Battle of Beda Fomm - Knowledge (XXG)

2194:

the Rifle Brigade positions as the tanks passed and the Rifle Brigade resumed fire on Italian infantry following the tanks, to pin them down. The M13s knocked out all but one anti-tank gun and kept going into the reserve company area but the last gun was driven to a flank by the battery commander, his batman and the cook. The improvised crew commenced firing as the last M13s drove towards the Officers' mess tent put up the day before and knocked out the last tank 20 yd (18 m) from the tent. On the road, the Italians could hear British tank engines on the flanks and from the rear and further north, the 4th Armoured Brigade surrounded another group, at which point the Italians surrendered. The Australians had reached El Magrun, 15 mi (24 km) south of Ghemines, about halfway to the Pimple and the 19th Australian Brigade Group battalions were ferried onwards with all speed. The Beda Fomm area had become a 15 mi (24 km) line of destroyed and abandoned lorries, about

2018:

petrol from artillery vehicles and looting Italian supplies to keep going. A better organised and supported Italian breakthrough attempt had to be anticipated for the morning and the tanks disengaged and moved about 2 mi (3.2 km) east of the road to refuel and rearm. Italian vehicle movements around Ghemines and air reconnaissance reports showed that the Italians had achieved a measure of co-ordination and that reinforcements were arriving from the north. Two tanks were seen in the gloom but the crews surrendered to a British soldier, when he knocked on their hatches. Further south, a Rifle Brigade patrol escorting two RHA anti-tank guns moved along the column, firing from different points to give the impression of a larger force and to keep the Italians pinned down, as Combeforce dug in deeper and sowed more mines.

2183:

During the night, some tanks from the Pimple arrived and four were knocked out by mines and gunfire, four got through with some lorries and the rest gave up. O'Connor had spent 6 February with Creagh at the 7th Armoured Division HQ, in touch with Mackay at the 6th Australian Division HQ. Advanced troops of the 19th Australian Brigade had entered Benghazi unopposed during the afternoon, to a great welcome by the Libyan inhabitants and during the night O'Connor ordered Mackay to send two battalions of infantry past Benghazi, to attack the tail end of the columns of the 10th Army. Just before dawn on 7 February, the 7th Support Group attacked the north end of the Italian convoys, the 2nd RTR moved south along the west side of the

2145:

that many had already been knocked out. Support from the 1st RTR was needed but having emerged from the sandstorm near Antelat, it had to refuel before moving. The Babini Group M13s mixed in with the column, kept the light tanks at a distance but these still managed to cause much damage and confusion. The units of the 4th Armoured Brigade moved from position to position among the ridges near the Pimple and mosque, raiding the column as more M13s arrived from the north. Combeforce could see the fighting and picked up Italians who got through, C Battery bombarding any Italian party which looked organised and by noon a lull had fallen and the Rifle Brigade Officers' mess tent was put up behind the reserve company.

1670:(In the turmoil created by Operation Compass, the 10th Army had several commanders in quick succession, General Berti until 23 December 1940, Gariboldi when Berti was on sick leave, General Giuseppe Tellera (23 December 1940 – 7 February 1941 (killed) and General Annibale Bergonzoli (surrendered 7 February).) On 23 January, Tellera ordered a counter-attack against the British as they approached Mechili Fort, to avoid an envelopment of the XX Motorised Corps from the south but communication within the Babini Group was slow, because only the tanks of senior commanders had wireless. Next day, ten to fifteen M13/40s of the Babini Group attacked the 2111: 2165:

Italian artillery-fire. Communication with the British artillery had failed, when the armoured observation post had been knocked out, which took an hour to remedy before the artillery could accurately bombard the Pimple again. The 1st RTR arrived from Antelat as night was falling and intercepted the Babini Group as it was breaking out just to the north but several Italian vehicles and thirty tanks got past the Pimple. Bergonzoli abandoned attempts to hook round the eastern flank and sent the last of the Babini Group west through the dunes, just as the 2nd RTR had to rearm, which reported at

2010:

The first attackers caught the Italians stationary and then split north and south to run past the convoy in both directions, shooting at everything on the road. Little return fire was offered, because most of the Italian troops were rear-area personnel or civilians and many Italian drivers tried to escape by heading west off the road into the sand dunes and got bogged down. Lorries carrying petrol caught fire and lit the dusk, illuminating targets for the British gunners and giving the tanks en route a mark to drive at. The British artillery was not needed so the crews rounded up about

1706: 1803: 167: 149: 7778: 1393: 1794:

that he intended to withdraw to Sirte, where Gariboldi, the commander in Tripoli, had been ordered to prepare defences. On 3 February, after Graziani had sacked Berti, Tellera took over command in Cyrenaica, with orders to command the retreat. The Australians had caught up with the Italians 6 mi (9.7 km) west of Derna, at Giovanni Berta, on 31 January and British air reconnaissance reported indications of a general Italian withdrawal.

269: 135: 2405:, of a motorised infantry company, a field-gun battery and several armoured cars. The success of such columns against the Italians, led to exaggerated expectations which were confounded, when better equipped and trained German troops arrived in Libya. The 7th Armoured Division concluded that the defensive mentality of the Italians, had justified the taking of exceptional risks which would be unjustified against German troops. 1724:(DAF) fighters south of Slonta the next day and pursued until 28 January by the 4th Armoured Brigade. On 26 January, Graziani ordered Tellera to continue the defence of Derna and to use the Babini Group to stop an advance west from the area Mechili–Derna. Tellera requested more tanks but this was refused until the defences of Derna began to collapse the next day. During the day, the 2/4th Australian Battalion in the Derna– 1930: 1839:

more could be delivered for several days, which meant that a battle had to be won in three days or fail through lack of fuel, water and ammunition. Italian wireless interception of 11th Hussars messages revealed Soluch as its objective and Tellera inferred that the British armoured forces would advance on Msus and Sceleidima. Little could be done, apart from withdrawing through the jebel faster, sowing

2401:

considered necessary or that anti-tank guns should be used offensively and the lack of cover from air observation in the desert encouraged dispersion to avoid air attack, where the British lacked air superiority, at the expense of the concentration of fire power at the decisive point. Due to the exiguous nature of supply and transport, conservation during lulls also encouraged the use of small

1183: 1945:, with the 17th Australian Brigade leap-frogging a battalion to Slonta, where the 19th Australian Brigade using the rest of the divisional transport and captured petrol, passed by and reached Barce despite mines and roadblocks on 5 February. (The Australians got to Benghazi before night on 6 February, despite more mines and heavy rain.) Combeforce reached Antelat during the morning and by 2137:), arrived and the commander of F Battery, 4th RHA drove in a truck next to the tank of the 2nd RTR commander, directing the guns, which threw up clouds of dust, obscuring the movements of the tanks. The British tanks had the advantage of radio, unlike most of the Italian tanks, which had to move to an objective and then stop while the commanders dismounted to receive orders. 1400: 1416: 276: 1560: 1480: 1432: 2409: 1528: 1464: 45: 1512: 1576: 1496: 1448: 1544: 2080:(1st KRRC) and some artillery, was held up at Sceleidima by minefields covered by artillery and the tanks of the Babini Group detachment. The 1st RTR lost contact with the brigade and got lost in a sandstorm and no air support was available, because the advanced airfields occupied by the RAF were out of range, as were those of the 881:, a German attack through Macedonia was thought imminent. The British in Libya were unable to continue beyond El Agheila anyway, because of vehicle breakdowns, exhaustion and the effect of the much longer distance from the supplies in Egypt. A few thousand men of the 10th Army escaped the disaster in Cyrenaica but the 5th Army in 1844:

to Tobruk. At dawn on 4 February, the 11th Hussars left Mechili over ground which had only been reconnoitred from the air, to avoid alerting the Italians. Low-flying aircraft had reported that the going was difficult and for the first 50 mi (80 km) the route was the worst yet encountered in the desert. By

1368:

destroyed had to withdraw. By 11 December, the British converted the raid a counter-offensive and the rest of the 10th Army in Egypt was swiftly defeated. The British prolonged the operation to pursue the remnants of the 10th Army to Sollum, Bardia, Tobruk, Derna and Mechili, then advanced through and around the

2154:

convoy free to move past the Pimple and A Squadron pursued the Italians, firing into the convoy and setting many alight, forcing drivers to abandon their vehicles and others to leave the road for the dunes to the west, where they dodged British artillery-fire and attacks by light tanks of C Squadron, which took

2144:

and in poor visibility, the 7th Hussars tried to find the rear of the Italian column and cut the road west of Beda Fomm, just as another big convoy arrived from the north. The convoy was escorted by M13s, which forced back the hussars and showed that the 10th Army had far more than sixty tanks, since

1843:

along the path of the British advance and garrisoning Msus, Sceleidima and Antelat to delay the British forces. The rugged terrain was hard going for the British tanks and caused more delays than Italian counter-measures; if a tank broke down it was left behind until a recovery team could tow it back

1838:

All British aircraft were to support the move and protect lorries carrying a days' supplies just behind the tanks and a big convoy with two days' supplies a short distance further back but DAF ground attacks had been stopped on 3 February due to an engine shortage. Even if all the supplies arrived no

1367:

On 8 December, the British had begun the operation against the fortified Italian camps, which had been set up in a defensive line outside Sidi Barrani. (Berti was on sick leave and Gariboldi had temporarily taken his place.) The raid succeeded and the few units of the 10th Army in Egypt that were not

1015:

Morale was considered to be high and the army had recent experience of military operations. The Italian navy had prospered under the Fascist regime, which had paid for fast, well-built and well-armed ships and a large submarine fleet but the navy lacked experience and training. The air force had been

2524:

The defeat of the 10th Army appeared to mean that the British could hold Cyrenaica with fewer ships, men and aircraft, as long as the offensive was terminated. The Navy and RAF commanders were against another offensive, having supported two land campaigns, supplied Malta and protected Egypt from the

2164:

the 7th Hussars found the north end of the Italian column and attacked, the 3rd Hussars north-east of Beda Fomm facing the Babini Group had been ordered to stand its ground and the 2nd RTR had been pushed back from the Pimple and had tried to get across the road to the west side and been repulsed by

1992:

to cover the 40 mi (64 km) to Antelat, where they came into the range of Combforce wireless transmissions. Combe briefed Caunter to head for the mosque north of the roadblock and then attack all along the Italian column, to reduce the pressure on Combeforce. Caunter ordered the 7th Hussars

1955:

west of Beda Fomm and Sidi Saleh, about 48 km (30 mi) south-west of Antelat and 32 km (20 mi) north of Ajedabia, with the rest of Combeforce following on. An Italian convoy drove up about thirty minutes later and ran into a minefield, where it was ambushed. The British artillery,

1793:

forces and Senussi rebels in the southern province of Fezzan, which added to Italian apprehensions about the western and southern approaches to Tripolitania. It had soon become clear to Graziani that the British were going to attempt the capture all Cyrenaica. On 1 February, he reported to Mussolini

1325:), a hot desert wind, blows clouds of fine sand, which reduces visibility to a few metres and coats eyes, lungs, machinery, food and equipment; motor vehicles and aircraft need special oil filters and the barren ground means that supplies for military operations, have to be transported from outside. 2193:

The attack had artillery support as soon as it was light enough to see movement by the anti-tank guns portée of the 106th RHA. The infantry of the 2nd Rifle Brigade stayed under cover as they were overrun by the Italian tanks, which concentrated on the RHA anti-tank guns. C Battery 4th RHA fired on

2153:

three of which were knocked out by Italian artillery. The Italian rearguard arrived in the afternoon and the concentration of tanks and artillery enabled the Italians to recapture the Pimple, open the road south and continue the outflanking move to the east. The attacks of the Babini Group left the

1987:

led by light tanks and cruisers of the 7th Hussars, followed by the 3rd Hussars, brigade headquarters, 4th RHA, 2nd RTR and D Battery 3rd RHA in the rear, about 2 mi (3.2 km) back. The journey was delayed by moving in single-file through a field of Thermos bombs and the brigade took until

1978:

into the dunes, to block the route south between the road and the sea. Combe also brought up a company behind the roadblock, placed some 25-pounders behind the infantry and kept some armoured cars manoeuvring in the desert to the east, to deter an Italian outflanking move. Several hundred prisoners

1825:

pursued the Italians, along the coast road north of the Jebel Akhdar, with the 11th Hussars on their left flank. Babini Group reports about the Hussars led Tellera to assume that the 7th Armoured Division was behind the Australians so did not assemble a big flank guard or expect an outflanking move

843:

south of Benghazi and set up road blocks near Sidi Saleh, about 30 mi (48 km) south-west of Antelat and 20 mi (32 km) north of Ajedabia. The leading elements of the 10th Army arrived thirty minutes after the British, who sprung the ambush. Next day the Italians attacked to break

2575:

who had asked to be relieved as Governor-General of Libya. Wavell made Wilson the Military Governor of Cyrenaica and disbanded the headquarters of XIII Corps (the renamed Western Desert Force), dispersing its skilled and experienced personnel. On 14 February, as the 11th Hussars handed over to the

2396:

been prepared for a roadblock and made an organised attack, the 10th Army might have escaped. The British had gambled with the provision of fuel and supplies, which were capable only of sustaining a short operation and narrowly succeeded but the pursuit could not continue beyond El Agheila, due to

2148:

The weather turned to rain as more Italian columns arrived near the Pimple and were engaged by the cruisers and light tanks of the 2nd RTR, wherever there were no Italian tanks to stop them. By noon, forty Italian medium tanks had been knocked out, about fifty were left and the 2nd RTR was down to

2021:

To the north, the Australians captured Barce just after the Italians managed to detonate an ammunition dump and then pressed on towards Benghazi. Tellera had to retain part of the Babini Group, rather than send all of it south to reinforce Bergonzoli, for the attempts to break through to Agedabia.

2009:

The tank going was found to be good but some tanks ran out of fuel; the rest pressed on to the ridges, from which they could see the traffic jam on the road. Despite the fuel shortage, the 7th Hussars attacked the Italian column at points 3 mi (4.8 km) apart, to create maximum confusion.

1145:

in three poorly armed and trained divisions in Syria, along with border guards, most as an army of occupation against the civilian population. Italian land and air forces in Libya greatly outnumbered the British in Egypt but suffered from poor morale and were handicapped by some inferior equipment

2389:

medium tanks and most of the Italian tanks being new, while the British tanks had covered more than 1,000 mi (1,600 km) since the beginning of Operation Compass. The speed of the dash from Mechili had surprised the Italians, despite the obvious danger of such a move, especially when the

2182:

On 6 February, Combeforce had faced some well-organised attacks with artillery and tank support, which had been repulsed by C Battery RHA and nine Bofors anti-tank guns of the 106th RHA. Italian infantry had used wrecked tanks as cover for their advance, while many more lost hope and surrendered.

2128:

The first wave of ten M13s advanced slowly and were surprised, when turrets of the British cruisers appeared over a ridge 600 yd (550 m) away. The cruiser gunners rapidly knocked out eight M13s, before the tanks disappeared below the ridge. The cruisers drove to the ridge near the white

2061:

the Babini Group advanced without artillery support and with no knowledge of the situation beyond the first ridge to the east. Caunter had ordered the light tanks to continue the harassment of the flanks of the convoy and that Italian tanks were to be left to the cruiser tanks, with the artillery

1752:

of the 6th Australian Cavalry Regiment was sent south to reconnoitre the area where the Italian tanks had been reported. The column was ambushed by a party from the Babini Group with concealed anti-tank guns and machine guns; four Australians were killed and three taken prisoner. The 11th Hussars

1683:

Tellera intended to use the Babini Group to harass the southern flank of the British and cover a withdrawal from Mechili but Graziani ordered him to wait on events. By the evening, a report had arrived from Babini that the group was down to fifty to sixty tanks and that their performance had been

1679:

the British had lost several light tanks and a cruiser tank, one cruiser had a jammed gun and the third was retiring at speed, after taking fifty rounds to knock out two M13s. Eventually the 2nd RTR was alerted, caught the Italian tanks while sky-lined on a ridge and knocked out seven M13s, for a

2106:

tanks were sent to find the north end of the Italian column and to attack it from both sides of the road. A squadron of light tanks from the 3rd Hussars was to watch for the 1st RTR on the tracks leading north to Soluch and Scledeima from Antelat, which left seven cruisers and six light tanks to

2093:

send the Babini Group detachment south to reinforce the attack on the Pimple and keep the British off the rear of the column; the 7th Support Group followed the retirement, occupied Soluch and sent patrols towards Ghemines and Benghazi. During the morning of 6 February, patrols reported that the

2076:, with ten cruisers and eight light tanks in the 1st RTR to the north but these were held back by Creagh and sent south from Sceleidima to Antelat as a reserve, after Creagh received reports that the 10th Army was already south of Ghemines. The 7th Support Group, which was left with only the 1st 1982:

While waiting for the 4th Armoured Brigade, which had been brought up to establishment by transfers from the 7th Armoured Brigade and had the 3rd Hussars, 7th Hussars and the 2nd RTR under command, Combe reconnoitred to the north and near a small white mosque found several long, low, north–south

1688:

tanks advancing round the southern flank. Graziani ordered Tellera to disengage the Babini Group by next morning. Some tanks of the group had been held back at Benghazi and work had begun on a defensive position at Sirte, 440 mi (710 km) westwards along coast. On 25 January, the 2/11th

2017:

Seven cruiser tanks from the 2nd RTR arrived north of the hussars and destroyed the anti-aircraft battery from Benina airfield by the light of burning vehicles. As dark fell the attacks were stopped despite the Italian disarray, because the 4th Armoured Brigade had been reduced to syphoning the

1638:

had landed recently at Benghazi. The new tanks needed ten days to be made battle worthy and a three-day journey to reach Mechili but in the crisis, tanks had been rushed forward, which reduced the serviceability of the vehicles. A defensive position was established by the 60th Infantry Division

2397:

broken-down and worn out vehicles. O'Connor requested through Wavell that the government reconsider the conquest of Tripolitania, just as the Greek government announced that it would resist German aggression and accept reinforcement by the British if sufficient forces could be made available.

1863:

News arrived from air reconnaissance that a large Italian convoy was south of Benghazi, which was taken to mean that a general withdrawal from Cyrenaica had begun. (The convoy was actually one of rear-area personnel; most of the XX Motorised Corps was east of Benghazi and the Babini Group was

948:

twelve mountain, three motorised and three armoured divisions. The effect of the change was to increase the administrative overhead of the army, with no corresponding increase in effectiveness as the new technology, tanks motor vehicles and wireless communications were slow to arrive and were

2400:

The success of the 7th Armoured Division encouraged a belief in the Royal Tank Regiment, that manoeuvre could win battles but the engagement with the Babini Group on 24 January, also led to the conclusion that armoured divisions needed more artillery. No integration of tanks and infantry was

1771:

from Tripoli to Benghazi was 600 mi (970 km) long, prone to flooding and attacks by the DAF now it was in range. Driving on desert tracks to avoid air attack increased vehicle wear and led to more accidents. The Babini Group had escaped destruction at Mechili on 24 January but the

2026:, after the reinforcement of the 4th Armoured Brigade) and most of the 7th Support Group, had driven west from Msus to capture Sceleidima. The fort had been garrisoned by the Bignami Group (Colonel Riccardo Bignami), to block the route towards the north end of the Italian column on the 2418:

Only a few thousand men of the 10th Army had escaped the disaster in Cyrenaica but the 5th Army had four divisions in Tripolitania and the Italians reinforced the Sirte, Tmed Hassan and Buerat strongholds from Italy, which brought the total of Italian soldiers in Tripolitania to about

1285:

150 mi (240 km) inland marked the southern limit of the desert at its widest at Giarabub and Siwa; in British parlance, 'Western Desert' came to include eastern Cyrenaica in Libya. From the coast, extending inland lies a raised, flat plain of stony desert about 91–152 m

2032:

and Tellera detached another thirty tanks from the Babini Group as reinforcements. The breakthrough attempts to the south could not be fully reinforced and the Italians could not expect to be undisturbed for long by British attacks along the convoy or the Australian advance down the

1747:

During 27 January, Australian attempts to attack were met by massed artillery-fire, against which the Australian artillery reply was rationed to ten rounds per-gun-per-day; the 2/4th Australian Battalion repulsed another counter-attack by an Italian infantry battalion. A column of

1848:

armoured cars had reached Msus, 94 mi (151 km) away, where the garrison left hurriedly, some cars followed up for another 30 mi (48 km) to Antelat and the 7th Support Group reached the 4th Armoured Brigade, which was still preparing to move from Mechili.

1353:, to plan a limited operation to push the Italians back. Operation Compass, for administrative reasons, was originally planned as a five-day raid but consideration was given to continuing the operation if it succeeded. On 28 November, Wavell wrote to Wilson that, 1674:

of the 4th Armoured Brigade, which was heading west to cut the Derna–Mechili track. The Italians fired on the move, hit several tanks and pursued as the British swiftly retired, calling for help from the 2nd RTR, which ignored the signals through complacency. By

1719:

The 4th Armoured Brigade was ordered to encircle Mechili and cut the western and north-western exits, while the 7th Armoured Brigade cut the road from Mechili to Slonta but the Babini Group had retreated from Mechili during the night. The group was attacked by

1695:

companies of the Babini Group at Derna airfield, making slow progress against determined resistance. Italian bombers and fighters flew sorties against the 2/11th Australian Battalion as it attacked the airfield and high ground at Siret el Chreiba. The

2039:, towards the tail of the column. When the rest of the Babini Group arrived at Beda Fomm it could be supported only by improvised artillery and infantry groups, which had little idea of British dispositions, in the absence of reconnaissance. 2189:

and the 1st RTR moved east, to cover the desert flank of Combeforce. The Italians had only about thirty tanks left and planned to force their way through Combeforce at dawn, before the British could attack the flanks and rear of the column.

2129:

mosque and knocked out another seven M13s with the same tactic. The Italian artillery opened fire on the mosque and every operational tank the Babini Group had left, advanced towards the Pimple and the mosque. C Squadron, in its slower A9s (

1826:

through Msus. The Australians closed up to Giovanni Berta on 1 February but the Italians eluded them by the speed of their withdrawal. O'Connor had intended to pause while supplies were built up around Mechili and wait for parts of the new

1979:

were taken but only a platoon of infantry could be spared to guard them. The vanguard of the Italian retreat had no tanks, contained few front-line infantry and had been trapped by the ambush which forced them to fight where they stood.

844:

through and continued their attacks into 7 February. With British reinforcements arriving and the Australians pressing down the road from Benghazi, the 10th Army surrendered later that day. Between Benghazi to Agedabia, the British took

4030:

Mare Nostrum: The War in the Mediterranean: Being a Study on Aspects of the Italian Army, Navy and Air Forces with Comments on the German and Allied War contribution in the Mediterranean & North Africa fighting in World War

1999:

followed by the 2nd RTR in their slower tanks and the 3rd Hussars were sent north-east, to cut the routes from Soluch and Sceleidima. The brigade moved westwards on hard, flat sand, raising clouds of dust and soon reached the

1772:

inferiority of the Italian tanks and that they were substantially outnumbered (possibly due to British attempts at deception with a dummy tank regiment) led to doubts that Derna was defensible. The 10th Army still had about

949:

inferior to those of potential enemies. The dilution of the officer class by the need for extra unit staffs, was made worse by the politicisation of the army and the addition of Blackshirt Militia. The reforms also promoted

1834:

tanks. The 7th Armoured Division was ordered on 4 February to intercept the remnants of the 10th Army, by moving inland 150 mi (240 km) from Mechili to Msus, to cut off the Italians between Soluch and Ghemines.

1971:

had little effect, being unsupported by artillery, most of which was with the rearguard to the north. The attempts by the Italians to break through became stronger and in the afternoon, the 2nd Rifle Brigade crossed the

2098:(2nd RTR) held the Pimple, a low round hillock west of Beda Fomm, from where the road could be watched both ways; further west were 2 mi (3.2 km) of flat sands between the road and the beach. The 2nd RTR had 1728:

area, attacked and cut the Derna–Mechili road and a company crossed Wadi Derna during the night. On the northern edge of the wadi, a bold counter-attack with artillery support was made across open ground by the 10th

7869: 2169:

that it was incapable of stopping the main column, which had begun to move south, through the British artillery-fire. Caunter ordered the 4th Armoured Brigade, which still had fifteen operational cruisers and

2053:, to pin down the defenders and a flanking move by the Babini Group eastwards through the desert, just west of the Pimple to get behind Combeforce, because the retirement of the 4th Armoured Brigade into 1868:.) Because the British tanks needed more time for maintenance, Creagh took a bold decision to send an improvised flying column of wheeled vehicles, south-west across the chord of the jebel, to block the 7859: 2539:(CIGS) to continue the offensive, emphasising the opposition of the RAF and Navy. On 8 February, the 11th Hussars patrolled westwards without air cover to the area 130 mi (210 km) east of 1753:

found a gap at Chaulan, south of Wadi Derna, which threatened the Babini Group and the defenders in Derna with encirclement and Bergonzoli ordered a retreat. The Italians disengaged on the night of

1357:

I do not entertain extravagant hopes of this operation but I do wish to make certain that if a big opportunity occurs we are prepared morally, mentally and administratively to use it to the fullest.

1735:

of the Babini Group, which with reports in the morning that the group was attacking round the southern flank, deterred the Australians from continuing the advance on Derna, at the cost of forty

6349: 1757:

before the garrison could be trapped; Babini Group rearguards cratered roads, planted mines, set booby-traps and managed to conduct several skilful ambushes, which slowed the British pursuit.

5702: 1016:

ready for war in 1936 but had stagnated by 1939 and was not considered by the British to be capable of maintaining a fast tempo of operations. The 5th Army with eight divisions was based in

7874: 7700: 5718: 3156:

The 4th Indian Division was exchanged with the 6th Australian Division for the pursuit after the first part of Operation Compass and reinforcements reached the 10th Army before Beda Fomm.

1301:

Bedouin tracks linked wells and the easier traversed ground; navigation was by sun, star, compass and "desert sense", good perception of the environment gained by experience. (During the

1874:

between Benghazi and Agedabia as quickly as possible. The tracked vehicles were to follow on to the south-west, rather than continue westwards to Soluch. Combeforce (Lieutenant-Colonel

937:, according to thinking that speed, mobility and new technology could revolutionise military operations. In 1937, three-regiment (triangular) divisions began to change to two-regiment 5641: 5613: 4757: 698: 6045: 7899: 7894: 7679: 6358: 5179: 1028:

to the frontier from Giarabub to Sidi Omar and XXI Corps from Sidi Omar to the coast, Bardia and Tobruk. The XXII Corps moved south-west of Tobruk to act as a counter-attack force.

2089:

At dawn on 6 February, the Australians continued their attacks on Benghazi from the north and the 1st KRRC made slow progress at Scledeima, where Bignami was ordered to retire at

6661: 6024: 5333: 4958: 3111: 1068: 7854: 5674: 5620: 4806: 326: 6131: 5627: 5243: 4653: 3116: 3106: 6017: 5464: 5340: 7864: 5317: 4697: 5754: 5066: 5573: 4875: 7572: 2102:

and seven light tanks still operational and was to stop 10th Army columns on the road by attacks from the east. To the north, the 7th Hussars with a cruiser and

6365: 6328: 6305: 5826: 4748: 4718: 999: 6458: 5518: 2571:) the Axis rout ended and the British faced a better-equipped and led opponent, during a period of temporary weakness. On 25 March, Gariboldi replaced Marshal 1309:

got lost after leaving Sidi Omar and reconnaissance aircraft had to find it.) In spring and summer, days are miserably hot and the nights are bitter cold. The

1702:

swept the flat ground with field artillery and machine-guns, stopping the Australian advance 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) short of the objective.

6314: 6298: 6270: 6038: 4725: 7215: 6282: 6194: 6138: 6101: 6094: 5383: 2536: 691: 6187: 4919: 1983:

ridges with folds between, in which tanks could hide from the road as they moved back and forth to fire at close range. The brigade set off from Msus at

1106:), one of only two British armoured training formations, which in mid-1939 was renamed the Armoured Division (Egypt). On 16 February 1940, it became the 636: 964:

to the west and Egypt to the east, the Italians prepared to defend both frontiers through a North Africa Supreme Headquarters, under the command of the

6234: 7693: 6321: 4711: 4669: 7542: 2702: 2687: 2576:

King's Dragoon Guards, aircraft were seen through a haze, which made the most devastating attack that the Hussars had experienced; a few hours later

2432: 1349:

the invasion of Egypt by the 10th Army and the advance to Sidi Barrani, Wavell ordered the commander of British Troops Egypt, Lieutenant-General Sir

5361: 5135: 4898: 4764: 4575: 319: 2624: 2428: 1615: 6437: 5271: 4771: 4683: 4619: 1656: 2659: 2639: 2614: 1830:

to arrive. The failure to trap the 10th Army led O'Connor to ignore the lack of supplies and the decrepitude of the 40 serviceable cruisers and

885:

had four divisions. The Sirte, Tmed Hassan and Buerat strongholds were reinforced from Italy, which brought the 10th and 5th armies up to about

80: 6640: 6152: 5002: 4540: 1827: 1111: 1107: 807: 684: 4119: 2707: 2692: 2619: 2424: 7236: 6668: 6414: 6289: 5375: 5206: 4912: 4829: 4492: 4397: 4378: 4211: 4180: 4158: 4099: 4078: 4059: 4018: 3999: 3973: 1123: 487: 477: 7469: 6876: 2654: 2644: 2634: 6762: 5927: 5394: 5390: 5368: 4972: 7384: 6848: 4303: 896: 6180: 6166: 5379: 1898: 1053: 312: 7462: 6918: 5149: 1815:

In late January 1941, the British learned from decoded messages that the Italians were evacuating Cyrenaica through Benghazi along the

7593: 7340: 6633: 6584: 6342: 5897: 4988: 4836: 4690: 1127: 747: 5648: 2531:. On 9 February, Churchill ordered the advance to stop and troops to be dispatched to Greece (Operation Lustre), to take part in the 7709: 6591: 6563: 6380: 5962: 5681: 2110: 1056: 6904: 1118:) took over command in the Western Desert, with instructions to drive back the Italians from their frontier posts and dominate the 1392: 7879: 7746: 7141: 6841: 6080: 5976: 5812: 5489: 4935: 4258: 1895: 1052:

and the Red Sea route, which was vital to British communications with its Far Eastern and Indian Ocean territories. In mid-1939,

1005: 7100: 5872: 2597:

Air Marshal Italo Balbo, Supreme Commander Italian Forces in North Africa. Details taken from Christie (1999) unless specified.

7270: 7111: 6936: 6695: 6654: 6547: 6485: 5142: 5011: 4979: 1780:

tanks, about half being serviceable. Rumours circulated about British intrigues in Tunisia and Algeria and the exploits of the

7506: 7299: 6536: 5659: 7889: 7884: 7656: 7628: 5987: 5709: 5349: 5080: 4799: 4704: 4589: 1100: 7600: 7531: 7356: 6570: 7904: 7716: 7649: 6862: 6813: 6577: 6173: 5934: 5725: 4778: 1041: 938: 535: 7790: 7686: 7061: 7022: 5941: 5776: 5761: 5688: 5667: 5485: 5163: 4949: 4942: 4926: 4637: 4596: 4568: 4413:(MAAS). School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College. 268: 7753: 7077: 7029: 6647: 6619: 6472: 6087: 6066: 5587: 5250: 4646: 4225: 2714: 2666: 1591: 1025: 577: 289: 237: 7551: 6755: 5156: 2077: 1647:

and Chaulan, to guard the flank and rear of the infantry. On 22 January, the British advanced towards Derna with the

2471:

vehicles. During Operation Compass, the British had advanced 800 km (500 mi), destroyed or captured about

1765:

The Italians in Libya depended on supplies from Italy, which were moved by road and short stretches of railway. The

1705: 826:

pursued the Italians along the coast road, north of the jebel. The terrain was hard going for the British tanks and

7819: 7047: 6966: 6911: 6799: 6405: 6031: 5955: 5857: 5734: 5606: 5599: 5559: 5532: 5264: 5197: 4864: 4792: 4603: 4533: 3991: 1875: 1671: 1607: 1060: 831: 530: 1802: 1075:

armistice, the French divisions in Tunisia faced the Italian 5th Army on the western Libyan border. In Libya, the

7453: 7370: 7155: 7015: 6987: 6820: 6725: 6515: 5948: 5022: 4676: 2929: 1664: 1627: 1334: 1302: 1072: 811: 737: 391: 353: 193: 2979:

Mixed Tank Battalion (1 × company from the II Tank Battalion "M" and 1 × company from the LX Tank Battalion "L")

7192: 7169: 6421: 6222: 6215: 5879: 5539: 5511: 5504: 5227: 4891: 4221: 1962:

tried to advance down the road and others looked for gaps in the British positions on either side of the road.

1648: 1110:. The Egypt–Libya border was defended by the Egyptian Frontier Force and in June 1940, the headquarters of the 953:

to the exclusion of other theories, dropping the previous emphasis on fast mobile warfare backed by artillery.

869:

On 9 February, Churchill ordered the advance to stop and troops to be dispatched to Greece to take part in the

651: 596: 1879: 1267:

was about 240 mi (390 km) wide, from Mersa Matruh in Egypt to Gazala on the Libyan coast, along the

742: 4305:

Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940

7614: 7558: 7428: 7288: 6973: 6626: 6522: 6428: 5996: 5864: 5834: 5798: 5783: 5655: 5547: 5525: 5471: 5457: 5439: 5103: 4884: 4612: 4561: 4123: 2862: 2095: 2023: 1822: 1781: 1286:(300–500 ft) above sea level, that runs 120–190 mi (200–300 km) in depth until the Sand Sea. 1045: 1037: 823: 542: 336: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7306: 7199: 7001: 6952: 6855: 6748: 6718: 6501: 6389: 6115: 5906: 5497: 5478: 5448: 4995: 4965: 1891: 1887: 1660: 727: 525: 518: 370: 5969: 4048:

British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged edition)

7797: 7520: 7363: 7259: 7229: 7185: 6925: 6890: 6883: 6806: 6704: 6145: 6122: 5580: 5117: 4857: 4843: 4526: 2515: 2223: 1350: 663: 616: 418: 5172: 4408: 2014:

and recovered undamaged Italian vehicles, particularly those carrying petrol to refuel stranded tanks.

814:) was dispatched to intercept the remnants of the 10th Army by moving through the desert, south of the 7621: 7476: 7127: 7084: 7054: 6980: 6790: 6769: 5695: 4850: 1603: 1141:

on 17 June. In Tunisia, the French had eight divisions, capable only of limited operations and about

1138: 603: 513: 233: 1137:

The HQ of the 6th Infantry Division, which lacked complete and fully trained units, was renamed the

7739: 7513: 7391: 7347: 6869: 6003: 5769: 5296: 5126: 5110: 5059: 2440: 2205:

including Tellera (found mortally wounded in one of the M13s), Bergonzoli and the 10th Army staff.

1611: 1369: 1115: 1064: 961: 815: 547: 482: 456: 214: 189: 7732: 7565: 7490: 7444: 7414: 7322: 7162: 6827: 6711: 6605: 6556: 6494: 6250: 6201: 6010: 5913: 5634: 5289: 5220: 5087: 4283: 3983: 2444: 1902: 1081: 1020:, the western half of Libya opposite Tunisia and the 10th Army with six infantry divisions, held 985: 977: 775: 589: 463: 449: 243: 7777: 1130:

forward towards the frontier as a covering force, where the RAF also moved most of its bombers;

621: 4317: 933:

had been appointed Chief of Staff of the army and begun a reorganisation of divisions to fight

7723: 7607: 7497: 7437: 7398: 7331: 7313: 7279: 7222: 7176: 7120: 6945: 6683: 6675: 6612: 6465: 6059: 5591: 5236: 5213: 5052: 5031: 4741: 4488: 4468: 4441: 4414: 4393: 4374: 4309: 4275: 4237: 4207: 4186: 4176: 4154: 4127: 4095: 4074: 4055: 4034: 4014: 3995: 3969: 2532: 2436: 2057:, led Bergonzoli to believe that the force would concentrate in defence of the road block. At 1883: 1749: 1338: 957: 870: 771: 722: 708: 582: 561: 501: 470: 442: 435: 411: 396: 365: 358: 32: 4513: 7642: 7635: 7579: 7243: 7008: 6994: 6897: 6834: 6785: 6598: 6451: 6398: 6208: 6159: 6073: 5303: 5280: 4813: 4267: 2918: 2910: 2572: 2519: 2484: 1956:

anti-tank guns and armoured cars, threw the column into confusion. Some members of the 10th

1721: 1711: 1652: 1623: 965: 876: 732: 568: 554: 508: 406: 386: 206: 202: 198: 185: 36: 2968:

LXI Tank Battalion "L" (L3/33 and L3/35 tankettes, from the 61st Infantry Division "Sirte")

7665: 7377: 7292: 7250: 7148: 7091: 6959: 6741: 6732: 6261: 5843: 5819: 5415: 5073: 4256:

Sadkovich, James. J. (1991). "Of Myths and Men: Rommel and the Italians in North Africa".

4168: 2535:

and forestall a German invasion. On 11 February, Wavell made a lukewarm suggestion to the

1270: 981: 950: 930: 793: 425: 218: 2385:

The British plan to trap the 10th Army had worked, despite the British being outnumbered

1639:"Sabratha" on a line from Derna along Wadi Derna, with the Babini Group concentrating at 4232:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. London: 7672: 7208: 7134: 5186: 5045: 4460: 4200: 4175:. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. New York: Ballantine Books. 4089: 2443:

and the Ariete defeated the 2nd Armoured Brigade at Bir el Gubi on 19 November, during

2174:

tanks, to take up night positions closer to Combeforce; the 1st RTR was almost intact.

2121: 1566: 1470: 1282: 1251: 430: 140: 2946:

LXII Tank Battalion "L" (L3/35 tankettes, from the 62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica")

1929: 1689:

Australian Battalion near the coast engaged the 60th Infantry Division "Sabratha" and

834:), a flying column of wheeled vehicles, was sent ahead across the chord of the jebel. 7813: 7483: 5408: 5257: 5096: 4146: 3963: 2579: 2134: 1373: 1306: 1264: 1208: 969: 631: 172: 4435: 2949:

LXIII Tank Battalion "L" (L3/35 tankettes, from the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene")

1372:(Green Mountain), to cut off the Italian retreat to Beda Fomm and El Agheila on the 7782: 7586: 5886: 5791: 5422: 4785: 4549: 3006:

Western Desert Force Commander-in-Chief, Middle East: General Sir Archibald Wavell

2853:

LX Tank Battalion "L" (L3/35 tankettes, from the 60th Infantry Division "Sabratha")

2605: 2568: 2553: 2435:

arrived along with better equipment. Italian anti-tank units performed well during

2219: 2130: 1906: 1840: 1807: 1619: 1502: 1103: 1017: 913: 902: 882: 792:. In late January, the British learned that the Italians were retreating along the 641: 626: 4437:

The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943

4271: 4230:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

4113: 7421: 7407: 7069: 5745: 5566: 5551: 4905: 4508: 4480: 4011:

Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945

2933: 2402: 1858: 1785: 989: 973: 656: 1643:

inland and slightly south-west of Derna where several desert tracks converged,

6776: 6529: 6508: 5401: 4734: 4662: 4109: 2838:, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, Supreme Commander Italian Forces in North Africa. 2423:

The Italian forces in Libya experienced a "renaissance" during 1941, when the

1422: 1191: 1182: 1119: 1049: 827: 646: 4472: 4445: 4313: 4279: 4241: 4190: 4131: 2903:

1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo" (Reserve, motorised for the invasion of Egypt)

2543:, lifting prisoners and equipment and finding no organised Italian defences. 956:

Cyrenaica the eastern province of Libya had been an Italian colony since the

95: 82: 7039: 6444: 6241: 6052: 5850: 5805: 4822: 4418: 4038: 2678: 1644: 1021: 785: 154: 70: 5326: 4342:"Appendix E, H.Q. Cyrenaica Command Intelligence Summary No. 6 (23 Feb 41)" 304: 5310: 5038: 2120:

The 2nd RTR was left near the Pimple and A Squadron, equipped with A13s (

1725: 1486: 1438: 1294:

and flies populated the region, which was inhabited by a small number of

1287: 1233: 803: 4287: 2487:, besides a vast quantity of other war material. The prisoners included 889:

German reinforcements were sent to Libya to form a blocking detachment (

4308:(MA). Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College. 2408: 1878:), consisted of an armoured car squadron from each of 11th Hussars and 1640: 1534: 1310: 1295: 1242: 1217: 1199: 44: 4341: 2790:

Forward at Sidi Barrani with operations on the Libyan-Egyptian Border

5920: 3085:

16th Infantry Brigade (attached from 4th Indian Division 11 December)

2962:

IX Tank Battalion "L" (L3/35 tankettes, from the 2nd Libyan Division)

2054: 1910: 1518: 4050:. History of the Second World War (2nd (revised) ed.). London: 2881:

62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica" (part motorised for the invasion)

2107:

attack the convoy about 4 mi (6.4 km) north of Beda Fomm.

676: 1939:

In the Jebel Akhdar, the 6th Australian Division advanced down the

6108: 2940: 2784:

11th Hussars (attached to Support Group from 7th Armoured Brigade)

2540: 2407: 2109: 1928: 1801: 1704: 1582: 1454: 1406: 1291: 1225: 1131: 941:, as part of a ten-year plan to reorganise the standing army into 789: 74: 4028:

Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro; Blennemann, Ulrich (1990).

2959:

II Tank Battalion "M" / 4th Tank Infantry Regiment (M11/39 tanks)

2884:

63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" (part motorised for the invasion)

4233: 4051: 2965:

XX Tank Battalion "L" (L3/33 and L3/35 tankettes, from XX Corps)

2495:

of all types lost. The British and Commonwealth forces suffered

1865: 1550: 819: 4522: 4518: 3210: 3208: 680: 308: 3717: 3715: 3573: 3571: 3464: 3462: 3273: 3271: 2245: 1040:

since 1882 but these were greatly reduced by the terms of the

992:), which in mid-1940 had nine metropolitan divisions of about 3702: 3700: 3600: 3598: 3145:

and sixty armoured cars. The 10th Army in Egypt consisted of

1146:

and poor serviceability. In Italian East Africa were another

3066:

16th Infantry Brigade (attached to 4th Indian Division until

2729:

Commander-in-Chief Middle East, General Sir Archibald Wavell

2390:

British reached Msus on 4 February; had the Italians on the

1181: 1024:

in the east. When war was declared, the 10th Army moved the

4509:

The History of the British 7th Armoured Division: Beda Fomm

4202:

Cry Havoc: The Arms Race and the Second World War 1931–1941

3096:

Selby Force (Brigade Group for the defence of Mersa Matruh)

2808:

4th Indian Division (less one infantry brigade) Nile Delta

3916: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3529: 3527: 3525: 2740:

7th Armoured Division. Commander Major-General M. O’Moore

2047:

During the night, Bergonzoli organised an attack down the

7870:

Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

3732: 3730: 3651: 3649: 2761:

Support Group. (Motorised Infantry Brigade) Sidi Barrani

1667:), south of the Jebel Akhdar, for an advance on Mechili. 2115:

Italian soldiers taken prisoner during Operation Compass

1864:

covering the Italian rearguard, which was retiring from

1655:) and sent another Australian brigade to reinforce the 16:

Battle as part of Operation Compass during World War II

7860:

Battles and operations of World War II involving India

5180:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4151:

Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck

2822:

6th Australian Infantry Division (forming, Nile delta)

2227: 770:

took place following the rapid British advance during

3112:

List of Australian military equipment of World War II

2556:), landed in Tripolitania on 11 February, as part of 1099:

British forces included the Mobile Division (Egypt) (

4485:

Operation Compass 1940: Wavell's Whirlwind Offensive

2562:(Operation Sunflower). With the arrival of the DAK ( 2086:, which could make only a few sorties to Beda Fomm. 7541: 7269: 7110: 6935: 6694: 6546: 6484: 6388: 6379: 6260: 5986: 5896: 5744: 5447: 5438: 5196: 5021: 4874: 4636: 4629: 3988:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

2825:

2nd Zealand Infantry Division (forming, Nile delta)

2455:At the Battle of Beda Fomm, the British took about 1626:), which had already lost some of its tanks in the 4199: 3965:The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II 3117:List of Italian military equipment in World War II 3107:List of British military equipment of World War II 2796:Cairo Infantry Brigade – Garrison for Mersa Matruh 1122:if war began. The 7th Armoured Division, less the 774:(9 December 1940 – 9 February 1941). The Italian 1680:British loss of the cruiser and six light tanks. 899:(11 January), these being the first units of the 49:British pursuit 9 December 1940 – 7 February 1941 7875:Military operations involving the United Kingdom 4371:Desert Watch: A Story of the Battle of Beda Fomm 2506:a portion of which were incurred at Beda Fomm. 1355: 25: 4465:Gold from Crete: Ten Stories by C. S. Forester 2124:), received the attack of the Babini Group at 1663:) of the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General 837:Late on 5 February, Combeforce arrived at the 7900:Military history of Italy during World War II 7895:World War II operations and battles of Europe 4534: 3091:7th RTR (attached from 7th Armoured Division) 3017:7th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment (Matildas) 2736:, Commander-Lieutenant General R.N. O’Connor 2391: 2184: 2081: 2071: 2048: 2034: 2027: 2001: 1994: 1973: 1966: 1957: 1950: 1940: 1869: 1816: 1766: 1736: 1730: 1697: 1690: 1344: 1276: 1268: 1000:Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale 997: 838: 797: 779: 692: 320: 8: 3868: 3135:The Western Desert Force consisted of about 3076:6th Australian Division (from mid-December) 2584:dive-bombers arrived overhead and attacked. 2577: 2563: 2557: 2547: 2526: 2413:Map showing the Tripolitanian coast of Libya 1788: 1684:disappointing, along with alarmist tales of 1320: 1314: 1076: 976:. The Supreme Headquarters in Libya had the 908: 900: 890: 874: 661: 7855:Battles of World War II involving Australia 2094:Italian column was several miles long. The 1630:. The Babini Group had an establishment of 856:out of the totals for Operation Compass of 6385: 5444: 4633: 4541: 4527: 4519: 4071:The Italian Army 1940–45: Europe 1940–1943 699: 685: 677: 327: 313: 305: 22: 3808: 2878:, Lieutenant-General Annibale Bergonzoli 1126:, assembled at Mersa Matruh and sent the 4073:. Vol. I. Oxford/New York: Osprey. 3940: 3928: 3917:Greene, Massignani & Blennemann 1990 3904: 3880: 3844: 3784: 3760: 3721: 3679: 3562: 3533: 3480: 3468: 3405: 3353: 3341: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3277: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 2062:supporting both forces. The British had 2022:The 7th Armoured Brigade (with only the 7865:Battles of World War II involving Italy 3892: 3856: 3832: 3772: 3748: 3736: 3706: 3691: 3667: 3655: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3589: 3577: 3545: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3453: 3417: 3381: 3369: 3337: 3187: 3168: 3128: 2491:and the Italian general staff recorded 1993:and the artillery at full speed to the 219: 6366:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4440:(PhD). Plymouth: Plymouth University. 4340:Harding, J. (BGS) (23 February 1941). 3820: 3796: 3199: 3175: 2993:V Tank Battalion "L" (L3/35 tankettes) 1161:Italy declared war from 11 June 1940. 1069:Mediterranean and Middle East theatres 7237:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6669:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6315:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6271:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5376:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3289: 3002:British Commonwealth, 9 December 1940 2767:2nd Motor Battalion The Rifle Brigade 960:(1911–1912). With Tunisia, a part of 7: 6359:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5391:Rape during the liberation of France 3962:Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). 3441: 3429: 3393: 3365: 3262: 3010:: Lieutenant-General R. N. O’Connor 2779:F Battery, 4th Royal Horse Artillery 2070:tanks left near the Italians on the 1088:and in Egypt, the British had about 4013:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2898:2nd Libyan Division (non-motorised) 2895:1st Libyan Division (non-motorised) 2752:7th Armoured Brigade, Sidi Sulieman 2537:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 2236:(9 December 1940 – 8 February 1941) 1399: 1061:General Officer Commanding-in-Chief 6585:German invasion of the Netherlands 4865:Weather events during World War II 4410:Beda Fomm: An Operational Analysis 2867:64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro" 2803:Other Commonwealth Forces in Egypt 2773:1st Royal Northumberland Fusiliers 2743:4th Armoured Brigade, Mersa Matruh 2724:British Commonwealth, 10 June 1940 2703:64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro" 2688:62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica" 2433:101st Motorised Division "Trieste" 1415: 14: 7216:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4153:. New York: Dell (Random House). 4120:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 3328:, pp. 211, 257–294, 351–366. 2892:, Major-General Giuseppe Gallina 2625:60th Infantry Division "Sabratha" 2429:102nd Motorised Division "Trento" 1616:60th Infantry Division "Sabratha" 275: 7776: 4259:The International History Review 4222:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O. 4033:. Watsonville, CA: Jack Greene. 3253:, pp. 32, 93, 97, 100, 375. 3082:17th Australian Infantry Brigade 3079:16th Australian Infantry Brigade 3046:Support Group (Infantry Brigade) 2915:Comando Carri Armati della Libia 2850:2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre" 2660:2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre" 2640:27th Infantry Division "Brescia" 2615:25th Infantry Division "Bologna" 2425:132nd Armoured Division "Ariete" 1606:mountains was garrisoned by the 1574: 1559: 1558: 1542: 1526: 1510: 1494: 1479: 1478: 1462: 1446: 1431: 1430: 1414: 1398: 1391: 274: 267: 165: 147: 133: 43: 2870:4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio" 2770:3rd Battalion Coldstream Guards 2708:4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio" 2693:63rd Infantry Division "Cirene" 2620:55th Infantry Division "Savona" 2230:Approximate totals of captures, 1527: 1463: 7463:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5173:Territorial changes of Germany 5081:Indonesian National Revolution 4173:Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory 3907:, pp. 65, 68–79, 82, 104. 3241:, pp. 32, 93, 97–98, 375. 2847:61st Infantry Division "Sirte" 2655:1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo" 2645:61st Infantry Division "Sirte" 2635:17th Infantry Division "Pavia" 1949:had observers overlooking the 1810:, Egypt, May 1940 (IWM E 1010) 1761:Italian defensive preparations 1511: 1173:The winds of the Mediterranean 1: 6863:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6814:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6578:German invasion of Luxembourg 4959:Mediterranean and Middle East 4272:10.1080/07075332.1991.9640582 4094:. New York: B & N Books. 2988:XIX Libyan Infantry Battalion 1575: 1495: 1447: 1042:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 6770:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6459:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5777:Independent State of Croatia 4302:Christie, Howard R. (1999). 4091:Rommel As Military Commander 3444:, pp. 250–253, 255–256. 3060:11th Indian Infantry Brigade 2844:(10th Army Reserve, Tobruk) 2814:11th Indian Infantry Brigade 2232:Western Desert and Cyrenaica 1543: 1281:), the only paved road. The 7754:End of World War II in Asia 7594:Western invasion of Germany 7101:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7078:Second Battle of El Alamein 6648:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6620:Battle of the Mediterranean 6473:Italian invasion of Albania 4647:Air warfare of World War II 3057:5th Indian Infantry Brigade 3023:104th Royal Horse Artillery 2985:V Libyan Infantry Battalion 2982:I Libyan Infantry Battalion 2811:5th Indian Infantry Brigade 2608:, General Italo Gariboldi) 2376: 2371: 2366: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2268: 2265: 2262: 972:, Marshal of the Air Force 294:Beda Fomm, Cyrenaica, Libya 7921: 7680:Naval bombardment of Japan 7048:First Battle of El Alamein 6967:Battle of Christmas Island 6912:Japanese invasion of Burma 6676:Italian invasion of Greece 6592:German invasion of Belgium 6564:German invasion of Denmark 6537:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6406:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4670:Comparative military ranks 4514:Operation Compass (part 2) 4069:Jowett, Philip S. (2000). 3992:Cambridge University Press 2976:(assigned to XXIII Corps) 2943:tankettes, from XXI Corps) 2930:4th Tank Infantry Regiment 2675:10th Army - Eastern Sector 2513: 2463:(many still operational), 2217: 2201:out or captured tanks and 1934:Tobruk–Agedabia, 1940–1941 1856: 1332: 788:, the eastern province of 7769: 7601:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7532:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7156:Allied invasion of Sicily 7016:Aleutian Islands campaign 6988:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6926:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6821:Second Battle of Changsha 6726:German invasion of Greece 6571:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 4913:North and Central Pacific 4556: 4467:. Boston: Little, Brown. 4407:Bierwirth, J. G. (1994). 4316:. A116763. Archived from 3032:64th Medium Regiment R.A. 3020:1st Royal Horse Artillery 2936:, reserve to XXIII Corps) 2776:3rd Royal Horse Artillery 2602:5th Army - Western Sector 1905:) Battery RHA, with nine 1901:(4th RHA) and the 106th ( 1899:4th Royal Horse Artillery 1798:British plan and assembly 1628:British capture of Tobruk 1335:Italian invasion of Egypt 1303:Italian invasion of Egypt 1150:and African troops, with 1006:Libyan Colonial divisions 784:) was forced to evacuate 718: 346: 262: 249: 227: 179: 123: 53: 42: 30: 7193:Allied invasion of Italy 7170:Solomon Islands campaign 6919:Third Battle of Changsha 6516:First Battle of Changsha 6422:Second Sino-Japanese War 5362:German military brothels 5228:United States war crimes 4046:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) . 3869:Bierman & Smith 2002 3432:, pp. 245–247, 250. 3029:7th Medium Regiment R.A. 3026:51st Field Regiment R.A. 2939:XXI Tank Battalion "L" ( 2830:Italy, 13 September 1940 2681:, General Mario Berti ) 2546:The first troops of the 2525:growing threat from the 2078:King's Royal Rifle Corps 1044:. The small British and 652:3rd Indian Motor Brigade 338:Western Desert Campaign 7880:Western Desert campaign 7615:Second Guangxi campaign 7470:Philippines (1944–1945) 6974:Battle of the Coral Sea 6877:Fall of the Philippines 6523:Battle of South Guangxi 6429:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5835:Italian Social Republic 4390:Forty Men, Eight Horses 4206:. London: John Murray. 4124:Australian War Memorial 4088:Lewin, Ronald (1998) . 4009:French, David (2001) . 2928:I Tank Battalion "M" / 2863:Enrico Pitassi Mannella 2749:6th Royal Tank Regiment 2746:1st Royal Tank Regiment 2559:Unternehmen Sonnenblume 2096:2nd Royal Tank Regiment 1823:6th Australian Division 1782:Long Range Desert Group 1649:19th Australian Brigade 1305:of September 1940, the 1096:training in Palestine. 824:6th Australian Division 7200:Armistice of Cassibile 7002:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6953:Battle of the Java Sea 6856:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6756:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6749:Battle of South Shanxi 6719:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6502:Battle of the Atlantic 6116:Korean Liberation Army 5829:(until September 1943) 5786:(until September 1944) 5764:(until September 1944) 4392:. New York: Vanguard. 4224:; et al. (1954). 4169:Macksey, Major Kenneth 3037:7th Armoured Division 2914: 2890:Libyan Divisions Group 2764:1st K.R.R.C. Battalion 2578: 2564: 2558: 2548: 2527: 2415: 2392: 2185: 2117: 2082: 2072: 2049: 2035: 2028: 2002: 1995: 1974: 1967: 1958: 1951: 1941: 1936: 1870: 1817: 1812: 1789: 1767: 1737: 1731: 1716: 1714:cross the desert, 1940 1698: 1691: 1665:Michael O'Moore Creagh 1365: 1345: 1321: 1315: 1277: 1269: 1186: 1077: 1063:(GOC-in-C) of the new 1036:The British had based 998: 935:wars of rapid decision 909: 901: 891: 875: 839: 812:Michael O'Moore Creagh 798: 780: 662: 194:Michael O'Moore Creagh 180:Commanders and leaders 7890:Egypt in World War II 7885:Libya in World War II 7364:Second Battle of Guam 7260:Bengal famine of 1943 7230:Second Battle of Kiev 7186:Battle of the Dnieper 6891:Battle of Wake Island 6763:East African campaign 6705:Battle of South Henan 6350:atrocities by Germans 6123:Korean Volunteer Army 5104:Occupation of Germany 4858:Music in World War II 4346:The National Archives 3217:, pp. 38–39, 92. 2549:Deutsches Afrikakorps 2516:Operation Sonnenblume 2510:Subsequent operations 2411: 2224:Operation Sonnenblume 2113: 1932: 1880:King's Dragoon Guards 1828:2nd Armoured Division 1805: 1708: 1602:The area east of the 1351:Henry Maitland Wilson 1185: 1134:was also reinforced. 1112:6th Infantry Division 1108:7th Armoured Division 1048:force garrisoned the 1004:(Blackshirt) and two 818:(Green Mountain) via 808:7th Armoured Division 664:Sonderkommando Blaich 250:Casualties and losses 96:31.24111°N 20.30861°E 7905:February 1941 events 7650:Surrender of Germany 7128:Battle of West Hubei 7085:Guadalcanal campaign 7055:Battle of Stalingrad 6981:Battle of Madagascar 5755:Albania protectorate 5542:(formerly Swaziland) 5251:Wehrmacht war crimes 5067:Expulsion of Germans 4851:Art and World War II 4749:British contribution 4698:Governments in exile 4373:. Bedale: Blaisdon. 4198:Maiolo, Joe (2010). 3968:. New York: Viking. 3931:, pp. 265, 271. 3787:, pp. 362, 371. 3580:, pp. 137, 139. 3483:, pp. 354, 356. 3356:, pp. 287, 361. 3340:, pp. 121–123; 3280:, pp. 116, 115. 3054:4th Indian Division 3043:7th Armoured Brigade 3040:4th Armoured Brigade 3008:Western Desert Force 2734:Western Desert Force 1657:4th Armoured Brigade 1610:(Lieutenant-General 1592:class=notpageimage| 1139:Western Desert Force 1124:7th Armoured Brigade 830:(Lieutenant-Colonel 290:class=notpageimage| 234:Western Desert Force 7740:Potsdam Declaration 7629:Italy (Spring 1945) 7392:Liberation of Paris 6849:Siege of Sevastopol 5867:(until August 1944) 5770:Wang Jingwei regime 5592:from September 1943 5552:from September 1944 5490:from September 1944 5350:Romanian war crimes 5341:Persecution of Jews 5327:Croatian war crimes 5297:Japanese war crimes 5111:Occupation of Japan 5060:First Indochina War 4772:Military production 4684:Declarations of war 4421:. Docket ADA 284686 4388:Arthur, D. (2003). 4369:Arthur, D. (2000). 4320:on 16 February 2015 3859:, pp. 155–156. 3847:, pp. 361–362. 3799:, pp. 215–216. 3751:, pp. 150–151. 3724:, pp. 359–361. 3709:, pp. 147–148. 3694:, pp. 144–145. 3682:, pp. 359–360. 3670:, pp. 145–147. 3643:, pp. 143–144. 3631:, pp. 142–143. 3619:, pp. 140–141. 3607:, pp. 139–140. 3519:, pp. 133–134. 3507:, pp. 131–133. 3471:, pp. 353–354. 3456:, pp. 182–187. 3420:, pp. 124–127. 3396:, pp. 242–245. 2907:Libyan Tank Command 2717:(10th Army reserve) 2715:1st Libyan Division 2667:2nd Libyan Division 2593:Italy, 10 June 1940 2477:845–1,290 artillery 2441:Operation Battleaxe 2238: 1913:, a total of about 1712:Mark VI Light Tanks 1634:but these included 1612:Annibale Bergonzoli 1065:Middle East Command 1026:1st Libyan Division 962:French North Africa 822:and Antelat as the 810:(Major-General Sir 768:Battle of Beda Fomm 611:Associated articles 215:Annibale Bergonzoli 92: / 26:Battle of Beda Fomm 7733:Surrender of Japan 7566:Battle of Iwo Jima 7415:Belgrade offensive 6828:Siege of Leningrad 6712:Battle of Shanggao 6641:British Somaliland 6606:Dunkirk evacuation 6557:Norwegian campaign 6495:Invasion of Poland 6322:Japanese prisoners 5290:Italian war crimes 5221:British war crimes 5136:Soviet occupations 4920:South-West Pacific 4807:Allied cooperation 4765:Military equipment 4487:. Oxford: Osprey. 4434:Dando, N. (2014). 3229:, pp. 19, 93. 3072:11 December 1940) 2669:(5th Army reserve) 2445:Operation Crusader 2416: 2228: 2118: 1937: 1903:Lancashire Hussars 1813: 1717: 1608:XX Motorised Corps 1596:Libya location map 1187: 1054:Lieutenant-General 877:Unternehmen Marita 710:Operation Compass 240:from January 1941) 101:31.24111; 20.30861 7820:Conflicts in 1941 7807: 7806: 7765: 7764: 7608:Battle of Okinawa 7507:Burma (1944–1945) 7341:Mariana and Palau 7121:Tunisian campaign 6946:Fall of Singapore 6870:Fall of Hong Kong 6613:Battle of Britain 6466:Operation Himmler 6375: 6374: 6039:Dutch East Indies 5682:Southern Rhodesia 5434: 5433: 5334:Genocide of Serbs 5237:German war crimes 5214:Soviet war crimes 5207:Allied war crimes 5053:Division of Korea 5032:Chinese Civil War 4830:Strategic bombing 4742:Manhattan Project 4494:978-1-85532-967-6 4399:978-1-84386-070-9 4380:978-1-902838-01-4 4213:978-0-7195-6519-9 4182:978-0-345-09748-4 4160:978-0-440-20802-0 4101:978-0-7607-0861-3 4080:978-1-855-32864-8 4061:978-0-11-630961-7 4020:978-0-19-924630-4 4001:978-0-521-29793-6 3975:978-0-670-03040-8 3088:Divisional troops 3063:Divisional Troops 3049:Divisional Troops 2917:), Major-General 2817:Divisional Troops 2533:Greco-Italian War 2457:25,000 prisoners, 2437:Operation Brevity 2383: 2382: 2237: 2203:25,000 prisoners, 2083:Regia Aeronautica 1808:Cruiser Mk I (A9) 1339:Operation Compass 1329:Operation Compass 1261: 1260: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1228: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1194: 1174: 1128:7th Support Group 958:Italo-Turkish War 929:In 1936, General 871:Greco-Italian War 846:25,000 prisoners, 772:Operation Compass 761: 760: 674: 673: 354:Invasion of Egypt 303: 302: 119: 118: 61:6–7 February 1941 33:Operation Compass 7912: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7783:World portal 7781: 7780: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7643:Prague offensive 7638: 7636:Battle of Berlin 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7580:Vienna offensive 7575: 7568: 7561: 7559:Battle of Manila 7554: 7534: 7525: 7516: 7509: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7449: 7440: 7433: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7343: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7309: 7302: 7300:Korsun–Cherkassy 7295: 7284: 7262: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7142:Bombing of Gorky 7137: 7130: 7123: 7103: 7096: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7009:Battle of Midway 7004: 6997: 6995:Battle of Gazala 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6905:Battle of Borneo 6900: 6898:Malayan campaign 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6842:Bombing of Gorky 6837: 6835:Battle of Moscow 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6687: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6599:Battle of France 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6452:Munich Agreement 6447: 6440: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6408: 6401: 6386: 6368: 6361: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6337:Soviet prisoners 6331: 6324: 6317: 6308: 6301: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6277:German prisoners 6273: 6253: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5815: 5813:French Indochina 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5757: 5737: 5728: 5721: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5660:from August 1944 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5543: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5445: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5386: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5304:Nanjing Massacre 5299: 5292: 5283: 5281:Nuremberg trials 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5014: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4885:Asia and Pacific 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4814:Mulberry harbour 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4656: 4649: 4634: 4622: 4615: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4520: 4498: 4476: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4403: 4384: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4291: 4245: 4226:Butler, J. R. M. 4217: 4205: 4194: 4164: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4105: 4084: 4065: 4042: 4024: 4005: 3979: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3566: 3560: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3137:31,000 soldiers, 3133: 2919:Valentino Babini 2861:, Major-General 2583: 2573:Rodolfo Graziani 2567: 2561: 2551: 2530: 2520:Operation Lustre 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485:prisoners of war 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2422: 2395: 2388: 2239: 2235: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2188: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2152: 2143: 2127: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2085: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2052: 2038: 2031: 2013: 2005: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1977: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1916: 1873: 1847: 1833: 1820: 1792: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1756: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1722:Desert Air Force 1701: 1694: 1687: 1678: 1653:Horace Robertson 1637: 1633: 1624:Valentino Babini 1578: 1577: 1562: 1561: 1546: 1545: 1530: 1529: 1514: 1513: 1498: 1497: 1482: 1481: 1466: 1465: 1450: 1449: 1434: 1433: 1418: 1417: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1363: 1348: 1324: 1318: 1280: 1274: 1250: 1241: 1232: 1224: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1190: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1116:Richard O'Connor 1095: 1091: 1087: 1080: 1057:Archibald Wavell 1011: 1003: 995: 966:Governor-General 951:frontal assaults 947: 944: 939:binary divisions 912: 906: 894: 888: 880: 866: 862: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 801: 783: 713: 711: 701: 694: 687: 678: 667: 341: 339: 329: 322: 315: 306: 278: 277: 271: 221: 211: 203:Giuseppe Tellera 199:Rodolfo Graziani 190:Richard O'Connor 186:Archibald Wavell 175: 171: 169: 168: 153: 151: 150: 143: 139: 137: 136: 107: 106: 104: 103: 102: 97: 93: 90: 89: 88: 85: 55: 54: 47: 37:Second World War 23: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7775: 7773: 7761: 7752: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7699: 7694:Atomic bombings 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7537: 7530: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7452: 7443: 7436: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7397: 7390: 7385:Eastern Romania 7383: 7378:Warsaw Uprising 7376: 7371:Tannenberg Line 7369: 7362: 7357:Western Ukraine 7355: 7346: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7287: 7278: 7265: 7258: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7149:Battle of Kursk 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7106: 7099: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7037: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6960:St Nazaire Raid 6958: 6951: 6944: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6784: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6742:Anglo-Iraqi War 6740: 6733:Battle of Crete 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6690: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6662:Eastern Romania 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6480: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6397: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6304: 6297: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6256: 6249: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6223:Western Ukraine 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6167:Northeast China 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5873:Slovak Republic 5871: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5844:Empire of Japan 5842: 5833: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5753: 5740: 5733: 5724: 5717: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5546: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5430: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5389: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5356:Sexual violence 5355: 5348: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5279: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5086: 5079: 5074:Greek Civil War 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5017: 5010: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4899:South-East Asia 4897: 4890: 4883: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4758:Military awards 4756: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4652: 4645: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4547: 4505: 4495: 4479: 4461:Forester, C. S. 4459: 4450: 4448: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4406: 4400: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4365: 4363:Further reading 4360: 4351: 4349: 4339: 4336: 4323: 4321: 4301: 4298: 4255: 4252: 4220: 4214: 4197: 4183: 4167: 4161: 4145: 4136: 4134: 4108: 4102: 4087: 4081: 4068: 4062: 4045: 4027: 4021: 4008: 4002: 3984:Creveld, M. van 3982: 3976: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368:, p. 242; 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3206: 3202:, pp. 4–5. 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3103: 3004: 2832: 2726: 2595: 2590: 2588:Order of battle 2565:Generalleutnant 2522: 2514:Main articles: 2512: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2420: 2414: 2386: 2349: 2333: 2275: 2259: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2218:Main articles: 2216: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2180: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2155: 2150: 2141: 2125: 2116: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2045: 2011: 1989: 1984: 1946: 1935: 1927: 1922: 1914: 1909:anti-tank guns 1861: 1855: 1845: 1831: 1811: 1800: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1754: 1742: 1715: 1685: 1676: 1635: 1631: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1547: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1387: 1382: 1364: 1361: 1341: 1333:Main articles: 1331: 1271:Litoranea Balbo 1257: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1203: 1195: 1188: 1167: 1159:20,000 lorries; 1158: 1154: 1151: 1148:130,000 Italian 1147: 1142: 1114:(Major-General 1093: 1089: 1085: 1038:forces in Egypt 1034: 1009: 993: 982:Italo Gariboldi 945: 942: 931:Alberto Pariani 927: 922: 910:Generalleutnant 886: 864: 860: 857: 853: 849: 845: 794:Litoranea Balbo 764: 763: 762: 757: 714: 709: 707: 705: 675: 670: 622:Devil's gardens 608: 488:2nd Bir el Gubi 478:1st Bir el Gubi 342: 337: 335: 333: 299: 298: 297: 296: 295: 292: 286: 285: 284: 283: 279: 258:25,000 captured 213: 207: 201: 192: 188: 166: 164: 163: 148: 146: 134: 132: 131: 115:British victory 100: 98: 94: 91: 86: 83: 81: 79: 78: 77: 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7918: 7916: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7812: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7713: 7710:South Sakhalin 7706: 7705: 7704: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7510: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7434: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7247: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7189: 7182: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7135:Battle of Attu 7131: 7124: 7116: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7097: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7026: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6884:Battle of Guam 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6807:Battle of Kiev 6803: 6796: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6700: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6425: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6346: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6318: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6306:United Kingdom 6302: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6274: 6266: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6238: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6119: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710:British Empire 5703:United Kingdom 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5519:Czechoslovakia 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5416:Rape of Manila 5412: 5405: 5398: 5387: 5372: 5365: 5353: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5337: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5293: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5254: 5247: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5187:United Nations 5183: 5176: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5046:Decolonization 5042: 5035: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5008: 5007: 5006: 4992: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4880: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4810: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4738: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4719:United Kingdom 4715: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4565: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4503:External links 4501: 4500: 4499: 4493: 4477: 4457: 4431: 4404: 4398: 4385: 4379: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4266:(2): 284–313. 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4218: 4212: 4195: 4181: 4165: 4159: 4147:Luck, Hans von 4143: 4106: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4066: 4060: 4043: 4025: 4019: 4006: 4000: 3980: 3974: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3895:, p. 159. 3885: 3883:, p. 368. 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3835:, p. 151. 3825: 3823:, p. 219. 3813: 3811:, p. 293. 3809:Sadkovich 1991 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3763:, p. 361. 3753: 3741: 3739:, p. 149. 3726: 3711: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3658:, p. 148. 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3594: 3592:, p. 139. 3582: 3567: 3565:, p. 359. 3550: 3548:, p. 135. 3538: 3536:, p. 358. 3521: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3408:, p. 353. 3398: 3386: 3384:, p. 124. 3374: 3372:, p. 123. 3358: 3346: 3344:, p. 353. 3330: 3318: 3316:, p. 265. 3306: 3304:, p. 264. 3294: 3292:, p. 149. 3282: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3178:, p. 197. 3167: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3147:80,000 troops, 3127: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2955:2nd Tank Group 2952: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2937: 2924:1st Tank Group 2904: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2511: 2508: 2481:133,298 Libyan 2479:pieces, taken 2452: 2449: 2412: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2179: 2176: 2156:350 prisoners. 2122:Cruiser Mk III 2114: 2044: 2041: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1894:field guns of 1890:squadron, six 1876:J. F. B. Combe 1857:Main article: 1854: 1851: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1762: 1759: 1726:Giovanni Berta 1709: 1645:Giovanni Berta 1595: 1590: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1385:Derna, Mechili 1383: 1381: 1378: 1359: 1330: 1327: 1283:Great Sand Sea 1265:Western Desert 1259: 1258: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1215: 1214: 1206: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1166: 1163: 1090:36,000 troops, 1078:Regio Esercito 1059:was appointed 1033: 1030: 946:24 triangular, 926: 923: 921: 918: 759: 758: 756: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 719: 716: 715: 706: 704: 703: 696: 689: 681: 672: 671: 669: 668: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 607: 606: 601: 600: 599: 594: 587: 575: 574: 573: 566: 559: 545: 540: 539: 538: 528: 523: 522: 521: 516: 506: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 461: 454: 447: 440: 439: 438: 433: 423: 416: 415: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 376: 375: 374: 373: 368: 356: 347: 344: 343: 334: 332: 331: 324: 317: 309: 301: 300: 293: 288: 287: 281: 280: 273: 272: 266: 265: 264: 263: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 247: 246: 241: 230: 229: 225: 224: 196: 182: 181: 177: 176: 161: 160: 159: 158: 157: 141:United Kingdom 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 69: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7917: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7850:1941 in Libya 7848: 7846: 7845:1940 in Libya 7843: 7841: 7840:1941 in Italy 7838: 7836: 7835:1940 in Italy 7833: 7831: 7830:1941 in Egypt 7828: 7826: 7825:1940 in Egypt 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717:Kuril Islands 7714: 7711: 7707: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484:Syrmian Front 7481: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7430:Market Garden 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7289:Monte Cassino 7286: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6655:Baltic states 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6299:United States 6296: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6235:Quốc dân Đảng 6232: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5935:Liechtenstein 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719:United States 5716: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5409:Comfort women 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5393: / 5392: 5388: 5385: 5382: / 5381: 5378: / 5377: 5373: 5370: 5369:Camp brothels 5366: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258:The Holocaust 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5244:forced labour 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5097:Marshall Plan 5094: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4950:Eastern Front 4947: 4944: 4943:Western Front 4940: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837:Puppet states 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4779:Naval history 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4726:United States 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4348:. WO 169/1258 4347: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3990:. Cambridge: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3943:, p. 86. 3942: 3941:Christie 1999 3937: 3934: 3930: 3929:Playfair 1954 3925: 3922: 3919:, p. 17. 3918: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3905:Christie 1999 3901: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3881:Playfair 1954 3877: 3874: 3871:, p. 50. 3870: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3845:Playfair 1954 3841: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3785:Playfair 1954 3781: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3761:Playfair 1954 3757: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722:Playfair 1954 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680:Playfair 1954 3676: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563:Playfair 1954 3559: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534:Playfair 1954 3530: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3495:, p. 63. 3494: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3481:Playfair 1954 3477: 3474: 3470: 3469:Playfair 1954 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3406:Playfair 1954 3402: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354:Playfair 1954 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342:Playfair 1954 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3326:Playfair 1954 3322: 3319: 3315: 3314:Playfair 1954 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302:Playfair 1954 3298: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278:Playfair 1954 3274: 3272: 3268: 3265:, p. 92. 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251:Playfair 1954 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239:Playfair 1954 3235: 3232: 3228: 3227:Playfair 1954 3223: 3220: 3216: 3215:Playfair 1954 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3190:, p. 24. 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3132: 3129: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014:Corps Troops 3013: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3001: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974:Maletti Group 2972: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2507: 2500:1,373 wounded 2486: 2469:1,500 wheeled 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2347: 2346: 2331: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2303: 2302: 2289: 2288: 2273: 2272: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2158: 2146: 2138: 2136: 2135:Cruiser Mk II 2132: 2123: 2112: 2108: 2097: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2056: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2012:800 prisoners 2007: 2004: 1997: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1953: 1943: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:Rifle Brigade 1881: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1841:Thermos bombs 1836: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1769: 1760: 1758: 1755:28/29 January 1751: 1750:Bren Carriers 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1693: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1593: 1584: 1568: 1552: 1536: 1520: 1504: 1488: 1472: 1456: 1440: 1424: 1408: 1394: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1374:Gulf of Sirte 1371: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1307:Maletti Group 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1227: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1193: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1143:40,000 troops 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1101:Major-General 1097: 1092:with another 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1002: 1001: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970:Italian Libya 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 940: 936: 932: 924: 919: 917: 915: 911: 905: 904: 898: 893: 884: 879: 878: 872: 867: 841: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 795: 791: 787: 782: 777: 773: 769: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 720: 717: 712: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 682: 679: 666: 665: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 632:Maletti Group 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 617:Frontier Wire 615: 614: 613: 612: 605: 602: 598: 597:Outpost Snipe 595: 593: 592: 588: 586: 585: 581: 580: 579: 576: 572: 571: 567: 565: 564: 560: 558: 557: 553: 552: 551: 550: 546: 544: 541: 537: 534: 533: 532: 529: 527: 524: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 510: 507: 505: 504: 500: 499: 498: 497: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 473: 469: 468: 467: 466: 462: 460: 459: 455: 453: 452: 448: 446: 445: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 427: 424: 422: 421: 417: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 383: 382: 381: 380: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361: 357: 355: 352: 351: 350: 345: 340: 330: 325: 323: 318: 316: 311: 310: 307: 291: 270: 261: 257: 254: 253: 248: 245: 242: 239: 235: 232: 231: 226: 222: 216: 212: 210: 204: 200: 197: 195: 191: 187: 184: 183: 178: 174: 162: 156: 145: 144: 142: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 114: 111: 110: 105: 76: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 35:, during the 34: 29: 24: 19: 7791:Bibliography 7774: 7587:Project Hula 7552:Vistula–Oder 7521: 7454: 7445: 7429: 7399: 7348: 7332: 7323: 7314: 7280: 7177: 7092: 7068: 7038: 6789: 6682: 6627:North Africa 6329:Soviet Union 6283:Soviet Union 6209:Soviet Union 5977:Vatican City 5887:Vichy France 5792:German Reich 5689:Soviet Union 5675:South Africa 5668:Sierra Leone 5621:Newfoundland 5440:Participants 5423:Marocchinate 5127: 5118: 5088: 4966:North Africa 4927:Indian Ocean 4786:Nazi plunder 4677:Cryptography 4550:World War II 4484: 4481:Latimer, Jon 4464: 4449:. Retrieved 4436: 4423:. Retrieved 4409: 4389: 4370: 4350:. Retrieved 4345: 4322:. Retrieved 4318:the original 4304: 4263: 4257: 4229: 4201: 4172: 4150: 4135:. Retrieved 4122:. Canberra: 4114: 4090: 4070: 4047: 4029: 4010: 3987: 3964: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3893:Macksey 1972 3888: 3876: 3864: 3857:Macksey 1972 3852: 3840: 3833:Macksey 1972 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3773:Harding 1941 3768: 3756: 3749:Macksey 1972 3744: 3737:Macksey 1972 3707:Macksey 1972 3692:Macksey 1972 3687: 3675: 3668:Macksey 1972 3663: 3656:Macksey 1972 3641:Macksey 1972 3636: 3629:Macksey 1972 3624: 3617:Macksey 1972 3612: 3605:Macksey 1972 3590:Macksey 1972 3585: 3578:Macksey 1972 3546:Macksey 1972 3541: 3517:Macksey 1972 3512: 3505:Macksey 1972 3500: 3493:Hinsley 1994 3488: 3476: 3454:Creveld 1977 3449: 3437: 3425: 3418:Macksey 1972 3413: 3401: 3389: 3382:Macksey 1972 3377: 3370:Macksey 1972 3361: 3349: 3338:Macksey 1972 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3195: 3188:Macksey 1972 3183: 3171: 3131: 3071: 3007: 3005: 2973: 2954: 2934:M11/39 tanks 2923: 2906: 2889: 2875: 2858: 2841: 2835: 2802: 2801: 2789: 2733: 2732: 2674: 2651:XXIII Corps 2606:Tripolitania 2601: 2596: 2569:Erwin Rommel 2545: 2523: 2483:and Italian 2454: 2421:150,000 men. 2417: 2403:jock columns 2399: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2229: 2220:Afrika Korps 2192: 2181: 2159: 2151:13 cruisers, 2147: 2139: 2133:) and A10s ( 2131:Cruiser Mk I 2119: 2088: 2046: 2020: 2016: 2008: 1981: 1964: 1938: 1907:Bofors 37 mm 1888:armoured car 1862: 1837: 1814: 1764: 1746: 1743:56 captured. 1718: 1682: 1669: 1661:John Caunter 1641:Mechili Fort 1620:Babini Group 1604:Jebel Akhdar 1601: 1370:Jebel Akhdar 1366: 1356: 1346:Operazione E 1342: 1300: 1262: 1136: 1104:Percy Hobart 1098: 1082:(Royal Army) 1071:. Until the 1046:Commonwealth 1035: 1018:Tripolitania 1014: 996:each, three 955: 934: 928: 914:Erwin Rommel 903:Afrika Korps 897:Directive 22 892:Sperrverband 887:150,000 men. 883:Tripolitania 868: 858:133,298 men, 836: 816:Jebel Akhdar 767: 765: 752: 728:Sidi Barrani 642:Babini Group 627:Fort Capuzzo 610: 609: 590: 583: 569: 562: 555: 548: 536:Sidi Haneish 526:Mersa Matruh 502: 495: 494: 471: 464: 457: 450: 443: 436:Twin Pimples 426:Tobruk siege 419: 401: 378: 377: 371:Sidi Barrani 359: 348: 208: 124:Belligerents 18: 7522:Bodenplatte 7408:Gothic Line 6634:West Africa 6181:Philippines 6160:Netherlands 6025:Czech lands 5963:Switzerland 5907:Afghanistan 5858:Philippines 5726:Puerto Rico 5642:Philippines 5628:New Zealand 5614:Netherlands 5567:Free France 5318:Prosecution 5119:Osoaviakhim 4989:West Africa 4973:East Africa 4620:Conferences 4115:To Benghazi 4110:Long, Gavin 3821:French 2001 3797:French 2001 3200:Jowett 2000 3176:Maiolo 2010 2876:XXIII Corps 2758:8th Hussars 2755:7th Hussars 2699:XXII Corps 2580:Ju 87 Stuka 2504:55 missing, 2489:22 generals 2199:100 knocked 2100:19 cruisers 2091:10:00 a.m., 2064:32 cruisers 1968:Bersaglieri 1959:Bersaglieri 1786:Free French 1741:killed and 1738:Bersaglieri 1732:Bersaglieri 1699:Bersaglieri 1692:Bersaglieri 1686:150 British 1677:11:00 a.m., 1672:7th Hussars 1659:(Brigadier 1651:(Brigadier 1614:) with the 1407:Mersa Brega 1086:215,000 men 1073:Franco-Axis 1067:, over the 990:Mario Berti 974:Italo Balbo 657:Baggush Box 578:2nd Alamein 531:1st Alamein 519:Tobruk 1942 420:Sonnenblume 392:Tobruk 1941 99: / 7814:Categories 7622:West Hunan 7455:Pointblank 6791:Silver Fox 6777:Summer War 6530:Winter War 6509:Phoney War 6290:Azerbaijan 6251:Yugoslavia 6146:Luxembourg 5988:Resistance 5735:Yugoslavia 5600:Luxembourg 5402:Sook Ching 5198:War crimes 4800:Technology 4793:Opposition 4735:Lend-Lease 4712:Australian 4705:Home front 4663:Blitzkrieg 4613:Casualties 4604:Commanders 4576:Operations 3950:References 3290:Lewin 1998 3154:125 tanks. 2859:XXII Corps 2684:XXI Corps 2451:Casualties 2431:, and the 2393:Via Balbia 2186:Via Balbia 2178:7 February 2142:10:30 a.m. 2073:Via Balbia 2050:Via Balbia 2043:6 February 2036:Via Balbia 2029:Via Balbia 2003:Via Balbia 1996:Via Balbia 1985:7:30 a.m., 1975:Via Balbia 1952:Via Balbia 1947:12:30 p.m. 1942:Via Balbia 1925:5 February 1915:2,000 men. 1892:25-pounder 1882:, the 2nd 1871:Via Balbia 1859:Combeforce 1853:Combeforce 1818:Via Balbia 1774:100 medium 1768:Via Balbia 1423:El Agheila 1343:Following 1278:Via Balbia 1192:Tramontane 1157:tanks and 1120:hinterland 1094:27,500 men 1084:had about 1050:Suez Canal 994:13,000 men 984:) and the 943:24 binary, 920:Background 840:Via Balbia 832:John Combe 828:Combeforce 799:Via Balbia 781:10ª Armata 647:Combeforce 637:Camouflage 604:El Agheila 543:Alam Halfa 514:Bir Hakeim 431:2nd Bardia 387:1st Bardia 238:XIII Corps 87:20°18′31″E 84:31°14′28″N 7687:Manchuria 7573:Indochina 7349:Bagration 6800:Lithuania 6445:Anschluss 6242:Viet Minh 6139:Lithuania 6081:Hong Kong 5851:Manchukuo 5806:Azad Hind 5465:Australia 5265:Aftermath 5128:Paperclip 5023:Aftermath 4823:Total war 4691:Diplomacy 4654:In Europe 4483:(2013) . 4473:403332036 4446:885436735 4314:465212715 4280:0707-5332 4242:888934805 4191:473687868 4171:(1972) . 4132:314648263 3442:Long 1952 3430:Long 1952 3394:Long 1952 3366:Long 1952 3263:Luck 1989 3164:Footnotes 3143:275 tanks 3140:120 guns, 2842:XXI Corps 2836:10th Army 2679:Cyrenaica 2631:XX Corps 2528:Luftwaffe 2497:500 dead, 2473:400 tanks 2461:100 tanks 2209:Aftermath 2196:100 guns, 2167:6:00 p.m. 2162:3:00 p.m. 2126:8:30 a.m. 2059:8:30 a.m. 1990:4:00 p.m. 1896:C Battery 1886:, an RAF 1846:3:00 p.m. 1778:200 light 1632:120 tanks 1622:(General 1288:Scorpions 1155:200 light 1152:400 guns, 1022:Cyrenaica 1010:8,000 men 988:(General 986:10th Army 980:(General 865:845 guns. 861:420 tanks 850:107 tanks 848:captured 786:Cyrenaica 776:10th Army 753:Beda Fomm 549:Agreement 483:Point 175 458:Battleaxe 402:Beda Fomm 282:Beda Fomm 255:<1,928 244:10th Army 155:Australia 71:Beda Fomm 7798:Category 7747:document 7657:document 7514:Ardennes 7498:Budapest 7446:Crossbow 7324:Overlord 7163:Smolensk 6381:Timeline 6216:Slovakia 6202:Thailand 6053:Ethiopia 6018:Bulgaria 5942:Portugal 5880:Thailand 5762:Bulgaria 5540:Eswatini 5533:Ethiopia 5486:Bulgaria 5311:Unit 731 5272:Response 5089:Keelhaul 5039:Cold War 5012:Americas 5003:timeline 4996:Atlantic 4876:Theaters 4463:(1941). 4451:25 March 4425:28 March 4419:41972642 4352:15 March 4334:Websites 4324:18 March 4288:40106368 4250:Journals 4149:(1989). 4112:(1952). 4039:26647786 3986:(1977). 3150:250 guns 3101:See also 2611:X Corps 2493:960 guns 2465:216 guns 2350:Agedabia 2348:Benghazi 2334:Benghazi 2214:Analysis 2172:55 light 2104:29 light 2068:42 light 1832:80 light 1710:British 1636:82 which 1618:and the 1567:Giarabub 1487:Benghazi 1439:Agedabia 1360:— 1298:nomads. 1234:Libeccio 978:5th Army 895:) under 804:Benghazi 591:Braganza 465:Crusader 451:Skorpion 412:Giarabub 228:Strength 66:Location 31:Part of 7724:Shumshu 7491:Hungary 7438:Estonia 7422:Lapland 7400:Dragoon 7333:Neptune 7315:Ichi-Go 7281:Tempest 7223:Changde 7178:Cottage 7070:Jubilee 6786:Finland 6684:Compass 6390:Prelude 6343:Finland 6229:Vietnam 6195:Romania 6067:Germany 6046:Estonia 6032:Denmark 6011:Belgium 6004:Austria 5997:Albania 5928:Ireland 5914:Andorra 5898:Neutral 5865:Romania 5799:Hungary 5784:Finland 5656:Romania 5548:Finland 5526:Denmark 5472:Belgium 5458:Algeria 5164:Romania 5150:Hungary 4906:Pacific 4630:General 4584:Leaders 4569:Battles 4562:Outline 4228:(ed.). 4137:13 July 2911:Italian 2368:133,298 2318:Mechili 2260:Barrani 2024:1st RTR 1535:Mechili 1471:Tripoli 1380:Prelude 1311:Sirocco 1296:Bedouin 1252:Mistral 1243:Ponente 1218:Sirocco 1209:Levante 1200:Gregale 1165:Terrain 854:93 guns 802:) from 748:Mechili 723:Nibeiwa 584:Bertram 563:Caravan 503:Acrobat 472:Flipper 444:Brevity 397:Mechili 366:Nibeiwa 360:Compass 217: ( 209:† 7701:Debate 7673:Taipei 7666:Borneo 7244:Tarawa 6438:Europe 6399:Africa 6188:Poland 6174:Norway 6153:Malaya 6132:Latvia 6074:Greece 6060:France 5956:Sweden 5921:Bhutan 5649:Poland 5635:Norway 5607:Mexico 5574:Greece 5560:France 5498:Canada 5479:Brazil 5449:Allies 5395:Serbia 5384:Poland 5157:Poland 5143:Baltic 4936:Europe 4638:Topics 4590:Allied 4491: 4471: 4444: 4417: 4396: 4377: 4312: 4296:Theses 4286: 4278: 4240: 4210: 4189: 4179: 4157: 4130: 4098: 4077: 4058: 4037: 4017: 3998: 3972: 2427:, the 2387:4:1 in 2353:25,000 2307:25,000 2304:Tobruk 2293:42,000 2290:Bardia 2263:38,289 2242:Place 2055:laager 1920:Battle 1911:portée 1821:. The 1790:émigré 1519:Tobruk 1362:Wavell 1322:Ghibli 1316:Gibleh 1292:vipers 1012:each. 806:. The 738:Tobruk 733:Bardia 570:Nicety 556:Bigamy 509:Gazala 205: 170: 152: 138: 112:Result 7477:Leyte 7307:Narva 7293:Anzio 7251:Makin 7209:Burma 7093:Torch 7062:Rzhev 7023:Kiska 6109:Korea 6095:Japan 6088:Italy 5970:Tibet 5949:Spain 5827:Italy 5588:Italy 5581:India 5505:China 5380:Japan 4980:Italy 4892:China 4844:Women 4284:JSTOR 3956:Books 3123:Notes 2941:L3/35 2541:Sirte 2459:over 2364:Total 2337:2,000 2332:Derna 2250:Tank 1866:Barce 1583:Kufra 1503:Derna 1455:Sirte 1226:Ostro 1132:Malta 1032:Egypt 1008:with 925:Libya 790:Libya 743:Derna 407:Kufra 173:Italy 75:Libya 7543:1945 7271:1944 7112:1943 7040:Blue 7030:Attu 6937:1942 6696:1941 6548:1940 6486:1939 6415:Asia 6262:POWs 6102:Jews 5820:Iraq 5746:Axis 5696:Tuva 5512:Cuba 4597:Axis 4489:ISBN 4469:OCLC 4453:2015 4442:OCLC 4427:2015 4415:OCLC 4394:ISBN 4375:ISBN 4354:2015 4326:2015 4310:OCLC 4276:ISSN 4264:XIII 4238:OCLC 4234:HMSO 4208:ISBN 4187:OCLC 4177:ISBN 4155:ISBN 4139:2015 4128:OCLC 4096:ISBN 4075:ISBN 4056:ISBN 4052:HMSO 4035:OCLC 4015:ISBN 3996:ISBN 3970:ISBN 3152:and 2518:and 2502:and 2475:and 2467:and 2313:208 2299:275 2276:Omar 2274:Sidi 2269:297 2258:Sidi 2253:Gun 2222:and 2066:and 1965:The 1776:and 1551:Jalo 1337:and 1263:The 863:and 852:and 820:Msus 766:The 496:1942 379:1941 349:1940 58:Date 4268:doi 2677:, ( 2554:DAK 2378:845 2373:420 2359:93 2356:107 2343:24 2321:100 2296:130 2279:900 2246:PoW 2160:At 2140:At 1319:or 968:of 916:). 220:POW 7816:: 7291:/ 4344:. 4282:. 4274:. 4262:. 4236:. 4185:. 4126:. 4118:. 4054:. 4031:II 3994:. 3729:^ 3714:^ 3699:^ 3648:^ 3597:^ 3570:^ 3553:^ 3524:^ 3461:^ 3270:^ 3207:^ 2913:: 2447:. 2439:, 2340:10 2327:0 2324:13 2310:87 2285:8 2266:73 2006:. 1784:, 1376:. 1290:, 873:; 73:, 6794:) 6788:( 5662:) 5658:( 5594:) 5590:( 5554:) 5550:( 5492:) 5488:( 4542:e 4535:t 4528:v 4497:. 4475:. 4455:. 4429:. 4402:. 4383:. 4356:. 4328:. 4290:. 4270:: 4244:. 4216:. 4193:. 4163:. 4141:. 4104:. 4083:. 4064:. 4041:. 4023:. 4004:. 3978:. 3775:. 2932:( 2909:( 2604:( 2552:( 2282:0 1313:( 1275:( 907:( 796:( 778:( 700:e 693:t 686:v 328:e 321:t 314:v 236:( 223:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index