany 637:during 599:Villers 571:Villers 537:Bapaume 417:Michael 329:254,816 323:239,800 110:changes 103:section 6414:Russia 6389:France 6217:Canada 6132:Serbia 6003:Canada 5960:Horses 5912:(1921) 5906:(1920) 5900:(1920) 5894:(1920) 5886:(1920) 5839:(1919) 5833:(1919) 5779:(1918) 5744:(1918) 5738:(1917) 5726:(1916) 5720:(1916) 5685:(1915) 5097:(1913) 5079:(1911) 5061:(1905) 5018:Darfur 4943:Serbia 4926:Russia 4889:Greece 4877:France 4867:Brazil 4713:Persia 4656:Serbia 4496:, in: 4474: 4450: 4431: 4405: 4316: 4288:Theses 4278: 4256: 4237: 4218: 4194: 4173: 4150: 4131: 4109: 4090: 4071: 4052: 4033: 4014: 3992: 3970: 3948: 3926: 3902: 3238: 3230: 2393:dugout 1926:enemy. 1854:again. 1462:Pithon 1458:Ollézy 1450:16:40. 1218:Battle 987:Verdun 892:French 825:Allies 817:241 in 695:Amiens 683:French 659:Allied 655:France 632:German 624:German 231: 221:France 218: 203: 188: 177:Canada 174: 161: 147: 133: 94:Result 87:France 6611:Other 6404:Japan 6399:Italy 6226:camps 6070:Rugby 5620:] 4899:Japan 4894:Italy 4872:China 4766:North 3888:Books 3236:S2CID 2460:Notes 1864:Serre 1794:Nesle 1755:Noyon 1614:Cugny 1482:Jussy 1354:were 1280:gas, 1261:Nurlu 1090:) of 1009:36 of 929:MP 18 785:Arras 766:, OHL 448:Hamel 6191:POWs 5510:1918 5412:1917 5338:1916 5239:1915 5143:1914 4948:Siam 4751:East 4472:ISBN 4448:ISBN 4429:ISBN 4416:2014 4403:ISBN 4379:2013 4359:2013 4327:2013 4314:ISBN 4276:OCLC 4254:ISBN 4235:ISBN 4216:ISBN 4203:2013 4192:OCLC 4171:ISBN 4148:ISBN 4129:ISBN 4107:ISBN 4088:ISBN 4069:ISBN 4050:ISBN 4031:ISBN 4012:ISBN 3990:ISBN 3968:ISBN 3946:ISBN 3924:ISBN 3900:OCLC 3228:ISSN 2370:and 2359:and 2301:and 1759:Roye 1456:and 1446:Dury 1082:), 1070:and 1011:the 856:and 819:the 795:and 685:and 576:Avre 362:: 77 97:See 73:Date 4306:hdl 3220:doi 2540:of 2419:In 2410:In 1997:sic 1528:Ham 1480:at 1454:Ham 1342:to 1319:A7V 1259:at 838:or 423:Lys 50:in 6705:: 5618:It 4370:. 4345:. 4312:. 3817:^ 3800:^ 3785:^ 3398:^ 3383:^ 3260:^ 3234:. 3226:. 3216:68 3214:. 2944:^ 2917:^ 2902:^ 2863:^ 2692:^ 2423:' 2329:; 2314:c. 2307:c. 2289:c. 2282:c. 2275:c. 2268:c. 2219:c. 2200:c. 2038:, 1380:c. 1276:, 1053:. 872:, 852:, 848:, 791:, 787:, 738:. 653:, 626:: 606:nd 597:nd 588:nd 554:st 525:nd 6042:/ 4547:e 4540:t 4533:v 4500:. 4480:. 4456:. 4437:. 4418:. 4381:. 4361:. 4329:. 4308:: 4282:. 4262:. 4243:. 4224:. 4205:. 4179:. 4156:. 4137:. 4115:. 4096:. 4077:. 4058:. 4039:. 4020:. 3998:. 3976:. 3954:. 3932:. 3906:. 3242:. 3222:: 2972:. 2477:. 2186:( 1907:2 1903:1 1900:+ 1898:3 1757:– 1553:( 1546:2 1542:1 1539:+ 1537:4 1535:( 1086:( 1078:( 1023:3 1019:2 1000:3 996:1 880:( 712:( 622:( 604:2 595:2 586:2 552:1 523:2 500:e 493:t 486:v 393:e 386:t 379:v 20:)

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