Battle of Abukir (1799) - Knowledge (XXG)

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General Murat, who took him. However, under these untoward circumstances, we have the satisfaction of observing the enemy's loss to be such, that a few more victories like this will annihilate the French army. It is much to be lamented that we had not two regular regiments, in addition to the remnant of the Chiflick (sic) corps, which was almost entirely cut to pieces for want of support; we should then have been able to have kept the redoubt and castle of Aboukir, which Mustapha Pasha and Patrona Bey took by assault, on the 15th ultimo; as it was, the unformed mass of irregular infantry could not withstand the spirited at-tack of a small body of French cavalry, which leaped over the works after having been three times repulsed by the effect of our cannon. On my arrival, five days after the disembarkation, I found the Turkish army in a very different position from that in which I hoped to find it, from the correspondence which had passed between Mustapha Pasha and me; and much less considerable, being but 5,000 men instead of 15,000, as had been reported. Hassan Bey, who came with me, had but 2,000, and as Buonaparte was at Rahmania, an attack was to be expected immediately; it was therefore the more necessary to make the best of our ground. The Turks are not easily brought to quit their arms for entrenching tools, of which they only begin to see the utility; thus the attempt at making lines across the peninsula, from the redoubt to the sea on each side, was very imperfect. The gun-boats were ordered to take a station to flank these lines, but there was no stimulating their crews to any degree of exertion in the transporting of them, and thus the enemy had less fire opposed to them than might have been produced, had the division destined for the west side of the Isthmus reached its station. The English rowing boats alone went there, after completely clearing the east side from the enemy, and we felt the insufficiency of our fire so much the more, since even that made a considerable impression on the blue column as it advanced to the assault; it was even repulsed twice, but the barbarous custom of the Turks, in cutting off the heads of their fallen enemies, to effect which they ran forward irregularly, produced a burst of indignation amongst the French infantry, which 'rallied them; the suddenness of their return to the assault discomfited the unconnected defenders of these imperfect lines ; the sea was soon covered with hundreds of fugitives swimming off to us, and the castle on the point became too much crowded for it to be practicable for the besieged to act in its defence, or for us to supply such a numerous garrison....

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the sand-banks on the shore, and totally exposed to the sea, their fire, though well served and directed into the mass of them, being from two guns only, was insufficient for their destruction, or to keep them in check, and consequently rather goaded them on than otherwise; the four gun-boats would have effectually hindered their approach to the redoubt, and covered the retreat of the Chiflick regiment from the village in front ; the Turkish launches would have checked the enemy sufficiently for the Turks to rally ; finally, there being no prompt punishment for disobedience of orders, nor any immediate successor to the principal chief, in case of his death, capture, absence, illness, or excess of fatigue ; and in short, such a want of gradation in the distribution of ranks, that it is indispensably necessary for the principal chief to super-intend the execution of the most trifling service him-self, to the ultimate prejudice of his authority on greater questions where every one pretends to decide. The mutinous spirit of their army was carried so far as to produce the actual arrest of the governor and principal personages in the castle, and increased the difficulty of supplying their wants, as, in the disorder, they forced the boats which brought water to them to return with fugitives, firing on those who approached with necessary caution, fearing to be overpowered with more than they could bear.

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the eastern side were driven back with supporting fire from the English ships. As the French retreated, hundreds of Turks emerged from their fortifications and set in pursuit of the retreating French, beheading the corpses of dead Frenchmen. After the rout of the Turks defending the 1st line, Napoleon contemplated moving his artillery batteries to the two hills infront of the 2nd line, which was heavily defended and seemed impervious to attack. But seeing that the western bay of Aboukir extended like a cape, and moved his artillery there. This allowed the French batteries to bombard the Ottoman's right flank. The Ottomans maneuvered their right flank slightly inland, leaving a small gap in their line. At this juncture, Murat saw an opportunity with an opening in the Turkish line and numerous Ottoman soldiers emerging out of the protection of their fortifications to mutilate the French dead, and charged his cavalry at these scattered Turks. A wave of panic spread through the Turks, all the way to their defensive lines, and within minutes Murat found himself charging deep into the Turkish encampment, where he found Mustapha Pasha's tent. The Pasha emerged before Murat and fired a pistol at him, wounding him in the jaw. Murat swung his sabre at the Pasha's right hand, cutting off two of his fingers and ordered his men to seize him.

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find the Ottoman army lying in wait. Napoleon had to reassess his plans; according to his intelligence, the enemy commander was the white-bearded Mustapha Pasha. A leader who had won several victories against the Russians in the previous Russo-Turkish war. This was to be a different battle than those with the Mamluks, one against a commander who had experience against European armies. Mustapha Pasha knew of Napoleon's strengths; his superlative tactics, decisiveness in speed and the imperviousness of his squares. He nullified these advantages by fortifying his army in two strong defensive lines along the peninsula, with both his flanks anchored on the shores. This protected him from flanking action, and also forced the French to attack on his own terms. Napoleon approached Abukir with the divisions of Lannes, Desaix and Murat's cavalry, 7,700 men and 1,000 horsemen, and the Turks had 15,000-18,000 men, 8,000 of whom were in a condition to fight. According to François Furet and Denis Richet ("French Revolution", Macmillan 1970, XI-14). According to Mustapha Pasha himself, corroborated by British commander Sidney Smith, this number was actually only 7,000 men. The clash between the two armies took place near Alexandria, but the victorious French called it "the battle of Abu Qir" (or Aboukir) to avenge

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last extremity. The Pasha's 2nd letter to the besieged Turks chided them for their continued resistance, which was spilling more blood needlessly, at this juncture the besieged Turks agreed to a ceasefire. The French colonel in charge of the engineers, Bertrand used the advantage of this ceasefire to reconnoiter the fort, but a firefight broke out subsequently. The Turks sallied out of the fort and captured a few houses in front of it, Lannes wanted to counterattack and drive them back, but he was dissuaded from this by Bertrand, who wisely stated that even if these buildings were retaken, it would cost the French more troops when the Turks try to recapture them, and advised Lannes to wait a few days until the digging of siege trenches was complete, which would force the Turkish soldiers back inside the fort, and the siege would ideally cost no casualties to the French. The Turks, encouraged by their small success, made another sortie and captured more buildings in the village on June 28. And after this, even made a sortie on French positions on Sheikh hill.

48: 836:, who was in the siege trenches, attacked the Turks and drove them out of the village back inside the fortress. At the 30th, two batteries of heavy guns and three batteries of mortars came into action and began bombarding the fort, while at the night of the 30th French sappers began mining below the fort to mine and blow up the counterscarp. But at 2 August, at dawn, the Turks crowded out of their fort, without any envoy of capitulation. The Turkish troops were starved, and many became delirious and half-crazed from drinking seawater over the course of the siege. After holding out for 8 days, they simply walked out en-masse and asked for mercy. Of their surrender, the French captain Charles François describes the surrender; 852: 787:' division was placed on the right. Murat was in the vanguard with his cavalrymen. The Turkish fortifications and trenches on the western flank, facing Lanusse, were still unfinished, and the division under Lanusse managed to breakthrough the Turkish line after ferocious fighting. Lannuse took advantage of the rout on the Ottoman right flank to swing around and behind the left flank of the 1st enemy defensive line. This caused a widespread panic among the defending Turks on the left flank, without anywhere to retreat, many took to the water and attempted to swim to the nearest Turkish and British ships, where almost all of them drowned. According to Napoleon, 949:

to send the heavily wounded Turks to the Anglo-Ottoman fleet in exchange for the captured French garrison of Aboukir), Sidney Smith then handed the French envoy appointed by Napoleon several of the latest newspapers, and verbally told the envoy that the directory had summoned Napoleon back to Paris (he had read the summons letter, which was intercepted by the British blockade, and presumably was trying to get Napoleon out of Egypt, which would ideally greatly weaken the French position in Egypt). Napoleon read these newspapers, which were more confirmation to the grave situation political situation of France in Europe, where almost all of the

343: 156: 754:, located 40 miles south of Aboukir. Kleber was to set out with his division from the eastern Delta for Damanhur as well, Desaix was to march down the Nile with as much of his division as possible to provide a reserve in case the Ottoman army marched on Cairo. Napoleon set out with almost all the French troops in Cairo for Damanhur as well, leaving the city to be policed and garrisoned only by his local Egyptian 'police chief', a man known as "Barthelemy". Marmont was ordered by Napoleon to remain in Alexandria with his 1,200 troops, in case the Turkish army marched upon it. 169: 865: 310: 771: 701:

the isthmus that leads to Rosetta (east) and the isthmus that leads to Alexandria (west). Previously, this was only true for Alexandria. The lake south of Aboukir (sporadically referred to as Aboukir bay or lake of Aboukir or by its local name 'Lake Ma'adieh), came to existence in 1770 when the beachwall south-east of the peninsula was breached by high tides, flooding the large landmass. This made Aboukir reachable only by 3 thin avenues; the road extending directly southwards leading to Damanhur and the

911:(ceremonial flags issued to Pashas). The captured cannons included two small English cannons, which were presented by the King of England as a gift to Sultan Selim. These cannons were given to a French cavalry brigade. For his gallant charge and capture of the Turkish Pasha, Napoleon promoted Murat to divisional general, and gave him great credit for the victory at Aboukir. Lannes was also promoted to divisional general, and Bertrand to the rank of colonel. 142: 841:

death. But our commanders and soldiers, forgetting their previous hatred of the enemy, felt for them all the compassion and care evoked by their deplorable state. We gave them food and drink, and in spite of the precautions taken to prevent the illness that comes from eating too much too quickly after having suffered from hunger, three-quarters of those 3,000 men died of indigestion.

350: 317: 1628: 957:. Sidney Smith would soon, for reasons that can only be understood as elaborate, lift the blockade of the Egyptian coast and take his fleet for provisioning at an allied port (he would state that his salted provisions were completely exhausted at this stage). This gave Napoleon an opening in which he would be able to escape from Egypt. 975:). He very secretively prepared to abandon Egypt and go back to France and only informed Kleber with a letter in the very same day he departed, to the great chagrin of his troops and generals who viewed this as nothing short of betrayal (especially Kleber, who would be appalled to see the letters Napoleon dispatched to 940:

6th. The absolute denial of the Turkish launches to accompany the English commodore when he went with his boats to the westward, after having cleared the east side of the Peninsula of every Frenchman, so that when the English boats came round and found the French infantry lodged and crouched amongst

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The French suffered only 220 dead and 600 wounded while the Turkish losses were enormous: 2,000 dead on the battlefield, 11,000 men drowned, 5,000 prisoners of war and 2,000 missing and unaccounted for. Napoleon would claim that "of the enemy who came ashore, not a single one escaped." This was not

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The French then proceeded to attack the 2nd Turkish line, which was strongly defended. The French attack, under bombardment from the Turkish and English ships, was repulsed, but the western side of the peninsula was poorly supported by English and Turkish ships, two impressions made by the French on

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over the course of the last several months (Murad had been chased squarely out of Egypt, and had been forced to seek refuge in some remote oasis' and prey on Sudanese villages south of Upper Egypt to survive). When Napoleon received (at the time he was several miles northwest of Cairo, participating

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Napoleon learned from the Pasha of the situation in Europe, where a large coalition was threatening France. (he had been completely in the dark regarding developments in Europe for a long time, due to the British blockade). And an envoy sent to Sidney Smith for exchanging prisoners (Napoleon wanted

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5th. The backwardness of the Turkish gun-boats, which were ordered to take a commanding station to the westward of the Isthmus, but which never arrived there ; also the inefficacy of the Turkish launches, which were ordered to possess themselves of the lake, and cross their fire on the Isthmus

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Aboukir is a small, thin peninsula jutting out of the Egyptian coastline, approximately ~35 kilometers north-west (due west) of Alexandria on the coastline. The peninsula overlooks bays on both of its side. The peninsula and fort occupy a strategic point, as they overlook the juncture that connects

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Napoleon at this stage left for Alexandria and gave charge of the siege to Lannes. Mustapha Pasha, who was now a captive of the French, wrote multiple dispatches to the beleaguered Turks, ordering them to surrender, this was refused and the survivors of the battle swore to defend the fort to their

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Outside the Pasha's tent, the mayhem did not cease, and the Turkish army had broken into a complete rout and thousands of soldiers were fleeing to the sea on both sides of the Peninsula. A few thousand of the Turks retreated northwards and took refuge inside the fort of Aboukir, these included the

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Napoleon assembled 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry at Damanhur. He was greatly concerned that the Turkish army would march out of the Peninsula and attack anywhere in Egypt, so he set out immediately with his army without waiting for Kleber. He arrived near Aboukir in 24 July and was relieved to

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3rd. The Pasha not having listened to the advice on this head, sent him by Sir Sidney Smith, through Major Bromley, which pointed out Damietta and Rosetta as the stations to which his forces should be directed, while the fleet occupied the Bay of Aboukir being not only a powerful diversion, but

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I am sorry to have to acquaint your lordship of the entire defeat of the first division of the Ottoman army, destined to act against the enemy in Egypt, under the command of his excellency Mustapha Serasker, who is wounded and taken prisoner, after having defended himself gallantly, and wounded

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They came out to offer themselves up to the vengeance of their victors. The son of the Pasha and his lieutenants came out at the head of the Turkish soldiers, who looked like ghosts. They threw down their arms that they no longer had the strength to carry, and all of them bowed down, asking for

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Proud of this success, Mustapha Pasha was in no hurry to march on Cairo. Murad Bey, who had managed to escape and join him, said, "The French dreaded that you could not support the presence, I watch, and they are fleeing before me." and Murad replied, "Pasha, be glad that it suits the French to

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On 14 July a British fleet of sixty ships landed with 16,000 men under the command of Mustapha Pasha, a veteran of the last Russo-Turkish war. The Ottoman troops overran the encampment of 300 French troops near Aboukir and slaughtered them, then set siege on the fortress of Aboukir – which was

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was an experienced commander who had fought against the Russians. He knew that cavalry charges against the French squares were futile. So, he sought to avoid them by fortifying his beachhead with two defensive lines. From this beachhead Mustafa could carry out the invasion of Egypt. However,

750:, then military-governor of Alexandria, on July 15, reporting that a large flotilla of English and Ottoman ships had arrived off Aboukir and disembarked 10,000 troops, Napoleon wasted no time and sent several dispatches. He ordered Murat to stop the pursuit of Murad bey and to converge to 932:

4th. The want of water, owing to want of casks in the transports, and even in the Turkish men-of-war, which rendered the disembarkation on the first point of the coast of Egypt which they reached, an object of unavoidable necessity, and occasioned the extreme of distress for want of that

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2nd. Its being far less in number than supposed and reported, and certainly unequal to undertaking the siege of Alexandria, consequently fit only to carry on a harassing war of posts, under the protection of the naval force, to cause a division in favour of the Vizier, and facilitate his

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The ottoman army fled in panic. Some Ottomans drowned trying to swim to the British ships two miles away from shore, while others fled to Abukir castle, but they surrendered shortly thereafter. The Turkish army was annihilated, French losses were under 1,000. News of the victory reached

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With British support, the Ottomans now declared war on France, and in 1799 sent two armies to recapture Egypt. One of these was carried by the British fleet, while the other marched down the Syrian coast. Napoleon took the initiative and marched north in February 1799, taking

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Murat's charge was so rapid that he burst inside Mustafa's tent and captured the Turkish commander, severing two of the Turk's fingers with his sabre. In return, Mustafa shot Murat in the jaw. Immediately, Murat was operated on and resumed his duties the next day.

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Napoleon camped his army for the night of the 24th, the next morning on 25 July he ordered an attack on the Ottoman army. Mustapha Pasha arranged his army in two strongly defended lines with both flanks anchored in the shores of the peninsula.

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The French attacked the Ottoman positions and quickly broke through the first defensive line before it was fully completed. The second line, however, proved tougher to defeat and the French withdrew for a while. At this point, cavalry general

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on its western embankment. (Later in 1801 the British would breach this embankment, causing the brackish seawater to flood into lake Mariouts, which hugely increased its size and cut Alexandria's most significant source of freshwater).

1002:(fought a short distance west of the battlefield of Aboukir, on the isthmus to Alexandria) and surrendered on 2 September on identical conditions that were negotiated and agreed on previously by Kleber, Sidney Smith and the 705:, the isthmus leading westward to Alexandria, and the isthmus leading eastward to Rosetta. The middle landmass and road leading southward had lake Ma'adieh/Aboukir bay on its eastern embankment, and the ancient freshwater 929:

likewise conductive to the blockade and reduction of Alexandria by famine, which, now that it is strongly fortified, is the only way that an army, unused to the European mode of carrying on a siege, can attempt it.

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Military Career of Napoleon the Great: An Account of the Remarkable Campaigns of the "man of Destiny"; Authentic Anecdotes of the Battlefield as Told by the Famous Marshals and Generals of the First Empire

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Abukir gave the French a few months respite. Desaix continued through Upper Egypt in search of Murad Bey, who would soon accept a conditional peace with the French and ally himself with them.

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indispensable article, when the army had retreated into the castle, where the single well furnishes only brackish water, although the Peninsula furnishes good water wherever wells are sunk.

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true, Sidney Smith dispatched some boats to rescue some of the Turks who ran into the waters. Among the Ottomans rescued from the water was thirty-years old officer of Albanian descent

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Lannes could not hold back anymore and ordered an attack to drive the Turks back into the fort. During the fighting, he was wounded with a musket ball, and had to be evacuated.

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The enemy threw themselves into the water in an attempt to reach the boats which were more than 2 miles out at sea; they all drowned, the most horrible sight I've seen.

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garrisoned by a skeletal force of 35 French troops. These troops would surrender 3 days later. The peninsula changed hands and Ottoman flags fluttered on the bastion.

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Sir William Sidney Smith, Letter to Lord Nelson, August 2nd 1799 off Aboukir bay. The life and correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, G.C.B., p.364

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1st. The primary cause was the original formation of the army under feudal chiefs, without connection in its parts, organisation, or gradation in rank.

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and assist local uprisings against the British. This was duly approved, and in July 1798, a French expeditionary force of over 40,000 landed in

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The battle has become one of the greatly celebrated victories in French history. It has a plate relief on the Arc de Triomphe, and the

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before Napoleon arrived in October and this made him even more popular, an important asset considering the troubles brewing in the

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at the time) then took command of the siege. The Turks then made yet another sortie, capturing a bridgehead to the fort.

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several months later, on 1 November, and Kleber tenuously maintained French rule over the country thanks to his

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Sir Sidney Smith dispatched a letter to Horatio Nelson, on August 2, informing him of the defeat, writing;

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Pasha's son. These troops were reinforced by a detachment of English marines, which Sidney dispatched from

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On the main battlefield, the French captured 100 Ottoman banners, 32 field guns, 400 horses and three

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withdraw because if they turned, you would disappear before them like dust before the north wind."

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immediately saw the flaw in the tactic as it meant that the Turks had nowhere to run if routed.

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had been ruled as a semi-autonomous province for centuries, and its potential occupation by

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James, T. G. H. (2003). "Napoleon and Egyptology: Britain's Debt to French Enterprise".

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on 18 March 1800, but less than a month later he was murdered in his garden in Cairo by

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Enlightening the British: Knowledge, Discovery and the Museum in the Eighteenth Century

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Napoleon previously received reports that Murad Bey was riding due north, passing the

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saw his opportunity and attacked with his cavalry, quickly routing the exposed Turks.

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the great slaughter of Ottoman prisoners captured by the French in the siege of Jaffa

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Charles François, Journal du capitaine François dit le "Dromadaire d'Egypte", P.359

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with Berthier, Murat, Lannes and several of his savants (including his favorite,

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lakes west of Cairo, he ordered Murat out to pursue him. But the bey returned to

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On 23 August, leaving the command to Kleber, Bonaparte embarked on the frigate

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The Sea Warriors: Fighting Captains and Frigate Warfare in the Age of Nelson

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were captured by the Austrians, and there was another insurrection in the

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The Age of Napoleon: A History of European Civilization from 1789 to 1815

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In the long term, a French presence in Egypt was impossible to maintain.

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The life and correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, G.C.B.

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uninterrupted progress into Egypt by the way of the desert.

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At Aboukir and Acre: A Story of Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt

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Robarts – University of Toronto. London : R. Bentley.

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proposed its annexation as part of a wider plan to weaken

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had been under discussion since 1774. In early 1798,

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7,000 in a state fit to fight according to the Pasha

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Battle during the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria

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Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World

271:5,000 under Mustapha Pasha, 2,000 under Hassan Bey 1488: 1386: 1364:Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns 796:Napoleon Bonaparte, Correspondence, Vol 5., p. 541 919: 886: 838: 789: 733:, and using a mirror, "sent several signals to 349: 316: 265:1,000 Cavalry : 335 men’s first 22th July 32: 855:Aboukir fort and peninsula, as it was in 1813. 1654: 1451:Ground Warfare: An international encyclopedia 1416:. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing. p. 568:fleet to put an end to French rule in Egypt. 386: 8: 1302:Smith, William Sidney; Barrow, John (1848). 1150: 1148: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1054: 1052: 3546:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century 964:in the small flotilla under the command of 3089: 2870: 2348: 1983: 1691: 1661: 1647: 1639: 1344:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 988:2nd Turkish amphibious assault at Damietta 393: 379: 371: 46: 29: 21:For other battles with similar names, see 1569: 1108: 1106: 218: 207: 196: 3617:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe 3592:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars 1100:Paul Strathern, Napoleon in Egypt p. 396 1079: 1058: 746:in the hunt of Murad bey) a report from 1225: 1048: 1017:in Paris was named after this victory. 241: 3555:List of Ottoman battles in World War I 1202: 1178: 1166: 1154: 1139: 3541:For 20th-century battles before 1914 1297: 1295: 1293: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1190: 1112: 741:'s protracted pursuit of him through 7: 3597:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire 1558:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 1385:Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1975). 1237: 1214: 1006:, but declined and foundered by the 760:the former defeat of 1–3 August 1798 681:, the Ottoman governor, assisted by 3550:For the battles during World War I 868:"The Battle of Aboukir", relief by 3612:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1366:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: 613:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 40:French invasion of Egypt and Syria 14: 1276:. Internet Archive. Bantam Dell. 298:2,000 missing and unaccounted for 23:Battle of Abukir (disambiguation) 1626: 1611:Originally published in 2001 by 1397:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1347:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 951:Italian territories he conquered 348: 341: 315: 308: 167: 154: 140: 617:Although nominally part of the 357:Battle of Abukir (1799) (Earth) 1552:Wood, Mary Mendenhall (2008). 1029:or Battle of Abukir Bay (1798) 1: 1449:. In Sandler, Stanley (ed.). 1434:Henty, George Alfred (1899). 1430:Originally published in 1895. 1412:Gibbs, Montgomery B. (1913). 329:Location within Mediterranean 1445:Isenberg, Joseph M. (2002). 1440:. London: Blackie & Son. 548:on 25 July 1799, during the 1529:Watson, William E. (2003). 1514:. Oxford, England: Osprey. 872:on the South Façade of the 3638: 669:, but was then held up at 610: 20: 3565:Ottoman victories are in 3563: 3537: 1587:Woodman, Richard (2014). 1395:The Story of Civilization 677:. The defence was led by 419: 411:French Revolutionary Wars 332:Show map of Mediterranean 302: 281: 257: 181: 132: 62: 45: 37: 1472:. British Museum Press. 1447:"Aboukir (25 July 1799)" 1368:Rowman & Littlefield 1255:Strathern, Paul (2008). 1128:Durant & Durant 1975 550:French campaign in Egypt 536:(or Aboukir or Abu Qir) 248:Sir William Sidney Smith 1633:Battle of Abukir (1799) 1362:Connelly, Owen (2006). 1270:Paul Strathern (2008). 1033:Battle of Abukir (1801) 1533:. Greenwood. pp. 1510:Pawly, Ronald (2012). 1487:McLynn, Frank (2002). 1321:Correspondence, Vol. 5 1008:British prime minister 943: 897: 881: 856: 849: 828:(military governor of 799: 775: 689:but was now a British 683:Antoine de Phélippeaux 292:2,000 killed in action 229:Jacques-François Menou 182:Commanders and leaders 1571:10.3138/cbmh.25.2.515 1491:Napoleon: A biography 996:a student of theology 992:victory at Heliopolis 867: 854: 773: 282:Casualties and losses 1635:at Wikimedia Commons 1512:Napoleon's Mamelukes 1495:. New York: Arcade. 1004:Ottoman Grand Vizier 986:managed to defeat a 984:Jean Antoine Verdier 404:Egypt–Syria campaign 326:class=notpageimage| 287:220 killed in action 275:18,000 or 20,000 men 53:The Battle of Abukir 1000:defeated at Canopus 101: / 1169:, pp. 196–197 1027:Battle of the Nile 882: 857: 776: 631:Napoleon Bonaparte 572:Seid Mustafa Pasha 554:Battle of the Nile 542:Seid Mustafa Pasha 538:Napoleon Bonaparte 188:Napoleon Bonaparte 3587:Conflicts in 1799 3574: 3573: 3533: 3532: 3084:(1789–1908) 3075: 3074: 2865:(1700–1789) 2856: 2855: 2343:(1550–1700) 2334: 2333: 1978:(1453–1550) 1969: 1968: 1686:(1299–1453) 1631:Media related to 1606:978-1-84832-202-8 1521:978-1-78096-419-5 1502:978-1-55970-631-5 1460:978-1-57607-344-5 1404:978-0-671-21988-8 1377:978-0-7425-5317-0 1354:978-1-4039-6431-1 1283:978-0-553-80678-6 1273:Napoleon in Egypt 1257:Napoleon in Egypt 645:, then to invade 637:interests in the 527: 526: 369: 368: 360:Show map of Earth 128: 127: 105:31.317°N 30.067°E 57:Antoine-Jean Gros 3629: 3468:2nd Kerch Strait 3090: 3085: 3057:1st Kerch Strait 2871: 2866: 2349: 2344: 2314:Strait of Hormuz 2176:Peñón of Algiers 1984: 1979: 1692: 1687: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1640: 1630: 1610: 1583: 1573: 1548: 1525: 1506: 1494: 1483: 1464: 1441: 1429: 1408: 1392: 1381: 1358: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1299: 1288: 1287: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1252: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1205:, pp. 13–14 1200: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1116: 1110: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1082:, pp. 55–56 1077: 1062: 1056: 909:Pasha's Bunchuks 895: 847: 797: 774:Battle of Abukir 601:French Directory 534:Battle of Abukir 494:Fort Julien 479:2nd Aboukir 464:1st Aboukir 459:Mount Tabor 424:Shubra Khit 414: 412: 405: 395: 388: 381: 372: 361: 352: 351: 345: 333: 319: 318: 312: 243: 225:François Lanusse 220: 209: 198: 177: 173: 171: 170: 160: 158: 157: 150: 146: 144: 143: 116: 115: 113: 112: 111: 106: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 64: 63: 50: 33:Battle of Abukir 30: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3559: 3529: 3490:6th Dardanelles 3484:5th Dardanelles 3449: 3083: 3082: 3071: 3023: 2864: 2863: 2852: 2808:4th Dardanelles 2802:3rd Dardanelles 2797:2nd Dardanelles 2791:1st Dardanelles 2744: 2556:2nd Zrínyiújvár 2551:1st Zrínyiújvár 2546:Jurjeve Stijene 2342: 2341: 2330: 2233: 1977: 1976: 1965: 1949: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1667: 1623: 1618: 1607: 1586: 1564:(2): 515–535 . 1551: 1545: 1528: 1522: 1509: 1503: 1486: 1480: 1467: 1461: 1444: 1433: 1411: 1405: 1393:. Volume XI of 1384: 1378: 1361: 1355: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1301: 1300: 1291: 1284: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1253: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1220: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1119: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1065: 1057: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1023: 896: 893: 874:Arc de Triomphe 862: 848: 845: 798: 795: 768: 687:École militaire 615: 609: 530: 529: 528: 523: 415: 410: 407: 403: 401: 399: 365: 364: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 353: 336: 335: 334: 331: 330: 328: 322: 321: 320: 297: 295: 293: 288: 276: 272: 266: 264: 252: 250: 246: 227: 223: 212: 201: 190: 168: 166: 165: 164: 155: 153: 141: 139: 138: 109: 107: 103: 100: 95: 92: 90: 88: 87: 86: 51: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3602:1799 in France 3599: 3594: 3589: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3548: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 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300: 299: 296:5,000 captured 294:11,000 drowned 290: 284: 283: 279: 278: 268: 263:9,000 infantry 260: 259: 255: 254: 234: 184: 183: 179: 178: 162:Ottoman Empire 151: 135: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 124:French victory 122: 118: 117: 110:31.317; 30.067 78: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3634: 3623: 3622:Joachim Murat 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3607:1799 in Egypt 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454:Naval battles 3452: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3406:Philippopolis 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 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1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080:Connelly 2006 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Isenberg 2002 1055: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1015:Rue D'Aboukir 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 977:the Directory 974: 970: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 916: 912: 910: 905: 903: 890: 885: 879: 875: 871: 866: 859: 853: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 826:General Menou 822: 818: 816: 812: 811: 803: 792: 788: 786: 782: 772: 765: 763: 761: 755: 753: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 715: 711: 708: 704: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:Djezzar Pasha 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 614: 606: 604: 602: 598: 592: 588: 586: 580: 578: 573: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 519: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 418: 413: 406: 396: 391: 389: 384: 382: 377: 376: 373: 344: 327: 311: 301: 291: 286: 285: 280: 274: 269: 262: 261: 256: 249: 244: 238: 237:Mustafa Pasha 235: 233: 230: 226: 221: 215: 210: 204: 199: 193: 192:Joachim Murat 189: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175:Great Britain 163: 152: 149: 137: 136: 131: 123: 120: 119: 114: 85: 81: 77: 74: 73: 69: 66: 65: 61: 58: 54: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 24: 16: 3566: 3551: 3542: 3482: 3460: 3442: 3420: 3378: 3371: 3349: 3277: 3270: 3248: 3236: 3229: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3148: 3136: 3109: 3093:Land battles 3034: 3016: 3009: 2947: 2940: 2918: 2911: 2907:2nd Belgrade 2902:Petrovaradin 2894: 2887: 2880: 2874:Land battles 2845: 2833: 2806: 2789: 2767: 2755: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2693:Egri Palanka 2691: 2684: 2667: 2660: 2648: 2626: 2579: 2567: 2560: 2538: 2531: 2519: 2502: 2495: 2473: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2358: 2352:Land battles 2323: 2319:Gulf of Oman 2306: 2289: 2277: 2270: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2226: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2174: 2167: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2094: 2062: 2055: 2043: 2009:1st Belgrade 1987:Land battles 1942: 1930: 1908: 1891: 1882:Hermannstadt 1874: 1867: 1862:Thessalonica 1860: 1853: 1841: 1814: 1797: 1787:Philadelphia 1785: 1778: 1771: 1766:Sırp Sındığı 1764: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1708: 1703:Kulaca Hisar 1701: 1695:Land battles 1588: 1561: 1557: 1530: 1511: 1490: 1469: 1450: 1436: 1413: 1394: 1388: 1363: 1343: 1320: 1314: 1304: 1272: 1265: 1256: 1233: 1226:Woodman 2014 1221: 1210: 1198: 1186: 1174: 1162: 1135: 1096: 1087: 1012: 981: 968: 961: 959: 947: 944: 939: 937:with them. 935: 931: 927: 923: 920: 915:Sidney Smith 913: 906: 902:Muhammed Ali 898: 887: 883: 839: 823: 819: 809: 804: 800: 790: 777: 756: 731:the Pyramids 729:and climbed 720: 716: 712: 707:Lake Mariout 699: 655: 616: 593: 589: 581: 570: 562:Sidney Smith 546:Ottoman army 533: 531: 518:capitulation 499:El Rahmaniya 469:2nd El Arish 463: 444:1st El Arish 270: 203:Géraud Duroc 133:Belligerents 70:25 July 1799 52: 38:Part of the 15: 3386:Shipka Pass 3340:Başgedikler 3335:Akhaltsikhe 3300:Akhaltsikhe 3144:Mount Tabor 3127:Shubra Khit 3062:2nd Ochakov 3005:2nd Ochakov 2965:Stavunchany 2960:1st Ochakov 2504:Nagykanizsa 2182:Leobersdorf 1319:Bonaparte. 1203:Watson 2003 1179:McLynn 2002 1167:McLynn 2002 1155:McLynn 2002 1140:McLynn 2002 1115:, p. 7 1061:, p. 4 743:Upper Egypt 639:Middle East 289:600 wounded 251:Patrona Bey 232:jean klever 214:Jean Lannes 108: / 3581:Categories 3380:Kızıl Tepe 3256:Dervenakia 3154:Heliopolis 3018:Karánsebes 2942:Banja Luka 2862:Old Regime 2847:Samothrace 2775:Cape Corvo 2669:Negroponte 2656:2nd Mohács 2650:Vrtijeljka 2617:2nd Vienna 2602:2nd Khotyn 2587:Krasnobród 2527:1st Khotyn 2515:Tashiskari 2481:Călugăreni 2428:Gvozdansko 2400:Mostaganem 2279:Formentera 2272:1st Jeddah 2169:1st Mohács 2134:Mercidabık 2070:Breadfield 2057:Valea Albă 2019:Târgoviște 2004:2nd Oranik 1932:2nd Kosovo 1926:1st Oranik 1827:Karanovasa 1793:Dubravnica 1759:Adrianople 1339:Cole, Juan 1191:James 2003 1113:Pawly 2012 1039:References 703:Nile Delta 695:Royal Navy 675:two months 651:Alexandria 607:Background 514:Alexandria 504:Al Khankah 474:Heliopolis 253:Hassan Bey 3438:Velestino 3433:Al Wajbah 3357:Eupatoria 3345:Kurekdere 3305:Kulevicha 3261:Karpenisi 3231:Drăgășani 2995:Kozludzha 2931:Yeghevārd 2835:Oinousses 2699:Slankamen 2612:Trembowla 2562:Novi Zrin 2497:Keresztes 2491:2nd Brest 2456:1st Brest 2228:Sokhoista 2216:Esztergom 2141:Han Yunus 2085:Cătlăbuga 2045:Otlukbeli 2024:2nd Mokra 1961:Gallipoli 1916:1st Mokra 1876:Novo Brdo 1843:Nicopolis 1822:Kırkdilim 1745:Gallipoli 1731:Pelekanon 1615:, London. 1613:Constable 1238:Wood 2008 1215:Cole 2007 1044:Citations 966:Ganteaume 860:Aftermath 808:HMS 673:for over 659:Gaza City 540:defeated 3520:Navarino 3515:Gerontas 3478:Kaliakra 3411:Taşkesen 3401:4th Kars 3367:3rd Kars 3362:Chernaya 3351:Oltenița 3315:2nd Acre 3290:2nd Kars 3279:Phaleron 3272:Kamatero 3266:Arachova 3244:Vasilika 3215:Valtetsi 3179:Al-Safra 3174:Slobozia 3164:Arpachai 3138:1st Acre 3132:Pyramids 3067:Fidonisi 2980:Aspindza 2975:Khresili 2970:1st Kars 2829:Mytilene 2785:Focchies 2715:Moulouya 2709:Ustechko 2675:Batočina 2592:Niemirów 2540:Köbölkút 2367:Temesvár 2297:Girolata 2260:Balearic 2148:Ridanieh 2128:Koçhisar 2115:Turnadag 2108:Çaldıran 2014:Albulena 1999:Krusevac 1994:Leskovac 1904:Torvioll 1899:Kunovica 1893:Zlatitsa 1738:Demotika 1593:Barnsley 1580:19227793 1341:(2007). 1021:See also 892:— 844:— 794:— 752:Damanhur 735:his wife 663:El Arish 577:Napoleon 429:Pyramids 258:Strength 75:Location 3567:italics 3505:Nauplia 3500:Algiers 3444:Domokos 3428:Mouzaki 3416:Novšiće 3396:Aladzha 3373:Al-Hasa 3310:Algiers 3238:Sculeni 3220:Doliana 3210:Erzurum 3199:Alamana 3111:Giurgiu 3100:Focșani 3042:Matapan 3011:Mehadia 3000:Kinburn 2955:Perekop 2920:Samarra 2913:Kurijan 2824:Algiers 2819:Algiers 2814:Algiers 2763:Lepanto 2686:Zernest 2680:2nd Niš 2639:Eperjes 2622:Párkány 2597:Komarno 2581:Ładyżyn 2510:Sufiyan 2486:Giurgiu 2442:Torches 2414:Szigeth 2393:Tlemcen 2360:Tlemcen 2302:Alborán 2291:Preveza 2246:Zonchio 2222:Karagak 2202:Algiers 2195:Baghdad 2188:Gorjani 2162:Tlemcen 2122:Algiers 2064:Shkodra 1921:Otonetë 1887:1st Niš 1869:Golubac 1855:Çamurlu 1805:Pločnik 1780:Maritsa 1773:Samokov 1752:Ihtiman 1710:Bapheus 1670:Battles 1426:1253331 1331:Sources 830:Rosetta 781:Lanusse 748:Marmont 691:Colonel 635:British 566:British 532:In the 484:Mandora 408:of the 277:30 guns 267:17 guns 239: ( 216: ( 205: ( 194: ( 96:30°04′E 93:31°19′N 80:Abu Qir 3473:Tendra 3462:Andros 3422:Ulcinj 3391:Plevna 3205:Gravia 3185:Jeddah 3149:Abukir 3117:Izmail 3105:Rymnik 3052:Patras 3036:Imbros 2949:Grocka 2926:Kirkuk 2882:Chelif 2841:Andros 2757:Cyprus 2662:Crimea 2533:Candia 2521:Cecora 2435:Çıldır 2374:Palast 2325:Djerba 2102:Dubica 2096:Krbava 2090:Vrpile 2051:Vaslui 2034:Vaikal 1849:Ankara 1832:Rovine 1816:Kosovo 1810:Bileća 1724:Nicaea 1717:Dimbos 1676:by era 1603: 1578: 1541: 1518: 1499: 1476: 1457: 1424: 1401: 1374: 1351: 1280: 962:Muiron 955:Vendée 834:Davout 785:Lannes 766:Battle 739:Desaix 723:Natron 665:, and 627:France 597:France 489:Canope 172: 159: 148:France 145: 121:Result 3525:Sinop 3510:Samos 3495:Athos 3330:Nezib 3325:Konya 3295:Varna 3285:Petra 3225:Lalas 3192:Čegar 3169:Batin 3159:Derna 3122:Măcin 3047:Çeşme 2990:Kagul 2985:Larga 2936:Ganja 2896:Pruth 2769:Tunis 2740:Zenta 2722:Lugos 2704:Hodów 2644:Kassa 2569:Jijel 2475:Banat 2469:Sisak 2463:Bihać 2407:Krupa 2387:Tadla 2308:Ponza 2285:Tunis 2253:Modon 2155:Jajce 2080:Adana 2039:Meçad 2029:Ohrid 1938:Polog 1910:Varna 1837:Ohrid 1799:Savra 1535:13–14 973:Monge 878:Paris 810:Tigre 667:Jaffa 647:India 623:Egypt 585:Murat 558:Egypt 449:Jaffa 84:Egypt 55:, by 3320:Hims 3250:Peta 2889:Oran 2735:Azov 2729:Ulaş 2628:Buda 2607:Lwów 2209:Pest 1683:Rise 1601:ISBN 1576:PMID 1539:ISBN 1516:ISBN 1497:ISBN 1474:ISBN 1455:ISBN 1422:OCLC 1399:ISBN 1372:ISBN 1349:ISBN 1278:ISBN 727:Giza 671:Acre 454:Acre 434:Nile 67:Date 3552:see 3543:see 2634:Vác 2421:Fez 2381:Fez 2266:Diu 2075:Una 1597:122 1566:doi 1418:128 817:. 653:. 564:'s 560:by 544:'s 242:POW 219:WIA 208:WIA 197:WIA 3583:: 1599:. 1591:. 1574:. 1562:25 1560:. 1556:. 1537:. 1420:. 1370:. 1292:^ 1245:^ 1147:^ 1120:^ 1105:^ 1066:^ 1051:^ 876:, 762:. 661:, 621:, 82:, 3569:. 1662:e 1655:t 1648:v 1609:. 1582:. 1568:: 1547:. 1524:. 1505:. 1482:. 1463:. 1428:. 1407:. 1380:. 1357:. 1286:. 1259:. 969:. 880:. 520:) 516:( 394:e 387:t 380:v 245:) 222:) 211:) 200:) 25:.

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