298:
recaptured
Derbent and the southern Khazar capital of Balanjar; these successes had little impact on the nomadic Khazars, however, who continued to launch devastating raids deep into the South Caucasus. In a major 730 invasion, the Khazars decisively defeated Umayyad forces at the Battle of Ardabil, killing al-Jarrah; in turn, they were defeated the following year and pushed back north. Maslama then recovered Derbent, which became a major Arab military outpost and colony, before he was replaced by Marwan ibn Muhammad (the future caliph Marwan II) in 732. A period of relatively localized warfare followed until 737, when Marwan led a massive expedition north to the Khazar capital Atil on the Volga. After securing the submission of the Khazar ruler, the khagan, the Arabs withdrew.
691:
281:
In the subsequent siege, both sides made use of catapults and ballistae. After several days, the Khazar garrison launched a sortie, which coincided with the arrival of a large Khazar relief army. After Abd al-Rahman was killed, the Arabs collapsed, despite the efforts of his brother, Salman, to rally
297:
between the
Khazars and the Arabs (now under the Umayyad Caliphate) resumed after 707 with occasional raids back and forth across the Caucasus Mountains, intensifying after 721 into a full-scale war. Led by the prominent generals al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah and Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, the Arabs
254:
secured the surrender of the
Persian governor of Derbent, Shahrbaraz. Based at Derbent, Abd al-Rahman led frequent raids against the Khazars over the following years, but these were small-scale affairs, and no event of major note is recorded in the sources.
149:
1277:
142:
562:
1287:
135:
1182:
1297:
1272:
1187:
339:
307:
492:
282:
them. 4,000 Arabs were killed, many fled to
Derbent with Salman, while others had to conduct a fighting retreat all the way to
1108:
427:
198:
690:
251:
240:
178:
100:
1282:
331:
926:
485:
183:
1169:
1128:
1118:
841:
572:
225:
527:
294:
208:
159:
28:
1052:
1012:
780:
775:
625:
328:
Witnesses to a World Crisis : Historians and
Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century
1226:
1148:
851:
790:
600:
517:
188:
85:
1138:
745:
660:
645:
615:
557:
522:
478:
459:
451:
439:
335:
275:
1249:
1236:
1192:
1143:
1087:
755:
735:
655:
635:
610:
512:
104:
1202:
1174:
1153:
936:
891:
765:
670:
1113:
1092:
886:
740:
675:
630:
605:
590:
580:
552:
1266:
1221:
1017:
997:
987:
730:
680:
542:
203:
1292:
1077:
846:
705:
1133:
1123:
1062:
1037:
836:
826:
760:
710:
640:
262:
to avoid risks, Abd al-Rahman led a major invasion north, targeting the city of
193:
1197:
1042:
1007:
957:
941:
911:
620:
271:
463:
443:
1072:
972:
715:
547:
537:
267:
236:
232:
80:
1231:
1057:
1027:
982:
896:
871:
831:
816:
750:
665:
532:
263:
52:
1209:
1067:
1047:
977:
967:
906:
881:
856:
821:
785:
770:
725:
650:
595:
501:
438:] (in Russian). Leningrad: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа.
247:
1215:
1032:
1002:
992:
921:
916:
876:
866:
720:
287:
259:
229:
77:
127:
1082:
1022:
962:
931:
861:
585:
283:
901:
811:
806:
474:
131:
470:
392:
390:
407:
405:
377:
375:
246:
According to the Arab chroniclers, the Arabs captured
458:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1162:
1101:
950:
799:
698:
571:
21:
486:
143:
8:
493:
479:
471:
150:
136:
128:
18:
396:
1278:Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate
318:
411:
381:
366:
354:
258:In 652, despite the orders of Caliph
7:
308:Battle of Balanjar (disambiguation)
14:
456:The History of the Jewish Khazars
689:
1288:Battles of the Arab–Khazar wars
326:Howard-Johnston, J. D. (2010).
239:, whose commanding general was
274:, however, it was his brother
1:
1298:History of the North Caucasus
1273:Battles involving the Khazars
1314:
228:between the armies of the
1245:
687:
508:
169:
114:
91:
71:
34:
26:
252:Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabiah
241:Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah
101:Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah
1179:Khazar ancestry claims
332:Oxford University Press
927:Semikarakorsk Fortress
436:History of the Khazars
278:who led the invasion.
224:took place during the
92:Commanders and leaders
1170:Khazar Correspondence
226:First Khazar-Arab War
115:Casualties and losses
563:Dnieper trade route
330:. Oxford, England:
1227:Mandgelis Document
1210:Khazars in fiction
1149:Svetlana Pletnyova
791:Yitzhak ha-Sangari
452:Dunlop, Douglas M.
222:Battle of Balanjar
86:Rashidun Caliphate
22:Battle of Balanjar
1258:
1257:
1139:Alexander Harkavy
1109:Mikhail Artamonov
558:Volga trade route
369:, pp. 49–54.
357:, pp. 47–49.
341:978-0-19-920859-3
276:Salman ibn Rabiah
217:
216:
126:
125:
67:
66:
1305:
1237:Schechter Letter
1193:Crimean Karaites
1144:Thomas S. Noonan
693:
528:Arab–Khazar wars
495:
488:
481:
472:
467:
447:
428:Artamonov, M. I.
415:
409:
400:
394:
385:
379:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
345:
323:
295:Arab–Khazar wars
164:
162:
161:Arab–Khazar wars
152:
145:
138:
129:
109:
36:
35:
29:Arab–Khazar Wars
19:
16:Battle in 652 AD
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1241:
1203:Jewish Cossacks
1175:Khazar language
1158:
1154:Omeljan Pritsak
1129:Peter B. Golden
1097:
946:
795:
694:
685:
567:
504:
499:
450:
426:
423:
418:
410:
403:
395:
388:
380:
373:
365:
361:
353:
349:
342:
334:. p. 378.
325:
324:
320:
316:
304:
266:. According to
218:
213:
165:
160:
158:
156:
105:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:650s conflicts
1280:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1114:Vasily Bartold
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1093:Volga Bulgaria
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
952:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
887:Saltovo-Mayaki
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
803:
801:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:John of Gothia
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
702:
700:
696:
695:
688:
686:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
575:
569:
568:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
509:
506:
505:
500:
498:
497:
490:
483:
475:
469:
468:
448:
422:
419:
417:
416:
401:
399:, p. 179.
397:Artamonov 1962
386:
371:
359:
347:
340:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
303:
300:
215:
214:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
170:
167:
166:
157:
155:
154:
147:
140:
132:
124:
123:
120:
117:
116:
112:
111:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
83:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:Khazar Victory
61:
57:
56:
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1310:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Kievan Letter
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Crimean Goths
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:Black Klobuks
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
949:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
802:
798:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Hazer Tarkhan
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
701:
699:Other figures
697:
692:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
574:
573:Khazar rulers
570:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Pax Khazarica
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:
503:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
476:
473:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:История хазар
429:
425:
424:
420:
414:, p. 56.
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
384:, p. 55.
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
363:
360:
356:
351:
348:
343:
337:
333:
329:
322:
319:
313:
309:
306:
305:
301:
299:
296:
293:The conflict
291:
289:
285:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
253:
250:in 642, when
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
168:
163:
153:
148:
146:
141:
139:
134:
133:
130:
122:10,000 killed
121:
119:
118:
113:
110:
108:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
87:
84:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
62:
59:
58:
54:
49:
46:
45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1260:
1214:
842:Golden Hills
706:Alp Iluetuer
455:
435:
431:
362:
350:
327:
321:
292:
280:
257:
245:
221:
219:
199:3rd Balanjar
184:Marj Ardabil
179:2nd Balanjar
174:1st Balanjar
173:
106:
72:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1134:Lev Gumilev
1124:Norman Golb
1119:D.M. Dunlop
951:Tributaries
827:Chersonesus
761:Ras Tarkhan
711:Alp Tarkhan
641:Manasseh II
412:Dunlop 1954
382:Dunlop 1954
367:Dunlop 1954
355:Dunlop 1954
1267:Categories
1198:Subbotniks
1043:Laz people
1008:East Slavs
958:Abkhazians
942:Tamatarkha
912:Samosdelka
776:Sviatoslav
621:Manasseh I
548:Radhanites
314:References
1183:Ashkenazi
1073:Pechenegs
973:Baranjars
716:Balgitzin
601:Zachariah
538:Meshchera
513:Byzantium
464:459245222
444:490020276
268:Baladhuri
237:Caliphate
233:Khaganate
81:Khaganate
1250:Category
1232:Red Jews
1188:Cossacks
1102:Scholars
1058:Mordvins
1028:Kipchaks
983:Bashkirs
897:Sambalut
892:Samandar
872:Khazaran
837:Güsliyev
832:Dagestan
817:Balanjar
781:Theodora
751:Papatzys
666:Aaron II
661:Benjamin
626:Hanukkah
616:Hezekiah
533:Kipchaks
523:Abbasids
518:Bulgaria
502:Khazaria
454:(1954).
430:(1962).
302:See also
264:Balanjar
235:and the
189:Bajarwan
53:Balanjar
51:Outside
47:Location
1088:Uralics
1068:Onogurs
1053:Magyars
1048:Lezgins
1038:Kassogs
978:Barsils
968:Arsiyah
907:Samiran
882:Levedia
857:Kazarki
786:Tzitzak
771:Sfengus
726:Bulchan
656:Menahem
651:Aaron I
636:Zebulun
611:Obadiah
596:Parsbit
421:Sources
272:Ya'qubi
248:Derbent
209:Shirvan
194:Armenia
107:†
97:Unknown
1216:Kuzari
1163:Legacy
1078:Sabirs
1033:Kumyks
1023:Kabars
1018:Juhuri
1003:Cumans
993:Burtas
922:Sarkel
917:Saqsin
902:Sambat
877:Khumar
852:Kavkaz
800:Places
766:Serach
756:Pesakh
746:Leo IV
721:Barjik
681:George
671:Joseph
462:
442:
338:
288:Jurjan
260:Uthman
230:Khazar
103:
78:Khazar
60:Result
42:652 AD
1083:Sarir
1063:Oghuz
963:Alans
937:Taman
932:Sudak
867:Kerem
862:Kerch
847:Kaffa
676:David
631:Isaac
606:Bulan
591:Bihar
586:Busir
581:Irbis
434:[
284:Gilan
1013:Huns
812:Azaq
807:Atil
736:HLGW
646:Nisi
553:Rus'
460:OCLC
440:OCLC
336:ISBN
286:and
270:and
220:The
204:Atil
39:Date
1293:652
822:Bar
290:.
1269::
404:^
389:^
374:^
243:.
494:e
487:t
480:v
466:.
446:.
344:.
151:e
144:t
137:v
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