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a hasty retreat to the north. Elated, the
Byzantines started a bitter chase and their battle formations soon began to break, especially as a rumour spread that the Byzantine commander, Leo Phocas, had been killed. At this point, Simeon, who had detected the disarray in the Byzantine formation, ordered his army to stand, and, at the head of his heavy cavalry corps, attacked the Byzantine left wing from behind the hills. With an irresistible onslaught the cavalry bore down at the confused enemy who immediately bent under their attack, panicked, and took to their heels.
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1097:. It secured the concession of the Imperial title to the Bulgarian rulers, and thereby firmly established Bulgaria's role as a key player in Europe. However, the dynastic marriage that Simeon desired to establish with the Byzantine imperial family was foiled. After his death in 927, however, his successor
973:
The
Byzantine attack was fierce and it was not long before the Bulgarians began slowly to retreat. The Byzantine cavalry charged the infantry in the centre killing many Bulgarians. The Bulgarian position became desperate as they could not manage to hold the heights to the south of the river and began
847:
and Ferenc Makk. Kristó even interpreted the
Hungarians' participation as the "first, unmistakable sign of the decline of the Hungarian nomadic state is that from 917 onwards in the same year in two directions , the Hungarians went on raids, that is, the central control began to disappear". However,
784:
and the
European thematic troops, gathering a force of some 60,000 men. This was a very large army by contemporary standards, and its goal was the elimination of the Bulgarian threat from the north. The Byzantine commanders were convinced that their strategy would be successful. Morale was raised as
961:
coast. The
Byzantine generals planned to outflank the Bulgarian right wing in order to detach Simeon's troops from the Balkan Passes. The Bulgarian ruler concentrated his most powerful forces in the two wings and left the centre relatively weak in order to surround the enemy when the centre would
1075:
and
Hungary against him. However, in August 918, general Romanus Lecapenus engineered a coup to depose Zoe and confined her to the monastery of St Euphemia-in-Petrium, allowing him to assume the purple. The alliance with the Serbs postponed the decisive assault of Constantinople. Due to his also
996:
Some
Byzantines tried to repulse the cavalry charge but they were also attacked by the infantry. Tsar Simeon personally took part in the fight, his white horse killed at the height of the battle. The Byzantines were completely routed. Leo Phocas was saved by fleeing to Mesembria (modern
923:
692:
would marry one of Simeon's daughters. At some point, the patriarch and Simeon even met outside the walls of
Constantinople, performing a coronation ceremony. Thereafter, Simeon began using the title "Tsar of the Bulgarians", and the Greek title
848:
contemporary sources – including a letter from
Nicholas Mystikos – contradicts the chronicle's narration. Until the 930s, the Hungarians in fact were regarded as strong allies of the Byzantine Empire. In addition, Bulgarian forces under
1084:
to destroy them. His generals captured the Serb prince but that gave the
Byzantines precious time to recover due to his already diminished forces, making him have no sufficient forces to fight on both sides at the same time.
1048:
where the last Byzantine troops were routed after a night fight. The way to Constantinople was clear. The Byzantines proposed a new peace treaty, and Simeon entered the imperial city and was crowned for a second time as
747:, but Simeon was familiar with the methods of Byzantine diplomacy and from the very beginning took successful actions to subvert a possible alliance between his enemies. Thus the Byzantines were forced to fight alone.
1013:) were cut down along with an enormous number of soldiers and officers. By the end of the day the Bulgarians overwhelmed the defenders of Mesembria and captured the town. Leo Phocas barely escaped by boarding a ship.
215:
714:
opened its gates to Simeon in September 914, and its population recognised Simeon as their ruler, while the Byzantine army was occupied in the east. In the next year the Bulgarian armies attacked the areas of
640:, was one of the worst disasters ever to befall a Byzantine army, and conversely one of the greatest military successes of Bulgaria. Among the most significant consequences was the official recognition of the
797:. The Byzantines had tried to pay some Pecheneg tribes to attack, but Romanus would not agree to transport them across the Danube, and instead, they attacked Bulgarian territory on their own.
208:
1105:
of the Bulgarian church. This agreement ushered an unprecedented period of 40 years of peaceful relations between the two powers, a time of stability and prosperity for Bulgaria.
1733:
1738:
831:, written in the 11th century and in this particular case of dubious veracity, is the only source which points that the Bulgarian army in the battle of Achelous was allied with
1020:
says that 75 years after this military catastrophe the field at Anchialus was still covered with tens of thousands of Roman skeletons. The battle was among the bloodiest of
1101:
was able to secure the hand of Maria Lecapene, the granddaughter of Emperor Romanus I, and with it an annual tribute, the renewed recognition of his imperial title and the
839:
troops, which helped to win the victory against the Byzantine army. Based on this, several historians accepted the involvement of Hungarian and Pechenegs troops, including
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yield to the Byzantine attack. Simeon himself was in charge of large cavalry reserves hidden behind the hills which were intended to strike the decisive blow.
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and to engage the whole army of the East in a war with Simeon and destroy him. The Byzantines tried to find allies and sent emissaries to the
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The Byzantine army marched northwards and set its camp in the vicinity of the strong fortress of Anchialus. Leo Phocas intended to invade
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is unknown. Although they ruined the Byzantine negotiations, the Bulgarians were still afraid that the old allies of the Byzantines, the
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Both sides carefully prepared for a decisive end of the conflict. Empress Zoe wanted to swiftly make a peace settlement with the
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and fulfil his ambitions to conquer Constantinople. Alexander died in the same year and the new government under the Patriarch
978:...And even now there could be seen piles of bones at Anchialus, where the fleeing army of the Romans was disgracefully slain.
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to die for one another. The spirit of the army was further raised as the troops were paid in advance and a fleet commanded by
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By 917, after a series of successful campaigns, the Byzantine Empire had stabilized its eastern borders, and the generals
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1551:Васил Н. Златарски, История на българската държава през средните векове, Част I, II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970.
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It was the most violent upraising of the Western nations: the Bulgarians, Hungarians, Scythians, Medians and Turks
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1670:"The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages"
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Kristó Gyula: Levedi törzsszövetségétől Szent István államáig; Magvető Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980 p. 248 From
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Balogh, László (2007). "917. évi anchialosi csata és a magyarság ". In Révész, Éva; Halmágyi, Miklós (eds.).
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Középkortörténti tanulmányok. Az V. Medievisztikai PhD-konferencia (Szeged, 2007. június 7–8.) előadásai
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The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars For Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies
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heavy casualties, Simeon decided to secure his rear and sent an army from his remaining forces under
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On the morning of 20 August, the battle between the Bulgarians and the Byzantines began by the River
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A nyugati népek, azaz a bolgárok, magyarok, szküthák, médek és türkök leghevesebb felkelése történt"
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forces. The Bulgarians obtained a decisive victory which not only secured the previous successes of
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i.e. Emperor) "of all Bulgarians and Romans". Simeon also demanded that his daughter would marry
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1123:"Сайт на списание Военна история, 27.03.2017. Александър Стоянов, Ахелой – митове и легенди"
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636:. The battle, which was one of the biggest and bloodiest battles of the European
1644:
Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204
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1548:Атанас Пейчев и колектив, 1300 години на стража, Военно издателство, София 1984.
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1638:Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков, Българските ханове и царе, Велико Търново, 1996.
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made desperate attempts to avoid the war, promising that the infant Emperor
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938:. Simeon swiftly concentrated his army on the heights around the fortress.
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The Battle of Achelous was one of the most important battles in the long
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history and some historians refer to it as "the battle of the century".
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894: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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refused to pay tribute to the Bulgarians. Simeon saw an opportunity to
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1360:"Pecheneg – Hungarian Reconciliation after the Defeat of Riade, p. 27"
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After a plot in the Byzantine court in 914, however, the new regent
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Constantinus Porphyrogenitus. De administrando imperio, §32, p. 156
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Obolensky, D. The Byzantine Commonwealth, London, 1971, p. 111
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The remainder of the Byzantine army fled all the way back to
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Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
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The oath of the Byzantine soldiers on the eve of the battle
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Nicolaus Patriarcha. Epistolae, ep. 8, col. 61C-68C
1411:Theophanes Continuatus. Chronographia, pp. 388–390
949:, 8 kilometers to the north of Anchialus (modern
934:and meet the Pechenegs and Lecapenus's troops in
628:, excluding the well-protected Byzantine capital
1499:Georgius Monachus Continuatus. Chronicon, p. 808
1280:Georgius Monachus Continuatus. Chronicon, p. 806
1253:Georgius Monachus Continuatus. Chronicon, p. 805
852:were deployed near the western borders with the
1508:Nicolaus Patriarcha. Epistolae, ep. 9, col. 68A
1328:Nicolaus Patriarcha. Epistolae, ep. 9, col. 73A
1262:Nicolaus Patriarcha. Epistolae, ep. 9, col. 76C
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1481:Theophanes Continuatus. Chronographia, p. 290
1271:Theophanes Continuatus. Chronographia, p. 388
1217:Theophanes Continuatus. Chronographia, p. 387
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8:
1734:Battles involving the First Bulgarian Empire
1611:. Wilkes-Barre, PA, US: Palgrave Macmillan.
604:coast, close to the fortress Tuthom (modern
1429:Ioannes Skylitzes. Historia, 2, pp. 284–288
1420:Leo Grammaticus. Chronographia, pp. 294–296
1289:Ioannes Skylitzes. Historia, 2, pp. 283–284
1009:, John Grapson, and many other commanders (
856:principalities to prevent possible unrest.
774:were able to gather additional troops from
1226:Leo Grammaticus. Chronographia, p. 293–294
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1310:Божилов, Ив. България и печенезите, 47–51
910:Learn how and when to remove this message
793:set off to the north at the mouth of the
1345:English translation from the Hungarian:
1739:Battles of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
1244:Островски, Г. Историја Византије, с.255
1114:
1490:Leo Grammaticus. Chronographia, p. 296
1447:Ioannes Skylitzes. Historia, 2, p. 288
1319:Leo Grammaticus. Chronographia, p. 244
759:Zoe of Byzantium and her son, emperor
596:, took place on 20 August 917, on the
805:The size of the Bulgarian army under
785:the soldiers vowed by the miraculous
7:
1235:Pseudo-Simeon. Chronographia, p. 723
892:adding citations to reliable sources
672:. In 912 when the Byzantine emperor
27:Part of the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
1036:Progress of the Battle of Acheloos.
664:After the Bulgarian victory in the
660:Bulgarian troops seizing Adrianople
1071:, but Zoe refused and allied with
969:The Bulgarian victory at Anchialus
46:Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927
25:
1668:Stoyanov, Aleksandr (July 2019).
1005:, but in the thick of the battle
388:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
1691:
1629:, translated by Paul Stephenson.
868:
1635:, ed. Bekker, pp. 388–390.
1438:Leo Diaconus, Historia, p. 124.
879:needs additional citations for
1646:. Cambridge University Press.
407:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
1:
1749:Military history of Bulgaria
1719:910s in the Byzantine Empire
1535:Stephenson (2004), pp. 24–25
1461:. Boriana Publishing House.
1459:Bulgaria Illustrated History
1674:Journal of Military History
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1744:History of Burgas Province
1457:Bojidar, Dimitrov (2002).
1341:. Hungarian translation: "
778:to reinforce the imperial
1698:Battle of Anchialos (917)
1642:Stephenson, Paul (2004).
1607:Hupchick, Dennis (2017).
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1729:10th century in Bulgaria
1555:Bakalov, Georgi (2003).
1526:Stephenson (2004), p. 24
1208:Stephenson (2004), p. 22
1174:Stephenson (2004), p. 23
1095:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
1016:The Byzantine historian
945:near the modern village
476:Uprising of Peter Delyan
227:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
42:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
1339:Miracula Sancti Georgii
829:Miracula Sancti Georgii
727:Preparations for battle
500:Second Bulgarian Empire
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150:Commanders and leaders
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1583:. London: UCL Press.
1165:Haldon (1999), p. 212
1067:, the son of empress
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592:), also known as the
180:Casualties and losses
105:42.64306°N 27.63667°E
1700:at Wikimedia Commons
1602:. The History Press.
1389:University of Szeged
1190:Haldon (2008), p. 92
888:improve this article
807:Simeon I of Bulgaria
670:Simeon I of Bulgaria
156:Simeon I of Bulgaria
1559:. TRUD Publishers.
821:in the west to the
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600:near the Bulgarian
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101: /
1627:Synopsis Historion
1600:The Byzantine Wars
1129:on 19 October 2020
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582:Битката при Ахелой
570:Battle of Achelous
542:Uprising of Ivaylo
379:3rd Constantinople
318:2nd Constantinople
243:1st Constantinople
110:42.64306; 27.63667
35:Battle of Achelous
18:Battle of Acheloos
1696:Media related to
1618:978-3-319-56205-6
1566:978-954-621-235-1
1398:978-963-482-851-8
1391:. pp. 7–21.
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268:2nd Anchialus
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258:1st Marcellae
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253:1st Anchialus
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70:20 August 917
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1366:. Retrieved
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1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1117:
1092:
1089:Significance
1058:
1039:
1015:
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995:
988:
977:
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929:
906:
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886:Please help
881:verification
878:
845:Gyula Kristó
841:Ivan Duichev
828:
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730:
721:Thessalonica
701:
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405:
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386:
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363:
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342:
337:'s campaigns
333:
332:
287:'s campaigns
283:
282:
237:
133:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
1103:autocephaly
900:August 2020
717:Dyrrhachium
638:Middle Ages
634:Peloponnese
532:Klokotnitsa
469:Dyrrhachium
263:Rishki Pass
108: /
1708:Categories
1468:9545000449
1133:20 January
1057:title for
1046:Katasyrtai
860:The battle
815:Hungarians
776:Asia Minor
772:Leo Phocas
768:John Bogas
712:Adrianople
652:Background
608:) between
557:Rusokastro
424:Spercheios
400:Dorostolon
369:Katasyrtai
308:Versinikia
238:Early wars
161:Leo Phokas
96:27°38′12″E
93:42°38′35″N
1109:Footnotes
1028:Aftermath
1011:archontes
959:Black Sea
936:Dobrudzha
833:Hungarian
811:Pechenegs
741:Pechenegs
678:Alexander
614:Byzantine
610:Bulgarian
602:Black Sea
578:Bulgarian
454:Strumitsa
323:Mesembria
273:Litosoria
84:Anchialus
1577:(1999).
1055:Slavonic
1022:medieval
1003:Bulgaria
981:—
955:Bulgaria
943:Achelous
837:Pecheneg
813:and the
696:basileus
632:and the
622:de facto
618:Simeon I
574:Acheloos
449:Kleidion
364:Achelous
335:Simeon I
328:Burdizon
303:Debeltos
167:Strength
75:Location
1754:Pomorie
1543:Sources
1368:26 June
1099:Peter I
1078:Marmais
1053:" (the
999:Nesebar
989:History
951:Pomorie
947:Acheloi
850:Marmais
781:tagmata
737:Magyars
644:of the
606:Pomorie
552:Skafida
512:Tryavna
493:Ostrovo
293:Serdica
185:Unknown
1650:
1615:
1587:
1563:
1465:
1395:
1073:Serbia
1060:Caesar
932:Moesia
819:Bosnia
795:Danube
708:Thrace
674:Leo VI
547:Devina
522:Serres
507:Lovech
464:Setina
459:Bitola
429:Skopje
298:Pliska
175:30,000
172:15,000
121:Result
1363:(PDF)
1001:) in
983:from
953:) on
787:Cross
745:Serbs
733:Arabs
586:Greek
527:Varna
439:Kreta
374:Pegae
248:Ongal
82:near
1648:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1370:2015
1135:2019
1080:and
1051:Tsar
854:Serb
835:and
770:and
743:and
719:and
612:and
568:The
285:Krum
67:Date
44:and
1724:917
987:'s
957:'s
890:by
704:Zoe
572:or
1710::
1678:83
1676:.
1672:.
1294:^
1179:^
843:,
739:,
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588::
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580::
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907:(
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898:(
884:.
576:(
217:e
210:t
203:v
20:)
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