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1491:, the militia decided to wait until the following day to pursue Black Hawk. They heard, but did not understand, Neapope's speech during the night, and to their surprise, when morning arrived their enemy had disappeared. The battle, though militarily devastating for the British Band, had allowed much of the group to escape to temporary safety across the Wisconsin River. The reprieve was short-lived for many – a group of Fox women and children who attempted to escape down the Wisconsin following the battle were captured by U.S.-allied tribes or shot by soldiers further downstream. During the night, while the non-combatants escaped in canoes, Black Hawk and the remaining warriors crossed the river near present-day
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the surgical tent, where the baby's arm was amputated. The child was then taken to
Prairie du Chien, where he is believed to have recovered. The fight convinced Black Hawk that refuge lay to the north, not west across the Mississippi. In one of his last actions as commander of the British Band, Black Hawk implored his followers to flee with him, to the north. Many did not listen, and late on August 1, Black Hawk, White Cloud and about three dozen other followers left the British Band and fled northward. Most of the remaining warriors and non-combatants remained on the eastern bank of the Mississippi. Forces on the
1790:, Ho-Chunk, and other native tribes. Still others died of starvation or drowned during the Band's long trek up the Rock River toward the mouth of the Bad Axe. The entire British Band was not wiped out at Bad Axe; some survivors drifted back home to their villages. This was relatively simple for the Potawatomi and Ho-Chunk of the band. Many Sauk and Fox found return to their homes more difficult, and while some returned safely, others were held in custody by the army. Prisoners, some taken at the Battle of Bad Axe, and others taken by U.S.-aligned Native American tribes in the following weeks, were taken to
1754:, points to the writings of Wakefield as evidence that delusional beliefs about doing brave deeds and magnifying manliness spurred the U.S. forces to revel in and pursue massacring and exterminating the Sauk and Fox. Trask concluded that Wakefield's statement "I must confess, that it filled my heart with gratitude and joy, to think that I had been instrumental, with many others, in delivering my country of those merciless savages, and restoring those people again to their peaceful homes and firesides," was a viewpoint held by nearly all militia members.
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successful. The combined U.S. forces fell into formation for battle: Generals
Alexander and Posey formed the right wing, Henry the left wing, and Dodge and the regulars the center element. As the Native Americans retreated toward the river, the militia's left wing were left in the rear without orders. When a regiment stumbled across the main trail to the camp, the scouts could only fight in retreat and hope that they had given their comrades a chance to escape the militia, while the Sauk and Fox kept retreating to the river. However,
562:, Native American tribes ceded 50 million acres (200,000 km) of their land to the United States for $ 2,234.50 and an annual annuity of $ 1,000. The treaty also allowed the Sauk and Fox to remain on their land until it was sold. The treaty was controversial; Sauk war leader Black Hawk, and others disputed its validity because they said that the full tribal councils were not consulted and the council that negotiated the treaty did not have the authority to cede land. After the discovery of lead in and around
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At the time, newspaper reports stated that 23 Native
Americans were killed, including one woman estimated to be 19 years old; she was shot through her child's upper arm as she stood holding the child watching the battle. Her child was retrieved by Lieutenant Anderson after the battle, and taken to
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During the engagement we killed some of the squaws through mistake. It was a great misfortune to those miserable squaws and children, that they did not carry into execution they had formed on the morning of the battle -- that was, to come and meet us, and surrender themselves prisoners of war. It
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At 2 a.m. on August 2, Atkinson's forces awoke and began to break camp, setting out before sunrise. They had moved only a few miles when they ran into the rear scout element of the remaining Sauk and Fox forces. The Sauk scouts attempted to lead the enemy away from the main camp and were initially
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present on both days. By the second day, Black Hawk and most of the Native
American leaders had fled, though many of the band stayed behind. The victory for the United States was brutal and decisive and the end of the war allowed much of Illinois and present-day Wisconsin to be opened for further
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battle followed. Women and children fled the fight into the river, where many drowned immediately. The battle continued for 30 minutes before
Atkinson came up with Dodge's center element, cutting off escape for many of the remaining Native warriors. Some warriors managed to escape the fight to a
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language, assuming
Pauquette and his band of Ho-Chunk guides were still with the militia at Wisconsin Heights. However, the U.S. troops did not understand him, because their Sauk allies had already departed the battlefield. Following this failed attempt at peace, Neapope abandoned the cause and
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1653:. U.S. forces captured an additional 75 Native Americans. Of the total 400–500 Sauk and Fox at Bad Axe on August 2, most were killed at the scene, others escaped across the river. Those who escaped across the river found only temporary reprieve as many were captured and killed by
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Angered by the loss of his birthplace, Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the
Mississippi River into Illinois between 1830 and 1831, but each time was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the
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turned over
Neapope and several other British Band chiefs to Winfield Scott at Fort Armstrong. Black Hawk, however, remained elusive. After fleeing the battle scene with White Cloud and a small group of warriors, Black Hawk had moved northeast toward the headwaters of the
1471:, one of the key leaders accompanying Black Hawk, attempted to explain to the nearby militia officers that his group wanted only to end the fighting and go back across the Mississippi River. In a "loud shrill voice" he delivered a conciliatory speech in his native
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advised the band against wasting time building rafts to cross the
Mississippi River, because the U.S. forces were closing in, urging them instead to flee northward and seek refuge among the Ho-Chunk. However, most of the band chose to try to cross the river.
1526:, and relatively quickly closed the gap on the famished and battle-weary band of Native Americans. On August 1, Black Hawk and about 500 men, women, and children arrived at the eastern bank of the Mississippi, a few miles downstream from the mouth of the
1814:. The group camped for a few days and was eventually counseled by a group of Ho-Chunk, which included White Cloud's brother, to surrender. Though they initially resisted the pleas for surrender, the group eventually traveled to the Ho-Chunk village at
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The members of the
British Band, and the Fox, Kickapoo, Sauk, Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi that later joined them, suffered unknown numbers of dead during the war. While some died fighting, others were tracked down and killed by Sioux,
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The soldiers killed everyone who tried to run for cover or cross the river; men, women and children alike were shot dead. More than 150 people were killed outright at the scene of the battle, which many combatants later termed a
1568:, Black Hawk tried to surrender, but as had happened in the past the soldiers failed to understand and the scene deteriorated into battle. The warriors who survived the initial volley found cover and returned fire and a two-hour
566:, during the 1820s, miners began moving into the area ceded in the 1804 treaty. When the Sauk and Fox returned from the winter hunt in 1829, they found their land occupied by white settlers and were forced to return west of the
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2341:
History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians, in the Years Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven, Thirty-One, and Thirty-Two
590:. A number of other engagements followed, and the militia of Michigan Territory and the state of Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.
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returned after obtaining more wood in Prairie du Chien, leaving the refueling point about midnight and arriving at Bad Axe about 10 a.m. The slaughter that followed continued for the next eight hours.
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The Black Hawk War of 1832 resulted in the deaths of at least 70 settlers and soldiers, and hundreds of Black Hawk's band. As well as the combat casualties of the war, a relief force under General
2348:, Original Publication: Jacksonville, Ill.: Calvin Goudy, 1834. Reprint Publication: Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1908, Chapter 7: Section 133, and Chapter 8: Section 144. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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Black Hawk's own account, though he was not present at the battle's second day, termed the incident a massacre. Later histories continued to assail the actions of the whites at Bad Axe. The 1887
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describing the scene at Bad Axe and the events that occurred there. He stated that most of the Sauk and Fox were shot in the water or drowned trying to cross the Mississippi to safety. Major
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that had joined were gone by the Battle of Bad Axe. Others, especially children and the elderly, had died of starvation while the band fled the pursuing militia through the swamps around
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was a horrid sight to witness little children, wounded and suffering the most excruciating pain, although they were of the savage enemy, and the common enemy of the country."
1778:. The end of the war at Bad Axe ended the large-scale threat of Native American attacks in northwest Illinois, and allowed further settlement of Illinois and what became
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published an account of the war in 1834, which included a description of the battle. His description characterized the killing of women and children as a mistake:
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on June 24 marked the end of a week that was an important turning point for the settlers. The fight was a 45-minute gun battle between defenders garrisoned inside
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and prepared to surrender. On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk, White Cloud and the remnants of the British Band surrendered to Joseph M. Street at Prairie du Chien.
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Black Hawk and most of the leaders of the British Band were not immediately captured following the conclusion of hostilities. On August 20, Sauk and Fox under
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2090:), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 31 March 1997, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
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occurred on June 29, five days after the Battle of Apple River Fort. As the band fled the pursuing militia, they passed through what are now
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returned to a nearby Ho-Chunk village. The British Band had slowly disintegrated over the months of conflict; most of the Ho-Chunk and
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termed the fight a "massacre" during a speech at the battle site. He emphasized this theme again in a 1903 collection of essays.
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to regroup and resupply at Fort Blue Mounds. Under the command of Atkinson, around 1,300 men from the commands of Henry, Dodge,
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Henry's men, the entire left wing, descended a bluff into the midst of several hundred Sauk and Fox warriors, and a desperate
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Near the mouth of the Bad Axe River, on August 1, 1832, Black Hawk and Winnebago prophet and fellow British Band leader
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1530:. On arrival, the leaders of the band, including Black Hawk, called a council meeting to discuss their next move.
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on June 18, played a role in changing public perception about the militia after its defeat at Stillman's Run. The
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1798:. About 120 prisoners – men, women, and children – waited until the end of August to be released by General
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1522:. The well-fed and rested militia force picked up Black Hawk's trail again on July 28 near present-day
1928:", Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2C. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
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660:. On July 21, 1832, the militia caught up with Black Hawk's band as they attempted to cross the
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Battle of Bad Axe, engraving by Ernest Heinemann, from original by William de la Montagne Cary
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2243:), Henry Holt and Co., New York City: 2007, pp. 279, and 290–93. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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1717:, called Throckmorton's actions "inhuman and dastardly" and went on to call him a "second
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While some of the band managed to escape across the Mississippi River that afternoon, the
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Modern-day historians have continued to characterize the battle as a wholesale massacre.
636:, Black Hawk and his band fled the approaching militia through modern-day Wisconsin. The
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A few hours after midnight on July 22, with Black Hawk's band resting on a knoll on the
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2270:), A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago: 1903, pp. 186–92. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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regulars and militia that occurred on August 1–2, 1832. This final scene of the
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2430:"8 July, Fort Gratiot, Mich.: Cholera Strikes Down Gen. Winfield Scott's Army."
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How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest: And Other Essays in Western History
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trimmed his force to a few hundred men and set out to join militia commanders
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613:, all took place between mid-May and late June 1832. Two key battles, one at
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1731:]". In 1898, during events honoring the 66th anniversary of the battle,
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woman and her surviving child being discovered by a U.S. officer at Bad Axe.
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most of the dead, and cut long strips of flesh from others for use as razor
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2158:), The Century History Company: 1906, pp. 199-202. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
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since the 1850s. The fighting took place over two days, with the steamboat
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On August 3, 1832, the day after the battle, Indian Agent Street wrote to
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in late June was filled with war-related activity. A series of attacks at
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2132:, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170-171. Available online via
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eventually withdrew from battle because of lack of fuel, and returned to
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656:, where they headed west toward the Four Lakes region, near modern-day
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The History of Wisconsin: In Three Parts, Historical, Documentary, and
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1957:, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
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500:. It marked the end of the war between white settlers and militia in
2364:," via the Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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in the weeks following the battle. The United States suffered five
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2066:, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
2042:, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
1991:, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
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crossed the Wisconsin River between July 27–28 near present day
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The period between the Battle of Stillman's Run in May and the
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2217:, Misc. "Scene at the Battle of the Bad Axe," 3 November 1832.
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1974:, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
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16:
Massacre of Sauk and Meskwaki people by the United States Army
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16 June: Peter Parkinson Recalls the Battle of the Pecatonica
2383:), H.W. Rokker: 1887, pp. 467–69. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
2015:, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
1968:
14 May: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run
2029:
16 June: Henry Dodge Describes The Battle of the Pecatonica
3231:
Battles and skirmishes of the Black Hawk War in Wisconsin
2441:
The Driftless Area: An Inventory of the Regions Resources
1985:
21 May, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters
1661:. Sioux brought 68 scalps and 22 prisoners to the U.S.
2129:
A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I
2002:
James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek
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suffered only one casualty – a retired soldier from
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2136:, University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
629:and Sauk and Fox warriors led by Chief Black Hawk.
2195:), Courier Dover Publications: 1996, pp. 176–77, (
632:The next day, after an inconclusive skirmish at
2237:Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America
1774:suffered hundreds deserted and dead, many from
1752:Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America
1702:
523:, a few miles downstream from the mouth of the
23:
2294:: 1854 pp. 229–30. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
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1761:Monument near the site of the Bad Axe massacre
515:The massacre occurred in the aftermath of the
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2477:St. Paul District History - Battle of Bad Axe
2362:The Massacre at Bad Axe: Black Hawk's Account
2308:Interrogating the Project of Military History
2290:), Part II: Documentary, Vol. III, B. Brown,
1629:willow island, which was being peppered with
1498:While the band fled west, Commanding General
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8:
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508:, and the Sauk and Fox tribes under warrior
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2108:Black Hawk's name, country's shame lives on
53:at the Battle of Bad Axe attacking fleeing
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1596:was wounded in the knee during the fight.
609:, and the war's most famous incident, the
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20:
2414:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
2346:Wakefield's History of the Black Hawk War
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2452:Illinois Department of Natural Resources
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2114:, 28 April 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.
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1864:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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2418:, p. 2D. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
2189:Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi
324:Battle of Bad Axe (the United States)
7:
2428:Wisconsin State Historical Society,
2064:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
2040:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
2013:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
1989:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
1972:Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War
236:appx. 500 (including non-combatants)
69:in the last major engagement of the
61:Indians trying to escape across the
3236:Anti-Indigenous racism in Wisconsin
3226:Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin
2467:Black Hawk's account of the battle
2176:Wisconsin State Historical Society
1657:warriors acting in support of the
554:and a council of leaders from the
14:
3178:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2134:The State of Wisconsin Collection
1456:Symbols are wikilinked to article
3173:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2377:The Sauks and the Black Hawk War
1715:The Sauks and the Black Hawk War
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2172:The Battle of Wisconsin Heights
1684:An 1847 illustration of a dead
664:, near the present-day Town of
2338:; Stevens, Frank Everett, ed.
1408:Michigan Territory (Wisconsin)
687:
546:In an 1804 treaty between the
527:. Historians have called it a
1:
3221:Massacres of Native Americans
3041:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
2203:). Retrieved 22 October 2007.
1465:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
327:Show map of the United States
2416:Northern Illinois University
2321:. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
1487:Following the engagement at
617:on June 16 and the other at
488:took place near present-day
3132:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
3092:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
2126:Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed.
1582:Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
1428:Map of Black Hawk War sites
678:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
517:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
253:(including non-combatants)
193:(Not present on second day)
3254:
3206:1832 in Michigan Territory
3168:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
3122:Battle of Apple River Fort
2934:Stillman's Run Battle Site
2472:General Atkinson's account
2454:. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
2405:The Black Hawk War of 1832
2178:. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
2112:Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel
1919:The Black Hawk War of 1832
623:Battle of Apple River Fort
480:(Fox) Native Americans by
3112:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
2446:October 17, 2007, at the
2174:," Highlights: Archives,
2082:October 31, 2007, at the
1742:, a history professor at
1493:Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin
377:
296:Location within Wisconsin
269:
243:
230:
184:
146:
76:
36:
28:
3102:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
3067:Battle of Stillman's Run
2313:August 14, 2009, at the
2187:Petersen, William John.
1924:August 15, 2009, at the
588:Battle of Stillman's Run
3117:Attack at Ament's Cabin
3107:Battle of Waddams Grove
2148:Campbell, Henry Colin.
1560:, commanded by Captain
1524:Spring Green, Wisconsin
595:raid at Sinsinawa Mound
3097:Spafford Farm massacre
2519:Black Hawk War of 1832
2410:June 19, 2009, at the
2280:Smith, William Rudolph
1762:
1707:
1689:
1609:
185:Commanders and leaders
3082:Indian Creek massacre
2482:The Battle of Bad Axe
2336:Wakefield, John Allen
2319:Ohio State University
2260:Thwaites, Rueben Gold
2077:Apple River Fort Site
2075:Harmet, A. Richard. "
1796:Rock Island, Illinois
1760:
1744:Ohio State University
1683:
1607:
611:Indian Creek massacre
603:Plum River settlement
299:Show map of Wisconsin
244:Casualties and losses
116:43.45917°N 91.21806°W
3127:Sinsinawa Mound raid
3072:Buffalo Grove ambush
1733:Reuben Gold Thwaites
1698:John Allen Wakefield
1645:. The soldiers then
648:, then followed the
638:Sinsinawa Mound raid
293:class=notpageimage|
159:affiliated with the
65:which resulted in a
3153:Black Hawk Purchase
3011:Hamilton's Diggings
2849:Joseph Throckmorton
2803:James W. Stephenson
2773:William S. Hamilton
2374:Armstrong, Perry A.
1562:Joseph Throckmorton
676:, resulting in the
121:43.45917; -91.21806
112: /
3211:August 1832 events
3087:St. Vrain massacre
2951:Michigan Territory
2292:Madison, Wisconsin
2058:2007-09-29 at the
2034:2007-09-29 at the
2007:2007-09-29 at the
1949:2007-09-05 at the
1763:
1711:Perry A. Armstrong
1690:
1610:
1436:Battle (with name)
506:Michigan Territory
482:United States Army
472:was a massacre of
95:Victory, Wisconsin
3216:Conflicts in 1832
3193:
3192:
3137:Battle of Bad Axe
3062:Minor engagements
2862:
2861:
2684:
2683:
2317:, War Historian,
2306:Grimsley, Mark. "
2106:McCann, Dennis. "
1520:Helena, Wisconsin
1489:Wisconsin Heights
1461:
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983:Wisconsin Heights
568:Mississippi River
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452:Wisconsin Heights
336:
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142:
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93:Near present-day
63:Mississippi River
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3163:Keokuk's Reserve
3016:Pecatonica River
2966:Blue Mounds Fort
2879:Apple River Fort
2839:Joseph M. Street
2834:Antoine LeClaire
2824:George Davenport
2808:Samuel Whiteside
2793:John H. Rountree
2758:Ebenezer Brigham
2748:Milton Alexander
2743:John Giles Adams
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1516:Milton Alexander
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2914:Kellogg's Grove
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2854:Satterlee Clark
2844:Felix St. Vrain
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2788:Alexander Posey
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2403:Lewis, James. "
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1835:"Archived copy"
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1782:and Wisconsin.
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3146:Related topics
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2986:Fort Jackson
2944:Yellow Creek
2909:Indian Creek
2753:David Bailey
2567:Wabokieshiek
2534:British Band
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1849:. Retrieved
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402:Indian Creek
196:
179:Dakota Sioux
165:
161:British Band
147:Belligerents
48:
29:Part of the
18:
3055:Engagements
2768:Henry Dodge
2763:John Dement
2689:U.S. people
2547:Checokalako
1750:2007 work,
1545:White Cloud
1504:Henry Dodge
670:Dane County
255:75 captured
239:appx. 1,300
205:Henry Dodge
119: /
3200:Categories
2996:Fort Union
2919:Plum River
2899:Fort Beggs
2710:Hugh Brady
2631:Potawatomi
2562:Towaunonne
2542:Black Hawk
2358:Black Hawk
1851:2019-05-18
1794:at modern
1725: [
1600:Second day
1566:white flag
1478:Potawatomi
752:Plum River
650:Rock River
646:Janesville
542:Background
510:Black Hawk
476:(Sac) and
397:Plum River
225:Wapasha II
191:Black Hawk
104:43°27′33″N
2955:Wisconsin
2649:Waubonsie
2613:Menominee
2450:," 2000,
1816:La Crosse
1788:Menominee
1766:Aftermath
1723:Calligula
1659:U.S. Army
1570:firefight
1553:steamboat
1539:First day
794:St. Vrain
674:Wisconsin
496:, in the
494:Wisconsin
407:St. Vrain
107:91°13′5″W
45:steamboat
2924:Saukenuk
2874:Illinois
2663:Meskwaki
2644:Shabbona
2595:Ho-Chunk
2557:Pamisseu
2444:Archived
2408:Archived
2311:Archived
2080:Archived
2056:Archived
2032:Archived
2005:Archived
1947:Archived
1922:Archived
1860:cite web
1643:massacre
1473:Ho-Chunk
1411:Illinois
548:governor
529:massacre
502:Illinois
478:Meskwaki
231:Strength
89:Location
67:massacre
3184:Warrior
3036:Victory
3021:Roxbury
2735:Militia
2676:Wapello
2621:Oshkosh
2585:Wapasha
2552:Neapope
1776:cholera
1676:Context
1647:scalped
1635:Warrior
1622:bayonet
1615:Warrior
1590:Warrior
1574:Warrior
1557:Warrior
1469:Neapope
1004:Bad Axe
684:Prelude
666:Roxbury
658:Madison
652:toward
576:British
534:Warrior
490:Victory
457:Bad Axe
138:victory
50:Warrior
3006:Helena
2904:Galena
2867:Places
2817:Others
2671:Keokuk
2577:Dakota
2199:
1807:Keokuk
1713:book,
1651:strops
1626:musket
1534:Battle
642:Beloit
601:, the
172:
132:Result
1845:(PDF)
1838:(PDF)
1822:Notes
1655:Sioux
668:, in
262:, 19
155:and
2697:Army
2661:and
2659:Sauk
2197:ISBN
2086:", (
1866:link
1780:Iowa
1719:Nero
1686:Sauk
1624:and
1514:and
1506:and
644:and
584:Iowa
558:and
556:Sauk
504:and
474:Sauk
468:The
153:Sauk
81:Date
57:and
55:Sauk
2360:. "
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2191:, (
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2088:PDF
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2011:",
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1970:",
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1728:sic
1721:or
1580:at
560:Fox
550:of
264:WIA
260:KIA
251:KIA
157:Fox
59:Fox
3202::
2388:^
2326:^
2299:^
2282:.
2262:.
2248:^
2222:^
2163:^
2141:^
2119:^
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2020:^
1933:^
1874:^
1862:}}
1858:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
