43:
226:
142:
130:
198:
448:. To prevent similar incidents happening again, he combined the trucking units into a single special command. The ranks of that command were purged of inexperienced or racist officers, and the MP patrols were racially integrated. Morale among black troops stationed in England improved, and the rates of courts-martial fell. Although there were several more racial incidents between black and white American troops in Britain during the war, none was on the scale of that of Bamber Bridge.
433:
35 defendants. It concluded on 18 September with seven acquittals and 28 convictions. Sentences for those convicted ranged from three months to 15 years, with seven sentences of 12 years or more. Reviews resulted in the release of one man and reductions in all other sentences. Fifteen of the men returned to duty in June 1944 and six other sentences were further reduced. The defendant with the longest sentence returned to duty after serving 13 months.
233:
205:
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William Byrd, who was black, defused the situation but, as the MPs left, a beer was thrown at their jeep. After the MPs picked up two reinforcements, they spoke to
Captain Julius F. Hirst and Lieutenant Gerald C. Windsor, who told the MPs to do their duty and to arrest the black soldiers. A group of
432:
Two trials were conducted. In August, four of the black soldiers involved in the initial brawl were sentenced to hard labour, one to two and a half years and the others to three, and all to dishonourable discharges, with one of those convictions being overturned on review. The second trial involved
376:
Two MPs, Corporal Roy A. Windsor and
Private First Class Ralph F. Ridgeway, responded to a report of trouble at a local pub. The MPs had standing orders to arrest soldiers who were out of camp without a pass, were disorderly, or were not in proper uniform. On entering the pub, they encountered one
415:
The black soldiers warned the locals to stay inside when a firefight broke out between them and the MPs, which resulted in seven wounded. The fighting stopped around 04:00 the next morning with an officer, three black soldiers, and one MP having been shot and two other MPs beaten. Eventually, the
399:
Some of the injured black soldiers returned to their base, but the killing caused panic as rumours began to spread that the MPs were out to shoot black soldiers. Although the colonel was absent, acting CO Major George C. Heris attempted to calm the situation. Lieutenant Edwin D. Jones, the unit's
297:
In a confrontation on the street afterwards, a white MP shot and killed
Private William Crossland after Private Crossland drunkenly attacked the MP. More military police then arrived armed with machine guns and grenades, and black soldiers armed themselves with rifles from their base
345:, and the soldiers of 1511 Quartermaster Truck were almost entirely black, and all but one of the officers were white, as were the MPs. Military commanders tended to treat the service units as "dumping grounds" for less competent officers, and the leadership in the unit was poor.
428:
convicted 32 black soldiers of mutiny and related crimes, poor leadership and racist attitudes among the MPs were blamed as the cause. None of the white MPs were charged, including the one who killed the black soldier by shooting him in the back.
407:
armed with a large machine gun. That prompted black soldiers to arm themselves with weapons. Around two thirds of the rifles were taken, and a large group left the base in pursuit of the MPs. British police officers reported that the MPs set up a
1749:
396:
MPs intercepted the soldiers on
Station Road as they returned to their base at Mounsey Road. As a fight broke out, the MPs opened fire, and one bullet struck Private William Crossland of the 1511th in the back and killed him.
363:
in the village, all three pubs reportedly posted "Black Troops Only" signs, although Harold
Pollins found no information of this and deemed Burgess' story of the troops arming themselves with machine guns incorrect.
372:
On the evening of 24 June 1943, some soldiers from the 1511th
Quartermaster Truck Regiment were drinking with the English villagers in Ye Olde Hob Inn. Details of how the incident developed differ between sources.
818:
1883:
1050:
266:, Lancashire, in Northern England, during the Second World War. Tensions had been high following a failed attempt by US commanders to racially segregate pubs in the village, and worsened after the
890:
561:
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936:
722:
585:
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283:
541:
In June 2022, a memorial garden commemorating the battle was created opposite the pub where the Battle of Bamber Bridge started. The incident inspired the plot of the film
580:"A landmark documentary explores how African American soldiers and British civilians formed an unexpected bond during World War II", which had its world premiere at the
499:
where racial tensions and clashes erupted between
American soldiers on foreign soil. Clashes between American soldiers and local forces took place in Australia at the "
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810:
225:
1156:
487:
Popular interest in the event increased in the late 1980s after a maintenance worker discovered bullet holes from the battle in the walls of a Bamber Bridge bank.
326:. Their base, Air Force Station 569 (nicknamed "Adam Hall"), was on Mounsey Road, part of which still exists now as home to 2376 (Bamber Bridge) Squadron of the
1873:
1701:
1042:
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siding with Nunn. One
British soldier challenged the MPs by saying, "Why do you want to arrest them? They're not doing anything or bothering anybody."
197:
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42:
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Reports of the mutiny were considerably censored, with newspapers disclosing only that violence had occurred in a town somewhere in
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523:
400:
only black officer, managed to persuade the soldiers that Heris would be able to round up the MPs and see that justice was done.
338:
to other Eighth Air Force bases in
Lancashire. The 234th US Military Police Company was also in the village, on its north side.
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510:
The event has been described as a "precursor to battles that would unfold on
American streets for decades to come, during the
1878:
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1706:
386:
913:
1853:
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30:
1611:
1404:
543:
444:, placed most of the blame for the violence on the white officers and MPs because of their poor leadership and use of
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By one later account, the violence left one man dead and seven people (five soldiers and two MPs) injured. Although a
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Truck Regiment for being out of uniform, a violation of the US Army Code of Conduct, in the Ye Olde Hob Inn
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385:, and asked him to step outside. An argument ensued, with local people and British servicewomen of the
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811:"Black troops were welcome in Britain, but Jim Crow wasn't: the race riot of one night in June 1943"
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soldiers returned to the base, and by the afternoon, all but four rifles had been recovered.
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441:
359:, the people of Bamber Bridge supported the black troops, and when US commanders demanded a
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271:
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960:"This WWII battle wasn't against Nazis. It was between Black and white GIs in England"
472:, who lived in the Bamber Bridge area after the war, wrote about the event briefly in
1837:
1696:
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1399:
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1307:
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614:
Masters of the Air: America's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany
425:
322:
hosted American servicemen from the 1511th Quartermaster Truck Regiment, part of the
319:
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263:
65:
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However, at midnight, several jeeps full of MPs arrived at the camp, including one
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34:
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earlier that week, which had led to 34 deaths, including 25 black casualties.
69:
92:
79:
1043:"Railway Children reboot: film explores black GI segregation in 40s Britain"
409:
1750:
Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests
462:
used the incident as material for his fictional account of wartime racism
1812:
1219:
1074:"Mutiny at Army Air Force Station 569: Bamber Bridge, England, June 1943"
335:
1089:
1073:
534:, a play written by Natalie Penn of Front Room, which had played at the
522:
In June 2013, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the incident, the
299:
306:
convicted 32 African American soldiers of mutiny and related crimes.
691:
Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military
495:
The Battle of Bamber Bridge was one of the several instances during
1113:
1105:
929:"In the Other England, the Land of Cotton, Nobody Says 'Baaaaath'"
883:"When race riots sparked a gun battle on streets of Bamber Bridge"
526:
held a symposium. It included a screening of the 2009 documentary
1117:
302:. Both sides exchanged fire through the night. In the end, a
562:
African-American mutinies in the United States Armed Forces
987:"Sollis Marks 70th Anniversary of Battle of Bamber Bridge"
530:
which was produced by Gregory Cooke, and a performance of
864:
862:
723:"When the American military said sorry to Bamber Bridge"
262:
involving American soldiers stationed in the village of
1884:
History of the United States Army in the United Kingdom
1013:"Choc'late Soldiers from the USA: Love, War and Change"
586:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
989:. Lancashire, U.K.: University of Central Lancashire.
1795:
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108:
60:
52:
23:
958:Frayer, Lauren; Al-Kassab, Fatima (21 June 2023).
804:
802:
800:
377:soldier, Private Eugene Nunn who was dressed in a
588:on 10 November 2009. American History and Culture
761:"WW2 People's War – The Battle of Bamber Bridge"
652:Werrell, Ken (1978). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.).
232:
204:
343:US Armed Forces were still racially segregated
1129:
981:
979:
8:
240:Battle of Bamber Bridge (the United Kingdom)
1745:George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom
468:, which was published in 1947. The author
47:Ye Olde Hob Inn, where the violence started
1633:
1369:
1136:
1122:
1114:
41:
20:
607:
605:
348:Racial tensions were exacerbated by the
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573:
330:. The 1511th Quartermaster Truck was a
1859:June 1943 events in the United Kingdom
914:Sand and Steel: A New History of D-Day
1072:Warrell, Kenneth P. (December 1975).
893:from the original on 14 December 2018
847:from the original on 3 September 2021
754:
752:
750:
717:
715:
698:, Free Press. pp. 154–157, 228.
7:
1874:Military discipline and World War II
927:Burgess, Anthony (28 January 1973).
688:Nalty, Bernard C. (1 January 1986).
258:is the name given to an outbreak of
1232:1768 Massacre of St George's Fields
1021:Journal of African American History
773:from the original on 4 October 2017
146:1511th Quartermaster Truck Regiment
1617:1999 Carnival Against Capital riot
841:"The Riot of Bamber Bridge (1943)"
478:in 1973 and in his autobiography,
334:unit, and its duty was to deliver
278:(MPs) attempted to arrest several
16:1943 mutiny of American servicemen
14:
1869:Events that led to courts-martial
1096:from the original on 25 June 2021
1053:from the original on 11 July 2022
939:from the original on 8 April 2020
821:from the original on 1 April 2019
1697:2011 Stokes Croft riot (Bristol)
993:from the original on 27 May 2017
881:Rogerson, Derek (24 June 2018).
524:University of Central Lancashire
231:
224:
203:
196:
140:
128:
1702:2011 UK anti-austerity protests
1664:2009 G20 London summit protests
1597:1994 Criminal Justice Bill riot
1157:1189–1190 Massacres of the Jews
731:. 12 April 2012. Archived from
528:Choc'late Soldiers from the USA
134:34th US Military Police Company
1587:1992 Hartcliffe riot (Bristol)
1456:1974 Red Lion Square disorders
1400:1932 Old Market riot (Bristol)
660:. No. 22. pp. 1–11.
503:", and in New Zealand at the "
243:Show map of the United Kingdom
1:
1707:2011 London anti-cuts protest
1332:1838 Battle of Bossenden Wood
1288:1816 Ely and Littleport riots
1262:1795 Revolt of the housewives
654:"The Mutiny at Bamber Bridge"
532:Lie Back and Think of America
387:Auxiliary Territorial Service
1864:Battles involving Lancashire
1572:1990 Strangeways Prison riot
1430:1958 Notting Hill race riots
1415:1943 Battle of Bamber Bridge
1347:1866 Hyde Park demonstration
1167:1355 St Scholastica Day riot
1612:1996 Trafalgar Square riots
1410:1936 Battle of Cable Street
1242:1776 Nottingham cheese riot
809:Rice, Alan (22 June 2018).
544:The Railway Children Return
412:and ambushed the soldiers.
1910:
1405:1932 National Hunger March
1395:1919 Luton Peace Day riots
612:Miller, Donald L. (2007).
420:Arrests and courts-martial
328:Royal Air Force Air Cadets
270:. The battle started when
1823:Territorial Support Group
1767:2024 United Kingdom riots
1539:Murder of Keith Blakelock
1534:1985 Broadwater Farm riot
1471:1979 Death of Blair Peach
1390:1919 Battle of Bow Street
536:Edinburgh Fringe Festival
481:Little Wilson and Big God
381:rather than the required
212:Location of Bamber Bridge
190:
121:
72:, England, United Kingdom
40:
28:
1692:2010 UK student protests
1342:1865 Leeds dripping riot
1257:1793 Bristol Bridge riot
505:Battle of Manners Street
1466:1977 Battle of Lewisham
1298:1821 Cinderloo Uprising
887:Lancashire Evening Post
728:Lancashire Evening Post
582:Smithsonian Institution
405:improvised armoured car
256:Battle of Bamber Bridge
182:32, charged with mutiny
24:Battle of Bamber Bridge
1717:Killing of Mark Duggan
1669:Death of Ian Tomlinson
1577:1991 Meadow Well riots
1451:1970 Garden House riot
1293:1819 Peterloo Massacre
1237:1769 Spitalfield riots
1205:1710 Sacheverell riots
1189:1668 Bawdy House riots
268:1943 Detroit race riot
215:Show map of Lancashire
1879:Race riots in England
1818:Public Order Act 1986
1757:2022 Leicester unrest
1659:2005 Birmingham riots
1582:1991 Handsworth riots
1524:1985 Handsworth riots
1517:1981 Handsworth riots
1502:1981 Chapeltown riots
1420:1944 Park Street riot
1283:1816 Spa Fields riots
1210:1714 Coronation riots
1172:1381 Peasants' Revolt
970:National Public Radio
965:All Things Considered
911:Peter Caddick-Adams.
350:race riots in Detroit
1722:House of Reeves fire
1676:2009 Upton Park riot
1602:1995 Manningham riot
1546:1987 Chapeltown riot
1461:1975 Chapeltown riot
1380:1907 Brown Dog riots
1278:1809 Old Price riots
1252:1791 Priestley riots
620:. pp. 227–229.
557:Freeman Field mutiny
368:Outbreak of violence
1854:1940s in Lancashire
1787:1981 Scarman report
1762:2024 Harehills riot
1654:2001 Harehills riot
1644:2001 Bradford riots
1567:1990 Poll Tax riots
1512:1981 Moss Side riot
1425:1945 Aldershot riot
1150:12th–17th centuries
1078:Aerospace Historian
440:, commander of the
284:racially segregated
89: /
1712:2011 England riots
1592:1993 Welling riots
1551:1989 Dewsbury riot
1507:1981 Toxteth riots
1492:1981 England riots
1487:1980 St Pauls riot
1435:1968 student riots
1352:1887 Bloody Sunday
1337:1842 Pottery Riots
1320:1831 Bristol riots
1215:1715 England riots
1162:The revolt of 1196
933:The New York Times
696:Simon and Schuster
618:Simon and Schuster
501:Battle of Brisbane
475:The New York Times
453:North West England
294:in Bamber Bridge.
282:soldiers from the
93:53.7217°N 2.6621°W
1831:
1830:
1775:
1774:
1649:2001 Oldham riots
1625:
1624:
1607:1995 Brixton riot
1529:1985 Brixton riot
1497:1981 Brixton riot
1357:1896 Newlyn riots
1315:1831 reform riots
1247:1780 Gordon riots
1184:1517 Evil May Day
759:Pollins, Harold.
705:978-0-02-922411-3
667:978-0-900913-15-0
627:978-0-7432-3545-7
465:The Chequer Board
252:
251:
151:
150:
1901:
1634:
1370:
1327:1832 Days of May
1303:1830 Swing riots
1177:Treason Act 1381
1144:Riots in England
1138:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1039:
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815:The Conversation
806:
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719:
710:
709:
685:
672:
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658:After the Battle
649:
632:
631:
609:
589:
578:
512:Civil Rights era
442:Eighth Air Force
324:Eighth Air Force
316:Second World War
280:African American
244:
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216:
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200:
145:
144:
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133:
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98:53.7217; -2.6621
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
45:
21:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1849:1943 in England
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1808:Riots in London
1791:
1771:
1733:
1680:
1621:
1555:
1475:
1439:
1385:1919 Epsom riot
1361:
1266:
1227:1766 food riots
1193:
1145:
1142:
1112:
1099:
1097:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1049:. 9 July 2022.
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843:. 6 July 2020.
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493:
470:Anthony Burgess
422:
383:class A uniform
370:
357:Anthony Burgess
312:
276:military police
260:racial violence
248:
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219:
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112:Racial tensions
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56:24–25 June 1943
48:
17:
12:
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5:
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1829:
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1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Riots in Leeds
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1110:
1084:(4): 202–209.
1068:
1065:
1064:
1034:
1004:
975:
950:
919:
904:
873:
871:, p. 207.
858:
832:
796:
794:, p. 203.
784:
746:
735:on 2 July 2018
711:
704:
673:
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393:Staff Sergeant
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1271:19th century
1198:18th century
1104:– via
1098:. Retrieved
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1055:. Retrieved
1047:the Guardian
1046:
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733:the original
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616:. New York:
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438:Ira C. Eaker
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379:field jacket
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255:
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35:World War II
29:Part of the
18:
1373:1900s–1960s
869:Warrell1975
851:3 September
792:Warrell1975
766:BBC History
460:Nevil Shute
314:During the
96: /
1844:1943 riots
1838:Categories
596:References
361:colour bar
310:Background
156:Casualties
81:53°43′18″N
70:Lancashire
491:Aftermath
410:roadblock
332:logistics
274:American
109:Caused by
84:2°39′44″W
1894:Shootout
1889:Mutinies
1813:Riot Act
1727:Timeline
1220:Riot Act
1094:Archived
1090:44523444
1051:Archived
991:Archived
937:Archived
891:Archived
845:Archived
819:Archived
771:Archived
551:See also
458:In 1945
436:General
336:materiel
169:Injuries
161:Death(s)
61:Location
1796:Related
1780:Reports
1100:25 June
1057:11 July
943:5 April
897:5 April
825:5 April
777:4 April
300:armoury
286:1511th
178:Charged
117:Parties
1088:
1027:2 June
997:2 June
917:(2019)
739:2 June
702:
664:
624:
1738:2020s
1685:2010s
1637:2000s
1560:1990s
1480:1980s
1444:1970s
1106:Jstor
1086:JSTOR
1016:(PDF)
568:Notes
272:white
1102:2021
1059:2022
1029:2017
999:2017
945:2019
899:2019
853:2021
827:2019
779:2017
741:2017
700:ISBN
662:ISBN
622:ISBN
341:The
254:The
53:Date
584:'s
514:".
507:".
33:of
1840::
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1082:22
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978:^
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164:1
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