Battle of the Basque Roads - Knowledge (XXG)

1775:, immediately recognised that although no French ship had been directly destroyed by the attack, there was an opportunity to annihilate the French Atlantic fleet in a single morning. Grounded and vulnerable, the isolated French ships could be simply destroyed by a concerted conventional attack on the Aix Roads, with only the batteries and the two remaining ships afloat to offer resistance. At 05:48 he frantically signalled Gambier "Half the fleet could destroy the enemy". Gambier acknowledged this communication, but made no reply and gave no orders. As the French ships started to drift with the tide, Cochrane sent more signals: at 06:40 "Eleven on shore", at 07:40 "Only two afloat". Still there was no response from the distant British fleet. At 09:30 Cochrane signalled that "Enemy preparing to heave off" as the French crews began the laborious task of refloating their ships. Cochrane ordered further, sardonic, signals "Two sail of the line are enough" and "the frigates alone can destroy the enemy", although the first was never made as the signal officer judged that it would be received by Gambier as an insult, and the second was made but never recorded in 2188:

fleet; he wrote that "the greater part are disheartened; every day I hear them lamenting their situation, and speaking in praise of their enemy." Another French commentator told a British officer that the French sailors "had now no security from the English in their harbours, and they expected we should next go into Brest and take out their fleet". No British ships suffered more than minor damage in the two weeks of combat, and the fleet could return to its blockade with the knowledge that the Brest fleet was neutralised for some time to come and confined to Rochefort, although a powerful squadron was still under construction at Rochefort, where the defences had been swiftly repaired. This was the last time during the Napoleonic Wars that a significant French fleet was able to put to sea from the Atlantic ports; historian

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Mulgrave announced that the plan was going ahead and that Cochrane was to command it. Cochrane was in poor health, and under no illusions about Mulgrave's intentions: should the attack fail Cochrane would be blamed and his political career damaged. In addition, Cochrane was also well aware of the fury this decision would provoke in the naval hierarchy; the appointment of a relatively junior officer in command of such an important operation was calculated to cause offense. Cochrane refused, even though Mulgrave pleaded that he had been the only officer to present a practical plan for attacking Allemand's fleet. Again Cochrane refused the command, but the following day Mulgrave issued a direct order: "My Lord you must go. The board cannot listen to further refusal or delay. Rejoin your frigate at once."

207: 158: 1779:'s logbook. At 09:35 Gambier ordered his fleet to weigh anchor and then rescinded the order, instead holding a conference on the flagship for all his captains. Finally the fleet sailed at 10:45, but at 11:30 Gambier ordered a halt after only 3 nautical miles (5.6 km), and the ships anchored once more near Île-d'Aix while the admiral conducted a conference with his captains. In doing so, Gambier conspicuously avoided making any signal which might indicate he intended an attack, even spelling out some long signals to avoid using the flag which meant "prepare for battle". His behaviour at this point has been described by historian Robert Harvey as "one of the most contemptible acts of any commander-in-chief in British naval history". 1756: 1545: 2132: 1420:, topped by hundreds of artillery shells and thousands of grenades to create an explosion ship, a floating bomb of his own design intended to detonate right in the middle of the French line. During this process an attack by French boats on the fireships was driven off, with two British sailors killed and one wounded, and on 5 April Cochrane reconnoitered the approaches to Aix Roads, firing shots at the forts and fleet to gauge their responses. He subsequently wrote to Mulgrave suggesting that with an expeditionary force of 20,000 he could seize the defences overlooking the anchorage, sink 2325:, wrote in 1901 that "there can be no question that affair of Aix Road was mismanaged by the Admiralty at home and by the Admiral on the spot" and that "a great naval commander never loses an occasion to attack when conditions are favourable to him." In 2007 historian Noel Mostert wrote "Oh Nelson! Nelson, Nelson, where were you? Never could the absence of the man from a scene of action clearly designed for his drive and decision have been more painfully alive." In the same year, David Cordingly wrote that "The boldness of the attack ... was comparable with the exploits of a 2357:, or any rotten old 74, to board the enemy's three-decked ship in Aix Road and bring her out". He went on to remark to Cochrane and other officers that "I am no canting Methodist, no hypocrite, nor a psalm-singer. I do not cheat old women out of their estates by hypocrisy and canting". On 22 May 1809 he faced a court-martial for this conduct, and although he apologised to the court and to Gambier personally and claimed he spoke only from "an excess of zeal for the service", he was dismissed from the Navy. He was reinstated the following year, but never held a command again. 2281:, both friends of Gambier and political opponents of Cochrane. Over eight days witnesses were called and evidence presented, much of it misleading. Most seriously, the charts of Basque Roads supplied to the court had been drawn by officers from Gambier's ship and favoured Gambier's account of the action. Cochrane was questioned aggressively during his evidence and lost his temper, being repeatedly reprimanded. Ultimately Gambier was acquitted and awarded the thanks of Parliament, despite continuing determined opposition from Cochrane. 850: 192: 180: 52: 1388: 1857: 1455:

remainder. Allemand could see the fireships under preparation in Basque Roads, and increased his defences by stationing 73 small boats along the boom to tow fireships onto the mud flats and away from the French fleet. He also ordered all the ships of the line to remove their sails and topmasts. This rendered them largely immobile but considerably less flammable. The frigates retained their rigging as they would be required to move in the event of a major attack.

2080:. Cochrane reluctantly returned to the fleet and had a furious meeting with Gambier, accusing the admiral of "extraordinary hesitation" and urging a new assault. Gambier refused to renew the attack and threatened that if Cochrane tried to blame Gambier for the incomplete victory he would be seen as "arrogantly claiming all the merit to yourself". Cochrane was immediately ordered to return to Britain, sailing on 15 April with Gambier's dispatches carried by 146: 1567:, which had to veer its anchor cable to avoid being destroyed. Other crews, including those on one of the explosion ships, lost control of their vessels and took no part in the attack. A few however, including the lead explosion ship under Cochrane's personal command, continued forward at speed, as the wind increased gradually. He was followed by the second surviving explosion vessel, on board of which was Midshipman 1450:, which were strapped to the masts and yards of the fireships to fire in all directions as the ships burned. Due to Gambier's failure to scout the channel, Cochrane was apparently unaware of the existence of the boom, although historian James Henderson suggests he knew of it but failed to inform Gambier lest the cautious admiral abandon the entire operation. Cochrane was intending that his force, led by the heavy 1571:. Cochrane delayed igniting his own ship to the last minute, and when he finally lit the fuses his escape was reportedly delayed in a search for the ship's dog. As a result, his boat was still inside the debris field when the ship exploded, although he escaped unharmed. Elsewhere, five British sailors were killed and six wounded in premature detonations. The explosion ships detonated near the French frigate 1242: 676:

Gambier. This allowed most of the French fleet to refloat and retreat up the Charente to safety. Gambier recalled Cochrane on 14 April and sent him back to Britain, withdrawing most of the inshore squadron at the same time, although scattered fighting continued until 24 April. The increasingly marginalised French fleet was badly damaged and trapped in its home ports; several captains were

1273:'s administration was concerned by the risk posed by the French fleet to the profits of the British colonies in the West Indies, and had determined that an attack must be made. Thus on 7 March ten fireships were ordered to be prepared. In considering who would be best suited to lead such an attack Mulgrave then made a highly controversial decision. On 11 March the frigate 3803: 1913:, which had been mistakenly set on fire by an over-enthusiastic British boarding party. The storeship was carrying a large quantity of munitions, reportedly worth over half a million pounds in value, and produced an enormous explosion. Most of the British ships had suffered only minor damage and casualties from fire from the gun batteries on Île-d'Aix, where 2333:

and Nelson. And yet the action at Basque Roads has come to be regarded as a wasted opportunity, a bungled and confused affair." Perhaps the most damning response came from an enemy. Years later, Napoleon wrote to an English correspondent that Cochrane "could not only have destroyed , ... but he might

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was so unnerved that he immediately ordered his crew to abandon ship and set it on fire. The evacuation was so hasty however that the fires did not spread effectively, and the following morning the ship was found to still be intact, the crew returning to their prematurely abandoned vessel. There they

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and five smaller warships were to launch a diversionary attack to the east of the island. Gambier, with the main body of the fleet, moved closer to the entrance of Aix Roads, eventually anchoring 9 nautical miles (17 km) distant; it has been suggested by one historian that he may have done so in

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to publicly protest Gambier's leadership. Incensed, Gambier requested a court-martial to disprove Cochrane's accusations and the admiral's political allies ensured that the jury comprised his supporters. After bitter and argumentative proceedings Gambier was exonerated of any culpability for failings

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As night approached it became clear that the wind, although blowing in the correct direction, was too strong to allow the fireships to be chained together in squadrons as planned, and each was instructed to operate independently. At 20:30, with the wind and tide in their favour and the night darker

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formed from chains and tree trunks laid between the Boyart shoal and Île-d'Aix. This boom measured 0.5 nautical miles (1,000 yd) long and 31.5 inches (80 cm) wide, weighted in place with 5 1/4 tons of anchors, and yet was installed so subtly that the British fleet did not observe it. More

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and were left immobile. Cochrane expected Gambier to follow his attack with the main fleet, which could then destroy the vulnerable French force, but Gambier refused. Cochrane continued the battle over the next several days, successfully destroying several French ships, but with little support from

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Blame for the French defeat has been apportioned between Allemand and Willaumez by historians. Willaumez's hesitation in February left the French in a precarious position, in particular his reluctance to attack the squadron under Beresford, victory over which might have granted his fleet access to

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and several of the sloops, which he ordered into position by the unexpected process of firing cannon in their direction until they had moved to the position he intended. Cochrane had forced Gambier's hand: despite his desire to avoid combat, the admiral could not allow one of his frigates to fight

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His preparations complete, Cochrane ordered the attack for the evening of 11 April, although Gambier was reluctant to allow his sailors to support Cochrane in the operation, saying "if you choose to rush to self-destruction that is your own affair ... but it is my duty to take care of the lives of

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to drive Beresford away and Gourdon brought four ships around to chase the British squadron, with the remainder of the French fleet following more distantly. Beresford turned away to the northwest, thus clearing the route to Lorient. His objective achieved, Gourdon rejoined Willaumez and the fleet

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to drift stern-first alone down the channel towards the French fleet, flying the signal "The enemy's ships are getting under sail", followed by "the enemy is superior to the chasing ship", and then at 13:45 "the ship is in distress, and requires to be assisted immediately". He later wrote "It was

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The developing stalemate saw activity on both sides of the bay. Among the French fleet there was dissatisfaction that Willaumez had not attacked Stopford when he enjoyed numerical superiority, taking the opportunity to break out of the anchorage and pursue his objectives in the Caribbean. Captain

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and thousands of rockets burst amid the confusion as the forts and all ships fired their guns at threats real and imagined; "a scene ... peculiarly awful and sublime." The fireships reached the French frigate line at 21:45, as the frigates cut their anchor cables and retreated southeast down the

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Allemand's boat crews were unable to influence the passage of Cochrane's flotilla as the sea was now too rough for them to operate in the channel, and the fireship crews consequently endured great difficulty returning to the British frigate line. The Aix Road was now a scene of "sublime horror":

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and the explosion vessels, would enter the anchorage during the night and sow confusion among the French fleet. It was hoped that in the chaos some of the French ships might be destroyed by fire and others driven on shore where a concerted attack by the British fleet would destroy or capture the

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were in a particularly poor state. French casualties in the engagement are not known with certainty, but are estimated at 150–200, while British losses were only 13 killed and 30 wounded. Allemand later wrote that most significant damage resulting from the battle was to the morale of the French

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immediately and the frigate then sailed from Plymouth to join Gambier. The admiral had received direct orders from Mulgrave on 26 March ordering him to prepare for an attack, to which he sent two letters, one agreeing with the order and another disputing it on the grounds that the water was too

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At his meeting with Mulgrave, Cochrane was asked to explain a plan of attack on Basque Roads which he had drawn up some years previously. Cochrane enthusiastically described his intention to use fireships and massive floating bombs to destroy a fleet anchored in the roads. When he had finished,

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but indicated that Gambier felt success was unlikely. The second part, a private letter to the captain, permitting one further attack but then ordering him to withdraw that evening as Gambier wished to "send you to England as soon as possible". Cochrane replied to the first part of the letter,

1077:; a French frigate squadron sent from Lorient by Troude, whose ships of the line had been delayed by unfavourable tides. The lighter frigates had put to sea without the battle squadron and sailed to join Willaumez the previous morning. Their passage had been observed by the British frigate 1782:

While Gambier hesitated, one by one the French ships which had grounded began to refloat, although several grounded again. As they had removed their topmasts before the attack, they had survived the groundings with less damage than might otherwise have been the case, and were easier to

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s crew then held the blazing ship alongside long enough that the drifters could escape before releasing the fireship to drift on shore. During this effort at least 50 men tumbled to their deaths in the fiery chasm between the ships as they tried to prevent the fire spreading on board.

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the Atlantic. Allemand, having inherited this situation, compounded the problem by attempting to fortify his fleet's anchorage, inviting attack, rather than effect an escape or counter-attack. Once he determined to remain at anchor in Aix Roads, a British assault became inevitable.

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During this engagement three small rocket ships reached Cochrane, whose frigate was becalmed too far from the action, from the main fleet. On board, Gambier had sent a two-part letter. The first part praised Cochrane's achievements thus far and urged Cochrane to renew the attack on

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Almost as serious however were the legal ramifications of the battle. In both countries there was a storm of controversy; in France four captains faced courts-martial from 21 June on charges of having abandoned their ships too easily and failing to follow orders. The captain of

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finally began to move again, reaching safety upriver by 03:30. Several other ships were exposed, but without a bomb vessel they lay beyond the range of the British fleet. The French sailors made significant efforts to retrieve these ships over the following days; on 16 April

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found that the ship's quartermaster Eugéne-Joseph-Romain Bourgeois had remained aboard, unconvinced by Lacaille's order, and had single-handedly driven off an attempt by a British boat to board and capture the ship. During the night about 30 sailors had joined him, keeping

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and the smaller vessels as the larger ships returned to more open waters. At 08:00 he ordered a renewed attack on the remaining grounded ships at the mouth of the Charente, and by 11:00 the small vessels were in position and opened fire on the French flagship. Although

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warships against the main strength of the French Atlantic Fleet. The circumstances were dictated by the cramped, shallow coastal waters in which the battle was fought. The battle is also notorious for its controversial political aftermath in both Britain and France.

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the following day. Woodman considers that "these wretched officers paid the penalty for Willaumez's initial timidity." Allemand's defeat is often blamed on Napoleon's instructions before the battle, which mistakenly assumed that the Aix Roads were a safe anchorage.

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than expected, the fireships cut their anchor cables and began to silently sail towards the French fleet. Most of the volunteer crews ignited and abandoned their vessels too early, the blazing ships grounding long before even reaching the boom; one even threatened

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hidden just below the surface. On entering the channel, an attacking force would then come under fire from fortified gun batteries on Île-d'Aix before finally encountering the French fleet. The anchorage had been successfully attacked before, such as during the

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Harvey's conduct on this occasion destroyed his career. He not only threatened to resign the Navy if Cochrane was given command, but did so using "vehement and insulting language" within the hearing of other officers, telling Gambier that he "would go in with

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on 26 April. Shortly afterwards however he informed Lord Mulgrave that he intended to use his position as a member of parliament to oppose any effort to thank or reward Gambier for his part in the battle. Mulgrave immediately warned Gambier, who demanded a

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was taken over to be the centrepiece of the attack force. These vessels were laden with explosives and combustible materials such as rum-soaked hay, and crewed by volunteers from the fleet. On three of the vessels Cochrane had loaded 1,500 barrels of

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system which was to be used in the attack. It was followed by the first convoy of 12 fireships on 10 April, taking Cochrane's total to 24 fireships and explosion vessels to expend in his attack. With these ships was a transport carrying thousands of

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shallow and the batteries on Île-d'Aix too dangerous. Gambier did not however learn of the leadership of the operation until Cochrane joined the fleet on 3 April and presented Mulgrave's orders to the admiral. The effect was dramatic; Harvey, one of

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and passed on Stopford's message. Gambier continued to Plymouth, collected four ships of the line anchored there, and immediately sailed back into the Bay of Biscay, joining Stopford on 7 March to form a fleet of 13 ships, later reduced to 11 after

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remained accessible, both grounded anew near Foures, while a few other French ships could still be reached by long-range fire. At 09:00 Gambier made the definitive signal ordering Cochrane to withdraw directly and replacing him in command with

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on his fleet anchored in the Basque Roads might cause considerable destruction, and consequently ordered his captains to prepare to withdraw from the blockade at short notice should such an operation be observed. He also wrote to the

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Gambier continued in command until 1811, and remained in service until his death in 1833. Cochrane was disgraced and refused further service, choosing semi-retirement to pursue his political ambitions. He was later implicated in the

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ran a dramatic account of the battle which presaged national celebrations, and the junior officers of the fleet engaged in the fireship attack were promoted, and presented with financial rewards, while James Wooldridge, captain of

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Although Gambier had no intention of risking his fleet in the narrow waters of Basque Roads, he had permitted three more transports to be fitted out as fireships, and at 17:30 these were led into the anchorage by Stopford in

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he had caused havoc on the French and Spanish coasts with relentless attacks on coastal shipping and defences including, most relevantly, operations in the Rochefort area. He was also a highly active politician, elected as a

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The sight of the burning wrecks in the night once again spread panic throughout the French fleet, the grounded ships opening a heavy fire on the scuttled ships in the assumption that they were fireships. Captain Lacaille of

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known as the Aix Roads. These waters offered greater protection from the British fleet, but were also extremely hazardous; on 26 February, as the French manoeuvred into the shallower waters of their new anchorage the 74-gun

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describes it as the "biggest scare from a break-out French fleet in the post-Trafalgar period." Without naval support, the French colonies in the Caribbean were isolated, blockaded, invaded and captured shortly afterwards.

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with a letter describing conditions with the fleet. Cobbett, a Radical journalist, wrote articles in response which later inflamed religious opinion in Britain against Cochrane during the scandal which followed the battle.

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This would have been the time to have destroyed them; but this favourable opportunity was neglected, which caused not a little murmuring among us, and was considered most unseamanlike by many experienced men in the fleet.

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during the battle. Cochrane's naval career was ruined, although he remained a prominent figure in Britain for decades to come. Historians have almost unanimously condemned Gambier for his failure to support Cochrane; even

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carrying tar and resin perfect for this role had been captured by the blockade, and Cochrane requisitioned eight military transport ships from the fleet reserve for conversion using these materials. The frigate-storeship

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in London recommending British fireships be prepared but cautioning that "it is a horrible mode of warfare, and the attempt very hazardous, if not desperate". A number of officers in the fleet, in particular Rear-Admiral

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Willaumez was powerless to act, and it was only when winter storms forced the blockade fleet to retreat into the Atlantic in February 1809 that the French admiral felt able to put to sea, passing southwards through the

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Willaumez made no move to challenge Stopford or Gambier, although he had successfully united with the Rochefort squadron of three ships of the line, two frigates and an armed storeship, the captured British

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others, and I will not place the crews of the fireships in palpable danger". Cochrane was furious and after a bitter argument Gambier relented and gave permission for the attack to go ahead. He stationed

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As the 18 fireships prepared in Britain by Mulgrave had not yet departed by the time of Cochrane's arrival with the fleet, the captain responded by converting his own over the following week. A number of

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ran aground and was badly scorched by a fireship which struck the stern. To prevent explosion the stopcocks were opened and the magazine flooded. As the crew wrestled with this threat, the drifting

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was in preparation, and so orders were sent to Willaumez to take his fleet to sea, concentrate with the squadrons from Lorient and Rochefort and reinforce the island. With Gambier's fleet off

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stating that he would renew the assault on the following day, and pointedly ignored the second. Cochrane later claimed that Gambier had ordered him directly to withdraw by signal from

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now remained vulnerable. For several days in severe gales and heavy rain the ship remained stranded in the mud while Wolfe worked to bring up newly arrived replacement bomb vessel

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on 16 March. Word had arrived that a British expeditionary force had captured Martinique in late February, and so Allemand, lacking further instructions, prepared his defences.

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near Rochefort, where the fleet was due to assemble. Willaumez then took his fleet southwards, followed from 09:00 by Beresford's squadron. The French fleet passed between

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better to risk the frigate, or even my commission, than suffer a disgraceful termination to the expectations of the Admiralty". At 14:00 the frigate was within range of

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attacked the battery, drove off the construction crew and destroyed the half-finished fortification. Allemand also ordered his captains to take up a position known as a

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to warn Gambier. The British commander had discovered the French fleet missing from its anchorage on 23 February and responded by sending eight ships under Rear-Admiral

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During the night the British did not renew the attack, and the following morning found that most of the French ships had successfully retreated up the Charente.

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At 05:00 on 13 April Stopford gave the order for the inshore squadron to withdraw back to Gambier's fleet. Cochrane was again furious, and even suggested taking

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The attack caused little direct damage, but in the narrow waters of the channel the fireships panicked the sailors of the French fleet and most of their ships

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s gun split, forcing her withdrawal, the barrage otherwise continued throughout the day, although to little effect. It was not until 16:00 when the battered

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to observe the French fleet while he took his main squadron in pursuit of the French frigates. Trapped between the two British forces, French Commodore

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and would have taken them out, had your admiral supported him as he ought to have done ... The French admiral was a fool , but yours was just as bad."

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In Britain the battle was celebrated as a victory, but many in the Navy were dissatisfied with Gambier's behaviour and Cochrane used his position as a

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the French ship repeatedly. For two hours these immobile French ships were battered by the British line with little reply, until at 17:30 both raised

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alerted Stopford to Willaumez's presence and Stopford closed with Willaumez during the night, but was not strong enough to oppose his entry into the

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was also badly hit, losing 20 men killed and wounded to a shot from a fireship, and several other French ships were badly damaged in the confusion.

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in 1832 and died in 1860, shortly after publishing an autobiography which furiously castigated the participants in the events 51 years earlier.

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near the Boyart Shoal to the north of the boom, approximately 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km) from the French fleet, supported by frigates

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order that he could retreat out to sea easily should the French fleet attempt to attack him in the aftermath of a failed fireship assault.

972: 857:, preventing the French Orient squadron from joining with their Brest squadron near the Isle of Grouais (Île de Groix) on 21 February 1809. 308: 1106: 3807: 2226:, was convicted of abandoning his ship in the face of the enemy and sentenced to death on 8 September. The execution was carried out by 1755: 1353:, launched into a furious tirade directed at Gambier, accusing him of incompetence and malicious conduct, comparing him unfavourably to 1424:

in the channel and thereby permanently deprive the French of one of their most important naval bases, although his letter was ignored.

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In the British fleet there was much debate about how to proceed against the French. Gambier was concerned that an attack by French

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crashed into the starboard side of the flagship and caused considerable damage, although fortunately detached soon afterwards.

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had grounded hard near Île Madame and despite desperate efforts from the crew had already flooded and become a total wreck.

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was sentenced to two years in prison and to be dismissed from the Navy for abandoning his ship prematurely. The captain of

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blazing fireships drifted randomly across the anchorage, some passing amid the great hulls of the French line. Shells from

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apparently shared Willaumez's opinion, Decrès removed and censured both Willaumez and Bergeret, replacing the admiral with

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to keep watch on Brest, and Paget observed the French movements at 09:00, correctly deducing Willaumez's next destination.

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was hit, the crew desperately fending off the fireship for 15 minutes while the drifting ship of the line crashed into

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remained afloat, having drifted into the mouth of the Charente with the tide. The remainder, nine ships of the line,

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Map illustrating the position of the anchored French fleet shortly before the British attack on the night of 11 April

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was deemed too damaged to be saved, abandoned, and set on fire. The frigate exploded at midday. The following day

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and calling Cochrane's appointment an "insult to the fleet". Gambier dismissed Harvey, sending him and his 80-gun

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had temporarily grounded during the night and suffered 18 casualties. The French losses were minor except on

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to investigate his behaviour. The court was convened on 26 July; the inquiry panel president was Admiral

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the French Atlantic Fleet had suffered more naval losses and the survivors were trapped in the French

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In Britain, Gambier's conduct has been criticised by historians ever since the battle. For example,

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at 21:30 and 21:40, although trapped by the boom they did little damage. Following them however was

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of any attempt to assault the position, with the frigates stationed between the fleet and the boom.

1387: 1350: 1267: 1197: 1125: 958: 940: 803: 613: 546: 434: 385: 356: 162: 648:. There they were kept under observation during March by the British fleet under the dour Admiral 3568: 3428: 3336: 2254: 2113: 1999: 1506: 1485: 1471: 1230: 1099: 1088: 965: 876: 869: 862: 840: 772: 721: 717: 541: 513: 375: 976: 551: 3781: 3759: 3740: 3716: 3694: 3671: 3652: 3633: 3611: 3589: 2330: 1568: 1478: 1310: 1303: 1285: 1221: 1181: 1158: 1078: 951: 914: 895: 828: 779: 653: 526: 483: 211: 2274: 1464: 1442: 1431: 1403: 1177: 1166: 1122: 1000: 988: 677: 605: 461: 422: 60: 3728: 3423: 3331: 3773: 2189: 2081: 1492: 1447: 1369: 1333:. He advocated parliamentary reform and was a fierce critic of Portland's administration. 1033: 597: 581: 449: 43: 1173: 1135: 936: 932: 84: 1200:, although attempts to build a fort on the Boyart Shoal were identified, and on 1 April 3687: 2294: 1901:

as an indication that they had surrendered. Shortly afterwards the crew of the wrecked

1874: 1813:

the entire French fleet single-handed, and reluctantly he instructed the large frigate

1581:, which smashed a hole in the boom through which the few fireships surviving followed. 1354: 1209: 1145: 890:. At 15:15 Paget, who had lost sight of the French, reached the waters off Lorient and 672: 417: 88: 2159:

The battle was undoubtedly a victory for the British; three French ships of the line (

1059:

had sighted three sail approaching from the north at 07:00 on 24 February. These were

17: 3817: 2326: 2270: 1513: 1365: 1330: 1149: 1015: 887: 783: 749: 741: 737: 729: 633: 629: 609: 2289:, convicted and publicly disgraced. He resigned his commission and joined first the 1229:, volunteered to lead such an attack, but Gambier hesitated to act, failing to take 1176:, and warning that the Aix Roads were highly vulnerable to British attack. Although 763:. These ports were under observation by the Channel Fleet, led off Brest by Admiral 2290: 2227: 2211: 1682:

and four frigates, were all beached along the mud and rocky shoals of the channel.

1226: 1085: 984: 802:

British superiority at sea allowed the Royal Navy to launch operations against the

681: 665: 601: 1611:

At 22:00, while avoiding three drifting fireships, the overladen 120-gun flagship

1241: 924: 919:

into Lorient with instructions for Troude to sail when possible and steer for the

894:

a warning to Beresford. At 16:30, Beresford's squadron sighted Willaumez's fleet,

2002:

on the latter refused. Frustrated, Cochrane remained in the anchorage, joined by

1941:, which had also grounded at low tide. At this point six surviving French ships; 1898: 1894: 1499: 1428: 1358: 999:

Assuming that the French fleet had sailed from Brest, Stopford sent the frigate

891: 824: 2261:

with clasp "Basque Roads 1809" to the 529 surviving claimants from the action.

1848:, to join with the inshore squadron, enter the Aix Roads and support Cochrane. 3558: 2298: 1886: 1421: 1193: 1019: 815: 709: 641: 617: 748:, where the main body of the French fleet lay at anchor under the command of 300: 109: 96: 2244: 1905:

abandoned their ship and set it on fire. The French ship was destroyed by a

1417: 1293: 1216: 807: 791: 661: 1799:. At 13:00, Cochrane, his impatience and fury rising, deliberately allowed 1288:, was an aggressive and outspoken officer who had gained notoriety in 1801 1117:

drove all three French ships ashore where they were damaged beyond repair.

3802: 806:

with impunity, in particular against the lucrative French colonies in the

3737:

The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793–1815

2239: 1933:

and several launches equipped to fire Congreve rockets. At 19:40 however

1869:

British reinforcement entered Basque Roads at 15:20, just as the crew of

1730:

had grounded close to the mouth of the Charente not far from the frigate

1503: 1161:

in 1757, but more recent efforts in 1803, and 1807 had ended in failure.

1029: 928: 911: 898:

to the southeast. Willaumez ordered his second-in-command, Contre-amiral

745: 733: 713: 693: 637: 625: 778:. Since then he had spent most of his career as an administrator at the 1553:

under attack by British fireships, during the evening of 11 April 1809.

832: 756: 1531:

and two brigs anchored north of the forts on Île-d'Aix, while frigate

2306: 2053: 1877:, the British opened a heavy fire on the nearby, and still grounded, 1796: 1233:

of the approaches or make any practical preparations for an assault.

819: 1502:

to guide the fireships into the channel. With these ships were the

1169:

was so incensed that he wrote a letter criticising Willaumez to the

2088:, emptying the bomb vessel's ammunition reserves to little effect. 2084:. Wolfe briefly renewed the attack during 14 April with a repaired 1978:

in French hands until dawn came and the rest of the crew returned.

1937:

grounded on a shoal and remained stuck there until 22:30, close to

2130: 2042: 1855: 1784: 1754: 1543: 1240: 1055:

Shortly after departing Stopford's squadron off the Basque Roads,

904: 861:

The blockade squadron off Lorient comprised the ships of the line

848: 3844:

Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving the United Kingdom

2264:

Cochrane was initially celebrated for his achievement and made a

2210:

was acquitted on the first charge but sentenced to three months'

1808:

and began a steady fire into the beached storeship, supported by

910:

In the early morning of 23 February, Willaumez sent the dispatch

1698:

grounded on rocks at Charenton 500 yards (460 m) away and

1284:

to come straight to the Admiralty. Cochrane, eldest son of the

304: 716:. The French fleet had lost its best ships and sailors in the 2253:

who had been terribly burned, was granted a gold medal and a

1113:. Stopford followed the French into the anchorage and in the 1889:, nosed close inshore and took up station across the bow of 1873:

abandoned the ship, withdrawing across the shoal. Forming a

1652: 1590:

channel. The blazing vessels then struck the French line;

886:, watching three ships in the harbour under Contre-amiral 3608:

The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900

2035:, but there is no evidence that such a signal was made. 1921:, which had taken about 100 casualties in the exchange. 1196:

were deployed on the Île-d'Aix, supporting batteries of

3713:

The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5, 1808–1811

1686:

lay isolated on the mud within Aix Roads itself, with

1280:

anchored at Plymouth and a message instructed Captain

835:. Gambier had left a single ship of the line, Captain 3839:

Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving France

3668:

Cochrane: The Life and Exploits of a Fighting Captain

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stranded on the shoals of Les Palles, 12 April 1809.

2257:. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the award of the 2242:

on 21 April and news of the victory spread rapidly.

1860:

Full battle disposition and evolution of the battle

975:, which was anchored off the Phare de Chassiron on 950:, the scout for the Rochefort blockade squadron of 794:, Gambier was nicknamed "Dismal Jimmy" by his men. 3686: 1187:The French position was strengthened with a heavy 656:, desiring an attack on the French fleet, ordered 2305:. He was restored to the Royal Navy with a royal 1383:Order of battle at the Battle of the Basque Roads 939:at 22:30. There the fleet was sighted by frigate 1527:, all converted into floating rocket batteries. 1018:while Gambier turned his flagship, the 120-gun 1014:south to block any French attempt to enter the 755:, with smaller French detachments stationed at 57:Destruction of the French Fleet in Basque Roads 36: 1109:took his ships inshore under the batteries of 1437:, equipped with a heavy mortar, arrived with 903:sailed inshore, anchoring near the island of 316: 8: 3756:Who's Who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes 1994:on a desperate attack on the still-grounded 1718:lay on the Palles Shoal near the remains of 624:In February 1809 the French Atlantic Fleet, 27:1809 naval battle during the Napoleonic Wars 3610:. Vol. V. London: Chatham Publishing. 2056:under attack by British ships, April 1809. 853:A view of the British Squadron, led by the 3443: 3441: 3439: 1259:With Gambier vacillating in Basque Roads, 323: 309: 301: 33: 3400: 3398: 3358: 3356: 3264: 3262: 3199: 3197: 3106: 3104: 2947: 2945: 2654: 2652: 2582: 2580: 2543: 2541: 2266:Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath 1909:explosion at 19:30, followed at 20:30 by 3500: 3498: 3370: 3368: 3308: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3187: 3185: 3157: 3155: 3145: 3143: 2977: 2975: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2903: 2901: 2882: 2880: 2852: 2850: 2795: 2793: 2774: 2772: 2753: 2751: 2675: 2673: 2624: 2622: 2594: 2592: 2513: 2511: 1386: 810:. In late 1808, the French learned that 3564:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2687: 2685: 2492: 2490: 2471: 2469: 2406: 2404: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2342: 1708:on softer ground nearby. To the north, 2459: 2457: 2438: 2436: 2434: 1844:, the latter now commanded by Captain 1364:back to Britain in disgrace to face a 935:, passing the Phares des Baleines on 720:, and had yet to recover. During the 7: 2155:Court-martial of James, Lord Gambier 786:for his command of the fleet at the 2297:, before becoming commander of the 1945:, four of the line and the frigate 632:on the Breton coast by the British 596:), was a major naval battle of the 2287:Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814 2214:for the second and the captain of 1957:on fire, both ships determined by 827:at dawn on 22 February with eight 636:, attempted to break out into the 25: 3715:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 3651:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 3584:Adkins, Roy & Lesley (2006). 1662:James Choyce, fireship volunteer 740:. The largest French base was at 3801: 3780:. London: Constable Publishers. 2238:In Britain, Cochrane arrived at 2052:stranded in the mud in front of 205: 190: 178: 156: 144: 50: 3432:. 26 January 1849. p. 238. 1668:As dawn rose on 12 April, only 991:on the morning of 24 February. 594:Bataille de la rade des Basques 2206:was acquitted, the captain of 2139:at Sea; or a stave out of time 1864: 640:and reinforce the garrison of 1: 3630:The Autobiography of a Seaman 3340:. 21 April 1809. p. 538. 289:4 ships of the line destroyed 1629:loomed out of the darkness. 346:German and Austrian campaign 3571:, Retrieved 10 October 2017 2259:Naval General Service Medal 1740:lay at Pointe Aiguille and 1261:First Lord of the Admiralty 1032:for reinforcements. In the 3860: 3808:Battle of the Basque Roads 3685:Henderson, James (1994) . 3647:Cordingley, David (2007). 3586:The War for All the Oceans 2152: 1836:and the ships of the line 1380: 1236: 680:for cowardice and one was 574:Battle of the Basque Roads 334:War of the Fifth Coalition 37:Battle of the Basque Roads 2303:Greek War of Independence 2108:reached safety, and only 1633:turned away in time, but 1347:Nelson's Band of Brothers 1130:, commanded by Commodore 788:Bombardment of Copenhagen 726:Atlantic campaign of 1806 559:1809 Gottscheer rebellion 342: 274: 217: 168: 137: 66: 49: 41: 3754:Tracy, Nicholas (1998). 1865:Gambier's reinforcements 1148:on the Palles Shoal off 994: 900:Antoine Louis de Gourdon 3727:Edition of 1837 at the 3666:Harvey, Robert (2000). 3632:. London: Lyons Press. 1250:Peter Edward Stroehling 753:Jean-Baptiste Willaumez 696:opined that he was an " 600:, fought in the narrow 586:Bataille de l'île d'Aix 3758:. Chatham Publishing. 3735:Mostert, Noel (2007). 3649:Cochrane the Dauntless 2150: 2060: 1861: 1771:Cochrane, now back on 1768: 1559: 1392: 1256: 979:. Signal rockets from 858: 804:French Overseas Empire 797: 769:Glorious First of June 286:200 killed and wounded 169:Commanders and leaders 18:Battle of Basque Roads 3670:. London: Constable. 3604:Clowes, William Laird 2313:Historical assessment 2137:Sternhold and Hopkins 2134: 2091:At 02:00 on 15 April 2058:Louis-Philippe Crépin 2046: 1859: 1851: 1846:Alexander Robert Kerr 1766:Louis-Philippe Crépin 1758: 1556:Louis-Philippe Crépin 1547: 1390: 1340:Cochrane returned to 1302:with the 14-gun brig 1244: 1237:Mulgrave's imperative 1012:John Thomas Duckworth 852: 280:43 killed and wounded 275:Casualties and losses 3810:at Wikimedia Commons 2323:William Laird Clowes 1752:on the Fontanelles. 1395: 1323:Member of Parliament 1198:36-pounder long guns 1132:Gilbert-Amable Faure 987:at the mouth of the 782:, earning the title 732:ports under a close 712:was dominant in the 689:Member of Parliament 604:at the mouth of the 576:, also known as the 260:11 ships of the line 226:11 ships of the line 110:46.00000°N 1.19167°W 2277:and his deputy was 2224:Jean-Baptiste Lafon 1885:, armed with heavy 1292:the 32-gun Spanish 1111:Les Sables d'Olonne 971:under Rear-Admiral 590:Affaire des brûlots 578:Battle of Aix Roads 292:1 frigate destroyed 106: / 3429:The London Gazette 3337:The London Gazette 2255:presentation sword 2171:), a 50-gun ship ( 2151: 2061: 2039:Cochrane withdraws 2000:John Tremayne Rodd 1862: 1769: 1560: 1393: 1349:who had fought at 1309:. In the frigates 1257: 1192:than 2,000 French 1171:Minister of Marine 1107:Pierre-Roch Jurien 995:Gambier's blockade 921:Pertuis d'Antioche 859: 812:a British invasion 798:Willaumez's cruise 790:in 1807. A strict 722:Trafalgar Campaign 718:Battle of the Nile 542:Tyrolean Rebellion 514:Walcheren campaign 503:Dalmatian campaign 115:46.00000; -1.19167 3834:Conflicts in 1809 3829:April 1809 events 3806:Media related to 3739:. Vintage Books. 3658:978-0-7475-8088-1 3595:978-0-349-11916-8 3559:Harvey, Sir Eliab 3522:Cordingly, p. 205 3413:Cordingly, p. 208 3392:Cordingly, p. 204 3300:Cordingly, p. 203 3286:Cordingly, p. 202 3230:Cordingly, p. 201 3179:Cordingly, p. 200 3098:Cordingly, p. 195 3026:Cordingly, p. 194 3017:Cordingly, p. 193 2981:Cordingly, p. 190 2826:Cordingly, p. 184 2808:Cordingly, p. 182 2736:Cordingly, p. 180 2700:Cordingly, p. 177 2398:Cordingly, p. 179 2175:) and a frigate ( 2161:Ville de Varsovie 1951:Ville de Varsovie 1929:, accompanied by 1919:Ville de Varsovie 1879:Ville de Varsovie 1689:Ville de Varsovie 1666: 1665: 1649:Gambier hesitates 1569:Frederick Marryat 1540:Fireships advance 1498:were equipped as 1286:Earl of Dundonald 1182:Zacharie Allemand 1159:Raid on Rochefort 829:ships of the line 567: 566: 484:Austro-Polish War 391:Schwarze Lackenau 299: 298: 247:3 rocket barges ( 212:Zacharie Allemand 133: 132: 16:(Redirected from 3851: 3805: 3791: 3778:The Sea Warriors 3774:Woodman, Richard 3769: 3750: 3746:9-78071-260-9272 3729:Internet Archive 3726: 3704: 3692: 3681: 3662: 3643: 3626:Cochrane, Thomas 3621: 3599: 3572: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3456:Cochrane, p. 245 3454: 3448: 3445: 3434: 3433: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3363: 3360: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3301: 3298: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3257: 3254: 3243: 3240: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3221:Cochrane, p. 240 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3192: 3189: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3150: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3128:Cochrane, p. 237 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3071:Henderson, p. 99 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3008:Cochrane, p. 232 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2917: 2916:Henderson, p. 98 2914: 2908: 2905: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2865:Henderson, p. 96 2863: 2857: 2854: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2835:Henderson, p. 97 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2817:Cochrane, p. 222 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2767: 2766:Cochrane, p. 219 2764: 2758: 2755: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2709:Cochrane, p. 205 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2680: 2677: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2647: 2646:Cochrane, p. 217 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2587: 2584: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2565:Henderson, p. 95 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2464: 2461: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2347: 2275:Sir Roger Curtis 2143:Charles Williams 2013: 1982:Battle continues 1852:Cochrane's fight 1653: 1643: 1448:Congreve rockets 1443:rocket artillery 1441:, inventor of a 1439:William Congreve 1290:when he captured 1178:Emperor Napoleon 1167:Jacques Bergeret 1123:fourth rate ship 931:and then around 882:under Commodore 724:of 1805 and the 678:court-martialled 456:Italian campaign 337: 335: 325: 318: 311: 302: 210: 209: 208: 195: 194: 193: 183: 182: 181: 161: 160: 159: 149: 148: 147: 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 74:11–24 April 1809 68: 67: 61:Thomas Whitcombe 54: 34: 21: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3814: 3813: 3798: 3788: 3772: 3766: 3753: 3747: 3734: 3723: 3707: 3701: 3684: 3678: 3665: 3659: 3646: 3640: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3596: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513:Mostert, p. 565 3512: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3437: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312:Mostert, p. 572 3311: 3304: 3299: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3246: 3242:Woodman, p. 272 3241: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2939:Woodman, p. 270 2938: 2934: 2929: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907:Mostert, p. 571 2906: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2844:Mostert, p. 570 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799:Woodman, p. 268 2798: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2745:Mostert, p. 569 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727:Mostert, p. 568 2726: 2722: 2718:Woodman, p. 267 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637:Mostert, p. 566 2636: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 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Leo Cooper. 3682: 3676: 3663: 3657: 3644: 3638: 3622: 3616: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3569:J. K. Laughton 3551: 3549:Clowes, p. 257 3542: 3540:Adkins, p. 278 3533: 3531:Harvey, p. 148 3524: 3515: 3506: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3474:Harvey, p. 145 3467: 3465:Clowes, p. 269 3458: 3449: 3447:Clowes, p. 270 3435: 3415: 3406: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3364: 3362:Clowes, p. 268 3352: 3343: 3323: 3321:Harvey, p. 130 3314: 3302: 3288: 3279: 3277:Harvey, p. 128 3270: 3268:Clowes, p. 267 3258: 3244: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3203:Clowes, p. 266 3193: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3151: 3149:Adkins, p. 277 3139: 3130: 3121: 3119:Harvey, p. 127 3112: 3110:Clowes, p. 264 3100: 3091: 3089:Harvey, p. 126 3082: 3073: 3064: 3062:Harvey, p. 123 3055: 3053:Clowes, p. 263 3046: 3044:Harvey, p. 124 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2990:Adkins, p. 276 2983: 2971: 2969:Harvey, p. 121 2962: 2953: 2951:Clowes, p. 262 2941: 2932: 2918: 2909: 2897: 2888: 2886:Harvey, p. 119 2876: 2874:Harvey, p. 117 2867: 2858: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2789: 2787:Adkins, p. 274 2780: 2768: 2759: 2757:Adkins, p. 272 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2681: 2679:Harvey, p. 110 2669: 2660: 2658:Clowes, p. 256 2648: 2639: 2630: 2628:Harvey, p. 115 2618: 2609: 2607:Clowes, p. 258 2600: 2588: 2586:Clowes, p. 260 2576: 2567: 2558: 2556:Adkins, p. 271 2549: 2547:Clowes, p. 259 2537: 2535:Harvey, p. 107 2528: 2519: 2507: 2505:Clowes, p. 255 2498: 2486: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2451:Clowes, p. 253 2444: 2430: 2428:Clowes, p. 252 2421: 2412: 2410:Adkins, p. 270 2400: 2391: 2382: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2314: 2311: 2295:Brazilian Navy 2198: 2197:Courts-martial 2195: 2128: 2125: 2040: 2037: 1983: 1980: 1875:line of battle 1866: 1863: 1853: 1850: 1820:, the smaller 1664: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1647: 1541: 1538: 1397: 1394: 1378: 1375: 1268:Prime Minister 1238: 1235: 1210:crossing the T 1115:ensuing battle 996: 993: 989:Charente River 946:under Captain 884:John Beresford 799: 796: 705: 702: 606:Charente River 565: 564: 562: 561: 556: 555: 554: 549: 539: 534: 529: 524: 517: 516: 510: 509: 506: 505: 499: 498: 493: 487: 486: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 458: 457: 453: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 420: 415: 410: 405: 402:Aspern-Essling 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 366: 359: 354: 348: 347: 343: 340: 339: 330: 328: 327: 320: 313: 305: 297: 296: 294: 293: 290: 287: 283: 281: 277: 276: 272: 271: 269: 268: 261: 257: 255: 253: 252: 245: 242: 239: 236: 235:2 bomb vessels 233: 230: 227: 223: 220: 219: 215: 214: 202: 200: 199: 187: 174: 171: 170: 166: 165: 153: 151:United Kingdom 140: 139: 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 89:Atlantic Ocean 82: 80: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3856: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3787:1-84119-183-3 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3765:1-86176-244-5 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3722:0-85177-909-3 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3700:0-85052-432-6 3696: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3677:1-84119-162-0 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3639:1-58574-061-6 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3617:1-86176-014-0 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3492:Tracy, p. 150 3489: 3486: 3483:James, p. 125 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3404:James, p. 128 3401: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3383:James, p. 130 3380: 3377: 3374:James, p. 129 3371: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3350:James, p. 121 3347: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3256:James, p. 122 3253: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3212:James, p. 118 3209: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3191:James, p. 117 3188: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3170:James, p. 116 3167: 3164: 3161:James, p. 115 3158: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3137:James, p. 114 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3080:James, p. 112 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3035:Gurney, p. 34 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2999:James, p. 111 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2960:James, p. 110 2957: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2930:James, p. 107 2927: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2895:James, p. 106 2892: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2856:James, p. 105 2853: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2778:James, p. 102 2775: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2616:James, p. 103 2613: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2574:James, p. 104 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2526:Tracy, p. 199 2523: 2520: 2517:James, p. 100 2514: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293:and then the 2292: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2279:William Young 2276: 2272: 2271:court-martial 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992:Indefatigable 1989: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1858: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1817:Indefatigable 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1405: 1404:chasse-marées 1389: 1384: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1366:court-martial 1363: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1329:in 1807 as a 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:Lord Cochrane 1279: 1278: 1272: 1271:Lord Portland 1269: 1265: 1264:Lord Mulgrave 1262: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:Lord Cochrane 1243: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1016:Mediterranean 1013: 1009: 1008:Thomas Dundas 1005: 1004: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969: 963: 962: 956: 955: 949: 945: 944: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917: 913: 908: 906: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888:Amable Troude 885: 881: 880: 874: 873: 867: 866: 856: 851: 847: 845: 844: 838: 837:Charles Paget 834: 830: 826: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 795: 793: 789: 785: 784:Baron Gambier 781: 777: 776: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751: 750:Contre-amiral 747: 743: 739: 738:Channel Fleet 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 703: 701: 699: 695: 690: 685: 683: 679: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 658:Lord Cochrane 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:Channel Fleet 631: 627: 622: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 501: 500: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 481: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 455: 454: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 425: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 408:Sankt Michael 406: 404: 403: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371: 367: 365: 364: 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Teugen-Hausen 350: 349: 345: 344: 341: 336: 326: 321: 319: 314: 312: 307: 306: 303: 291: 288: 285: 284: 282: 279: 278: 273: 266: 262: 259: 258: 256: 250: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 232:4 brig-sloops 231: 228: 225: 224: 222: 221: 216: 213: 203: 198: 188: 186: 185:James Gambier 176: 175: 173: 172: 167: 164: 154: 152: 142: 141: 136: 128: 125: 124: 119: 90: 86: 81: 78: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 58: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 3777: 3755: 3736: 3712: 3689:The Frigates 3688: 3667: 3648: 3629: 3607: 3585: 3578:Bibliography 3562: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3504:Tracy, p. 79 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3388: 3379: 3346: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3282: 3273: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3175: 3166: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2965: 2956: 2935: 2912: 2891: 2870: 2861: 2840: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2783: 2762: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2691:Tracy, p. 78 2667:Tracy, p. 77 2663: 2642: 2633: 2612: 2603: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2531: 2522: 2501: 2496:James, p. 97 2480: 2475:James, p. 99 2463:James, p. 98 2447: 2442:James, p. 96 2424: 2419:James, p. 95 2415: 2394: 2389:James, p. 94 2385: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2320: 2316: 2291:Chilean Navy 2283: 2263: 2250: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2228:firing squad 2219: 2215: 2212:house arrest 2207: 2203: 2200: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2135: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2077: 2074:George Wolfe 2068: 2064: 2062: 2048: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1868: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1760: 1748: 1742: 1737: 1736:. Elsewhere 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1549: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1508: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1433: 1426: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1377:Night attack 1360: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1276: 1266:interceded. 1258: 1245: 1227:Eliab Harvey 1214: 1205: 1201: 1186: 1174:Denis Decrès 1163: 1154:Boyart Shoal 1141: 1126: 1119: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1080: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1024: 1002: 998: 985:Basque Roads 980: 977:Ile d'Oléron 967: 960: 953: 942: 915: 909: 878: 871: 864: 860: 854: 842: 801: 774: 765:Lord Gambier 708:By 1809 the 707: 697: 686: 670: 666:bomb vessels 650:Lord Gambier 623: 602:Basque Roads 593: 589: 585: 577: 573: 571: 522:Basque Roads 521: 445:Schöngrabern 423: 401: 369: 362: 263:4 frigates ( 138:Belligerents 56: 42:Part of the 29: 3424:"No. 20939" 3332:"No. 16248" 2301:during the 1899:Union flags 1524:King George 1500:light ships 1429:bomb vessel 1327:Westminster 825:Raz de Sein 771:in 1794 in 532:Halberstadt 472:Piave River 396:Linz-Urfahr 113: / 3818:Categories 3588:. Abacus. 2364:References 2299:Greek Navy 2185:Foudroyant 2153:See also: 2102:Foudroyant 1998:. Captain 1988:Imperieuse 1959:John Bligh 1887:carronades 1801:Imperieuse 1789:Foudroyant 1773:Imperieuse 1675:Foudroyant 1565:Imperieuse 1461:Imperieuse 1422:blockships 1381:See also: 1342:Imperieuse 1318:Imperieuse 1277:Imperieuse 1194:conscripts 1150:Île Madame 1028:, back to 1020:first rate 816:Martinique 710:Royal Navy 704:Background 642:Martinique 618:Royal Navy 440:Hollabrunn 430:Korneuburg 241:1 schooner 229:7 frigates 98:46°00′00″N 3711:(2002) . 3628:(2000) . 3606:(1997) . 2331:de Ruyter 2245:The Times 2216:Tourville 2127:Aftermath 2114:HMS 2106:Tourville 2069:Tourville 2033:Caledonia 1971:Tourville 1815:HMS 1777:Caledonia 1728:Tourville 1720:Jean Bart 1599:Tourville 1507:HMS 1493:HMS 1486:HMS 1479:HMS 1472:HMS 1465:HMS 1432:HMS 1418:gunpowder 1410:HMS 1359:HMS 1351:Trafalgar 1311:HMS 1304:HMS 1294:privateer 1275:HMS 1231:soundings 1222:Admiralty 1217:fireships 1142:Jean Bart 1136:Île-d'Aix 1100:HMS 1089:HMS 1079:HMS 1062:Italienne 1041:Caledonia 1025:Caledonia 1023:HMS 1001:HMS 966:HMS 959:HMS 952:HMS 941:HMS 937:Île de Ré 933:Île d'Yeu 925:Belle Île 892:signalled 877:HMS 870:HMS 863:HMS 841:HMS 808:Caribbean 792:Methodist 780:Admiralty 773:HMS 761:Rochefort 662:fireships 654:Admiralty 646:Rochefort 626:blockaded 612:coast of 592:, rarely 435:Stockerau 386:Ebelsberg 357:Abensberg 244:2 cutters 101:1°11′30″W 85:Île-d'Aix 83:Roads of 3776:(2001). 2251:Mediator 2240:Spithead 2220:Calcutta 2208:Indienne 2204:Tonnerre 2177:Indienne 2173:Calcutta 2145:, 1809. 2098:Indienne 1976:Touville 1947:Indienne 1911:Calcutta 1907:magazine 1903:Tonnerre 1871:Calcutta 1806:Calcutta 1749:Hortense 1738:Indienne 1724:Patriote 1716:Calcutta 1711:Tonnerre 1705:Jemmapes 1680:Calcutta 1635:Tonnerre 1631:Patriote 1626:Patriote 1620:Tonnerre 1579:Mediator 1574:Indienne 1504:schooner 1452:Mediator 1412:Mediator 1296:frigate 1252:, 1807, 1146:grounded 1127:Calcutta 1096:Amethyst 1084:and the 1046:Defiance 1039:located 1030:Plymouth 981:Amethyst 961:Defiance 943:Amethyst 929:Quiberon 912:schooner 833:frigates 831:and two 746:Brittany 734:blockade 714:Atlantic 698:imbécile 694:Napoleon 673:grounded 638:Atlantic 547:Bergisel 496:Radzymin 467:Caldiero 381:Neumarkt 376:Ratisbon 363:Landshut 218:Strength 79:Location 2355:Tonnant 2350:Note A: 2169:Aquilon 2165:Tonnere 2121:Régulus 2116:Thunder 2110:Régulus 2049:Régulus 2020:Régulus 1963:Valiant 1955:Aquilon 1939:Valiant 1931:Theseus 1915:Revenge 1891:Aquilon 1842:Revenge 1838:Valiant 1826:Unicorn 1822:Emerald 1793:Cassard 1761:Régulus 1700:Régulus 1695:Aquilon 1670:Cassard 1605:Cassard 1593:Régulus 1550:Régulus 1533:Emerald 1514:cutters 1509:Whiting 1488:Redpole 1474:Unicorn 1361:Tonnant 1331:Radical 1102:Emerald 1091:Doterel 1068:Calypso 1050:Triumph 968:Donegal 896:tacking 879:Valiant 872:Triumph 865:Theseus 855:Theseus 843:Revenge 775:Defence 757:Lorient 608:on the 588:, also 527:Gefrees 370:Eckmühl 238:6 brigs 3784: 3762: 3743: 3719: 3697: 3674: 3655: 3636: 3614: 3592: 2307:pardon 2054:Fouras 2004:Pallas 1935:Caesar 1927:Caesar 1883:Beagle 1881:while 1834:Pallas 1797:Fouras 1787:off. 1733:Pallas 1518:Nimrod 1481:Pallas 1355:Nelson 1313:Pallas 1306:Speedy 1202:Amelia 1081:Amelia 1074:Cybèle 1006:under 954:Caesar 916:Magpye 820:Ushant 730:Biscay 652:. The 614:France 610:Biscay 582:French 491:Raszyn 477:Tarvis 462:Sacile 424:Wagram 163:France 126:Result 2338:Notes 2327:Drake 2232:Océan 2181:Océan 2093:Océan 2086:Aetna 2078:Aigle 2065:Océan 2028:Océan 2016:Océan 2012:' 2009:Aetna 1996:Océan 1943:Océan 1895:raked 1830:Aigle 1810:Aetna 1785:kedge 1684:Océan 1642:' 1639:Océan 1614:Océan 1587:Aetna 1529:Aetna 1467:Aigle 1434:Aetna 1086:sloop 1057:Naiad 1037:Naiad 1003:Naiad 905:Groix 742:Brest 630:Brest 552:Wörgl 537:Ölper 450:Znaim 3782:ISBN 3760:ISBN 3741:ISBN 3717:ISBN 3695:ISBN 3672:ISBN 3653:ISBN 3634:ISBN 3612:ISBN 3590:ISBN 2183:and 2167:and 2104:and 2067:and 2018:and 1990:and 1953:and 1893:and 1840:and 1832:and 1791:and 1746:and 1743:Elbe 1726:and 1722:and 1702:and 1692:and 1672:and 1623:and 1521:and 1512:and 1495:Lyra 1491:and 1477:and 1325:for 1316:and 1299:Gamo 1189:boom 1098:and 1071:and 1048:and 964:and 927:and 875:and 759:and 682:shot 664:and 572:The 418:Graz 413:Raab 71:Date 2147:NMM 2076:on 1961:on 1254:GAC 1248:by 839:'s 814:of 744:in 700:". 628:in 265:OOB 249:OOB 3820:: 3567:, 3561:, 3497:^ 3438:^ 3426:. 3397:^ 3367:^ 3355:^ 3334:. 3305:^ 3291:^ 3261:^ 3247:^ 3235:^ 3196:^ 3184:^ 3154:^ 3142:^ 3103:^ 2974:^ 2944:^ 2921:^ 2900:^ 2879:^ 2849:^ 2792:^ 2771:^ 2750:^ 2684:^ 2672:^ 2651:^ 2621:^ 2591:^ 2579:^ 2540:^ 2510:^ 2489:^ 2468:^ 2456:^ 2433:^ 2403:^ 2371:^ 2329:, 2222:, 2163:, 2141:. 1828:, 1824:, 1602:. 1470:, 1065:, 957:, 907:. 868:, 684:. 584:: 87:, 59:, 3790:. 3768:. 3749:. 3731:. 3725:. 3703:. 3680:. 3661:. 3642:. 3620:. 3598:. 580:( 324:e 317:t 310:v 267:) 251:) 20:)

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Index