29:
294:), met the armies of Shennong in Banquan in the first large-scale battle in Chinese history. After three major engagements, the Flame Emperor lost the battle and surrendered the leadership to the Yellow Emperor. The Youxiong and the Shennong tribes then made an alliance, forming the
201:
Not much is known about this battle since it, along with other events of the era, is clouded by mythology. Thus, the historical accuracy of accounts of this battle is disputed. Chinese historiographical tradition places it in the 26th century BC.
186:. Both battles were fought not long apart, and on nearby plains, and both involved the Yellow Emperor. Some scholars have concluded that they may have been the same battle. The Battle of Banquan is credited for the formation of the
593:
In short, what all these sources preserve is nothing but a narrative framework about emperors and battles in which the line between the memory of real events, if they were real, and an imagined past is almost impossible to
360:
Of these three, the third one is seen to be the most probable since the other two would imply that the two forces would both have to travel north to meet each other, which would be impractical.
363:
Another possibility is that all three are correct, as both
Confucius and Sima Qian appear to agree what took place was a series of three battles between Huangdi and Yandi (followed by the
551:
In synthesizing all the information, some scholars conclude that
Banquan is located in the same area as Zhuolu and that the Battle of Banquan was none other than the Battle of Zhuolu.
639:. quote: 「貔貅。形似虎。或曰似熊。毛色灰白。遼東人謂之白羆。雄者曰貔。雌者曰貅。故古人多連舉之。」 rough translation: "The pixiu look like tigers; some say they look like bears; their furs are coloured ashen white. People in
301:
The ever-expanding
Yanhuang tribe soon drew the envy of Chiyou, who attacked Shennong's territories again. The Yanghuang tribe then reacted by facing Chiyou in the
241:
first went to war with Chiyou but was defeated, and in retreating came to territorial conflict against the Yellow
Emperor, who raised armies against Shennong.
833:
305:, and emerged victorious. The Yanhuang tribe then could expand eastwards without hindrance and soon formed what came to be known as the
178:
The "Battle of
Banquan" may actually only refer to the third of a series of three battles. The Yellow Emperor shortly afterwards fought
805:
823:
789:
150:
123:
115:
314:
225:. Generations later, the tribe was in conflict with other expanding tribes at the time, such as the Jiuli tribes led by
647:. The male is called pi while the female is called xiu. That was why ancient people often mentioned them together."
828:
325:
The actual location of
Banquan, where this battle was fought, is in dispute. There are three likely locations:
743:
Quote: "郡國志云：藤州夷人往往化貙。貙，小虎也，有五指。" Unschuld's 2021 translation: "The Jun guo zhi states: 'The tribal people in
141:
416:
636:
692:
565:"From Myth to History: Historicizing a Sage for the Sake of Persuasion in the Yellow Emperor Narratives"
523:"From Myth to History: Historicizing a Sage for the Sake of Persuasion in the Yellow Emperor Narratives"
404:
481:
606:
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33:
Map showing a possible location of the battle and distribution of tribal unions at the time.
367:
between Chiyou and an alliance of
Huangdi, some princes and some lords on a nearby plain).
735:
706:
214:
195:
420:
230:
159:
102:
817:
451:
412:
238:
218:
633:
Categorized anthology of petty matters from the Qing period (清稗類鈔 - Qingbai
Leichao)
721:
489:
388:
330:
310:
167:
97:
644:
580:
538:
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259:
588:
546:
784:
677:
210:
145:
744:
704:
Li
Shizhen(author); Unschuld, Paul (translator & annotator), (2021),
640:
477:
468:
295:
206:
187:
81:
671:
344:
455:
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313:
civilization. To this day, Chinese people still call themselves "the
306:
234:
226:
191:
179:
131:
28:
659:
500:(郡國志)'s description of the chu as "small tigers with five fingers".
334:
269:
245:
55:
446:
738:, Volume IX: Fowls, Domestic and Wild Animals, Human Substances
709:, Volume IX: Fowls, Domestic and Wild Animals, Human Substances
609:, in Mair, Victor, editor, Sino-Platonic Papers, issue 294
387:
referred to large panther-like cats; reconstructing 貔's
458:'s commentaries on Erya indicate that in his time the
298:
tribes, incorporating the small tribes around them.
383:Axel Schuessler (2007) states that in old texts 貔
462:denoted a dog-sized tiger with markings like a
21:
289:
284:
278:
273:
263:
253:
8:
221:before eventually venturing east beyond the
209:tribes originally were a branch of the late
720:Guangyun, "Level tone A (上平聲)", section 之,
18:
620:An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese
244:The armies of Yellow Emperor, under the
194:civilization, which is the basis of the
513:
376:
755:are small tigers with five fingers'."
498:Records of the Commanderies and States
229:, and the Youxiong tribes led by the
217:in the west, who expanded across the
7:
622:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 412
484:Paul U. Unschuld, identifies the 貍
309:civilization, the precursor of the
14:
635:, "Chapter 98 - Animals (動物類)",
27:
454:, the 貙 chū looks like a 貍 lí,
800:. New York: Crown Publishers.
790:Records of the Grand Historian
607:“Three Ancient Words for Bear”
151:Records of the Grand Historian
136:
127:
119:
1:
747:ever so often transform into
569:Journal of Chinese Humanities
527:Journal of Chinese Humanities
213:agricultural people from the
660:"Elucidations on the Beasts"
395:, Schuessler compares it to
315:Descendants of Yan and Huang
190:tribe, the precursor of the
834:3rd-millennium BC conflicts
695:quote: "郭雲：“今貙虎也。大如狗，文如貍。”"
563:Zhang, Hanmo (2017-02-08).
521:Zhang, Hanmo (2017-02-08).
850:
415:" and proposes a probable
618:Schuessler, Axel (2007).
581:10.1163/23521341-12340045
539:10.1163/23521341-12340045
424:
400:
290:
285:
279:
274:
264:
254:
91:
75:
37:
26:
419:etymology. According to
824:Battles involving China
680:quote: "貙：貙獌，似貍者。从豸區聲。"
605:Zhang, Shuheng (2019),
142:ancient Chinese history
16:Ancient battle in China
321:Location of the battle
103:Yellow Emperor Huangdi
92:Commanders and leaders
764:Wu, 57, referring to
662:quote "貙，獌似貍。 貙，似貍。"
482:historian of medicine
798:The Chinese Heritage
637:section "Pixiu (貔貅)"
431:is male while the 貅
196:Chinese civilization
98:Flame Emperor Yuwang
339:Banquan village of
154:. It was fought by
124:traditional Chinese
796:Wu, K. C. (1982).
690:Erya - Commentated
391:pronunciation as *
116:simplified Chinese
476:as a "wild cat";
223:Taihang Mountains
137:Bǎn Quán Zhī Zhàn
112:Battle of Banquan
108:
107:
71:
70:
22:Battle of Banquan
841:
829:War in mythology
787:, "Wǔdì Běnjì",
777:
762:
756:
731:
725:
724:; quote: (貍：野猫。)
718:
712:
702:
696:
693:"Chapter 10 - 貙"
687:
681:
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663:
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643:call them white
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365:Battle of Zhuolu
349:Xiezhou county,
341:Yanqing District
303:Battle of Zhuolu
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267:
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184:Battle of Zhuolu
140:) took place in
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87:Youxiong (tribe)
67:Youxiong victory
39:
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736:Ben Cao Gang Mu
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707:Ben Cao Gang Mu
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283:), and tigers (
215:Guanzhong Plain
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144:as recorded by
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5:
847:
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768:, chapter 75,
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713:
711:, p. 807 - 815
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682:
664:
649:
631:Xu Ke (1917),
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512:
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472:defines the 貍
437:
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231:Yellow Emperor
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160:Yellow Emperor
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806:0-517-54475-X
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772:; and to the
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575:(1): 91–116.
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536:
533:(1): 91–116.
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487:
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452:Shuowen Jiezi
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444:According to
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329:Southeast of
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261:
251:
247:
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239:Flame Emperor
236:
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228:
224:
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219:Loess Plateau
216:
212:
208:
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199:
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173:
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168:Flame Emperor
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25:
20:
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797:
788:
773:
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752:
748:
734:
733:Li Shizhen,
729:
722:subsection 釐
716:
705:
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689:
685:
674:
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652:
632:
627:
619:
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592:
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558:
550:
530:
526:
516:
497:
485:
473:
467:
463:
459:
445:
440:
432:
428:
417:Sino-Tibetan
408:
392:
384:
379:
362:
359:
324:
300:
243:
204:
200:
177:
163:
155:
149:
135:
111:
109:
76:Belligerents
678:"radical 豸"
645:brown bears
490:leopard cat
389:Old Chinese
311:Han Chinese
237:, the last
818:Categories
766:Dadai Liji
508:References
494:Li Shizhen
478:sinologist
435:is female.
260:brown bear
250:black bear
174:Background
58:(disputed)
785:Sima Qian
745:Teng zhou
589:2352-1333
547:2352-1333
211:Neolithic
146:Sima Qian
54:Banquan,
770:yongbing
641:Liaodong
469:Guangyun
427:) the 貔
351:Yuncheng
296:Yanhuang
207:Shennong
188:Yanhuang
82:Shennong
50:Location
45:~2500 BC
741:p. 1061
672:Xu Shen
488:as the
397:Tibetan
345:Beijing
248:of the
182:at the
156:Huangdi
84:(tribe)
804:
587:
545:
496:cites
456:Guo Pu
355:Shanxi
331:Zhuolu
307:Huaxia
246:totems
235:Yuwang
227:Chiyou
192:Huaxia
180:Chiyou
166:, the
162:, and
158:, the
134::
132:pinyin
126::
118::
64:Result
774:Shiji
594:draw.
421:Xu Ke
405:Wylie
401:དབྱི།
371:Notes
335:Hebei
270:pixiu
164:Yandi
56:China
802:ISBN
675:SWJZ
657:Erya
585:ISSN
543:ISSN
480:and
450:and
447:Erya
413:lynx
409:dbyi
205:The
128:阪泉之戰
120:阪泉之战
110:The
42:Date
753:Chu
749:chu
577:doi
535:doi
460:chū
433:xiu
317:".
268:),
258:),
148:'s
820::
751:.
591:.
583:.
571:.
567:.
549:.
541:.
529:.
525:.
492:.
486:lí
474:lí
466:.
464:lí
429:pi
425:徐珂
407::
403:,
399::
393:bi
385:pí
353:,
343:,
333:,
233:.
198:.
170:.
130:;
122:;
808:.
793:.
776:.
579::
573:3
537::
531:3
423:(
411:"
291:虎
286:貙
280:貅
275:貔
272:(
265:羆
262:(
255:熊
252:(
114:(
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