405:
493:
625:, who became Governor of Virginia. They interpreted Maryland to fall under this commission. In March 1652 they removed Stone as governor, only to reinstate him in June 1652. On March 2, 1654, Stone decreed that although he was faithful to the Commonwealth, all writs should "run in the Proprietary's name as heretofore". On January 3, 1654, the Puritans who had settled at Stone's invitation in Providence communicated to the commissioners that they objected to the oath of fidelity to Baltimore as a Catholic. On July 20, 1654, Stone resigned as governor under duress. The Commissioners became
679:
557:, an ardent supporter of the Parliamentary side of the conflict, who was placed under nominal arrest for making disloyal comments concerning the King, but who was allowed to escape. Upon Leonard Calvert's return, he discovered that Ingle had joined forces with Claiborne and they were planning an invasion of the colony. In September 1644, Ingle captured St. Mary's City, and Claiborne recovered Kent Island, forcing Calvert to seek refuge in Virginia.
573:
706:
colors in battle, the forces met on Horn Point, with Fuller's forces driving Stone's small force to the end of the peninsula. In less than one half-hour, the battle was over, with 17 of Stone's forces being killed, and four executed, including Thomas Hatton, secretary of the colony. Thirty-two were wounded, including Stone. Only two of Fuller's force were killed.
564:, a nearly two-year period when Ingle and his companions roamed the colony, robbing at will and taking Jesuits (Royalists) back to England as prisoners. This ended only in 1646 when Calvert returned from exile in Virginia, recaptured St. Mary's City, and restored the rule of loyalists to the English crown.
705:
and boats heading toward his ship, forcing their retreat. Heamans then ordered an armed sloop to bar their escape by blocking Spa Creek, the inlet of the Severn to which Stone's forces had retreated. On March 25, after
Captain Fuller retrieved the only Commonwealth flag in the colony for use as his
661:
Using this as a form of recognition, William Stone challenged the authority of the commissioners, seized back the records of the colony, and mustered his troops to deal with the
Puritan settlers allied with them. Recruiting from St. Mary's County, newly restored Governor Stone recaptured the Assembly
629:
governors of the colony, and the first general assembly under their authority was held on
October 20, 1654. Catholics and any other individuals who had borne arms against the Parliament could not be members (effectively limiting the membership to Puritans), and among the 44 Acts passed by this group
607:
under their rule, had decreed that support for
Charles II was treason. Baltimore and Stone stayed mute on the subject, but almost immediately after taking office, Stone allowed a group of persecuted Virginian Puritans into the colony, who then settled at Providence, present-day Annapolis. The issue
737:
The issue of the ongoing
Claiborne grievance was finally settled by an agreement reached in 1657. Lord Baltimore provided Claiborne amnesty for all of his offenses, Virginia laid aside any claim it had to Maryland territory, and Claiborne was indemnified with extensive land grants in Virginia for
698:, later known as "Captain Fuller" in the coming conflict, the military leader of the Puritan settlers at Providence. On March 23, 1655, the council issued a warrant to Heamans to serve as a counselor, with Heamans relating to Stone that he was bound to do so, ignoring his contrary orders.
41:
612:, deputy to Stone and a Catholic, declared on November 15, 1649 that Charles II was the "undoubted rightfull heire to all his father's dominions". All acts taken by the Maryland Assembly would further require an oath of fidelity to Baltimore as "Lord Proprietor".
380:
The background surrounding the Battle of the Severn flows from the early days of
Maryland as a colony, and acts as a mirror to the events simultaneously occurring in England. It pitted the forces allied with the royal proprietor, who was a Catholic and
620:
In 1651 there began a set of rumors indicating that Lord
Baltimore would lose his charter. Parliament had appointed two Commissioners, one of whom was none other than Claiborne, to force Virginia to submit to Parliamentary authority. The other was
587:
as governor in 1649. Stone's appointment was carefully made, as he was a
Protestant – as were the majority of the members of his council – and a friend of Parliament. By choosing Stone, Calvert could avoid criticism of Maryland as a seat of
592:, where Protestants were allegedly oppressed. Stone and his council, however, were required to agree not to interfere with freedom of worship. In 1649, the colonial Assembly passed the "Act Concerning Religion" (or the
485:. Following the arrest in 1635 of one of Claiborne’s agents for trading in Maryland waters without a license, Claiborne fitted out an armed ship, and there ensued a naval battle on April 23, 1635, by the mouth of the
729:
was entered into. Thus, in the end, Lord
Baltimore not only retained his lands and powers, but was able to avoid the grisly fate of many of his contemporaries in England during this time. The proprietor appointed
468:
on March 27, 1634. Using his absolute powers bestowed by charter, Cecil
Calvert named his brother as royal governor of the new colony, a post he held from 1634 to 1644 and again from 1646 until his death in 1647.
689:
Heamans was informed of an alleged plot to kill the inhabitants of Providence, as well as to burn his ship and kill his crew and officers. Following the removal of the women and children of Providence to
741:
Governor Fendall soon had a falling out with Lord Baltimore and led a bloodless revolution in 1659 whereby he and Fuller reorganized Maryland's government to resemble the Commonwealth's. However, the
375:
313:
396:
Using the language of the charter that allowed him to take possession of land between the Delaware Bay and Potomac River "not cultivated or planted," Cecil Calvert lay claim to Kent Island.
430:. Baltimore resigned from his position after the death of James I following his conversion to Catholicism. After a visit to what would be Maryland in 1628, Baltimore requested that
713:
for Stone and nine others. Four of the prisoners were executed, but the remainder, including Stone, were saved when the women of Providence begged that their lives be spared.
514:, starting in 1642 and ending in 1651, had a direct effect on Maryland. The war itself was fought between the supporters of Charles I and the supporters of a Puritan-led
200:
457:, a county palatine in its own right, is used in the charter. The effect of this document was to create a semi-independent colony, ruled by Lord Baltimore as Duke.
1232:
682:
The battle was fought on Horn Point, the peninsula on the right in a panoramic view from an early photograph, in the present-day neighborhood of Eastport in
1247:
1237:
549:
In April 1643, aware of the problems besetting the home-country, Leonard Calvert departed Maryland to consult with his brother Cecil Calvert, leaving
1272:
449:
was unique in that it made Lord Baltimore and his heirs the "absolute Lords and Proprietaries" of the new colony. In effect, the grant created a
366:, then Lord Proprietor of the colony of Maryland. It has been suggested by Radmila May that this was the "last battle of the English Civil War."
646:, arrived in Maryland, and William Stone reported to the Captain that he was no longer Governor of Maryland. At about that time, another ship,
193:
404:
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127:
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1048:
922:
584:
576:
143:
1038:
912:
186:
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283:
276:
72:
464:, the first settlers of the new colony, a party of Catholic gentry and Church of England Protestants, landed in present-day
492:
721:
The primarily Puritan assembly retained powers until April 27, 1658, when proprietorship was restored to Lord Baltimore,
1242:
678:
465:
967:
824:
518:. Following the defeat and execution of Charles I, the Parliamentarians assumed power and the period is known as the
454:
258:
1262:
750:
622:
32:
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753:. In addition, Fuller's estate was confiscated and Claiborne never recovered his former holding of Kent Island.
1257:
709:
Governor Stone surrendered after he was promised mercy. Following hostilities, however, the war council issued
609:
695:
502:
The ensuing fallout from the capture of Kent Island would resonate through Maryland for many years to follow.
1108:
767:
604:
593:
527:
386:
343:
121:
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232:
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in 1660 forced Fendall into exile and restored the proprietorship. Fendall was replaced as governor by
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600:
539:
474:
306:
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220:
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300:
994:
358:", and what is now the neighborhood of Eastport. It was an extension of the conflicts that formed the
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952:
446:
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was a repeal of the Toleration Act, and another that forbade Catholics from practicing their faith.
869:
742:
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643:
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66:
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could worship freely. Following Baltimore's death on June 20, 1632, the grant of land was made to
550:
515:
427:
412:
972:. Maryland Archives. Vol. 552. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. pp. 5–24
40:
1081:
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918:
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511:
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359:
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245:
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as acting governor in his absence. During this time, St. Mary's City was visited by Captain
523:
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289:
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During the period of Parliamentary rule, Virginia remained faithful to then King
830:
538:. The conflict did not finally resolve itself until 1661 with the coronation of
478:
226:
608:
of which side Maryland stood was finally settled, at least in appearance, when
489:. Eventually, Leonard Calvert captured Kent Island by force in February 1638.
596:
as it is more commonly known), ensuring freedom of religion within Maryland.
87:
74:
482:
390:
382:
339:
271:
1040:
New Cambridge Modern History: Volume V: The Ascendancy of France 1648–88
826:
The Battle of Great Severn – Colonial America and the English Civil War
726:
351:
589:
362:, pitting the forces of Puritan settlers against forces aligned with
583:
Following the death of Leonard Calvert in 1647, Cecil Calvert named
702:
571:
491:
403:
734:
to succeed Stone as governor for his loyalty during the battle.
911:
Carr, Lois Green; Philip D. Morgan; Jean Burrell Russo (1991).
182:
376:
English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
178:
1193:
Gambrill gives the total number of death sentences as 10 (
1077:
The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661
426:, who had previously been the principal secretary to
658:, addressed to Captain Stone, Governor of Maryland.
1197:, p. 45), but Nay states that there were 12 (
1169:Some Colonial Mansions and Those who Lived in Them
603:, though Parliament, which had declared England a
477:arising from 1631 when he had landed and set up a
1218:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 718.
25:
350:, in what at that time was referred to as the
130:'s supporters (Royalist and Catholic settlers)
969:A Briefe Relation of the Voyage Unto Maryland
194:
8:
808:. Boston etc.: Ginn & Company. pp.
694:, a war council was convened and appointed
434:make a grant of land for a colony in which
1069:
1067:
989:
987:
201:
187:
179:
22:
1139:. Houghton, Mifflin and company. p.
1111:. Maryland State Archives. April 21, 1649
1043:. Vol. V. CUP Archive. p. 143.
863:
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725:was ensured, and an agreement of general
650:arrived in the colony with a letter from
530:was proclaimed, and England was ruled by
1194:
1161:
1159:
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1126:
1080:. Harvard University Press. p. 36.
857:
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847:
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843:
841:
839:
677:
1216:History of Maryland: Province and State
948:Narratives of Early Maryland, 1633–1684
779:
666:, and sailed with a small fleet up the
642:, a merchant ship commanded by Captain
124:supporters (primarily Puritan settlers)
1233:North America in the English Civil War
1172:. H. T. Coates & company. p.
906:
904:
823:Cook, Sue (presenter) (July 6, 2004),
346:at Horn Point, across Spa Creek from
7:
701:On March 24, 1655, Heamans fired on
1198:
951:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
579:, 3rd Colonial Governor of Maryland
473:, however, had an earlier claim to
805:Leading Events of Maryland History
560:What followed became known as the
422:Maryland was founded by the first
409:Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore
14:
1248:Pre-statehood history of Maryland
1238:Battles of the English Civil Wars
829:, Making History (programme 12),
385:, against forces allied with the
342:fought on March 25, 1655, on the
1019:George Calvert and Cecil Calvert
995:"Maryland Historical Chronology"
802:Gambrill, J. Montgomery (1904).
481:post on behalf of the colony of
460:Led by Cecil Calvert’s brother,
39:
1273:Civil wars in the United States
1136:Old Virginia and Her Neighbours
1074:Pestana, Carla Gardina (2004).
633:
1214:Andrews, Matthew Page (1929).
442:, now the new Lord Baltimore.
1:
1016:Browne, William Hand (1890).
966:White, Father Andrew (1984).
945:Hall, Clayton Colman (1910).
917:. UNC Press. pp. 63–64.
45:An illustration of the battle
1166:Glenn, Thomas Allen (1900).
1109:"An Act Concerning Religion"
888:"The Battle of Great Severn"
870:"The Battle of Great Severn"
914:Colonial Chesapeake Society
868:May, Radmila (March 1999),
453:, and, indeed, the name of
259:Battle of Winnington Bridge
1289:
373:
33:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
997:. Maryland State Archives
738:his loss of Kent Island.
218:
162:
149:
134:
115:
49:
38:
30:
662:records, located on the
522:. During this time the
1037:Carsten, F. L. (1961).
1022:. Dodd, Mead. pp.
883:(subscription required)
634:Stone's return to power
528:Commonwealth of England
387:Commonwealth of England
88:38.998805°N 76.481867°W
1268:Puritanism in Maryland
686:
580:
568:Settling of Providence
542:, an act known as the
499:
419:
135:Commanders and leaders
681:
638:On January 31, 1655,
575:
495:
407:
307:Battle of Dalnaspidal
163:Casualties and losses
93:38.998805; -76.481867
1133:Fiske, John (1900).
885:, Also available at
674:Battle of the Severn
670:towards Providence.
417:Province of Maryland
400:Royal proprietorship
336:Battle of the Severn
320:Battle of the Severn
107:Commonwealth victory
26:Battle of the Severn
1243:Battles in Maryland
874:Contemporary Review
684:Annapolis, Maryland
544:English Restoration
526:was abolished, the
520:English Interregnum
447:Charter of Maryland
348:Annapolis, Maryland
239:Penruddock uprising
233:Gerard's conspiracy
84: /
67:Annapolis, Maryland
687:
648:The Golden Fortune
581:
516:English Parliament
500:
420:
301:Glencairn's rising
1263:Conflicts in 1655
723:religious freedom
512:English Civil War
471:William Claiborne
360:English Civil War
329:
328:
295:Battle of Tullich
277:Guerrilla warfare
246:Killing No Murder
177:
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1253:1655 in Maryland
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763:Plundering Time
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751:Phillip Calvert
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711:death sentences
692:The Golden Lyon
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654:, by this time
652:Oliver Cromwell
640:The Golden Lyon
636:
623:Richard Bennett
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562:Plundering Time
532:Oliver Cromwell
510:The three part
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497:Leonard Calvert
466:St. Mary's City
462:Leonard Calvert
451:county palatine
424:Baron Baltimore
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664:Patuxent River
656:Lord Protector
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487:Pocomoke River
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57:March 25, 1655
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610:Thomas Greene
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585:William Stone
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577:William Stone
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555:Richard Ingle
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1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1144:. Retrieved
1135:
1113:. Retrieved
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1076:
1054:. Retrieved
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999:. Retrieved
974:. Retrieved
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928:. Retrieved
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891:. Retrieved
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605:Commonwealth
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344:Severn River
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122:Commonwealth
116:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
1179:December 6,
1146:December 6,
1115:December 6,
1093:December 6,
1056:December 6,
1001:December 5,
976:December 4,
930:December 4,
831:BBC Radio 4
743:Restoration
551:Giles Brent
479:fur trading
475:Kent Island
413:Proprietary
389:, who were
303:(1653–1654)
279:(1650–1652)
229:(1653–1660)
227:Sealed Knot
211:Interregnum
91: /
16:1655 battle
1227:Categories
775:References
747:Charles II
601:Charles II
540:Charles II
506:Plundering
374:See also:
370:Background
356:Providence
173:32 wounded
171:17 killed
79:76°28′55″W
76:38°59′56″N
893:March 28,
717:Aftermath
436:Catholics
432:Charles I
1199:May 1999
757:See also
627:de facto
483:Virginia
391:Puritans
383:Royalist
340:skirmish
314:Colonies
284:Scotland
168:2 killed
150:Strength
62:Location
1208:Sources
770:of 1649
727:amnesty
428:James I
352:Puritan
266:Ireland
221:England
1084:
1047:
955:, 214.
921:
880:(1598)
810:44, 45
703:sloops
590:Popery
534:, its
455:Durham
411:, 1st
338:was a
322:(1655)
309:(1654)
297:(1652)
272:Tories
261:(1659)
255:(1659)
249:(1657)
241:(1655)
235:(1654)
104:Result
1181:2008
1148:2008
1117:2008
1095:2008
1082:ISBN
1058:2008
1045:ISBN
1026:–67.
1003:2008
978:2008
932:2008
919:ISBN
895:2021
445:The
334:The
54:Date
1174:360
1141:294
878:274
745:of
158:130
155:175
1229::
1201:).
1156:^
1125:^
1066:^
1024:63
986:^
953:67
903:^
876:,
872:,
838:^
782:^
546:.
393:.
1183:.
1150:.
1119:.
1097:.
1060:.
1005:.
980:.
934:.
897:.
812:.
202:e
195:t
188:v
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