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1405:. Over 500,000 shells were fired in the first 30 minutes of battle. The bombardment underperformed Soviet expectations. Soviet POWs captured the day prior had disclosed the date of the offensive, and German troops had been pulled back to their second defensive line. The dust and debris kicked up by the bombardment also rendered the mass use of searchlights to illuminate terrain in the early morning hours ineffective. Before dawn, the 1st Belorussian Front attacked across the Oder and the 1st Ukrainian Front attacked across the Neisse. The 1st Belorussian Front was the stronger force, but it had the more difficult assignment since it was facing the bulk of the German forces.
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troops... According to the interrogated prisoners, artillery fire was so sudden and overwhelming that the enemy did not have time to move from the first trench line; the second and third lines were at all times under heavy fire from our artillery. As a result of this, the enemy units in the first line of defence suffered heavy casualties.
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Zhukov supposedly took the shortest path, the critics contend, so that his troops would be the first ones to enter the city. However, Zhukov chose the main thrust to be through the Seelow
Heights not because he thought that was the quickest way to get to Berlin, but because that was the quickest way
1483:
On 19 April, the 1st
Belorussian Front eventually broke through the final defensive line of the Seelow Heights and now nothing but broken German formations lay between them and Berlin. The remnants of the 9th Army and the 4th Panzer Army were enveloped by the 1st Belorussian Front and by elements of
1458:
divisions in the south covering his centre, instead of using them to shore up the 4th Panzer Army. This was the turning point in the Berlin
Offensive because the positions of both Army Group Vistula and the centre and right sectors of Army Group Centre were becoming untenable. Unless they fell back
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Also, bypassing the Seelow
Heights and attacking Berlin from the north would have exposed the northern flank of the 1st Belorussian Front to a potential attack from German forces to the north, which could have pinned Zhukov's forces against the Seelow Heights. Furthermore, in actuality only two of
1427:
from the 3rd Shock Army had advanced 8 km (5.0 mi)), but the second German defensive line remained intact. Zhukov was forced to report that his battle was not going as planned. However, in the south the attack by Konev's 1st
Ukrainian Front was going according to plan. To spur Zhukov on,
1271:
as commander of Army Group
Vistula on 20 March. He correctly predicted that the main Soviet thrust would be made over the River Oder and along the Reichsstraße 1 at Seelow Heights. He decided to defend the riverbank with only a light skirmishing screen, but to strongly fortify the Seelow Heights,
1408:
The assault by the 1st
Belorussian Front started with an intense artillery bombardment. According to Beevor and Ziemke, Heinrici and Busse had anticipated the attack and withdrew their defenders from the first line of trenches just before the Soviet artillery would have obliterated them. Whereas
1422:
The swampy ground proved to be a great hindrance, and a German counter-barrage caused heavy Soviet casualties. Frustrated by the slow advance, Zhukov threw in his reserves, which according to his earlier plan were to be held back until the expected breakthrough. By early evening, an advance of
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Considering that the enemy moves its infantry from the first to the second and third lines of trenches in the morning, I used a nightly artillery barrage with a high density of fire for 30 minutes, with the use of searchlights to blind the enemy and light up the terrain ahead of the advancing
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The 1st
Belorussian Front had nine regular and two tank armies consisting of 77 rifle divisions, two cavalry, five tank and two mechanized corps, eight artillery and one guards mortars divisions and a mixture of other artillery and rocket launcher brigades. The front had 3,059 tanks and
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and instead made use of the 1st
Ukrainian Front's breakthrough over the Neisse or concentrate its armies on surrounding Berlin from the north. This would have bypassed the strong German defences at Seelow Heights, and avoided many casualties and the delay in the Berlin advance.
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the 1st
Ukrainian Front which had broken through and turned north. Other armies of the 1st Ukrainian Front raced west towards the Americans. By the close of 19 April, the German eastern frontline had effectively ceased to exist. All that remained were pockets of resistance.
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The Oder's floodplain was already saturated by the spring thaw, but German engineers also released water from a reservoir upstream, which turned the plain into a swamp. Behind the heights, they built three lines of defences, spreading back toward Berlin. The last was the
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As a result of the 1st Belorussian Front's success at the Seelow Heights and the Oder Front in general, most of the forces of the German 9th Army were encircled before they could retreat to Berlin. The city was then defended only by broken formations, the
1480:. By nightfall, an advance of 3–5 km (1.9–3.1 mi) on the right flank and 3–8 km (1.9–5.0 mi) in the centre had been achieved, and the 1st Belorussian Front had reached the third and final German line of defence.
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The defensive line on the Seelow Heights was the last major defensive line outside Berlin. From 19 April, the road to Berlin—90 km (56 mi) to the west—lay open. By 23 April, Berlin was fully encircled and the
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in line with the 4th Panzer Army, they faced envelopment. In effect, Konev's successful attack on Schörner's relatively poor defences to the south of Seelow Heights was unhinging Heinrici's defence.
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of the 1st Guards Tank Army, had taken advantage of the success of their comrades and also advanced. The 47th and the 3rd shock armies progressed another 4–8 km (2.5–5.0 mi).
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which rise about 48 m (157 ft) above the Oder and overlook the river where the Reichsstraße crossed it. He thinned out the line in other areas to put more men on the heights.
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the five armies of the 1st Belorussian Front attacked the Seelow Heights themselves and the heights were eventually bypassed from the north as soon as there was a narrow breakthrough.
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Line, 10–15 mi (16–24 km) behind the front line. These lines consisted of anti-tank ditches, anti-tank gun emplacements, and an extensive network of trenches and bunkers.
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to move to the east bank of the Oder. During the first two weeks of April, the Soviets performed their fastest front redeployment of the war. The 2nd Belorussian Front relieved the
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On 18 April, both Soviet fronts advanced with heavy losses. The Seelow Heights was bypassed from the north, during which Soviet troops met counterattacks by German reserves:
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According to historian Aleksey Isaev, based on archival data the 1st Belorussian Front lost 20,000 men, including 5,000–6,000 killed and missing, while the historians
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On the second day, the 1st Belorussian Front's troops bolstered by their reserves slowly advanced. By nightfall on 17 April, the German second defensive line (
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After the war, Zhukov's critics asserted that he should have stopped the 1st Belorussian Front's attack via the direct line to Berlin along the
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This allowed the 1st Belorussian Front to concentrate in the southern half of its former front, opposite the Seelow Heights. To the south, the
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was where some of the most bitter fighting in the overall battle took place, but it was only one of several crossing points along the
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were in reserve. The 5th Shock and 8th Guards were posted directly opposite the strongest part of the defences, where the
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Originally published in "World War II" at Suite101.com on 1 May 1999. Revised edition published in "Articles on War" at
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Estimates of Soviet casualties during the assault on the Seelow Heights vary from under 10,000 to over 30,000 killed.
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In the early hours of April 16th, the offensive began with a massive bombardment by some 9,000 artillery pieces and
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rivers where the Soviets attacked. The Battle of the Oder–Neisse was itself only the opening phase of the
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To the south however, the 1st Ukrainian Front was pushing back the 4th Panzer Army; the left flank of
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to link up with Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front and cut off the German 9th Army from the city.
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The three Soviet fronts together had 2,500,000 men, 6,250 tanks, 7,500 aircraft, 41,600
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Eight of the 11 armies were posted along the Oder. In the north, the 61st Army and the
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Stalin told him that he had let Konev direct his tank armies north towards Berlin.
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1318: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1245:, an area which included the Seelow Heights. It had 14 divisions, the
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135:
1776:"Week 294B - Soviet Berlin Offensive Begins - WW2 - April 16, 1945"
870:
2090:(Interview) (in Russian). Interviewed by Vitaly Dymarsky. Moscow:
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1950:Битва за Берлин. Завершающее сражение Великой Отечественной войны
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The result was the encirclement of the German 9th Army and the
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1954:
Battle for Berlin: The Final Battle of the Great Patriotic War
1394:
Soviet artillery bombarding German positions during the battle
1287:
1172:
self-propelled guns and 18,934 artillery pieces and mortars.
275:
5,000–6,000 killed and missing out of ~20,000 total casualties
1879:
1877:
1750:"This unstoppable artillery bombardment doomed Nazi Berlin"
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held the river line from Schwedt to its meeting with the
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was beginning to crumble. Schörner kept his two reserve
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4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) had been achieved (the
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1606:
1604:
50:
A modern view over the Oder from the Seelow Heights
2019:
1972:
1237:The German 9th Army held the front from about the
2226:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
1496:A Soviet monument on the Seelow Heights in 2021
25:
2127:The Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich
2000:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945
886:
309:
8:
1070:This battle is often incorporated into the
1029:, it was one of the last assaults on large
2055:] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo.
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1439:of the 8th Guards Army, together with the
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22:
2221:Battles of World War II involving Germany
2146:"Battle for the Seelow Heights – Part II"
1678:
1378:Learn how and when to remove this message
1260:, which opposed the 1st Ukrainian Front.
2053:Berlin of 45: Battles in the Beast's Den
1642:
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1113:fell to the Soviet Army. This freed the
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1234:to Berlin passed through the heights.
16:WWII German-Soviet military engagement
2048:Берлин 45-го: Сражения в логове зверя
2028:Zhukov: The Last Argument of the King
2022:Георгий Жуков: Последний довод короля
1907:
1895:
1883:
1868:
1820:
1705:
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7:
1316:adding citations to reliable sources
1023:Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation
2030:] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza.
2206:Battles involving the Soviet Union
1575:state that 30–33,000 were killed.
1511:war in Europe was effectively over
1203:were concentrated for the attack.
1041:(including 78,556 soldiers of the
288:12,000 killed and 35,000 captured
14:
1956:] (in Russian). Moscow: AST.
1471:23rd SS Panzergrenadier Division
1464:11th SS Panzergrenadier Division
2168:
1933:. London: Viking-Penguin Books.
1292:
1214:covered the river line south to
1148:north-west to the Neisse River.
392:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
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209:
198:
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2216:Military history of Brandenburg
2082:Isaev, Aleksey (26 July 2010).
1478:SS-Panzer Abteilung 103 (503rd)
1303:needs additional citations for
2144:Zuljan, Ralph (1 July 2003) .
2129:. New York: Ballantine Books.
1948:Goncharov, Vladislav (2007).
1327:"Battle of the Seelow Heights"
1183:. On the Soviet bridgehead at
1031:entrenched defensive positions
1019:Schlacht um die Seelower Höhen
1:
1505:commenced. Within two weeks,
1125:along the lower Oder between
1144:shifted its main force from
1011:Battle of the Seelow Heights
2211:20th century in Brandenburg
2175:Gedenkstätte Seelower Höhen
1168:and 95,383 motor vehicles.
1025:(16 April – 2 May 1945). A
2257:
1971:Goodenough, Simon (1982).
2106:Le Tissier, Tony (1996).
1930:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
1681:, pp. 170, 171, 550.
1409:according to a report to
1072:Battle of the Oder–Neisse
1043:Communist Polish 1st Army
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333:
265:
244:
191:
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43:
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2201:Battles involving Poland
2125:Ziemke, Earl F. (1968).
2047:
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1949:
26:Battle of Seelow Heights
2045:Isaev, Aleksey (2007).
2018:Isaev, Aleksey (2006).
1523:, small detachments of
1413:, Zhukov claimed that:
254:16,934 guns and mortars
105:52.529806°N 14.426083°E
76:Province of Brandenburg
1497:
1488:Aftermath and analysis
1441:11th Guards Tank Corps
1437:4th Guards Rifle Corps
1420:
1395:
1224:2nd Guards Tank armies
1159:, 3,255 truck-mounted
1119:Konstantin Rokossovsky
1018:
949:Encirclement of Berlin
192:Commanders and leaders
2110:. New York: Praeger.
1495:
1415:
1393:
1123:1st Belorussian Front
1115:2nd Belorussian Front
1039:1st Belorussian Front
266:Casualties and losses
2177:at Wikimedia Commons
1910:, pp. 421, 690.
1312:improve this article
996:Brandenburg–Rathenow
281:30,000–33,000 killed
278:Hastings and Beevor:
110:52.529806; 14.426083
1886:, pp. 377–383.
1871:, pp. 402–403.
1835:, pp. 217–233.
1823:, pp. 394–395.
1778:. Timeghost History
1708:, pp. 293–295.
1555:Informational notes
1138:1st Ukrainian Front
599:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
500:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
101: /
2108:Zhukov at the Oder
2069:on 14 October 2018
1898:, p. 388-389.
1498:
1452:Ferdinand Schörner
1396:
1065:Army Group Vistula
1021:) was part of the
794:Western Carpathian
734:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
704:1st Jassy–Kishinev
689:Leningrad–Novgorod
684:Dnieper–Carpathian
239:Ferdinand Schörner
2241:April 1945 events
2191:Conflicts in 1945
2173:Media related to
2117:978-0-275-95230-3
2062:978-5-699-20927-9
2010:978-0-375-71422-1
1963:978-5-17-039116-5
1940:978-0-670-03041-5
1774:Neidel, Indiana.
1583:, p. 468;
1509:was dead and the
1448:Army Group Centre
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1105:On 9 April 1945,
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2148:. Archived from
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2100:
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2088:Price of Victory
2084:"Seelow Heights"
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2065:. Archived from
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1045:), commanded by
1035:Second World War
959:Spremberg–Torgau
907:
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1177:1st Polish Army
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1095:Battle of Halbe
1056:, commanded by
1054:German 9th Army
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939:Stettin–Rostock
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858:Prague uprising
841:Bratislava–Brno
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1433:Stein Stellung
1386:
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1298:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1232:Reichsstraße 1
1140:under Marshal
1117:under Marshal
1102:
1099:
1076:Seelow Heights
1027:pitched battle
1002:
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988:
983:
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974:City of Berlin
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951:
946:
944:Seelow Heights
941:
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929:Race to Berlin
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124:Soviet victory
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72:Seelow Heights
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2136:0-356-02960-3
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2037:5-699-16564-9
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2029:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:Hastings, Max
1992:
1988:
1986:0-312-85584-2
1982:
1979:. Macdonald.
1977:
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1859:, p. 84.
1858:
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1847:, p. 82.
1846:
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1811:, p. 81.
1810:
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1723:, p. 76.
1722:
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1669:, p. 71.
1668:
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1643:Hastings 2005
1639:
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1614:
1609:
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1581:Hastings 2005
1578:
1574:
1573:Antony Beevor
1570:
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1339:
1336:
1332:
1329: –
1328:
1324:
1323:Find sources:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1301:This section
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:
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1281:
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1167:
1164:
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1154:
1149:
1147:
1146:Upper Silesia
1143:
1139:
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1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:Theodor Busse
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Georgy Zhukov
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
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589:
585:
584:
581:
580:
579:Little Saturn
576:
574:
573:
569:
567:
566:Velikiye Luki
564:
562:
561:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
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535:
533:
530:
528:
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358:
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354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:Naval warfare
336:
335:
332:
327:
326:Eastern Front
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
296:
286:
285:Total: 47,000
283:
279:
273:
270:
269:
264:
256:
250:1,000,000 men
249:
248:
243:
240:
235:
229:
224:
219:
217:
212:
206:
205:Georgy Zhukov
201:
196:
195:
190:
186:
174:
172:
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150:
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144:
137:
133:
128:
127:
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81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
33:Eastern Front
29:
24:
19:
2150:the original
2126:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2087:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:the original
2052:
2027:
1999:
1974:
1953:
1928:
1918:Bibliography
1903:
1891:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1748:Nye, Logan.
1743:
1701:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1569:Max Hastings
1563:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:Hitler Youth
1518:
1515:
1507:Adolf Hitler
1499:
1482:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1445:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1374:
1365:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1322:
1310:Please help
1305:verification
1302:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1247:"Fortress" (
1236:
1205:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1135:
1111:East Prussia
1104:
1092:
1069:
1010:
1008:
943:
922:
845:
826:Lake Balaton
814:
799:East Prussia
788:Vistula–Oder
786:
732:
725:
713:
659:
648:2nd Smolensk
625:
609:
592:
578:
571:
558:
536:
504:
483:Air war 1941
458:
421:
397:1st Smolensk
364:
353:Arctic Ocean
284:
277:
271:
160:Soviet Union
146:Belligerents
96:14°25′33.9″E
93:52°31′47.3″N
31:Part of the
18:
2003:. Vintage.
1857:Ziemke 1968
1845:Ziemke 1968
1833:Beevor 2002
1809:Ziemke 1968
1797:Beevor 2002
1736:Zuljan 2003
1721:Ziemke 1968
1667:Ziemke 1968
1628:Beevor 2002
1585:Beevor 2002
1257:Panzerarmee
1251:) Frankfurt
1239:Finow Canal
1181:Finow Canal
1155:pieces and
934:Oder–Neisse
621:Gorky Blitz
616:3rd Kharkov
532:2nd Kharkov
434:1st Kharkov
429:Sea of Azov
257:112,143 men
252:3,059 tanks
129:Territorial
108: /
2185:Categories
2097:1 December
1908:Isaev 2007
1896:Isaev 2006
1884:Isaev 2006
1869:Isaev 2006
1821:Isaev 2006
1706:Isaev 2007
1613:Isaev 2010
1577:Isaev 2010
1550:References
1520:Volkssturm
1368:April 2017
1338:newspapers
1220:1st Guards
1199:, and the
1142:Ivan Konev
1131:Baltic Sea
1107:Königsberg
923:Clausewitz
745:2nd Baltic
740:Dukla Pass
727:Doppelkopf
699:2nd Crimea
643:2nd Donbas
633:1st Donbas
610:Polar Star
560:Stalingrad
444:Sevastopol
439:1st Crimea
382:1st Baltic
366:Barbarossa
343:Baltic Sea
261:2,625 guns
2156:OnWar.com
1759:10 August
1595:Citations
1473:Nederland
1267:replaced
1212:33rd Army
1208:69th Army
1189:47th Army
1153:artillery
979:Reichstag
770:Gumbinnen
715:Bagration
554:Sinyavino
538:Case Blue
423:Leningrad
348:Black Sea
259:587 tanks
1997:(2005).
1975:War Maps
1927:(2002).
1782:16 April
1532:Autobahn
1466:Nordland
1401:Katyusha
1263:General
1228:3rd Army
1226:and the
1162:Katyusha
1129:and the
964:Oderberg
815:Solstice
775:Budapest
765:Courland
755:Debrecen
750:Belgrade
672:2nd Kiev
544:Caucasus
517:Demyansk
478:Chechnya
412:1st Kiev
245:Strength
67:Location
2073:25 June
1352:scholar
1249:Festung
1185:Küstrin
1157:mortars
1127:Schwedt
1101:Buildup
1058:General
1047:Marshal
1033:of the
986:Bautzen
917:Schwedt
809:Breslau
804:Silesia
709:Karelia
661:Dnieper
527:Bamberg
468:Finland
417:Tallinn
185:Germany
131:changes
84:Germany
80:Prussia
2236:Seelow
2133:
2114:
2059:
2034:
2007:
1983:
1960:
1937:
1456:panzer
1450:under
1411:Stalin
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1284:Battle
1218:. The
1187:, the
1084:Neisse
1074:. The
1015:German
969:Pankow
853:Prague
847:Berlin
836:Vienna
653:Lenino
495:Lyuban
460:Moscow
449:Rostov
407:Odessa
272:Isaev:
182:
171:Poland
157:
136:Berlin
121:Result
35:of the
2051:[
2026:[
1952:[
1359:JSTOR
1345:books
1278:Wotan
1243:Guben
1216:Guben
991:Halbe
694:Narva
667:Nevel
627:Kursk
593:Iskra
522:Kholm
506:Rzhev
473:Kerch
454:Gorky
387:Brody
372:Brest
2131:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2099:2012
2075:2014
2057:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1784:2024
1761:2023
1571:and
1476:and
1331:news
1255:4th
1222:and
1210:and
1206:The
1195:and
1082:and
1080:Oder
1009:The
781:1945
678:1944
586:1943
572:Mars
489:1942
402:Uman
359:1941
59:Date
1314:by
1241:to
1193:3rd
1133:.
1109:in
2187::
2086:.
1876:^
1752:.
1728:^
1713:^
1686:^
1635:^
1620:^
1603:^
1579:;
1513:.
1469:,
1191:,
1097:.
1090:.
1067:.
1017::
82:,
78:,
74:,
2139:.
2120:.
2101:.
2077:.
2040:.
2013:.
1989:.
1966:.
1943:.
1786:.
1763:.
1738:.
1615:.
1403:s
1381:)
1375:(
1370:)
1366:(
1356:·
1349:·
1342:·
1335:·
1308:.
1013:(
894:e
887:t
880:v
317:e
310:t
303:v
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