1284:"Alexander historians give Ariobarzanes a large army (40,000 infantry and 700 cavalry in Arrian, Anabasis 3.18.2; 25,000 infantry in Curtius 5.3.17 and Diodorus 17.68.1; the latter adds 300 horsemen), and their modern successors follow them unreservedly (e.g., Th. Doge, Alexander, Boston and New York, 1890, p. 401; J. F. C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great, London, 1958, pp. 228ff.; N. G. L. Hammond, *Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman, London, 1981, p. 185). However, Greek estimates for the Persian infantry were generally valueless (C. Hignett, Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece, Oxford, 1962, pp. 350f.), and Ariobarzanes could hardly have mustered more troops than he had taken to Gaugamela. Arrian's 700 can thus be interpreted as indicating the total strength of Ariobarzanes. Against them, Alexander led an army of well over 10,000 men, for having sent Parmenion with the baggage train and heavier-armed troops down the carriage road, he himself took the Macedonian infantry, the lancers and archers through the mountainous track (Arrian, Anabasis 3.18.1; Curtius 5.3.16f.; Diodorus 17.68.1; Stein, op. cit., pp. 19f.)"
1021:'s version reports that Ariobarzanes escaped to the north, where he finally surrendered to Alexander with his companions. Modern historian J. Prevas maintains that Ariobarzanes and his forces retreated to Persepolis, where they found the city gates closed by Tiridates, a Persian noble and guardian of the royal treasury under Darius III, who had been in secret contact with Alexander the Great. Tiridates considered resisting Alexander's forces to be futile, and so allowed Alexander to massacre Ariobarzanes and his troops right outside the city walls rather than fight. This is in agreement with Curtius' account which states that the Persian force, after both inflicting and suffering heavy casualties in the ensuing battle, broke through the Macedonian forces and retreated to Persepolis, but were denied entrance into the capital, at which point they returned to fight Alexander's army to the death.
1053:
men and enslave all its women, perhaps as a way to fulfill the expectations of his army and the Greek citizens, or perhaps as a final act of vengeance towards the
Persians. This destruction of the city can be viewed as unusual, as its inhabitants had surrendered without a fight and Alexander had earlier left Persian cities he conquered, such as Susa, relatively untouched. In May 330 BC, Alexander ordered the terrace of Persepolis, including its palaces and royal audience halls, to be burned before he left to find Darius III. Sources disagree as to why he ordered the destruction: it could have been a deliberate act of revenge for the
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hold off the invading
Persian forces. Here, on Alexander's campaign to exact revenge for the Persian invasion of Greece, he faced the same situation from the Persians. There are also accounts that an Iranian shepherd led Alexander's forces around the Persian defenses, just as a local Greek showed the Persian forces a secret path around the pass at Thermopylae.
952:
making the terrain particularly treacherous, thus well suited for
Ariobarzanes's purposes. According to the historian Arrian, Ariobarzanes had a force of 40,000 infantry and 700 cavalry and faced a Macedonian force of over 10,000. However, some modern historians have claimed these figures for the Achaemenid force to be grossly exaggerated and implausible.
298:
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initially suffered heavy casualties, losing entire platoons at a time. The
Macedonians attempted to withdraw, but the terrain and their still-advancing rear guard made an orderly retreat impossible. Alexander was forced to leave his dead behind to save the rest of his army—a great mark of disgrace to the
1040:
and the
Persian Gates have been recognized by ancient and modern authors. The Persian Gates played the role "of a Persian Thermopylae and like Thermopylae it fell." The Battle of the Persian Gates served as a kind of reversal of the Battle of Thermopylae, fought in Greece in 480 BC in an attempt to
1052:
as successor of
Ariobarzanes. Alexander seized the treasury of Persepolis, which at the time held the largest concentration of wealth in the world, and guaranteed himself financial independence from the Greek states. Four months later, Alexander allowed the troops to loot Persepolis, kill all its
999:
and broke through the
Persian defenses. Alexander and his elite contingent then attacked Ariobarzanes from above in a surprise attack until the Persians could no longer block the pass. Accounts of how he did so vary widely. Curtius and Arrian both report that prisoners of war led Alexander through
951:
The valley leading up to the
Persian Gate is wide, allowing the Macedonian army to enter the mountains at a full march. Ariobarzanes occupied a position near the modern-day village of Cheshmeh Chenar. The road curves to the southeast (to face the rising sun) and narrows considerably at that point,
975:
The
Persian Gate was only a couple of meters wide at the ambush point. Once the Macedonian army had advanced far enough into the narrow pass, the Persians rained down boulders on them from the northern slopes. From the southern slope, Persian archers launched their projectiles. Alexander's army
1012:
Diodorus and
Plutarch generally concur with this assessment, although their numbers vary widely. Modern historians W. Heckel and Stein also lend credence to this argument. Although precise figures are unavailable, some historians say that this engagement cost Alexander his greatest losses in his
987:
Ariobarzanes had some reason to believe that success here could change the course of the war. Preventing Alexander's passage through the Persian Gates would force the Macedonian army to use other routes to invade Persia proper, all of which would allow Darius more time to field another army and
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that had demanded the same tribute from him they used to receive from the Persian kings for safe passage. As he passed into the Persian Gates, he met with no resistance. Believing that he would not encounter any more enemy forces during his march, Alexander neglected to send scouts ahead of his
1016:
According to some accounts, Ariobarzanes and his surviving companions were trapped, but rather than surrender, they charged straight into the Macedonian lines. One account states that Ariobarzanes was killed in the last charge, while
958:
suggests defenders, as few as 700, and no more than 2000, based on the maximum number of troops likely at Ariobarzanes' disposal, but it notes that most modern historians follow Arrian, Curtius, and Diodorus unreservedly.
913:. Ariobarzanes was charged with preventing the Macedonian advance into Persis. He relied heavily on the terrain Alexander needed to pass through. There were only a few possible routes through the
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Quintis Curtius Rufus:Delphi Complete Works of Quintus Curtius Rufus - History of Alexander (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 75), Delphi Classics, Ltd., Hastings and East Sussex, 2017
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1008:"...Fought a memorable fight... Unarmed as they were, they seized the armed men in their embrace, and dragging them down to the ground... Stabbed most of them with their own weapons."
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The defeat of Ariobarzanes' forces at the Persian Gate removed the last military obstacle between Alexander and Persepolis. Upon his arrival at the city of
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1061:, an impulsive, drunken act, or it could have been out of Alexander's supposed anger over not being recognized as the legitimate successor to Darius III.
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found a path around to flank the Persian troops from the rear, allowing him to capture half of Persia proper in another decisive victory against the
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Mehrdad Kia: "The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia : A Historical Encyclopedia", ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara and Denver, 2016, pp. 97
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the mountains to the rear of the Persian position, while a token force remained in the Macedonian camp under the command of
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1999:
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Bill Yenne: "Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General", St. Martin's Press, New York, 2010, pp. 90
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A few historians regard the Battle of the Persian Gate as the most serious challenge to Alexander's conquest of Persia.
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has called the battle decisive and A. B. Bosworth refers to it as a "complete and decisive victory for Alexander".
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CAIS "The Battle of the Persian Gate and the Martyrdom of General Ariobarzan and his defending regiment"
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Speck, Henry (2002). "Alexander at the Persian Gates. A Study in Historiography and Topography".
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Ariobarzanes held the pass for a month, but Alexander succeeded in encircling the Persians in a
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Henry Speck, "Alexander at the Persian Gates. A Study in Historiography and Topography" in:
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for approximately a month. However, through captured prisoners of war or a local shepherd,
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Arrian's History of the Expedition of Alexander the Great, and Conquest of Persia
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A Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander I, Oxford, 1980, p. 326
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In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great: A Journey from Greece to Asia
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Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia
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Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-fated Journey Across Asia
1240:. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. pp. 72f.
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1702:: ARIOBARZANES, Greek form of an Old Iranian proper name AÚrya-bráza
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Quintus Curtius Rufus: Life and exploits of Alexander the Great
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suffered a series of defeats against the Macedonian forces at
1109:, University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1978,
877:(331 BC), and by the end of 331 BC Alexander had advanced to
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Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army
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Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army
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led a last stand with his outnumbered Persian army at the
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Rufus, Quintus Curtius; Crosby, William Henry (1858).
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Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great
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vanguard and thus walked into Ariobarzanes' ambush.
917:, which were made more hazardous by winter's onset.
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1979:
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Berve, Das Alexanderreich II, p. 61; A. B. Bosworth
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988:possibly stop the Macedonian invasion altogether.
889:connected Susa (the first Persian capital city in
52:Highway 78 through the Persian Gate in modern-day
1684:: The name of two places in Persia and Sogdiana.
1672:, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2006.
920:After the conquest of Susa, Alexander split the
32:
2524:History of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province
1272:Alexander the Great: A Very Short Introduction
1721:
1678:: A Research Article on Darius-III Codomannus
1569:W. Heckel, "Alexander at the Persian Gates",
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2478:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
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1420:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
1386:. University of California Press. p.
1036:Similarities between the battle fought at
939:During his advance, Alexander subdued the
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29:
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2509:Battles involving the Achaemenid Empire
1564:Alexander the Great and the Middle East
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27:Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great
1048:, Alexander appointed a general named
1462:Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy
924:into two parts. Alexander's general,
7:
1274:. New York: Oxford University Press.
893:) with the more eastern capitals of
297:
256:
1599:American Journal of Ancient History
1199:American Journal of Ancient History
936:that lent itself easily to ambush.
2352:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1055:burning of the Acropolis of Athens
909:was trying to raise a new army at
25:
1174:. Warszawa: Bellona. p. 14.
1059:second Persian invasion of Greece
321:Show map of West and Central Asia
216:40,000 infantry and 700 cavalry (
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1666:: An Article by Jona Lendering.
1531:. Da Capo Press. pp. 38–.
1332:Arrian 3.18.5-6; Curtius 5.4.29
1151:. Methuen & Company Limited
1145:Robinson, Cyril Edward (1929).
2514:Battles of Alexander the Great
1793:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
235:Unknown, but moderate to heavy
1:
2049:Scythian campaign of Darius I
1961:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
1459:Sarathi Bose, Partha (2003).
2039:Conquest of the Indus Valley
2000:Battle of the Persian Border
1697:: Photos of the battlefield.
1631:Arrian; Rooke, John (1812).
1586:(USA: Da Capo Press, 2004),
1194:For the identification, see
1013:campaign to conquer Persia.
223:700–2,000 (modern estimates)
2200:Wars of Alexander the Great
829:. In the winter of 330 BC,
827:Wars of Alexander the Great
40:Wars of Alexander the Great
18:Battle of the Persian Gates
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2255:Battle of the Persian Gate
1897:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1606:Old Routes of Western Iran
1170:Piekarski, Michał (2019).
825:took place as part of the
823:Battle of the Persian Gate
147:over half of Persia proper
33:Battle of the Persian Gate
2143:Wars of the Delian League
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131:Destruction of Persepolis
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2529:History of Fars province
2195:Second conquest of Egypt
2026:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
1872:Palace of Darius in Susa
2347:Districts of the Empire
2149:Battle of the Eurymedon
2067:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
2044:First conquest of Egypt
1465:. Gotham. p. 134.
1414:Bosworth, A.B. (1993).
971:Map of the Persian Gate
2462:Seven Achaemenid clans
2234:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
2220:Siege of Halicarnassus
2206:Battle of the Granicus
1601:n.s. 1.1 (2002) 15-234
1566:, Harmondsworth, 1973.
1378:Wood, Michael (1997).
1236:Engels, D. W. (1978).
972:
831:Ariobarzanes of Persis
211:17,000 picked fighters
177:Commanders and leaders
2190:Great Satraps' Revolt
2109:Destruction of Athens
2095:Battle of Thermopylae
1946:Old Persian cuneiform
1525:Prevas, John (2005).
1294:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1270:Bowden, Hugh (2014).
970:
230:Casualties and losses
103:30.70833°N 51.59861°E
2488:Cappadocian calendar
2102:Battle of Artemisium
2007:Lydian-Persian Wars
1956:Behistun Inscription
1768:History of democracy
1618:. D. Appleton and Co
1449:(Burn, 1973, p. 121)
1087:Encyclopedia Iranica
955:Encyclopædia Iranica
841:, and held back the
815: current battle
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271:class=notpageimage|
2284:Peace of Antalcidas
2248:Battle of Gaugamela
1857:Gate of All Nations
1148:A History of Greece
530:Alexander the Great
490:Indian subcontinent
366:Alexander the Great
183:Alexander the Great
99: /
2138:Babylonian revolts
2088:Battle of Marathon
2054:Greco-Persian Wars
1803:Achaemenid coinage
1693:2016-03-04 at the
1662:2013-09-23 at the
1222:2009-04-18 at the
1172:Hydaspes 326 p.n.e
1117:, pp. 72f. (fn. 7)
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125:Macedonian victory
108:30.70833; 51.59861
2534:330s BC conflicts
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2157:Peloponnesian War
2123:Battle of Plataea
2116:Battle of Salamis
2019:Battle of Thymbra
1892:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1744:Achaemenid Empire
1427:978-0-521-40679-6
1397:978-0-520-21307-4
1181:978-83-11-15799-6
1081:Shahbazi, A. Sh.
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873:(333 BC) and
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19:
2254:
1836:Architecture
1657:Ariobarzanes
1639:. Retrieved
1633:
1620:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1598:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1563:
1562:A. R. Burn,
1542:. Retrieved
1527:
1520:
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1490:
1481:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1436:
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1409:
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1206:(1): 7–208.
1203:
1197:
1190:
1171:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1147:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1106:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1043:
1035:
1026:Michael Wood
1023:
1015:
1011:
990:
986:
974:
953:
950:
938:
919:
860:
835:Persian Gate
822:
820:
649:Persian Gate
482:Sogdian Rock
458:Persian Gate
457:
452:Uxian Defile
385:Mount Haemus
364:Campaigns of
304:Persian Gate
263:Persian Gate
196:Ariobarzánēs
156:Belligerents
78:Persian Gate
38:Part of the
2539:Last stands
2406:Mithridatic
1951:Old Persian
1758:Family tree
1670:Pharnabazus
1057:during the
1050:Phrasaortes
1038:Thermopylae
978:Macedonians
945:hill people
932:, a narrow
238:Entire army
138:Territorial
106: /
2503:Categories
2426:Cappadocia
2420:Ariarathid
2396:Achaemenid
2357:Royal Road
2304:Pasargadae
1908:Harpy Tomb
1844:Persepolis
1637:. J. Davis
1604:A. Stein,
1557:References
1092:2022-02-11
1046:Persepolis
943:, a local
907:Darius III
899:Pasargadae
895:Persepolis
887:Royal Road
869:(334 BC),
857:Background
839:Persepolis
693:Alexandria
94:51°35′55″E
91:30°42′30″N
82:Persepolis
2401:Pharnacid
2389:Dynasties
2333:Satrapies
2299:Capitals
2267:Diplomacy
1966:Ganjnameh
1580:J. Prevas
1571:Athenaeum
1515:Prevas 33
1503:Prevas 27
1494:Prevas 23
1485:Prevas 19
1402:decusuve.
1323:Prevas 18
1309:Prevas 17
1212:0362-8914
1032:Aftermath
926:Parmenion
875:Gaugamela
847:Alexander
676:Gaugamela
632:Cyropolis
464:Cyropolis
446:Gaugamela
317:West Asia
2434:Lygdamid
2370:Angarium
2311:Ecbatana
1763:Timeline
1691:Archived
1660:Archived
1220:Archived
1002:Craterus
911:Ecbatana
867:Granicus
778:Granicus
598:Hydaspes
559:820miles
517:(326 BC)
511:(326 BC)
509:Hydaspes
505:(326 BC)
499:(327 BC)
484:(327 BC)
478:(328 BC)
472:(329 BC)
470:Jaxartes
466:(329 BC)
460:(330 BC)
454:(331 BC)
448:(331 BC)
442:(332 BC)
436:(332 BC)
430:(333 BC)
424:(334 BC)
418:(334 BC)
412:(334 BC)
410:Granicus
399:(335 BC)
393:(335 BC)
387:(335 BC)
206:Strength
187:Craterus
73:Location
2471:Related
2454:Armenia
2448:Orontid
2377:Angarum
2339:Armenia
2318:Babylon
1980:Warfare
1934:Culture
1864:Tachara
1850:Apadana
1751:History
1641:7 April
1622:7 April
1576:, 1980.
1544:7 April
1217:more...
1202:. n.s.
1155:7 April
997:Ptolemy
879:Babylon
837:, near
761:Miletus
581:Malavas
564:Babylon
416:Miletus
378:Balkans
191:Ptolemy
140:changes
80:, near
2519:330 BC
2412:Pontus
1816:Danake
1590:
1535:
1469:
1424:
1394:
1244:
1210:
1178:
1113:
1019:Arrian
982:Greeks
963:Battle
903:Persis
813:
659:Uxians
615:Cophen
557:1200km
503:Aornos
497:Cophen
404:Persia
397:Thebes
391:Pelium
218:Arrian
200:Youtab
119:Result
68:330 BC
56:, 2012
2440:Caria
1823:Daric
1682:Gabae
1065:Notes
995:with
871:Issus
795:Pella
744:Issus
476:Gabai
428:Issus
2325:Susa
1643:2013
1624:2013
1588:ISBN
1546:2013
1533:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1208:ISSN
1176:ISBN
1157:2013
1111:ISBN
941:Uxii
897:and
891:Elam
885:. A
883:Susa
881:and
861:The
821:The
727:Tyre
710:Gaza
440:Gaza
434:Tyre
276:Iran
65:Date
54:Iran
1786:Art
1388:108
901:in
2505::
1582:,
1574:58
1508:^
1400:.
1390:.
1314:^
1300:^
1085:.
1073:^
1004:.
853:.
654:10
637:11
620:12
603:13
586:14
569:15
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
1645:.
1626:.
1594:.
1548:.
1475:.
1430:.
1250:.
1226:.
1214:.
1204:1
1184:.
1159:.
1095:.
800:1
783:2
766:3
749:4
732:5
715:6
698:7
681:8
664:9
355:e
348:t
341:v
220:)
20:)
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