Battle of Bir Hakeim - Knowledge (XXG)

2031: 221: 352: 207: 152: 2060:

concentrated on the area with fighter patrols and fighter-bomber attacks. The sight of scores of burning vehicles helped to maintain the morale of the defenders, who harassed Axis communications around the fort, as did the 7th Motor Brigade and the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade which were in the vicinity. On 4 June, DAF fighters and fighter-bombers disrupted Stuka attacks and bombed Axis vehicles, blowing up an ammunition wagon in view of the French but losing seven aircraft. Kœnig signalled Air Vice-Marshal

1870: 319: 52: 1795: 4447: 1709: 1591: 1518: 178: 164: 191: 2750: 359: 326: 2295: 4698: 1895:(DAF) made a maximum effort to attack Axis columns around El Adem and Bir Hakeim but in the poor visibility, bombed Bir Hakeim and its surroundings, misled by the Italian tank wrecks around the position and Kœnig sent a detachment to destroy the wrecks to avoid any more mistakes. A French column was sent to make contact with the 1192:

move to the south, looping around the Gazala line towards Tobruk. Auchinleck saw the former as more likely (with a feint on the flank to draw away the Eighth Army tanks) while Ritchie favoured the latter. Auchinleck suggested that British armour be concentrated near El Adem, where it would be well placed to meet either threat.

1551:

The longer line made an attack around the southern flank harder to supply. Behind the Gazala line were the Commonwealth Keep, Acroma, Knightsbridge and El Adem boxes, sited to block tracks and junctions. The box at Retma was finished just before the Axis offensive but work on the Point 171 and Bir el

1489:

by nightfall and later the Knightsbridge defensive box, about 25 mi (40 km) north-east of Bir Hakeim. The Axis tanks would be in a position next day to thrust westwards against the Eighth Army defensive boxes between Gazala and Alem Hamza, meeting the eastwards attack by the Italian X Corps

2433:

At the outset it had made longer and more difficult the enemy's temporary supply route; it had caused him many casualties and it gave the British a chance to recover from their defeat in the Cauldron. General Kœnig's brigade made a great impression upon the enemy by their courageous and enterprising

2343:

A flare rose and the Axis troops nearby opened fire. The guide of the HQ column got lost and during the retirement was blown up three times by mines. When Kœnig caught up with the main column, it was blocked by troops of the 90th Light Division and he ordered a rush, regardless of the mines; Lamaze,

2327:

began to clear mines from the western face of the fortress, heavy equipment was prepared for demolition and two companies were detailed to stay behind to disguise the retirement. A rendezvous was arranged with the 7th Motor Brigade, which ran a convoy of lorries and ambulances to a point 4.3 mi

2312:

rounds left, another attack on the northern sector against the Oubangui-Chari and 3rd Foreign Legion Battalion lines was contained by a counter-attack by the Messmer and Lamaze units, supported by Bren carriers and the last mortar rounds. In the afternoon, the biggest air attack of the siege, a raid

2281:

Morvan but the situation was restored with a Bren carrier counter-attack. Many DAF aircraft were unserviceable and the effort for the day was much reduced but two Hurricanes dropped medical supplies; diversions attempted by columns from the 7th Motor Brigade and the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade were

2416:

and five Italian aircraft were shot down; the 7th Motor Brigade ran four supply convoys into Bir Hakeim from 31 May to 7 June. Free French morale was raised by its performance in the battle; a victory had been badly needed to show the Allies that they were a serious force, which could contribute to

1772:

on the new M3 Grants but by late morning, the 4th Armoured Brigade had withdrawn toward El Adem and Axis armoured units had advanced more than 25 mi (40 km) north. Their advance was stopped around noon by the 1st Armoured Division, in mutually-costly fighting. On the right, the 90th Light

1824:

and most of its equipment. The 7th Motor Brigade was then attacked at Retma and forced back to Bir el Gubi. The 4th Armoured Brigade advanced in support and collided with the 15th Panzer Division; the 8th Hussars were destroyed and the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment (3rd RTR) lost many tanks. The British

1384:

reached the Axis forces in Africa with fewer losses. Until May, Axis monthly deliveries to Libya averaged 61,000 t (60,000 long tons), less than a smaller Axis force received from June to October 1941 but sufficient for an offensive. The 1,400 km (900 mi) advance to Gazala succeeded

1191:

As the Eighth Army was not ready to take the offensive, Ritchie planned to fight a defensive battle on the Gazala line. Auchinleck's appreciation of the situation to Ritchie in mid-May expected either a frontal attack in the centre of the Gazala line, followed by an advance on Tobruk or a flanking

2177:

bombed the perimeter and an attack was made all round the northern defences. An ammunition dump was blown up and the perimeter forced back. Kœnig reported that the garrison was exhausted, had suffered many casualties and was down to its reserve supplies; he asked for more air support and a relief

2005:

lost nine aircraft. On the west side of the Cauldron, the 150th Infantry Brigade was overrun late on 1 June, despite British relief attempts. The Axis troops that had been trapped gained a supply route through the Eighth Army minefields north of Bir Hakeim and next morning the encirclement of the

2088:

on 6 June, the 90th Light Division attacked with the support of pioneers to try to clear a passage through the minefield. The pioneers got within 3,000 ft (800 m) of the fort, having breached the outer minefield and during the night they managed to clear several passages into the inner

1527:

Between Gazala and Timimi (just west of Tobruk), the Eighth Army was able to concentrate its forces sufficiently to turn and fight. By 4 February, the Axis advance had been halted and the front line had been stabilised, from Gazala on the coast 30 mi (48 km) west of Tobruk, to the old

2059:

dive bombers raided Bir Hakeim more than twenty times but the French positions were so well built as to be almost invulnerable. The British were unable to reinforce the French, who repulsed the "Ariete" Division attack but on 2 June, the DAF had an easily observed bomb line around the fort and

1685:

foxholes, gun emplacements and underground bunkers, deep camouflaged hides for vehicles and supply dumps. The interior of the fort was divided into zones, each the responsibility of a unit, with Kœnig's headquarters near the centre, at the crossroads. The V-shaped anti-tank and anti-personnel

2089:

perimeter. German infantry gained a foothold but the French troops in foxholes, dug outs and blockhouses, maintained a great volume of small-arms fire, which forced the Germans under cover. Operation Aberdeen, an attempt to destroy Axis forces in the Cauldron, which had begun on the night of

2370:(KRRC) and the 2nd Rifle Brigade on either side. The ambulances became separated in the dark but were found and guided to the rendezvous. The commander of the 3rd Battalion was captured but most of the brigade managed to break out, reach Bir el Gubi, then withdraw to Gasr-el-Arid by 1781:; he escaped with several other men to rejoin the division. The 90th Light Division reached the El Adem area by mid-morning and captured several supply bases. The following day, the 4th Armoured Brigade moved on El Adem and forced the 90th Light Division to retire to the south-west. 1452:), was to advance to El Adem south of Tobruk, cut the supply routes from the port to the Gazala line and hold British troops at Tobruk by a ruse; aircraft-engines mounted on trucks were to raise dust, simulating the presence of a big armoured force. The Germans had combed the 2319:

dropped 130 long tons (130 t) of bombs. The last rounds of ammunition were issued and bodies searched for more; Rommel predicted that Bir Hakeim would fall the next day but resisted pressure to attack with tanks, fearing that many would be lost in the minefields.

2399:

The Free French occupation of Bir Hakeim had lengthened the Axis supply route around the south end of the Gazala line, caused them losses and gave the British more time to recover in the wake of their defeat at the Cauldron. From 2 to 10 June the DAF had flown about

2328:(7 km) south of the fort. Mine clearance by the sappers took longer than expected and they were only able to clear a narrow passage, rather than a 660 ft (200 m) corridor. Vehicles went astray and the ambulances and walking-wounded left the perimeter 2099:. Ritchie considered withdrawing the French from the fort to release the 7th Motor Brigade but decided to keep possession and on 7 June, four DAF raids were made against the Germans in the minefields. That night, a last convoy approached the fort and 1836:

of the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment moved to the north-east of Bir Hakeim and the IX Battalion (Colonel Prestisimone) with 60 tanks, changed direction towards the fort. The IX Battalion arrived before the Bir Hakeim minefield and barbed wire at

1773:

Division forced the 7th Motorised Brigade out of Retma eastwards on Bir el Gubi. Advancing toward El Adem at mid-morning, armoured cars of the 90th Light Division overran and scattered the advanced HQ of the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General

2226:

fighters, attacked Bir Hakeim. The Germans waited for the rest of the 15th Panzer Division to arrive as German artillery and aircraft bombarded the fort, then a two-pronged attack struck the perimeter. Italian infantry fought alongside

1485:, would open a gap in the minefield north of Bir Hakeim, near the Sidi Muftah box, to create a supply route to the panzers. Rommel anticipated that having dealt with the British tanks, he would have captured El Adem, Ed Duda and 1990:

had been forced to retreat westwards, to an area north of Bir Hakeim, which became known as the Cauldron, having attacked the 150th Infantry Brigade box since 28 May. During the day, the DAF lost fifteen fighters and a bomber,

1616:

The fortification was a rough pentagon pointing north, about 2.5 mi × 3 mi (4 km × 5 km) wide. On 14 February, the 150th Infantry Brigade was relieved at the box by the 1st Free French Brigade

1420:

would advance through the desert, move east, then turn north behind the Gazala line to destroy the British armour and cut off the infantry divisions in the line. The most southerly part of the attacking formation, a

1744:

moved north, to give the impression that it was the main attack. After dark, the armoured formations turned south in a sweeping move around the southern end of the Gazala line. Early on 27 May, the main force of

1399:

to 450 km (280 mi). The capture of Malta would not alter the constraints of port capacity and distance; protecting convoys and the use of a large port close to the front would still be necessary.

2282:

too small to have much effect. In the afternoon Messervy, the commander of the 7th Armoured Division, signalled that a break-out might be necessary and Kœnig asked for DAF protection for an evacuation at

5709: 2434:

resistance and their success gave a well-won fillip to the pride of the Free French, who, for the first time in the Middle East, had fought the Germans and Italians in a complete formation on their own.

1408:(Operation Venice), the Axis plan,, was for tanks to advance around the brigade forming the Bir Hakeim "box" at the southern extremity of the Gazala line. On the left side of the manoeuvre, the Italian 1049: 5714: 2275:

bombed the north face of the fort, the German infantry and the 15th Panzer Division attacked behind an artillery barrage. The attackers breached the 9th Company lines and the central position of

1690:

divided into three squadrons. The patrols moved along lanes in the minefields, paying particular attention to the area north to the Sidi Muftah box at Got el Ualeb, held by the 150th Brigade.

1768:

The 15th Panzer Division engaged the 4th Armoured Brigade, which had come south to support the 3rd Indian and 7th Motorised brigades. The Germans were surprised by the range and power of the

2438:

and Auchinleck said on 12 June 1942, "The United Nations need to be filled with admiration and gratitude in respect of these French troops and their brave General Kœnig". After the war,

2245:

a company of 11 tanks. The objective was Point 186, the top of a gentle rise in the ground which acted as a fire-control position for the garrison. A few skirmishes occurred between the

1548:

box. The line was not evenly manned, with a greater number of troops covering the coast road, leaving the south less protected but deep minefields had been laid in front of the boxes.

4956: 4842: 4831: 1861:

casualties. The remnants of the IX Battalion retired to the main body of the "Ariete" Division, which moved north towards Bir el Harmat around noon, following Rommel's original plan.

2447:

wrote, "Some British officers have insinuated that French morale gave way but in the whole course of the desert war, we never encountered a more heroic and well-sustained defence".

5739: 680: 4686: 4543: 2286:

that night. The request was made at too short notice and the garrison had to wait until the night of 10/11 June for a rendezvous to be arranged by the British to the south.

1899:, stationed further to the north. After a few hours, Italian artillery forced them to retire but the French column destroyed seven half-tracks. On 29 May, the detachment of 4997: 2051:

on 2 June, both sides exchanged artillery fire but the French field guns were out-ranged by German medium artillery and the fort was bombed by German and Italian aircraft.

5774: 5734: 5724: 5661: 401: 2131:

for the siege. Rommel commanded an attack from the north, approaching as close as possible in thick fog, with artillery firing directly against the fortifications. The

1808:

The 15th and 21st Panzer divisions, the rest of the 90th Light Division and the "Ariete" Division began their large encircling move south of Bir Hakeim as planned. The

5719: 4585: 1757:, XX Motorised Corps and the 90th Light Division, went round the southern end of the Gazala line, using the British minefields to protect the Axis flank and rear. The 5609: 5554: 4679: 2267:

led two battalions of Rifle Regiment 115 into the assault and in a costly advance, it established a position 200 yd (200 m) of the fort by nightfall. At

2508:

at Bir Hakeim, only ten per cent of whom were French; Hitler had ordered that captured German political refugees were to be killed, an order that Rommel ignored.

1634:). With a fighting strength of 3,000 men and a rear echelon of about 600 men based 15 mi (24 km) to the east behind the line, the brigade comprised the 4974: 623: 5469: 647: 3898:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III (facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 1184:, hoped for the Eighth Army to be ready by May. British code-breakers tracked the dispatch of convoys to Libya as the British offensive on Axis shipping to 351: 5666: 5406: 5126: 4435: 2030: 5651: 4578: 990: 5617: 4550: 307:

Bir Hakeim was first attacked by the "Ariete" Division early in the Battle of Gazala, then by a mixed force of the "Trieste" and 90th Light divisions.

5237: 4376: 2421:, because the battle had shown the world that a revival after the defeat in 1940 was under way; De Gaulle used it to undermine co-operation with the 2336:

Kœnig put the fort under the command of Amilakhvari, the Foreign Legion commander and left the fort at the head of the column in his Ford, driven by

1482: 1536:

each, laid out across the desert behind minefields and wire, watched by regular patrols between the boxes. The Free French were in the south at the

1428: 673: 4028: 5764: 4658: 2529: 1635: 5536: 2246: 1966:

Dulau), reached Bir Hakeim with water and took the Indians, prisoners and seriously wounded back to the British lines. A raid by the detachments

1409: 4413: 2707: 1937: 5769: 4621: 4307: 4284: 4261: 4238: 4215: 4168: 4149: 4127: 3948: 3929: 3903: 3877: 3855: 3832: 3813: 3749: 3730: 3708: 3686: 3667: 3648: 3629: 3603: 3577: 3558: 3532: 3492: 2239:(Special Commando 288) from the 90th Light Division, elements of the reconnaissance and infantry units of 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions and 1557: 841: 831: 394: 93: 4393: 2011: 318: 5572: 5005: 4966: 4803: 4637: 1654: 1361:

in Egypt. The British divulged much tactical information to Fellers, who unwittingly reported it to the Axis as well as the US government.

1346: 635: 5594: 1564:

furthest left at Bir Hakeim. The British 1st and 7th Armoured divisions waited behind the main line as a mobile counter-attack force, the

1176:, southwards for about 48 km (30 mi). Both sides accumulated supplies for an offensive to forestall their opponent and General 4912: 666: 3767:]. Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico, SME. 2107:

Bellec got through the German lines, in thick fog, to guide the convoy in. The Germans used the fog to prepare a final assault; tanks,

5656: 5501: 5201: 4929: 4665: 1612:

paths. The wells had long been dry and had been abandoned but Indian troops re-occupied the site to build a strongpoint surrounded by

334: 2340:, an Englishwoman, the only female member of French Foreign Legion (and one of several women, mostly British, present at the siege). 4672: 4330: 3986: 3967: 3792: 5689: 5441: 5059: 4921: 2018:

German troops approached from the south and Italian forces advanced from the north. Two Italian officers presented themselves at

387: 4384: 4428: 2763: 2653: 2620: 1532:

fortress of Bir Hakeim, 50 mi (80 km) to the south. The Gazala line was a series of defensive boxes accommodating a

5694: 5099: 2061: 5114: 4877: 2125:

On the morning of 8 June, after the defeat of Operation Aberdeen, Rommel had released part of the 15th Panzer Division and

1922:

from the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade, captured by the Axis and then released in the desert, reached the fort and added to the

5602: 5427: 5106: 4886: 4571: 4408: 2640: 1905: 1674: 1116: 889: 497: 3917: 2768: 1817: 1569: 1157: 2249:

of the "Trieste" Division and the men commanded by Lieutenant Bourgoin, whose unit was down only to hand grenades. The

5699: 5586: 4869: 4536: 4522: 3891: 2366:(RASC) which drove lorries and guided extra field ambulances, with inexperienced rear-area crews, escorted by the 2nd 1600:

The fortress at Bir Hakeim (Old Man's Well) had been built by the Ottomans and later used as a station by the Italian

931: 4119: 2367: 1658: 444: 5704: 5646: 5434: 4852: 4501: 4421: 3595: 2627: 1829: 1800: 1735: 1627: 1565: 1553: 1478: 1236:

tank models at 590–780 m (650–850 yd). The frontal armour of the Grant was thick enough to withstand the

1120: 884: 587: 5228: 5147: 5759: 5219: 5174: 4651: 2695: 745: 707: 599: 490: 5255: 4957: 1728:

on 26 May, the Italian X and XXI Corps began a frontal attack on the central Gazala line. A few elements of the

5754: 5529: 5462: 4796: 4789: 4745: 4592: 3887: 3780: 2574: 2444: 2363: 1944:, the legionnaires were ambushed but managed to retreat with the help of the Bren carriers of the 9th Company ( 1879: 1874:

Three soldiers of the French Colonial Artillery who distinguished themselves in the battle at Bir Hakeim, from

1809: 1762: 1703: 1561: 1067: 1005: 950: 582: 5183: 4946: 4937: 2084:

From 5 to 6 June, the DAF flew fewer sorties at Bir Hakeim, concentrating on the Knightsbridge Box and around

3896:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)

5729: 5625: 5368: 5192: 5165: 5138: 5035: 4860: 4738: 4377:

Fondation de la France Libre, numéro spécial 70e anniversaire de la bataille de Bir Hakeim, n° 44, juin 2012

2634: 1833: 896: 690: 558: 502: 5361: 5779: 5413: 5319: 5298: 5246: 4752: 4731: 4724: 4644: 2717: 2264: 1896: 1869: 1541: 1491: 879: 872: 724: 541: 517: 5264: 2255:

made a determined defence but was forced back, despite reinforcements of the 22nd North African Company.

2022:

to the 2nd Foreign Legion Battalion lines, asking for the capitulation of the fort, which Kœnig refused.

1642:(13e DBLE), an established unit and the backbone of the Free French, with the 2nd Colonial Demi-Brigade. 5744: 5305: 5083: 4557: 4036: 1777:), near Bir Beuid. Messervy was captured and removed his insignia, persuading the Germans that he was a 1545: 1453: 1251: 1017: 970: 772: 4843: 4178: 1918:) dive-bombers and fighter-bombers attacked Axis supply lines south and east of Bir Hakeim. On 30 May, 1623: 1076: 507: 239: 2350: 5749: 5448: 5395: 5076: 4564: 4487: 4390: 2646: 2152: 1417: 1413: 957: 611: 4074:

The Legion in Battle: Narvik, Bir Hakeim, Dien Bien Phu. The 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion

1107:

The delay imposed on the Axis offensive by the defence of Bir Hakeim influenced the cancellation of

5565: 5515: 5455: 5069: 4515: 4473: 4466: 1941: 1678: 1358: 1181: 1151: 901: 836: 810: 755: 563: 529: 243: 51: 5050: 4254:

A Tank Man at Bir-Hakeim: Story of a Cameroonian Non-Commissioned Officer who was in the War 39–45

1940:, sealed off the breach opened the day before by the Axis tanks in the minefields. Led by Colonel 5508: 5326: 5285: 5156: 5021: 4820: 4599: 4480: 3587: 2734: 2656: 2535: 1848: 1650: 1299: 1283: 1282:

on 1 May, it was agreed that Rommel should attack at the end of the month to capture Tobruk. The

1273: 1196: 1108: 1084: 943: 817: 803: 575: 522: 5028: 4894: 4250:

Un homme blindé à Bir-Hakeim: récit d'un sous-officier camerounais qui a fait la guerre de 39–45

975: 4070:

La Légion au combat: Narvik, Bir-Hakeim, Diên Biên Phu. La 13e demi-brigade de Légion étrangère

3523:

Buell, Thomas B.; Bradley, John N.; Griess, Thomas E.; Dice, Jack W.; Bradley, John H. (2002).

1653:

and was the first unit to join the Free French in England. It was a veteran of the fighting in

5487: 5420: 5090: 5013: 4903: 4697: 4628: 4610: 4454: 4355: 4326: 4303: 4280: 4257: 4234: 4211: 4190: 4164: 4145: 4123: 4094: 4077: 4008: 3982: 3963: 3944: 3925: 3899: 3873: 3851: 3828: 3809: 3788: 3768: 3745: 3726: 3704: 3682: 3663: 3644: 3625: 3613: 3599: 3573: 3554: 3528: 3511: 3488: 2594: 1778: 1708: 1687: 1677:(6e REI), which now formed a third battalion. By mid-May the perimeter and central areas were 1631: 1590: 1517: 1375: 1177: 1124: 936: 915: 855: 824: 796: 789: 765: 750: 719: 712: 616: 570: 551: 546: 473: 1816:

on 27 May and overrun at Point 171, 4 mi (6.5 km) south-east of Bir Hakeim, by the

5579: 4780: 4766: 4529: 4508: 4494: 2689: 2183: 1892: 1794: 1699: 1063: 922: 908: 862: 760: 740: 536: 485: 451: 43: 5210: 1960:

On 31 May, during a two-day sandstorm, fifty supply trucks of the 101st Transport Company (

5377: 5354: 5333: 5273: 4397: 3801: 2662: 2039: 1449: 1042: 779: 466: 439: 434: 429: 4093:. La guerre du desert (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Armes Militaria Magazine HS 06. 2190:

bombers dropped supplies to the garrison. The DAF lost eight fighters (three to Italian

1984:, led by Amilakhvari, destroyed five tanks and an armoured vehicle repair workshop. The 1765:(7th Armoured Division), dug in about 3.7 mi (6 km) south-east of Bir Hakeim. 1188:

was neutralised by Axis bombing of Malta and forecast that the Axis would attack first.

1123:

in July, where the Axis advance was stopped. Both sides used the battle for propaganda,

4982: 4347: 3913: 3542: 2304:

During 10 June, the French hung on and suffered many casualties; with only two hundred

2187: 1947: 1927: 1774: 1529: 1354: 784: 248: 183: 169: 4403: 5683: 5640: 5543: 4812: 3865: 3696: 2755: 2668: 2337: 2163:

the attack began, aiming at a low rise which would overlook the French defences. The

2146: 1909: 1334: 1279: 985: 594: 512: 461: 212: 87: 17: 4296:

Der Mythos des Gaullismus: Heldenkult, Geschichtspolitik und Ideologie 1940 bis 1958

3844: 5522: 5384: 5347: 5340: 4065: 2426: 2422: 2191: 2168: 2035: 1461: 1457: 1444: 1350: 1185: 1161: 1095: 995: 980: 252: 226: 5494: 5312: 4717: 4708: 4446: 3718: 2294: 1853:

self-propelled gun. Ten tanks got through the minefield and were knocked out by

1486: 1324: 1241: 1237: 1128: 1112: 1010: 411: 196: 157: 1254:

had arrived and been allotted to the motor brigades of the armoured divisions.

4989: 4137: 2745: 1883: 1686:

minefields were patrolled by the 3rd Foreign Legion Battalion (Lamaze), in 63

1646: 1537: 1218: 1055: 1000: 83: 4302:]. Moderne Zeit (in German). Vol. XIV. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag. 4194: 4098: 4081: 4012: 3941:

Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa

3772: 108: 95: 4359: 4300:

The Myth of Gaullism: Hero Worship, History, Politics and Ideology 1940–1958

3550: 3515: 2108: 1367: 1231: 1145: 3872:(Cassell Military Paperbacks ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1908:

destroyed three German tanks, British air attacks intercepted two raids by

3785:

Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War

3487:. Contributions in Military Studies (217). Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. 2504:

eight in air fighting. In 2004, Douglas Porch recorded that the Axis took

2171:

defenders held on despite many casualties and in the afternoon another 60

658: 2102: 1603: 1386: 1200: 4350:(1986). "La bataille de Bir Hakeim" [The Battle of Bir Hakeim]. 1298:) was to pause at the Egyptian border, while the Axis captured Malta in 379: 1875: 1609: 1533: 1212: 4210:]. Europäische Geschichtsdarstellungen (in German). Köln: Böhlau. 4029:"Bir Hakeim 1942, Les Français Libres contrarient les plans de Rommel" 3703:. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. ed.). London: HMSO. 3510:] (2nd, rev. ed.). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 2324: 2223: 1825:

inflicted considerable losses in return but then retired to El Adem.

1340: 1173: 1169: 1119:. Rommel invaded Egypt, slowed by British delaying actions until the 1059: 4404:

Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons Official Report July 2, 1942

1240:

anti-tank gun at 910 m (1,000 yd) and the short-barrelled

4115: 4031:[Bir Hakeim 1942, The Free French thwart Rommel's plans]. 3152: 3150: 2293: 2054: 2029: 1868: 1793: 1707: 1589: 1516: 1381: 1165: 1323:, known to the British as Mark III Specials, with long-barrelled 3808:(repr. Aurum Press ed.). London: Widenfeld & Nicolson. 3527:. The West Point Military History Series. New York: Square One. 2164: 1996: 1380:

on Malta reduced its offensive capacity and supply convoys from

57: 4417: 662: 383: 3825:

Eagles over Gazala: Air Battles in North Africa, May–June 1942

3679:

Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942

3081: 3079: 2417:

the war against Germany. The term Free French was replaced by

2178:

operation. The DAF made another maximum effort, flew a record

2010:

Division and three armoured reconnaissance companies from the

1250:

at 230 m (250 yd). The first 112 of the new British

3890:; Flynn, F.C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) . 3181: 3179: 3177: 2881: 2879: 2661:

44 × 81 mm (3.19 in) and 90 mm (3.54 in)

1820:

of the "Ariete" Division and some German tanks, losing about

60:

hats "leap up from the desert to rush an enemy strong point".

4696: 1522:

Map of the Gazala line and Operation Venice, May–June, 1942.

4273:

Des hommes libres: La France Libre par ceux qui l'ont faite

4271:

Rondeau, Daniel; Stephane, Roger (1997). "16 Testimonies".

1608:(Camel Corps) to control movement at the crossroads of two 3616:(2000) . Guyard, Marius-François; Barré, Jean-Luc (eds.). 3337: 3335: 3333: 3570:

Dilemmas of the Desert War: The Libyan Campaign 1940–1942

2708:

43rd Battery, 11th City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders)

1713:

A German 20 mm anti-aircraft gun in the foreground and a

3296: 3294: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2924: 2922: 1552:

Gubi boxes did not begin until 25 May. By late May, the

1412:

would neutralise the Bir Hakeim box. Further south, the

3701:

British Intelligence in the Second World War (abridged)

5710:

Battles and operations of World War II involving India

4108:

La France Libre: de l'appel du 18 juin à la Libération

3624:]. Bib. La Pléiade (in French). Paris: Gallimard. 1144:

At the beginning of 1942, after its defeat in western

2386:

during the day British patrols picked up stragglers.

1828:

After over-running the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade, the

5715:

Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

3572:(repr. Spellmount ed.). Staplehurst: Batsford. 1544:

box, which was 6 mi (9.7 km) south of the

1389:

was open, reducing the transport distance for about

1199:

in late 1941, the Eighth Army had received American

1168:

roughly 48 km (30 mi) west of the port of

5553: 5479: 5394: 5284: 5125: 4830: 4707: 4609: 3592:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

2455:Thomas Buell in 2002 and Ken Ford in 2008 wrote of 2258:In the afternoon, to the south, near the old fort, 1215:, which could penetrate the armour of the opposing 4112:Free France: The Call of June 18 at the Liberation 3843: 3525:The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean 1661:against Vichy; the half-brigade was reinforced by 1058:, an oasis in the Libyan desert south and west of 4204:Schlachtenmythen: Ereignis, Erzählung, Erinnerung 3742:The French Foreign Legion: An Illustrated History 4354:(in French). Paris: Institut Charles de Gaulle. 3241: 3229: 3156: 3141: 3117: 1738:participated and during the day the bulk of the 3960:Uniforms of the French Foreign Legion 1831–1981 3660:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History 2431: 36: 4076:] (in French). Paris: Presses de la Cité. 3806:The Desert Rats: 7th Armoured Division 1940–45 3677:Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (1999) . 1761:Division was held up for about an hour by the 4429: 4352:Espoir, revue de l'institut Charles de Gaulle 2602:22nd North African Company (Captain Lequesne) 2495: 2201: 2006:fort was resumed by the 90th Light Division, 1846: 1601: 1373: 1293: 1264: 674: 395: 56:Free French Legionnaires wearing distinctive 8: 3981:. Men at Arms 325. Oxford: Osprey Military. 2710:Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment RA, 84 gunners 2686: 2591: 2582: 2571: 2562: 2551: 2542: 2527: 2439: 2354: 2345: 2314: 2276: 2259: 2250: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2217: 2195: 2172: 2132: 2126: 2112: 2100: 2094: 2071: 2065: 2052: 2000: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1945: 1931: 1913: 1900: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1729: 1714: 1668: 1618: 1465: 1442: 1436: 1422: 1403: 1394: 1365: 1338: 1328: 1318: 1309: 1303: 1287: 1258: 1245: 1229: 1216: 1149: 1099: 1090: 1071: 1015: 358: 325: 5740:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion 4279:] (in French). Paris: Bernard Grasset. 4233:] (in French). Paris: Le Cherche midi. 3922:Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight Avails 2137:made constant attacks, including a raid by 1308:had finished converting to the up-armoured 4436: 4422: 4414: 4189:] (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. 3413: 2425:. In 1960, the British official historian 1999:, the worst daily loss of the battle; the 1540:box, 13 mi (21 km) south of the 681: 667: 659: 402: 388: 380: 33: 5775:Tank battles involving the United Kingdom 5735:Battles of World War II involving Germany 4391:Reenactment of the 13e DBLE in Bir Hakeim 3846:The Crucible of War: Auchinleck's Command 3401: 3377: 3129: 3109: 1645:The 13e DBLE had been formed to fight in 1595:Axis advance, opening of Operation Venice 1494:. By late May, the Axis forces comprised 1302:and then Rommel was to invade Egypt. The 1172:, along a line running from the coast at 5725:Battles of World War II involving France 4208:Battle Myths: Events, Narratives, Memory 4202:Krumeich, Gerd; Brandt, Susanne (2003). 4007:(32). London: War Monthly Publications. 3389: 3341: 3312: 3285: 3253: 3225: 3197: 3097: 3085: 3070: 3030: 2952: 2940: 2885: 2846: 2822: 2810: 2353:and Lieutenant Dewey were killed in the 1719:air raid on Bir Hakeim in the background 5720:Battles of World War II involving Italy 4659:French Committee of National Liberation 4256:] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. 3449: 3300: 3257: 3213: 3209: 3185: 3168: 3058: 3046: 3042: 3026: 2913: 2909: 2897: 2870: 2798: 2779: 2605:2nd Anti-tank Company (Captain Jacquin) 2556:(III/13e DBLE) (63 × Bren Gun Carriers) 2479:The Axis forces suffered casualties of 2299:Free French Forces evacuate Bir Hakeim. 1556:was dug in nearest the coast, with the 1333:(Mark IV Specials) with long-barrelled 4325:] (in Czech). Praha: Naše vojsko. 4277:Free Men: Free France by those Who Did 4161:Case Red: The Collapse of France, 1940 3641:Gazala 1942: Rommel's Greatest Victory 3014: 2983: 2928: 2858: 2834: 2608:Signal, engineer and medical companies 4975:Organisation de résistance de l'armée 4622:Charles de Gaulle during World War II 4227:Rommel: La fin d'un mythe: biographie 4106:Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (1996). 3461: 3425: 2786: 1995:combat with Axis fighters and one to 1558:50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division 1041: 7: 4638:Departmental Committee of Liberation 4231:Rommel: The End of a Myth: Biography 3761:El Alamein (gennaio – novembre 1942) 3437: 3365: 3353: 3324: 3281: 3269: 3113: 2673:8 × heavy anti-aircraft machine-guns 2530:13e Demi-Brigade de Légion Étrangère 2233:, the German and Libyan infantry of 366:Battle of Bir Hakeim (Mediterranean) 3962:(rev. ed.). Poole: Blandford. 1345:(German military intelligence) had 4666:National Council of the Resistance 4003:Windrow, M. (1976). "Bir Hakeim". 3765:El Alamein (January–November 1942) 3504:Bir Hakeim: 26 mai – 10 juin, 1942 2595:d'infanterie de Marine (Coloniale) 2471:and 50 vehicles. The British lost 2155:twin-engined fighters escorted by 1483:101st Motorized Division "Trieste" 1278:At the meeting of Axis leaders at 25: 5618:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération 5595:Mémorial de la France combattante 4673:Provisional Consultative Assembly 4409:Bonner Fellers and the Black Code 3850:. Vol. II. London: Cassell. 3740:LePage, Jean-Denis G. G. (2008). 3508:Bir Hakeim: 26 May – 10 June 1942 2467:taken prisoner, with the loss of 2359:. The reception was organised by 1673:and two officers of the defeated 5060:Organisation civile et militaire 4445: 4142:1943: The Victory That Never Was 3979:French Foreign Legion, 1914–1945 3502:Boillot, Félix François (1945). 2748: 2247:66th Infantry Regiment "Trieste" 2117:formed up in front of the fort. 1572:was in reserve. The British had 1410:132nd Armoured Division "Ariete" 1252:6-pounder (57 mm) anti-tank guns 1104:captured Tobruk ten days later. 357: 350: 324: 317: 219: 205: 189: 176: 162: 150: 50: 27:Second World War battle in Libya 2764:North African campaign timeline 1832:, IX Tank Battalion M13/40 and 5765:Tank battles involving Germany 3924:. Vol. II. London: HMSO. 3787:, New York: Ballantine Books, 3553: ed.). London: Batsford. 2012:17th Infantry Division "Pavia" 1936:Lamaze, at the request of the 130: 74:(2 weeks and 2 days) 1: 5603:Museum of National Resistance 4887:French Forces of the Interior 4144:. london: Faber & Faber. 3870:Hitler's Mediterranean Gamble 2641:25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun 2630:(30 × used as anti-tank guns) 2623:(Colonel Laurent-Champrosay) 2408:over the fort, against about 2209:On the morning of 9 June, 20 1675:6th Foreign Infantry Regiment 1662: 1131:to be the "Fighting French". 1066:(26 May – 21 June 1942). The 264: 5770:Tank battles involving Italy 3744:. Jefferson, NC: McFarlane. 3242:Richards & Saunders 1975 3230:Richards & Saunders 1975 3157:Richards & Saunders 1975 3142:Greene & Massignani 1999 3118:Greene & Massignani 1999 2769:List of World War II Battles 1818:132nd Tank Infantry Regiment 1570:5th Indian Infantry Division 1349:and in late 1941 penetrated 5667:Righteous Among the Nations 5115:Union des femmes françaises 4870:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 4294:Waechter, Matthias (2006). 4225:Lormier, Dominique (2003). 4035:(in French). Archived from 3483:Bimberg, Edward L. (2002). 2587:(Lieutenant-Colonel Broche) 2070:" which brought the reply " 1438:90. leichte Afrika Division 1079:defended the position from 5796: 5107:Housewives' demonstrations 4317:Zdráhala, Richard (1990). 3681:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo. 3596:Cambridge University Press 2567:(Lieutenant-Colonel Roux) 2475:shot down by aircraft and 2222:escorted by 50 Bf 110 and 2200:lost two aircraft and the 2067:Bravo! Merci pour la R.A.F 1926:already there, making the 1830:VIII Tank Battalion M13/40 1736:Italian XX Motorised Corps 1697: 1566:2nd South African Division 1554:1st South African Division 1271: 1121:First Battle of El Alamein 5635: 4694: 4652:French National Committee 4461: 3823:Palermo, Michele (2014). 3781:Mellenthin, Friedrich von 3759:Montanari, Mario (1993). 1930:worse. The detachment of 1164:faced the Axis troops in 1160:under Lieutenant-General 700: 636:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 420: 369:Show map of Mediterranean 311: 306: 277: 258: 233: 142: 109:31.5938694°N 23.4797667°E 64: 49: 41: 5530:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 5463:Liberation of Strasbourg 4878:FTP–Foreign Labour Force 4797:Companions of Liberation 4790:1st Free French Division 4187:Bir Hakeim: 10 June 1942 4183:Bir Hakeim: 10 Juin 1942 4159:Forczyk, Robert (2017). 4120:Nouvelle Revue Française 4089:Buffetaut, Yves (1992). 3977:Windrow, Martin (1999). 3958:Windrow, Martin (1986). 3943:. Marlborough: Crowood. 3485:Tricolor over the Sahara 2445:Friedrich von Mellenthin 2368:King's Royal Rifle Corps 2364:Royal Army Service Corps 1810:3rd Indian Motor Brigade 1763:3rd Indian Motor Brigade 1704:3rd Indian Motor Brigade 1477:The rest of the Italian 1180:, Commander in Chief of 1006:3rd Indian Motor Brigade 692:Western Desert Campaign 296:3,300 killed or wounded 5690:Western Desert campaign 4248:Onana, Raphaël (1996). 3939:Walker, Ian W. (2003). 3918:Saunders, Hilary St. G. 3725:. London: John Murray. 2635:47 mm APX anti-tank gun 2573:Bataillon de marche de 2517:1st Free French Brigade 2194:) and two bombers; the 1834:X Tank Battalion M13/40 1562:1st Free French Brigade 1393:of the supplies of the 1337:guns had also arrived. 1295:Armata Corazzata Africa 1266:Armata Corazzata Africa 1083:against Axis forces of 1068:1st Free French Brigade 5662:Networks and movements 5626:Free France Foundation 5587:Medal of the Righteous 5470:Provisional Government 5414:French Liberation Army 5320:Empire Defense Council 5299:Brazzaville Conference 5220:Les Lettres Françaises 5175:Les Éditions de Minuit 4753:French Liberation Army 4701: 4645:Empire Defense Council 4385:Bir Hakeim, Verger, M. 4323:I Fought in the Desert 4027:Liardet, J-P. (2012). 2696:Hubert Amyot d'Inville 2687: 2669:Hotchkiss machine guns 2621:1st Artillery Regiment 2592: 2584:Bataillon du Pacifique 2583: 2572: 2563: 2552: 2543: 2528: 2496: 2440: 2436: 2355: 2346: 2315: 2301: 2277: 2260: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2218: 2202: 2196: 2182:and during the night, 2173: 2133: 2127: 2113: 2101: 2095: 2072: 2066: 2053: 2044: 2001: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1946: 1932: 1914: 1901: 1897:150th Infantry Brigade 1888: 1847: 1805: 1753: 1747: 1740: 1730: 1721: 1715: 1669: 1619: 1602: 1597: 1568:garrisoned Tobruk and 1542:150th Infantry Brigade 1524: 1466: 1443: 1437: 1427:(battle group) of the 1423: 1404: 1395: 1374: 1366: 1339: 1329: 1319: 1310: 1304: 1294: 1288: 1265: 1259: 1246: 1230: 1217: 1150: 1100: 1091: 1072: 1016: 424:Africa and Middle East 234:Commanders and leaders 114:31.5938694; 23.4797667 5695:Libya in World War II 5610:Museums and memorials 5306:Brazzaville manifesto 4947:Ceux de la Résistance 4938:Ceux de la Libération 4700: 3827:. Roma: IBN Editore. 3658:Grant, R. G. (2017). 3029:, pp. 109, 101; 2647:Boys anti-tank rifles 2599:(Major Jacques Savey) 2297: 2033: 1938:7th Armoured Division 1872: 1797: 1711: 1640:of the Foreign Legion 1593: 1546:69th Infantry Brigade 1520: 1454:French Foreign Legion 1043:[biʔrħaˈkiːm] 1039:Arabic pronunciation: 1018:Sonderkommando Blaich 606:Indian Ocean and Asia 338:Location within Libya 278:Casualties and losses 72:26 May – 11 June 1942 18:Battle of Bir Hacheim 5449:Liberation of France 5166:Défense de la France 5036:Confrérie Notre-Dame 4319:Válčil jsem v poušti 3568:Carver, M. (2002) . 3228:, pp. 230–231; 3112:, pp. 209–211; 3045:, pp. 116–117; 2153:Messerschmitt Bf 110 2111:and the pioneers of 1683:1,200 entrenchments, 1649:but was used in the 1630:(Lieutenant-General 1470:into the 90th Light 1418:15th Panzer Division 1414:21st Panzer Division 1385:because the port of 1347:broken British codes 1203:medium tanks with a 1035:Battle of Bir Hakeim 335:class=notpageimage| 37:Battle of Bir Hakeim 5566:Order of Liberation 5516:Charles Delestraint 5456:Liberation of Paris 5265:La Vérité française 5256:Témoignage chrétien 4179:Kœnig, Marie Pierre 4114:] (in French). 3662:. Chartwell Books. 3452:, pp. 263–268. 3392:, pp. 237–238. 3380:, pp. 124–125. 3368:, pp. 222–223. 3232:, pp. 200–201. 3216:, pp. 255–264. 3200:, pp. 227–231. 3188:, pp. 255–264. 3100:, pp. 224–225. 3088:, pp. 223–224. 2955:, pp. 216–217. 2943:, pp. 197–198. 2900:, pp. 193–195. 2888:, pp. 219–223. 2825:, pp. 216–218. 2801:, pp. 206–207. 2382:escaped, including 2290:Retreat, 10–11 June 2265:Ernst-Günther Baade 2252:Bataillon de Marche 2073:Merci pour le sport 1942:Dimitri Amilakhvari 1906:Gabriel de Sairigné 1458:French North Africa 1405:Unternehmen Venezia 1364:Air attacks by the 1353:, the code used by 1182:Middle East Command 1152:Unternehmen Theseus 965:Associated articles 244:Dimitri Amilakhvari 105: / 5700:Free French Forces 5509:Pierre Brossolette 5327:Free French Africa 4821:Free French Africa 4725:Free French Forces 4702: 4396:2019-09-23 at the 4163:. Oxford: Osprey. 4039:on 4 February 2012 3888:Playfair, I. S. O. 3842:Pitt, B. (2001) . 3643:. Oxford: Osprey. 3639:Ford, Ken (2008). 3618:Mémoires de guerre 3614:De Gaulle, Charles 2657:anti-aircraft guns 2649:(British-supplied) 2536:Dimitri Amilakvari 2374:on 11 June. About 2323:As darkness fell, 2302: 2045: 1889: 1806: 1748:Panzerarmee Afrika 1722: 1651:Norwegian campaign 1624:Marie Pierre Kœnig 1598: 1525: 1479:XX Motorised Corps 1464:some 2,000 German 1320:Panzer III Ausf. J 1311:Panzer III Ausf. H 1300:Operation Herkules 1289:Panzerarmee Afrika 1284:Panzer Army Africa 1274:Operation Herkules 1260:Panzerarmee Afrika 1207:in a turret and a 1197:Operation Crusader 1109:Operation Herkules 1086:Panzerarmee Afrika 1077:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 1073:Général de brigade 240:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 5705:Conflicts in 1942 5677: 5676: 5647:French Resistance 5502:Emmanuel d'Astier 5488:Charles de Gaulle 5435:General de Lattre 5407:Kieffer commandos 5229:Libération (nord) 4629:Appeal of 18 June 4455:French Resistance 4309:978-3-8353-0023-1 4286:978-2-246-49011-1 4263:978-2-7384-4239-0 4240:978-2-7491-0108-8 4217:978-3-412-08703-6 4170:978-1-4728-2442-4 4151:978-0-571-30374-8 4129:978-2-07-073032-2 3950:978-1-86126-646-0 3931:978-0-11-771593-6 3905:978-1-84574-067-2 3892:Butler, Sir James 3879:978-0-304-36705-4 3857:978-0-304-35951-6 3834:978-88-7565-168-8 3815:978-1-84513-115-9 3751:978-0-7864-3239-4 3732:978-0-7195-6213-6 3710:978-0-11-630961-7 3688:978-1-58097-018-1 3669:978-0-7858-3553-0 3650:978-1-84603-264-6 3631:978-2-07011-583-9 3605:978-0-521-29793-6 3579:978-1-86227-153-1 3560:978-0-330-23376-7 3534:978-0-7570-0160-4 3494:978-0-313-31654-8 3049:, pp. 33–34. 2873:, pp. 44–45. 2837:, pp. 68–69. 2497:Regia Aeronautica 2412:sorties in which 2242:Kampfgruppe Kiehl 2236:Sonderverband 288 2203:Regia Aeronautica 1880:Equatorial Africa 1841:charged and lost 1812:was surprised at 1799:French anti-tank 1688:Bren Gun Carriers 1632:Willoughby Norrie 1560:to the south and 1376:Regia Aeronautica 1330:Panzer IV Ausf. G 1316:received nineteen 1178:Claude Auchinleck 1125:Winston Churchill 1028: 1027: 708:Invasion of Egypt 656: 655: 648:Wallis and Futuna 378: 377: 341:Show map of Libya 298:227–845 captured 273:37,000–45,000 men 138: 137: 16:(Redirected from 5787: 5760:June 1942 events 5628: 5621: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5589: 5582: 5580:Resistance Medal 5575: 5568: 5546: 5539: 5537:Jean-Pierre Lévy 5532: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5355:March battalions 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5250: 5241: 5238:Libération (sud) 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5118: 5109: 5102: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5008: 5001: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4925: 4922:Musée de l'Homme 4916: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4823: 4816: 4807: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4624: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4415: 4383: 4375: 4363: 4336: 4313: 4290: 4267: 4244: 4221: 4198: 4174: 4155: 4133: 4102: 4085: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4016: 3992: 3973: 3954: 3935: 3909: 3883: 3861: 3849: 3838: 3819: 3797: 3776: 3755: 3736: 3714: 3692: 3673: 3654: 3635: 3609: 3583: 3564: 3538: 3519: 3498: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3223: 3217: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3040: 3034: 3024: 3018: 3012: 2987: 2981: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2733: 2701:12 × Bofors guns 2693: 2690:Fusiliers Marins 2654:Bofors 40 mm gun 2598: 2586: 2578: 2566: 2555: 2546: 2533: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2443: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2385: 2381: 2378:of the original 2377: 2373: 2362: 2358: 2351:Charles Bricogne 2349: 2335: 2331: 2318: 2311: 2307: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2230:Kampfgruppe Wolz 2221: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2199: 2184:Hawker Hurricane 2181: 2176: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2116: 2106: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2075: 2069: 2062:Arthur Coningham 2058: 2050: 2042:near Bir Hakeim. 2021: 2017: 2004: 1994: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1951: 1935: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1904: 1893:Desert Air Force 1860: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1823: 1815: 1771: 1756: 1750: 1743: 1733: 1727: 1718: 1700:Battle of Gazala 1694:Battle of Gazala 1684: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1622: 1615: 1607: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1469: 1448: 1440: 1426: 1407: 1398: 1392: 1379: 1371: 1359:military attaché 1344: 1332: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1297: 1291: 1268: 1262: 1249: 1235: 1223: 1210: 1206: 1155: 1103: 1094: 1082: 1081:26 May – 11 June 1075: 1064:Battle of Gazala 1054:) took place at 1053: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1040: 1021: 695: 693: 683: 676: 669: 660: 415: 404: 397: 390: 381: 370: 361: 360: 354: 342: 328: 327: 321: 269: 266: 229: 225: 223: 222: 215: 211: 209: 208: 195: 193: 192: 182: 180: 179: 168: 166: 165: 156: 154: 153: 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 66: 65: 54: 44:Battle of Gazala 34: 21: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5755:May 1942 events 5680: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5631: 5624: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5442:General Leclerc 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5378:Operation Marie 5376: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5334:French Cameroon 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5287: 5280: 5274:La Voix du Nord 5271: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5128: 5121: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5057: 5048: 5043: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5011: 5004: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4972: 4965: 4955: 4944: 4935: 4928: 4919: 4913:Mouvements unis 4910: 4901: 4895:Libération-Nord 4892: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4851: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4810: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4703: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4444: 4442: 4398:Wayback Machine 4381: 4373: 4370: 4348:Messmer, Pierre 4346: 4343: 4333: 4316: 4310: 4293: 4287: 4270: 4264: 4247: 4241: 4224: 4218: 4201: 4177: 4171: 4158: 4152: 4136: 4130: 4105: 4088: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4054:Further reading 4051: 4042: 4040: 4026: 4023: 4002: 3999: 3989: 3976: 3970: 3957: 3951: 3938: 3932: 3914:Richards, Denis 3912: 3906: 3886: 3880: 3864: 3858: 3841: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3800: 3795: 3779: 3758: 3752: 3739: 3733: 3717: 3711: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3670: 3657: 3651: 3638: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3588:Creveld, M. van 3586: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3541: 3535: 3522: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3414:Mellenthin 1971 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3292: 3284:, p. 220; 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256:, p. 236; 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3220: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3041: 3037: 3025: 3021: 3013: 2990: 2982: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2912:, p. 117; 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2731: 2718:25-pounder guns 2713:6 × Bofors guns 2514: 2512:Order of battle 2505: 2501: 2494:shot down. The 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2419:Fighting French 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2360: 2333: 2329: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2292: 2283: 2272: 2268: 2214: 2210: 2179: 2160: 2156: 2145: 2138: 2123: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2048: 2043: 2040:Fritz Bayerlein 2028: 2019: 2015: 1992: 1958: 1923: 1919: 1891:On 28 May, the 1887: 1886:, respectively. 1867: 1858: 1855:75 mm anti-tank 1854: 1842: 1838: 1821: 1813: 1804: 1792: 1787: 1769: 1725: 1720: 1706: 1696: 1682: 1665: 1655:Italian Eritrea 1613: 1596: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1523: 1515: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1450:Ulrich Kleemann 1390: 1315: 1276: 1270: 1208: 1204: 1142: 1137: 1080: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1024: 976:Devil's gardens 962: 842:2nd Bir el Gubi 832:1st Bir el Gubi 696: 691: 689: 687: 657: 652: 416: 410: 408: 374: 373: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 362: 345: 344: 343: 340: 339: 337: 331: 330: 329: 301: 299: 297: 292: 290: 288: 286: 284: 267: 251: 242: 220: 218: 217: 216: 206: 204: 203: 190: 188: 177: 175: 163: 161: 160: 151: 149: 113: 111: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 90: 73: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5793: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5730:1942 in France 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5559: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5292: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5202:Front National 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4970: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4930:National Front 4926: 4917: 4908: 4904:Libération-Sud 4899: 4890: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4865: 4856: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4817: 4808: 4793: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4739:Army of Africa 4735: 4721: 4713: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4387: 4379: 4369: 4368:External links 4366: 4365: 4364: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4314: 4308: 4291: 4285: 4268: 4262: 4245: 4239: 4222: 4216: 4199: 4175: 4169: 4156: 4150: 4134: 4128: 4103: 4086: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3987: 3974: 3968: 3955: 3949: 3936: 3930: 3910: 3904: 3884: 3878: 3866:Porch, Douglas 3862: 3856: 3839: 3833: 3820: 3814: 3798: 3793: 3777: 3756: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3715: 3709: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3668: 3655: 3649: 3636: 3630: 3610: 3604: 3584: 3578: 3565: 3559: 3539: 3533: 3520: 3499: 3493: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3464:, p. 272. 3454: 3442: 3430: 3428:, p. 169. 3418: 3406: 3404:, p. 260. 3402:De Gaulle 2000 3394: 3382: 3378:Neillands 2005 3370: 3358: 3356:, p. 222. 3346: 3344:, p. 237. 3329: 3327:, p. 221. 3317: 3315:, p. 236. 3305: 3290: 3288:, p. 236. 3274: 3272:, p. 220. 3262: 3246: 3244:, p. 201. 3234: 3218: 3212:, p. 24; 3202: 3190: 3173: 3161: 3159:, p. 199. 3146: 3144:, p. 157. 3134: 3132:, p. 212. 3130:Montanari 1993 3122: 3120:, p. 156. 3116:, p. 35; 3110:Montanari 1993 3102: 3090: 3075: 3073:, p. 223. 3063: 3051: 3035: 3033:, p. 413. 3019: 3017:, p. 149. 2988: 2986:, p. 116. 2957: 2945: 2933: 2931:, p. 167. 2918: 2902: 2890: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2849:, p. 219. 2839: 2827: 2815: 2813:, p. 216. 2803: 2791: 2789:, p. 833. 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2732:20,000 × 75 mm 2723: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2650: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2588: 2579: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2548: 2513: 2510: 2502:21 aeroplanes, 2490:destroyed and 2452: 2449: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2261:Oberstleutnant 2188:Douglas Boston 2122: 2119: 2081: 2078: 2034: 2027: 2024: 1957: 1954: 1948:Pierre Messmer 1928:water shortage 1873: 1866: 1863: 1857:guns, causing 1798: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1775:Frank Messervy 1712: 1695: 1692: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1355:Bonner Fellers 1269: 1256: 1156:, the British 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 961: 960: 955: 954: 953: 948: 941: 929: 928: 927: 920: 913: 899: 894: 893: 892: 882: 877: 876: 875: 870: 860: 847: 846: 845: 844: 839: 834: 829: 815: 808: 801: 794: 793: 792: 787: 777: 770: 769: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 730: 729: 728: 727: 722: 710: 701: 698: 697: 688: 686: 685: 678: 671: 663: 654: 653: 651: 650: 644: 643: 639: 638: 632: 631: 627: 626: 621: 614: 608: 607: 603: 602: 597: 592: 585: 580: 579: 578: 568: 567: 566: 561: 549: 544: 539: 534: 533: 532: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 488: 482: 481: 477: 476: 471: 464: 459: 454: 449: 442: 437: 432: 426: 425: 421: 418: 417: 409: 407: 406: 399: 392: 384: 376: 375: 365: 356: 355: 349: 348: 347: 346: 333: 332: 323: 322: 316: 315: 314: 313: 312: 309: 308: 304: 303: 294: 280: 279: 275: 274: 271: 261: 260: 256: 255: 249:Ettore Bastico 246: 236: 235: 231: 230: 201: 200: 199: 186: 184:United Kingdom 170:British Empire 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 126: 122: 121: 82: 80: 76: 75: 70: 62: 61: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5792: 5781: 5780:1942 in Libya 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645:Categories: ( 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5544:Pierre Villon 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5051:Armée secrète 5047: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813:Radio Londres 4809: 4805: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4332:80-206-0048-5 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122:(Gallimard). 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066:Bergot, Erwan 4063: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3988:1-85532-761-9 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3969:0-7137-1914-1 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802:Neillands, R. 3799: 3796: 3794:0-345-24440-0 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3594:. Cambridge: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3440:, p. 64. 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3416:, p. 79. 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3390:Playfair 2004 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342:Playfair 2004 3338: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3313:Playfair 2004 3309: 3306: 3303:, p. 46. 3302: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286:Playfair 2004 3283: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254:Playfair 2004 3250: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:Playfair 2004 3222: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198:Playfair 2004 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098:Playfair 2004 3094: 3091: 3087: 3086:Playfair 2004 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071:Playfair 2004 3067: 3064: 3061:, p. 41. 3060: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3031:Playfair 2004 3028: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953:Playfair 2004 2949: 2946: 2942: 2941:Playfair 2004 2937: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2916:, p. 34. 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886:Playfair 2004 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2861:, p. 69. 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2847:Playfair 2004 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823:Playfair 2004 2819: 2816: 2812: 2811:Playfair 2004 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2756:France portal 2746: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2688:Bataillon de 2684: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680:Anti-aircraft 2672: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2561:2nd Colonial 2560: 2554: 2549: 2547:(II/13e DBLE) 2545: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2506:845 prisoners 2498: 2485:227 captured, 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2402:1,500 sorties 2394: 2389: 2387: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2338:Susan Travers 2326: 2321: 2317: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2279: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2220: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2193: 2192:Macchi C.202s 2189: 2186:fighters and 2185: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2154: 2148: 2147:Junkers Ju 88 2143: 2135: 2129: 2128:Gruppe Hecker 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114:Gruppe Hecker 2110: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1956:31 May–1 June 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924:243 prisoners 1916: 1911: 1910:Junkers Ju 87 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1851: 1850: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1802: 1796: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1614:50,000 mines. 1611: 1606: 1605: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1581:604 aircraft. 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1503:542 aircraft. 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1335:7.5 cm KwK 40 1331: 1326: 1321: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1280:Berchtesgaden 1275: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1214: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1127:declared the 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1092:Generaloberst 1089:commanded by 1088: 1087: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1062:, during the 1061: 1057: 1050: 1044: 1036: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 986:Maletti Group 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 971:Frontier Wire 969: 968: 967: 966: 959: 956: 952: 951:Outpost Snipe 949: 947: 946: 942: 940: 939: 935: 934: 933: 930: 926: 925: 921: 919: 918: 914: 912: 911: 907: 906: 905: 904: 900: 898: 895: 891: 888: 887: 886: 883: 881: 878: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 864: 861: 859: 858: 854: 853: 852: 851: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 827: 823: 822: 821: 820: 816: 814: 813: 809: 807: 806: 802: 800: 799: 795: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 781: 778: 776: 775: 771: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 737: 736: 735: 734: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 715: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 699: 694: 684: 679: 677: 672: 670: 665: 664: 661: 649: 646: 645: 641: 640: 637: 634: 633: 630:North America 629: 628: 625: 622: 620: 619: 615: 613: 610: 609: 605: 604: 601: 598: 596: 595:Colmar Pocket 593: 591: 590: 586: 584: 581: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 555: 554: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 531: 528: 527: 526: 525: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 503:Monte Cassino 501: 499: 496: 494: 493: 489: 487: 486:Eastern Front 484: 483: 479: 478: 475: 472: 470: 469: 465: 463: 462:Run for Tunis 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 447: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 423: 422: 419: 413: 405: 400: 398: 393: 391: 386: 385: 382: 353: 336: 320: 310: 305: 300:164 vehicles 295: 282: 281: 276: 272: 263: 262: 257: 254: 250: 247: 245: 241: 238: 237: 232: 228: 214: 202: 198: 197:British India 187: 185: 174: 173: 172: 171: 159: 147: 146: 141: 133: 132: 127: 124: 123: 118: 100:23°28′47.16″E 97:31°35′37.93″N 89: 88:Italian Libya 85: 81: 78: 77: 71: 68: 67: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 5745:Erwin Rommel 5616: 5593: 5523:Henri Frenay 5385:Ubangi-Shari 5348:French Gabon 5341:French Congo 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5193:Franc-Tireur 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5113: 5077:Jade-Fitzroy 5058: 5049: 5012: 4996: 4973: 4945: 4936: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4868: 4861:Franc-Tireur 4859: 4811: 4773: 4452: 4389:(in French) 4351: 4322: 4318: 4299: 4295: 4276: 4272: 4253: 4249: 4230: 4226: 4207: 4203: 4186: 4182: 4160: 4141: 4111: 4107: 4090: 4073: 4069: 4041:. Retrieved 4037:the original 4032: 4004: 3978: 3959: 3940: 3921: 3895: 3869: 3845: 3824: 3805: 3784: 3764: 3760: 3741: 3722: 3719:Latimer, Jon 3700: 3678: 3659: 3640: 3621: 3617: 3591: 3569: 3546: 3524: 3507: 3503: 3484: 3457: 3450:Palermo 2014 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3320: 3308: 3301:Windrow 1976 3277: 3265: 3260:, p. 3. 3258:Liardet 2012 3249: 3237: 3221: 3214:Palermo 2014 3210:Boillot 1945 3205: 3193: 3186:Palermo 2014 3171:, p. 2. 3169:Liardet 2012 3164: 3137: 3125: 3105: 3093: 3066: 3059:Windrow 1976 3054: 3047:Windrow 1999 3043:Windrow 1986 3038: 3027:Bimberg 2002 3022: 2948: 2936: 2914:Windrow 1999 2910:Windrow 1986 2905: 2898:Creveld 1977 2893: 2871:Latimer 2003 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2799:Hinsley 1994 2794: 2782: 2725: 2724: 2679: 2678: 2614: 2613: 2564:Demi-Brigade 2521: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2488:164 vehicles 2483:or wounded, 2454: 2441:Generalmajor 2437: 2432: 2427:Ian Playfair 2423:Vichy regime 2418: 2398: 2384:200 wounded; 2342: 2322: 2306:75 mm rounds 2303: 2273:130 aircraft 2257: 2208: 2159:Just before 2157:54 fighters. 2141: 2124: 2083: 2046: 2036:Erwin Rommel 2007: 1959: 1920:620 soldiers 1890: 1827: 1807: 1767: 1758: 1754:Afrika Korps 1741:Afrika Korps 1731:Afrika Korps 1723: 1670:légionnaires 1666: 1,000 1659:French Syria 1644: 1638:Demi-Brigade 1637: 1599: 1574:110,000 men, 1550: 1526: 1476: 1471: 1467:légionnaires 1462:press-ganged 1445:Generalmajor 1430: 1402: 1363: 1277: 1242:50 mm KwK 38 1238:50 mm Pak 38 1225: 1194: 1190: 1186:North Africa 1162:Neil Ritchie 1143: 1115:invasion of 1106: 1096:Erwin Rommel 1085: 1034: 1032: 996:Babini Group 981:Fort Capuzzo 964: 963: 944: 937: 923: 916: 909: 902: 890:Sidi Haneish 880:Mersa Matruh 867: 856: 849: 848: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790:Twin Pimples 780:Tobruk siege 773: 732: 731: 725:Sidi Barrani 713: 702: 617: 588: 552: 542:Saint-Marcel 523: 518:Mont Mouchet 491: 467: 456: 445: 293:110 aircraft 291:50 vehicles 287:814 captured 285:229 wounded 268: 3,723 253:Erwin Rommel 148: 143:Belligerents 129: 42:Part of the 29: 5750:Last stands 5555:Museums and 5495:Jean Moulin 5313:French Chad 5127:Underground 5070:Jade-Amicol 4718:Free France 4709:Free France 4613:and control 4509:Netherlands 4382:(in French) 4374:(in French) 4138:Grigg, John 4005:War Monthly 3697:Hinsley, H. 3622:War Memoirs 3015:LePage 2008 2984:Walker 2003 2929:Carver 1964 2859:Carver 2002 2835:Carver 2002 2694:(Commander 2492:49 aircraft 2477:24 by flak. 2473:86 aircraft 2461:229 wounded 2406:19 fighters 2361:550 Company 2180:478 sorties 2149:bombers and 1987:Panzerarmee 1981:de Sairigné 1859:124 Italian 1679:honeycombed 1626:), part of 1513:Gazala line 1496:90,000 men, 1487:Sidi Rezegh 1429:90th Light 1424:Kampfgruppe 1396:Panzerarmee 1391:33 per cent 1327:guns. Four 1325:5 cm KwK 39 1305:Panzerarmee 1244:gun of the 1158:Eighth Army 1140:Eighth Army 1129:Free French 1101:Panzerarmee 1011:Baggush Box 932:2nd Alamein 885:1st Alamein 873:Tobruk 1942 774:Sonnenblume 746:Tobruk 1941 412:Free French 302:49 aircraft 283:141 killed 158:Free France 112: / 5684:Categories 5573:Companions 5396:Liberation 5247:Résistance 5211:L'Humanité 5139:Bir-Hakeim 5022:Mithridate 4998:CdL Cinéma 4990:Comet Line 4834:operations 4774:Bir Hakeim 4600:Yugoslavia 4558:Luxembourg 4091:Bir-Hakeim 3543:Carver, M. 3471:References 3462:Porch 2005 3426:Buell 2002 2787:Grant 2017 2726:Ammunition 2628:75 mm guns 2593:Bataillon 2575:l'Oubangui 2481:3,300 dead 2457:141 French 2451:Casualties 2410:1,400 Axis 2330:75 minutes 2310:700 mortar 2284:11:00 p.m. 2269:1:00 p.m., 2211:Ju 88s and 2161:10:00 a.m. 2109:88 mm guns 2086:11:00 a.m. 2049:10:00 a.m. 2020:10:30 a.m. 1993:fifteen in 1884:Madagascar 1839:8:15 a.m., 1803:in action. 1770:75 mm guns 1698:See also: 1586:Bir Hakeim 1538:Bir Hakeim 1474:Division. 1272:See also: 1247:Panzer III 1219:Panzer III 1211:in a hull 1135:Background 1056:Bir Hakeim 1001:Combeforce 991:Camouflage 958:El Agheila 897:Alam Halfa 868:Bir Hakeim 785:2nd Bardia 741:1st Bardia 583:Strasbourg 564:Marseilles 457:Bir Hakeim 84:Bir Hakeim 5557:Memorials 5398:of France 4844:Movements 4732:Air Force 4565:Macedonia 4551:Lithuania 4195:462985488 4099:463803978 4082:476143073 4013:0307-2886 3920:(1975) . 3868:(2005) . 3804:(2005) . 3783:(1971) , 3773:313319483 3721:(2003) . 3699:(1994) . 3551:Pan Books 3438:Ford 2008 3366:Pitt 2001 3354:Pitt 2001 3325:Pitt 2001 3282:Pitt 2001 3270:Pitt 2001 3114:Ford 2008 2775:Citations 2706:D Troop, 2615:Artillery 2553:Bataillon 2544:Bataillon 2534:(Colonel 2414:15 German 2404:and lost 2390:Aftermath 2380:3,600 men 2376:2,700 men 2372:7:00 a.m. 2347:Capitaine 2334:8:30 p.m. 2197:Luftwaffe 2169:Congolese 2134:Luftwaffe 2091:4/5 June, 2016:8:00 a.m. 2002:Luftwaffe 1933:Capitaine 1902:Capitaine 1865:28–30 May 1849:Semovente 1814:6:30 a.m. 1801:75 mm gun 1726:2:00 p.m. 1716:Luftwaffe 1628:XXX Corps 1577:843 tanks 1499:560 tanks 1492:XXI corps 1368:Luftwaffe 1232:Panzer IV 1209:75 mm gun 1205:37 mm gun 1146:Cyrenaica 903:Agreement 837:Point 175 812:Battleaxe 756:Beda Fomm 624:Indochina 414:campaigns 131:Aftermath 5421:1st Army 5184:L'Espoir 5148:Bulletin 5029:Morhange 4967:Alliance 4958:Networks 4832:Domestic 4611:Creation 4593:Slovakia 4488:Bulgaria 4394:Archived 4360:29827723 4341:Journals 4181:(1971). 4140:(2013). 4068:(1975). 4043:24 March 4021:Websites 3997:Journals 3590:(1977). 3545:(1964). 3516:11585533 2742:See also 2522:Infantry 2395:Analysis 2332:late at 2278:Aspirant 2144:, three 2139:45 Ju 87 2121:8–9 June 2103:Aspirant 2080:5–7 June 2026:2–4 June 1963:Captaine 1843:31 tanks 1734:and the 1604:Meharist 1433:Division 1387:Benghazi 1314:and had 1228:and the 1201:M3 Grant 945:Braganza 819:Crusader 805:Skorpion 766:Giarabub 589:Nordwind 576:Dompaire 571:Lorraine 524:Overlord 446:Exporter 289:53 guns 259:Strength 79:Location 5657:Members 5480:Leaders 5091:Vercors 5044:Others: 4800: 4761:Battles 4586:Romania 4523:Germany 4516:Estonia 4502:Denmark 4481:Belgium 4474:Austria 4467:Albania 4033:Net4war 3894:(ed.). 3723:Alamein 3549:(repr. 2663:mortars 2469:53 guns 2465:814 men 2325:sappers 2313:by 100 2165:Chadian 2096:débâcle 2008:Trieste 1975:de Roux 1969:Messmer 1876:Senegal 1822:440 men 1647:Finland 1620:Général 1610:Bedouin 1534:brigade 1530:Ottoman 1508:Prelude 1357:, a US 1221:Ausf. H 1213:sponson 1148:during 938:Bertram 917:Caravan 857:Acrobat 826:Flipper 798:Brevity 751:Mechili 720:Nibeiwa 714:Compass 642:Oceania 618:Crimson 612:Réunion 553:Dragoon 547:Vercors 508:Glières 498:Corsica 474:Tunisia 227:Germany 134:section 5641:Portal 5428:2nd DB 5369:Second 5290:Africa 5288:French 5157:Combat 5084:Maquis 4983:Brutus 4853:Combat 4781:Gazala 4767:Koufra 4579:Poland 4572:Norway 4544:Latvia 4530:Greece 4358: 4329: 4306: 4283: 4260: 4237: 4214: 4193: 4167: 4148: 4126: 4097: 4080: 4011: 3985: 3966: 3947: 3928: 3902: 3876: 3854: 3831: 3812: 3791: 3771: 3748: 3729: 3707: 3685: 3666: 3647: 3628: 3602: 3576: 3557: 3547:Tobruk 3531: 3514: 3491: 2735:shells 2459:dead, 2429:wrote 2316:Stukas 2224:Bf 109 2219:Stukas 2174:Stukas 2142:Stukas 2093:was a 1845:and a 1790:27 May 1779:batman 1759:Ariete 1751:, the 1481:, the 1472:Afrika 1431:Afrika 1341:Abwehr 1195:Since 1174:Gazala 1170:Tobruk 1111:, the 1098:. The 1070:under 1060:Tobruk 924:Nicety 910:Bigamy 863:Gazala 559:Toulon 480:Europe 224: 210: 194: 181: 167: 155: 125:Result 5652:Films 5362:First 5129:media 5100:Women 4537:Italy 4495:Czech 4321:[ 4298:[ 4275:[ 4252:[ 4229:[ 4206:[ 4185:[ 4116:Paris 4110:[ 4072:[ 4059:Books 3763:[ 3620:[ 3506:[ 3477:Books 2667:72 × 2652:18 × 2645:46 × 2639:18 × 2626:24 × 2500:lost 2356:mêlée 2215:Ju 87 2206:one. 2055:Stuka 2047:From 2014:. At 1915:Stuka 1785:Siege 1681:with 1636:13th 1382:Italy 1351:Black 1166:Libya 1117:Malta 761:Kufra 530:Paris 492:Husky 468:Torch 452:Kufra 440:Keren 435:Gabon 430:Dakar 213:Italy 5286:Free 4804:List 4746:Navy 4687:DGER 4680:BCRA 4356:OCLC 4327:ISBN 4304:ISBN 4281:ISBN 4258:ISBN 4235:ISBN 4212:ISBN 4191:OCLC 4165:ISBN 4146:ISBN 4124:ISBN 4095:OCLC 4078:OCLC 4045:2015 4009:ISSN 3983:ISBN 3964:ISBN 3945:ISBN 3926:ISBN 3900:ISBN 3874:ISBN 3852:ISBN 3829:ISBN 3810:ISBN 3789:ISBN 3769:OCLC 3746:ISBN 3727:ISBN 3705:ISBN 3683:ISBN 3664:ISBN 3645:ISBN 3626:ISBN 3600:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3555:ISBN 3529:ISBN 3512:OCLC 3489:ISBN 2716:2 × 2633:7 × 2590:1st 2581:1st 2570:2nd 2550:3rd 2541:2nd 2463:and 2308:and 2167:and 2151:ten 2038:and 1997:flak 1978:and 1882:and 1702:and 1657:and 1579:and 1501:and 1490:and 1460:and 1416:and 1372:and 1224:and 1113:Axis 1033:The 850:1942 733:1941 703:1940 600:Alps 537:Elba 128:See 69:Date 58:kepi 5014:Fer 5006:CLD 2271:as 2213:40 2076:". 2064:. " 1952:). 1724:At 1456:in 1441:), 513:Ist 270:men 5686:: 4118:: 3916:; 3598:. 3332:^ 3293:^ 3176:^ 3149:^ 3078:^ 2991:^ 2960:^ 2921:^ 2878:^ 2698:) 2685:1 2538:) 1972:, 1878:, 1663:c. 265:c. 86:, 5669:) 4961:: 4847:: 4806:) 4802:( 4437:e 4430:t 4423:v 4400:. 4362:. 4335:. 4312:. 4289:. 4266:. 4243:. 4220:. 4197:. 4173:. 4154:. 4132:. 4101:. 4084:. 4047:. 4015:. 3991:. 3972:. 3953:. 3934:. 3908:. 3882:. 3860:. 3837:. 3818:. 3775:. 3754:. 3735:. 3713:. 3691:. 3672:. 3653:. 3634:. 3608:. 3582:. 3563:. 3537:. 3518:. 3497:. 2737:. 1912:( 1617:( 1435:( 1292:/ 1286:( 1263:/ 1226:J 1037:( 682:e 675:t 668:v 403:e 396:t 389:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index