2522:
2530:
2514:
2602:
2392:
196:
185:
142:
2402:
2643:. The military engineers Luis Bravo de Laguna, Tuburzio Spannocchi, Peleazzo Fratín, and Cristóbal de Rojas all presented plans for these options. Finally, it was decided to follow the plans laid out by Cristóbal de Rojas, who began construction of the fortifications in 1598. Philip II gave the city a ten-year extension on the payment of taxes. Every attempt to repeat the raid, over the course of the next two centuries, failed.
59:
252:
241:
219:
208:
154:
230:
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165:
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in 1588. The economic losses produced by the Earl of Essex's expedition against the city and the anchored fleet in the port, estimated at 5 million ducats, contributed to the bankruptcy of the royal treasury that same year. Nevertheless, the recuperative capacity of the
Spanish Armada was proven with
2496:
At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, no more than 200 Englishmen disembarked on El Puntal, bringing under fire the
Spanish forces charged with its defense. The forces had been sent into battle with nobody in command. Before 5 o'clock in the afternoon, the English advance force took control of the city with
2505:
Girón, and the Duke of Medina-Sidonia in Jerez. As was stated afterwards: "...the disorder had been, after the will of the Lord, the cause of the loss of this city, because all were heads of command and none were feet that would follow, and that is how they lost, for not having either feet or head."
2504:
The poor state of the artillery, shortage of ammunition, and poor preparation of the forces and the lack of organization by
Spanish authorities all motivated the scant resistance against attacking forces. The defensive tactics had to be improvised by Captain Pedro de Guía, the Mayor of Cádiz Antonio
2441:
On Sunday, 30 June at 2 o'clock in the morning, the Anglo-Dutch fleet could be seen from Cádiz, but it could not enter the bay due to bad weather. At 5 o'clock in the morning, both sides commenced an intense artillery barrage. After two hours, the
Spanish fleet, outnumbering the English, had to
2557:
The Earl of Essex, Francis Vere and the Dutch commanders demonstrated support for keeping the city in Anglo-Dutch hands, provisioning and garrisoning it for use as a base of operations. This seems to have been contrary to the wishes of
Admiral Howard and the rest of the English officials, who
2537:
Already in possession, the
English and Dutch troops dedicated themselves to sacking the city. Churches and people's houses were the object of pillaging, although the troops did respect the integrity of the people themselves: "They treated very well the people and in particular the women, not
2638:
The city of Cádiz remained devastated; in addition to the churches and hospitals, 290 out of a total of 1,303 houses burned. After the departure of the
English and Dutch, the Spanish authorities considered the possibility of fortifying the city or dismantling it and relocating it to
2545:
The next day, 3 July, the city's civil and ecclesiastical authorities made a pact with the
English troops allowing the citizens of Cádiz to leave in exchange for a ransom of 120,000 ducats and the freedom of 51 English prisoners captured in past campaigns. The
2376:, were also on board, although without command. These forces were joined by another 20 ships from the United Provinces, with 2,000 men on board, who under the command of Admiral John de Duyvenvoorde, Lord of Warmond, were put under English orders.
2541:
Before it was possible for the
English forces to capture the Spanish fleet taking refuge in Puerto Real, Medina-Sidonia ordered its destruction. 32 ships, including the armada's galleys and the vessels from the treasure fleet, were burned.
2305:
The economic losses caused during the sacking were numerous: the city was burned, as was the fleet, in what was one of the principal
English victories in the course of the war. Despite its failure in its primary objective of seizing the
2630:
however caused heavy losses and the fleet staggered back to port. Philip though still bent on revenge for the sack of Cádiz was determined for the operation to go ahead. So the following year in September a rushed and poorly organised
2550:(citizens of Cádiz) left the city for Point Zuazo with nothing more than they could carry. In guarantee of payment of the agreed-on ransom, various prominent citizens of the city were kept as hostages, including the president of the
2593:. The Earl of Essex proposed to capture the fleet, but Admiral Howard opposed him, saying that it would be contrary to orders. With that, the fleet resumed its journey to Plymouth, where they arrived a few days later.
3096:
2521:
2302:. The attacking forces disembarked, captured, sacked, and burned the city and took hostage several of the city's prominent citizens, who were taken back to England to await payment of their ransom.
1158:
2623:
2395:
2294:
Due to the Spanish commander's lack of foresight and organisation, the Anglo-Dutch forces met little resistance. In order to deny the raiders their prize, the Spanish set fire to the
317:
2685:, contributed to the popularization in England of the consumption of this drink, giving rise to the legend that the attacking troops sacked the city in order to capture the wine.
2558:
considered it to be a hazardous enterprise due to an eventual Spanish counterattack and was against the orders of the English Queen, frustrating plans for occupying the city.
189:
2561:
On 14 July, the English burned Cádiz and the next day they left the bay, taking the hostages with them since the Spanish authorities had not been able to pay the ransom.
2501:, which was defended by Spanish forces. In the skirmishes in front of the city, each side lost approximately 25 men. The fort of San Felipe surrendered the next day.
2708:
English troops desecrated a statue of the Virgin Mother and Child when it was taken from a Cádiz church to the market square. Afterwards the mutilated statue named
351:
2149:
1151:
3116:
386:
2427:, as well as 16 other vessels from the Spanish convoy, which were disarmed and ready to depart for the West Indies. These unarmed vessels immediately fled to
3054:
3007:
Naval Chronology, Or an Historical Summary of Naval and Maritime Events from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace 1802: With an Appendix, Volume 1
2357:
1186:
310:
3131:
2379:
The city of Cádiz, with approximately 6,000 inhabitants, was one of the principal Spanish ports and point of departure for the Spanish treasure fleet for
2493:. For the most part, the soldiers were new and poorly armed. These reinforcements were joined by 5,000 men deployed from Santa Catalina and San Felipe.
2241:
1144:
603:
598:
90:
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dedicated a satirical sonnet to the troops that the Duke of Medina-Sidonia and Captain Becerra led to Cádiz after the English troops' departure.
2405:
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381:
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sank, set fire by their captains in the face of possible capture by the Anglo-Dutch forces. They entered the bay at 8 o'clock in the morning.
3101:
2635:
set sail. Again a storm put paid to the operation just off the English coast dispersing the fleet, driving some ashore with others captured.
2365:
2237:
566:
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371:
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2012:
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31:
2675:, was suppressed in the first editions by order of Elizabeth I, supposedly because of tensions between the queen and the Earl of Essex.
1977:
1564:
1464:
814:
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weighed anchor in front of the Spanish galleys, intending to prevent the Anglo-Dutch fleet from passing into the interior of the bay.
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223:
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2419:, advising of the presence of an English fleet. At that moment there were in the Bay of Cádiz some 40 Spanish ships, ranging from
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1594:
477:
234:
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1822:
1787:
1676:
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884:
593:
482:
2573:. The raiders also took away with them the contents of the library of the Bishop of Lisbon, and the books were donated to the
1514:
1058:
2694:
It was during this battle that according to eyewitnesses the Earl of Essex famously scaled the walls of Cádiz single-handedly
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1982:
1606:
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2865:, contiene la relación de los oficiales ingleses participantes en la expedición, extraída de entre los documentos de
2609:
The sacking of Cádiz in 1596 was one of the worst Spanish defeats in the course of the war, together with an earlier
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at the time due to criticism leveled against the Spanish defense. It would be published for the first time in 1866.
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1987:
1887:
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1454:
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869:
849:
739:
415:
391:
3024:
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2024:
361:
3111:
2722:, the future governor of Jamestown in 1610, was knighted by the Earl of Essex for bravery during the battle.
2719:
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2551:
2490:
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2020:
2002:
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410:
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1945:
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1716:
1489:
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959:
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709:
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2330:, divided into four squadrons with 6,360 private soldiers, 1,000 English volunteers, and 6,772 sailors.
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2129:
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2016:
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in 1600 by the priests and seminarians to make reparation for the behaviour of their fellow countrymen.
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The hostages would not be freed until July 1603, after the death of Elizabeth I and her succession by
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2435:
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1369:
1110:
1063:
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633:
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1539:
1484:
1469:
1312:
1302:
1232:
1222:
1120:
1038:
759:
749:
694:
2336:, was the admiral commanding the fleet, while the landing forces were under the command of
3028:
3001:
2935:
2678:
The attack on Cádiz, in the course of which the English troops seized a large quantity of
2668:
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2035:
1857:
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scarcely any resistance, while another part of the army advanced toward Point Zuazo in
2486:
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La batalla naval de las Dunas: la Holanda comercial contra la España del Siglo De Oro
2627:
3042:
The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
2673:
The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
2349:
1711:
1207:
256:
2860:
3005:
2887:
2779:
2428:
2314:, the raid contributed to Spain's declaration of bankruptcy the following year.
1499:
295:
2928:
2326:. The fleet comprised 150 English and Dutch ships, 17 of which belonged to the
2785:
2667:
The story of the 1596 expedition to Cádiz, recounted by the English historian
2461:
2327:
1136:
105:
92:
2752:
2654:. However, the English would later try to repeat this raid in the ill-fated
2380:
2976:
3070:
2589:, they received news of the imminent arrival of the treasure fleet in the
2650:. The next year, Spain and England ended the war with the signing of the
2323:
2288:
3040:
2914:
2424:
2416:
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218:
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retreat to the interior of the bay. In the fray, the Spanish galleons
2679:
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2420:
2311:
3021:
2569:
On its return trip to England, the fleet disembarked at and burned
2528:
2520:
2512:
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2400:
2390:
2284:
195:
184:
141:
2821:
Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón
2888:
Documentos relativos a la toma y saco de Cádiz por los ingleses
2618:
the organization of a fleet that in October 1596, known as the
1140:
299:
2469:
By midday, reinforcements sent by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia,
2411:
On Saturday, 29 June, there arrived in Cádiz news coming from
2728:, was knighted by the Earl of Essex for the taking of Cádiz.
2697:
It is a major element in the plot of the historical novel
2973:
Warfare and Collection-Building: The Faro Raid of 1596
2781:
Historia del saqueo de Cádiz por los ingleses en 1596
2626:, set sail against the English coast. A storm in the
2554:, the mayor, council members, and religious figures.
3097:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2396:Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia
2538:offending them in any way." (Lope de Valenzuela)
3022:Los nobles españoles rehenes del conde de Essex
43:
2585:on their return to England. On the heights of
2991:, Harvard University Press, 2020 (Chapter 5).
2784:; Written shortly after the incident, it was
1152:
311:
8:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
3055:«A la entrada del duque de Medina en Cádiz»
1159:
1145:
1137:
318:
304:
296:
40:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
30:For other battles in the same place, see
2977:https://doi.org/10.1179/lib.2002.18.1.17
2600:
2352:each commanding their respective units.
2322:On 13 June 1596 the fleet set sail from
2862:Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2406:Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
2334:Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
2277:Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
2275:, and a large Anglo-Dutch fleet under
2947:Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias:
2465:Map of the Bay of Cádiz, 17th century
7:
3117:Battles involving the Dutch Republic
2726:Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex
2613:in 1587, as well as the loss of the
27:Battle during the Anglo-Spanish War
2605:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
2338:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
2273:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
25:
2916:History of the United Netherlands
2712:was brought to the Chapel at the
2517:Start of the battle of Cadiz Bay.
3069:
2259:in 1596 was an event during the
250:
239:
228:
217:
206:
194:
183:
163:
152:
140:
57:
1:
3132:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2714:English College in Valladolid
329:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2892:Real Academia de la Historia
2533:The battle draws to a close.
2362:Queen Elizabeth I of England
2360:and was a representative of
382:Cavendish's circumnavigation
576:Spanish Armada (1st Calais
341:Caribbean and South America
3153:
3137:1596 in the British Empire
2358:Clerk of the Privy Council
352:Drake's 1572-73 expedition
63:The English storm the city
29:
3122:Battles involving England
3102:Military history of Cádiz
2450:were captured, while the
1178:
674:Low Countries and Germany
337:
284:3 galleons sunk or burnt,
281:32 ships scuttled or sunk
275:
262:
176:
133:
67:
56:
48:
2961:Relato del capitán Price
2819:Cesáreo Fernández Duro:
2656:Cádiz Expedition of 1625
2279:, with support from the
585:English Armada (Corunna
357:Drake's circumnavigation
271:150 ships and 14,000 men
51:Anglo–Spanish War (1585)
3127:Battles involving Spain
3020:Fernando de la Sierpe:
2934:19 January 2015 at the
2652:Treaty of London (1604)
2491:Chiclana de la Frontera
288:5 other ships captured,
2606:
2534:
2526:
2525:The battle progresses.
2518:
2473:arrived in Cádiz from
2471:Alonso Pérez de Guzmán
2466:
2434:Juan Portocarrero and
2408:
2398:
2308:Spanish treasure fleet
2281:Dutch United Provinces
268:40 ships and 5,000 men
235:Jacob van Duivenvoorde
177:Commanders and leaders
75:30 June – 15 July 1596
18:Battle of Cádiz (1596)
2949:Libro IX, título XXXa
2890:, pp. 205–435, de la
2832:Pedro de Abreu p. 152
2810:Fernández Duro p. 123
2641:Puerto de Santa María
2622:under the command of
2604:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2464:
2404:
2394:
276:Casualties and losses
3078:at Wikimedia Commons
2797:Víctor de San Juan:
2579:University of Oxford
2552:Casa de Contratación
2483:Arcos de la Frontera
2475:Vejer de la Frontera
2118:2nd Cape St. Vincent
2008:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
1920:1st Cape St. Vincent
1863:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
1779:1st English Channel
1595:Ten Years, 1588–1598
604:2nd Gibraltar Strait
599:1st Gibraltar Strait
495:Vila Franca do Campo
3027:3 June 2008 at the
2911:John Lothrop Motley
2699:The Grove of Eagles
2689:Miguel de Cervantes
2489:, Puerto Real, and
2370:António of Portugal
2108:3rd English Channel
1933:Twelve Years' Truce
1915:2nd English Channel
1823:1st Schenckenschans
1677:3rd Geertruidenberg
1612:2nd Geertruidenberg
1318:1st Geertruidenberg
885:3rd Geertruidenberg
835:2nd Geertruidenberg
700:1st Geertruidenberg
478:2nd Puerto Caballos
406:1st Puerto Caballos
387:Spanish West Indies
286:2 other ships sunk,
125:Anglo-Dutch victory
106:36.5333°N 6.28333°W
102: /
2987:Ovenden, Richard,
2710:Our Lady Vulnerata
2648:James I of England
2633:3rd Spanish Armada
2620:2nd Spanish Armada
2611:attack on the city
2607:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2467:
2409:
2399:
2366:Manuel of Portugal
2342:Lord Thomas Howard
2041:2nd Schenkenschans
1983:2nd Bergen op Zoom
1607:1st Bergen op Zoom
3092:Conflicts in 1596
3074:Media related to
3010:. pp. 32–33.
2989:Burning the Books
2624:Martín de Padilla
2372:, and supposedly
2261:Anglo-Spanish War
2250:
2249:
1170:Eighty Years' War
1134:
1133:
294:
293:
129:
128:
111:36.5333; -6.28333
16:(Redirected from
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3076:Capture of Cadiz
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3002:Schomberg, Isaac
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2778:Pedro de Abreu:
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2575:Bodleian Library
2364:. Cristóvão and
2298:anchored in the
2257:capture of Cádiz
2216:2nd San Salvador
2211:1st San Salvador
2184:2nd Saint Martin
2159:1st Saint Martin
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1116:Irish West Coast
1004:'s-Hertogenbosch
483:Santiago de Cuba
347:San Juan de Ulúa
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44:Capture of Cádiz
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2436:Alonso de Bazán
2413:Lagos, Portugal
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2140:Bay of Matanzas
2077:European waters
1962:
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1899:European waters
1807:
1793:Gulf of Almería
1773:European waters
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1581:European waters
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1359:European waters
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1189:
1187:List of battles
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1054:Château-Laudran
965:Schenckenschans
644:Cape Finisterre
614:Gulf of Almería
551:European waters
401:Bay of Honduras
333:
328:
326:
324:
289:
287:
285:
249:
248:
238:
237:
227:
226:
224:Robert Devereux
216:
215:
205:
201:Alonso de Bazán
193:
192:
182:
164:
162:
161:
151:
139:
110:
108:
104:
101:
96:
93:
91:
89:
88:
87:
62:
35:
32:Battle of Cádiz
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:1596 in Europe
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3065:
3064:External links
3062:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3033:
3013:
2993:
2980:
2964:
2953:
2940:
2921:
2896:
2871:
2859:Thomas Birch:
2852:
2842:William Camden
2834:
2825:
2812:
2803:
2790:
2756:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2706:
2703:Winston Graham
2695:
2692:
2686:
2676:
2663:
2660:
2598:
2595:
2571:Faro, Portugal
2566:
2563:
2510:
2507:
2487:Medina-Sidonia
2388:
2385:
2354:Anthony Ashley
2346:Walter Raleigh
2319:
2316:
2296:treasure fleet
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2242:Historiography
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2179:Southern Chile
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2017:2nd Maastricht
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1972:Western Europe
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1940:Western Europe
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1817:Western Europe
1814:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:Bayona Islands
1785:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1601:Western Europe
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:1st Maastricht
1444:Western Europe
1441:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1404:Western Europe
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:Haarlemmermeer
1372:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1267:Western Europe
1264:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1202:Western Europe
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:3rd Rheinberg
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:Bergen op Zoom
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
676:
675:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
582:
573:
564:
559:
553:
552:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
490:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
427:
418:
413:
408:
403:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
342:
338:
335:
334:
325:
323:
322:
315:
308:
300:
292:
291:
282:
278:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
260:
259:
246:Walter Raleigh
213:Charles Howard
203:
179:
178:
174:
173:
149:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
83:
81:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3149:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:1596 in Spain
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:Francis Bacon
2864:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2628:Bay of Biscay
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:Earl of Essex
2580:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2509:Sack of Cádiz
2508:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2374:Antonio Pérez
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:, raided the
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:troops under
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:2nd Gibraltar
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:5th Rheinberg
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:2nd Oldenzaal
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:1st Gibraltar
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:4th Rheinberg
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:3rd Rheinberg
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:1st Oldenzaal
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:2nd Rheinberg
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:2nd Luxemburg
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:2nd Coevorden
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:1st Luxemburg
1670:
1668:
1667:1st Coevorden
1665:
1663:
1662:2nd Steenwijk
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:Ponta Delgada
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:1st Rheinberg
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:1st Steenwijk
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
993:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:2nd Rheinberg
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:2nd Coevorden
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:1st Coevorden
878:
876:
875:2nd Steenwijk
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:1st Rheinberg
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:1st Steenwijk
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
668:Gulf of Cádiz
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
652:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:Bay of Biscay
622:
620:
619:Barbary Coast
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
588:
583:
581:
579:
574:
572:
570:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
488:
487:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
437:
433:
428:
426:
424:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
400:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:St. Augustine
375:
373:
370:
368:
367:Santo Domingo
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
340:
339:
336:
331:
321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
302:
301:
298:
290:~2,000 killed
283:
280:
279:
274:
270:
267:
266:
261:
258:
253:
247:
242:
236:
231:
225:
220:
214:
209:
204:
202:
197:
191:
186:
181:
180:
175:
172:
160:
155:
150:
148:
143:
138:
137:
132:
124:
121:
120:
115:
86:
82:
79:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3050:
3041:
3036:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2972:
2967:
2956:
2943:
2924:
2915:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2780:
2720:Thomas Gates
2709:
2698:
2682:
2672:
2671:in his book
2645:
2637:
2608:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2503:
2499:San Fernando
2495:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2431:for refuge.
2410:
2378:
2350:Francis Vere
2332:
2321:
2304:
2300:Bay of Cádiz
2293:
2256:
2254:
2189:
2188:
2164:2nd Salvador
2151:
2130:1st Salvador
2123:
2122:
2098:Lizard Point
2076:
2075:
2056:2nd Roermond
2025:1st Roermond
1971:
1970:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1905:Dover Strait
1873:Hoogstraaten
1843:Lekkerbeetje
1816:
1815:
1797:
1780:
1627:2nd Deventer
1600:
1599:
1455:2nd Mechelen
1443:
1442:
1425:1st Deventer
1403:
1402:
1283:1st Mechelen
1266:
1265:
1213:Valenciennes
1208:Beeldenstorm
1201:
1200:
1106:Carrigafoyle
1024:
1020:
991:
663:Dover Strait
650:
638:
586:
577:
568:
505:Newfoundland
463:2nd San Juan
448:1st San Juan
435:
431:
422:
398:
257:Francis Vere
190:Alonso Pérez
134:Belligerents
85:Bay of Cádiz
49:Part of the
36:
2456:Santo Tomás
2429:Puerto Real
2190:East Indies
2135:Puerto Rico
2003:4th Groenlo
1958:Playa Honda
1952:East Indies
1935:, 1609–1621
1893:3rd Groenlo
1838:San Andreas
1742:2nd Groenlo
1702:1st Groenlo
1637:Knodsenburg
1622:2nd Zutphen
1570:1st Zutphen
1525:3rd Antwerp
1510:Steenbergen
1500:2nd Antwerp
1410:1st Antwerp
1385:Reimerswaal
1348:Schoonhoven
1338:Mookerheyde
1238:Heiligerlee
1126:Castlehaven
1014:Hoogstraten
980:San Andreas
935:2nd Groenlo
905:1st Groenlo
860:Knodsenburg
845:2nd Zutphen
820:1st Zutphen
780:Steenbergen
720:Schoonhoven
629:Mount's Bay
580:Gravelines)
562:Pantelleria
397:Hispaniola
362:São Vicente
109: /
3086:Categories
2929:Siglo XVII
2733:References
2662:Miscellany
2452:San Felipe
2444:San Andrés
2368:, sons of
2348:, and Sir
2328:Royal Navy
2318:Background
1883:2nd Lingen
1848:Nieuwpoort
1828:Zaltbommel
1767:1st Lingen
1747:Bredevoort
1430:Borgerhout
1333:Valkenburg
1308:IJsselmeer
1298:Middelburg
1253:Le Quesnoy
1228:Oosterweel
1089:2nd Calais
1019:Ardenburg
985:Nieuwpoort
970:Zaltbommel
940:Bredevoort
735:Borgerhout
715:Valkenburg
690:Middelburg
653:West Wales
567:1st Cádiz
545:2nd Azores
540:Las Palmas
530:2nd Flores
525:1st Flores
520:1st Azores
473:Portobello
430:La Guaira
94:36°32′00″N
2753:New Style
2597:Aftermath
2548:gaditanos
2448:San Mateo
2381:New Spain
2238:Aftermath
2174:Itamaracá
2150:Trujillo
2113:The Downs
2088:2nd Cádiz
2071:4th Hulst
2066:3rd Hulst
2051:3rd Venlo
2046:4th Breda
2021:2nd Venlo
1993:3rd Breda
1966:1621–1648
1910:2nd Sluis
1878:3rd Sluis
1868:2nd Grave
1811:1599–1609
1798:1st Cádiz
1757:Ootmarsum
1737:1st Meurs
1722:2nd Hulst
1687:Groningen
1642:1st Hulst
1617:2nd Breda
1575:1st Sluis
1550:1st Venlo
1545:1st Grave
1505:Eindhoven
1480:Noordhorn
1475:1st Breda
1438:1579–1588
1398:1576–1579
1380:Zuiderzee
1353:Zierikzee
1343:Oudewater
1261:1572–1576
1243:Jemmingen
1218:Wattrelos
1196:1566–1572
1027:2nd Sluis
1023:Oostberg
1009:2nd Grave
994:2nd Meurs
955:Oldenzaal
950:Ootmarsum
915:2nd Hulst
895:Groningen
865:1st Hulst
825:1st Sluis
800:1st Grave
775:Eindhoven
755:Noordhorn
649:Cornwall
639:2nd Cádiz
609:Berlengas
443:Guadalupe
421:Trinidad
411:San Mateo
372:Cartagena
97:6°17′00″W
3025:Archived
3004:(1802).
2932:Archived
2823:, p. 127
2786:censored
2565:Portugal
2425:galleons
2356:was the
2324:Plymouth
2287:city of
2196:Mormugão
2154:Campeche
2145:Abrolhos
2124:Americas
1783:Flanders
1752:Enschede
1727:Turnhout
1712:2nd Lier
1657:Caudebec
1647:Nijmegen
1632:Delfzijl
1495:1st Lier
1420:Rijmenam
1415:Gembloux
1365:Flushing
1248:Jodoigne
1111:Smerwick
1064:Caudebec
945:Enschede
920:Turnhout
870:Nijmegen
855:Delfzijl
850:Deventer
740:Mechelen
730:Rijmenam
725:Gembloux
658:Sesimbra
515:Santiago
500:Terceira
489:Atlantic
434:Caracas
263:Strength
80:Location
2847:Annales
2801:, p. 68
2581:by the
2577:at the
2421:galleys
2417:Algarve
2415:in the
2387:Capture
2285:Spanish
2265:English
2263:, when
2206:Malacca
2169:Cabañas
2103:Dunkirk
1988:Fleurus
1485:Niezijl
1370:Borsele
1313:Alkmaar
1303:Haarlem
1293:Naarden
1273:Brielle
1183:Origins
1121:Kinsale
1100:Ireland
1079:Morlaix
790:Antwerp
760:Niezijl
695:Haarlem
634:Cawsand
589:Lisbon)
571:Algarve
557:Scheldt
510:Bermuda
468:Tabasco
425:Orinoco
159:England
2680:sherry
2615:Armada
2591:Azores
2587:Lisbon
2344:, Sir
2312:silver
2226:Cavite
2221:Manila
2036:Leuven
1978:Jülich
1946:Aachen
1858:Ostend
1803:Azores
1717:Calais
1540:Boksum
1530:Arnhem
1490:Lochem
1470:Kollum
1323:Leiden
1233:Dahlen
1223:Lannoy
1094:Amiens
1084:Crozon
1039:Arques
1033:France
999:Ostend
960:Lingen
795:Arnhem
765:Lochem
750:Kollum
705:Leiden
594:Bayona
453:Panama
416:Recife
392:Havana
168:
122:Result
2738:Notes
2479:Jerez
2289:Cádiz
2269:Dutch
2234:Peace
2201:Galle
2093:Slaak
2061:Kallo
2013:Meuse
1707:Lippe
1652:Rouen
1560:Neuss
1535:Empel
1520:Aalst
1515:Ghent
1460:Diest
1390:Lillo
1328:Delft
1074:Blaye
1069:Craon
1059:Rouen
1049:Paris
930:Meurs
910:Lippe
840:Breda
805:Venlo
785:Aalst
710:Delft
535:Faial
458:Pinos
147:Spain
2454:and
2446:and
2267:and
2255:The
1833:Rees
1555:Axel
1288:Goes
1278:Mons
1044:Ivry
975:Rees
810:Axel
770:Lier
685:Goes
680:Mons
438:Coro
72:Date
2701:by
2423:to
2310:'s
1697:Huy
900:Huy
3088::
2975:,
2913::
2899:^
2874:^
2844::
2759:^
2745:^
2658:.
2485:,
2481:,
2477:,
2383:.
2340:,
2291:.
2240:–
2236:–
2023:,
2019:,
1185:–
3057:.
3045:.
3031:.
2951:.
2938:.
2919:.
2894:.
2869:.
2850:.
2705:.
2152:·
2027:)
2015:(
1781:·
1160:e
1153:t
1146:v
1025:·
1021:·
992:·
651:·
587:·
578:·
569:·
436:·
432:·
423:·
399:·
319:e
312:t
305:v
34:.
20:)
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