Battle of Calais - Knowledge (XXG)

1042: 964: 1152: 909:, including most of the senior military figures of north-east France, and 4,000 infantry. They would be opposed by the 1,200-strong garrison of Calais, plus several hundred other English inhabitants who could be called to arms in an emergency. Charny needed a large force to avoid being repulsed by the strong garrison once he entered the town. The gate controlled by Amerigo was too difficult of approach to be used by such a large force, although it provided easy access to the harbour for ship's crews. Worse, the gate could be reached only on foot at 181: 147: 852:

was one of the senior knights sent by Philip to formally challenge Edward to bring his army out and fight in the open field. Confounded, the French marched away in humiliation and the next day Calais surrendered. In July 1348, as a member of the King's Council, Charny was put in charge of all French forces in the north east. The truce at an end, his forces harassed the English to little effect. Both monarchs were exasperated at the fruitless expense of the war and the truce was renewed.

989:, led his own household knights out of the north gate, the Water Gate, and along the beach, past the citadel, and into a position on the French force's exposed left flank. As Edward and Charny's forces fought, members of the Calais garrison, who had not been privy to the plan, were hastily arming themselves and steadily reinforcing Edward's hard-pressed group. How many of the garrison joined Edward and the Black Prince's 900 men before the fighting ended is not known. 137: 932:, low tide would be shortly before dawn, and the English sentries and garrisons might be caught celebrating or sleeping. The blockhouses would be bypassed and Calais reached before dawn. The bulk of the French would wait not far from the town, while a force of 112 men-at-arms entered through Amerigo's gate at night. Some would secure the citadel, while others made their way through the sleeping town to the Boulogne Gate, one of the main gates. The 164: 993:

inferior French infantry. In the battles of the time, non-knightly captives were usually killed on the spot, partly from aristocratic contempt for the non-knightly, and partly from a disinclination to care for prisoners who could not be ransomed. An unknown number of fugitives drowned as they fled through the marshes. Total French casualties are not certain; "several hundred" according to the historian

801:, intended to bring a temporary halt to the fighting, had been agreed. This strongly favoured the English, confirming them in possession of all of their territorial conquests. It was to run for nine months to 7 July 1348, but was extended repeatedly over the years until it was formally set aside in 1355. The truce did not stop ongoing naval clashes between the two countries, nor small-scale fighting in 1192:. The French were furious, the acting-commander was drawn and quartered for dereliction of duty at Charny's behest, and a strong protest was sent to Edward. He was thereby put in a difficult position because of the flagrant breach of the truce. Retaining Guînes would mean a loss of honour and a resumption of open warfare, for which he was unprepared. He ordered the English occupants to hand it back. 1219:. Geoffrey de Charny was again put in charge of all French forces in the north east. He assembled an army of 4,500 men, against the English garrison of 115. He reoccupied the town, but in spite of fighting described as savage, he failed to take the keep. In July the Calais garrison launched a surprise night attack on Charny's army, killing many Frenchmen and destroying their 1102:, so Philip should have a first-hand account of the débâcle. Ribeaumont later voluntarily travelled to England to surrender himself until his ransom was paid. Most of the prisoners were paroled on a promise not to fight until they had redeemed themselves. Charny had to wait eighteen months until his ransom was paid in full, for his release. The amount is not known, but King 1177:, and was the leading fortification in the French defensive ring around Calais. English possession would go a long way to securing Calais against more surprise assaults. Guînes was of little financial value to Raoul, and it was clear that Edward was prepared to accept it only in lieu of a full ransom payment because of its strategic position. 1227:

English mistress. Charny took him to Saint-Omer, where he disbanded his troops. Before they departed they gathered, together with the populace from miles around, to witness Amerigo being tortured to death with hot irons and quartered with an axe; his remains were displayed above the town gates. Charny neither garrisoned nor

50: 1068:(approximately £80,000 in 2023 terms). That evening Edward, who was always conscious of the image he presented, invited the higher-ranking of the captives to dine with him, revealing that he had fought them incognito. He made pleasant conversation with all but Charny, whom he taunted with having abandoned his 1329:

inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 28 October 2018. To give a very rough idea of earning power, an English foot-soldier could expect to earn £1 in wages for, usually

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Amerigo had served the French and Charny arranged for him to be approached with a view to betraying Calais in exchange for a bribe. The truce facilitated contact and Charny reasoned that, as a man of low status, Amerigo would be more susceptible to avarice and as a non-Englishman, he would have fewer

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Shortly after, Charny abandoned the siege and marched his army to Fretun where it launched a surprise attack during the night of 24/25 July. Assailed by an entire French army, the night watch fled. According to one near-contemporary account by Jean Froissart, Amerigo was found still in bed, with his

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At the sound of a trumpet the Boulogne Gate was opened and Edward, in plain armour and under Walter Manny's banner, led out his household troops, supported by a detachment of archers, and attacked the French. With a cry of "Betrayed!" a large part of Charny's force fled. Charny hastily organized his

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Charny's force marched for Calais on the evening of 31 December 1349. The blockhouses were circumvented and the French assembled close to Calais. A little before dawn the advance party approached Amerigo's gate-tower. The gate was open, and Amerigo emerged to greet them. He exchanged his son for the

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made fiery, warmongering speeches and the parliament was persuaded to approve three years of war taxes. Reassured that he had adequate financial backing, Edward changed his mind. By the end of January the Captain of Calais had fresh orders: to take over the garrisoning of Guînes in the King's name;

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in French service. In 1346, freshly returned from a crusade in the east, he assisted the King's son during a campaign in south-west France. In 1347, when the French army had approached Calais to relieve it, the English were found to be so strongly entrenched that to attack them was hopeless; Charny

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II, promptly had Raoul executed for treason. The perceived interference of the crown in a nobleman's personal affairs, especially one of such high status, caused an uproar in France. Charny had served under Raoul during his first military campaigns and was related by marriage, but his views on the

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reports that the whole affair was so embarrassing that French participants were said to have "maintained a tight-lipped silence" regarding their roles in it. Whether Charny had acted in an unknightly manner in attempting to purchase his way into Calais was still being debated in the 19th century.

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Charney's force still outnumbered the English, but broke when the Black Prince's force attacked. More than 200 men-at-arms were killed in the fighting. Thirty French knights were taken prisoner. As was common, none of the contemporary sources record the number of casualties among the socially

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at bottlenecks on the roads through the marshes to the town. With the war resumed Amerigo had returned to English service. It was felt that his service at Calais had earned him a position of responsibility, but he was not trusted enough to be assigned to any place where a betrayal would be a

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in September 1346. With French finances and morale at a low ebb after Crécy, Philip failed to relieve the town, and the starving defenders surrendered on 3 August 1347. It was the only large town successfully besieged by either side during the first thirty years of the Hundred Years' War.

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Calais was vital to England's effort against the French for the rest of the war, it being all but impossible to land a significant force other than at a friendly port. Edward had succeeded in 1346 due to a fortunate combination of circumstances. Earlier, in 1340, Edward's forces had to

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Knightly prisoners were considered the personal property of their captors, who would ransom them for large sums. As he had fought in the front rank, Edward claimed many of the prisoners as his own, including Charny, whose captor he rewarded with a gratuity of 100

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first installment of his bribe and led a small group of French knights into the gatehouse. Shortly a French standard was unfurled atop the tower of the gatehouse and more French crossed the drawbridge over the moat. Suddenly the drawbridge was raised, a

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Amerigo was allowed to keep the instalment of his bribe he had received from Renti. He soon returned to Italy and went on a pilgrimage to Rome. The fate of his hostaged son, who was carried off into French captivity in the nearby town of

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near London on 24 December. Edward responded rapidly, gathering 900 men – 300 men-at-arms and 600 archers – and sailed for Calais with Amerigo. To maintain secrecy the expedition was carried out under the

674:, became aware of the plot and personally led his household knights and the Calais garrison in a surprise counter-attack. The French were routed by this smaller force, with significant losses and all their leaders captured or killed. 1072:

both by fighting during a truce and by attempting to purchase his way into Calais rather than fight. The detailed defences of Charny's actions later published suggest that the charges had merit by the standards of the time.

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Fretun, to reinforce his view that his argument was a personal one with Amerigo, which entitled Charny to attack the tower to capture him; and that he had acted with honour in leaving it to be reoccupied by the English.

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Two years later, having been ransomed from English captivity, Charny was placed in charge of a French army on the Calais front. He used it to storm a small fortification commanded by Amerigo, who was taken captive to

860:(approximately £4,800,000 in 2023 terms) and they met to personally seal the agreement. Contemporary English and French chroniclers, who usually exalt Charny, sarcastically report this as him having "gone shopping" ( 1173:, too high for Raoul to afford. It had been agreed that he would instead hand over the town of Guînes, which was in his possession. This was a common method of settling ransoms. Guînes had an extremely strong 831: 883:

states that Amerigo voluntarily betrayed Charny. There is agreement that Edward first heard of the plot on or a little before 24 December, and the contemporary sources agree that he interviewed Amerigo at

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in Paris agreed that the lands held by Edward in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the

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Charny was considered a paragon of knightly honour, was acknowledged by contemporaries as a "true and perfect Knight", and was the author of several books on chivalry. He was also the keeper of the

568: 997:. As no Englishman of note was killed, English casualties are not recorded. The King and his son had been in the fore of the fighting. Among the English nobility involved were the 1169:, returned after more than four years in English captivity. He was on parole from Edward personally, pending the handover of his ransom. This had been set at an exorbitant 80,000 936:

would be seized, the gate opened and the majority of Charny's force, led by the mounted men-at-arms, would enter and bring overwhelming force to bear on the garrison by surprise.

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took place in 1350 when an English force defeated an unsuspecting French army which was attempting to take the city. Despite a truce being in effect the French commander

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scruples regarding treachery. In mid-1349 Charny came to an agreement with him to open the gate under his control, so as to deliver up Calais, in exchange for 20,000

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Later that day, Edward dined with the highest-ranking captives, treating them with royal courtesy except for Charny, whom he taunted for having abandoned his

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King, Andy (2002). "According to the Custom Used in French and Scottish Wars: Prisoners and Casualties on the Scottish Marches in the Fourteenth Century".

1239:, when the French royal army was defeated by a smaller Anglo-Gascon force commanded by the Black Prince, and John was captured. Charny fell holding the 554: 414: 1090:... and chivalrous". The accusations struck deep and were astute blows in the active propaganda war between the two countries. The modern historian 955:

again and was appointed by Charny because of his detailed knowledge of the area around Calais, and to give him an opportunity to redeem his honour.

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For example, none of the fifteen contemporary and near-contemporary sources cited by Harari give any information regarding non-knightly casualties.

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along a narrow beach, up against the town walls. Even to get as far as Amerigo's gate would be difficult; Calais was surrounded by a broad belt of

762:, where the French were defeated with heavy loss. Edward needed a defensible port where his army could regroup and be resupplied from the sea. The 237: 466: 441: 2836:"'Then a Great Misfortune Befell Them': the Laws of War on Surrender and the Killing of Prisoners on the Battlefield in the Hundred Years' War" 1014: 2931: 2700: 461: 642: 627: 617: 592: 446: 331: 256: 1002: 681:

both by fighting during a truce and by attempting to purchase his way into Calais rather than fight. As Charny was considered a paragon of

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fell in front of the French and sixty English men-at-arms surrounded them. All of the French who had entered the gatehouse were captured.

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By that point, Charny had gathered a force of some 5,500 men at Saint-Omer, 25 miles (40 km) from Calais. This consisted of 1,500

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prior to a campaign. The town had an extremely strong standing garrison of 1,200 men, virtually a small army, under the command of the

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Following further inconclusive military manoeuvres by each side for four weeks, and given that both sides were financially exhausted,

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master from April 1348. He had command of a tower overlooking Calais's harbour, which contained an entrance into the town's citadel.

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According to most accounts, Edward heard of the plot from others and agreed to spare Amerigo the punishment for treason (being

3210: 1117:), Philip's son and successor after his father's death during Charny's imprisonment, made a partial contribution of 12,000 894: 834:. He had numerous deputies and specialist under-officers. These included Amerigo of Pavia, who was employed as Calais's 602: 3146:

Just Wars and Moral Victories: Surprise, Deception and the Normative Framework of European War in the Later Middle Ages

2840: 1135:), in which he warns against turning to "cunning schemes" as opposed to actions which are "true, loyal and sensible". 1082:, the French royal battle banner; the requirements of this office included being "a knight noble in intention and deed 985:

remaining troops and held off the initial English attack, and Edward was given a hard fight. Edward's eldest son, the

870: 312: 86: 3205: 2595: 1166: 897:, previously the first captain of Calais. Amerigo's brother was held in England to ensure Amerigo's cooperation. 885: 874: 429: 1212:

devastating blow. He was placed in charge of a new tower at Fretun, 3 miles (4.8 km) south west of Calais.

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Chroniclers of the time give conflicting accounts of the details. Kaeuper and Kennedy (1996) provide a summary.

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suited this purpose. It was also highly defensible: it boasted a double moat; substantial city walls; and its

2891: 1243:, thereby fulfilling his keeper's oath to die before giving up the banner. Calais remained in English hands 1151: 530: 525: 338: 322: 295: 1244: 1216: 873:) on condition that he go along with Edward's counter-plan. One of the three versions of his 14th-century 622: 370: 755: 667: 612: 365: 222: 185: 2645: 1207:

The English had been strengthening the defences of Calais with the construction of fortified towers or

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hanged almost to the point of death, emasculated, disembowelled, beheaded and chopped into four pieces

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Kaeuper and Kennedy (1996) review the sources for the date of the attack; some give 30 December 1349.

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situation are not known. The English made much of this in their diplomatic and propaganda campaigns.

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of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them

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in the north-west corner had its own moat and additional fortifications. It would provide a secure

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into France for English armies. Calais could be easily resupplied by sea and defended by land.

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After nine years of inconclusive but expensive warfare, Edward landed with an army in northern

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behaviour, the accusations struck deep, and were frequently repeated in subsequent English

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to disembark his army. Possession of Calais also allowed the accumulation of supplies and

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In early January 1352 a band of freelancing English soldiers seized Guînes by a midnight

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Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology

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found willing listeners. Negotiations began in early September and by the 28th the

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Angered by the attempt to weaken the blockade of Calais, the new French king, John

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and Oudart de Renti – three of the leading French commanders in

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Some sources state that Amerigo's son had already been surrendered to Charny.

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who supported Edward's siege of Calais. In 1347 he was pardoned by Philip,

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The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: Text, Context, and Translation

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Kaeuper, Richard (2013). "Introduction". In Charny, Geoffroi de (ed.).

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was scheduled to assemble the following week. Several members of the

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of the kings of France. Following a series of disagreements between

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Wagner, John A. (2006g). "Philip VI, King of France (1293–1350)".

1150: 1040: 962: 914: 823: 689:, as Charny was to write several authoritative books on chivalry. 2967:. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber. 2752:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 1–45. 3103:

Wagner, John A. (2006f). "John II, King of France (1319–1364)".

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A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages: 1278–1485 A.D

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The leader of the group to enter through Amerigo's gate was

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Wagner, John A. (2006e). "Hundred Years' War, Phases of".

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Wagner, John A. (2006d). "Hundred Years' War, Causes of".

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seasonal, military service in approximately three months.

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had planned to take the city by subterfuge, and bribed

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The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670

2733:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 3126:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 250–252. 3107:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 179–181. 3088:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 160–164. 3069:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 157–159. 3050:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 105–107. 3046:

Wagner, John A. (2006c). "Crécy, Battle of (1346)".

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Wagner, John A. (2006b). "Calais, Truce of (1347)".

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Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry, 1100–1550

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Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46

3148:. History of Warfare. Vol. 55. Leiden: Brill. 3031:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 74–75. 3012:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 19–21. 2986: 2782:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2775: 2898:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 1215:The main French effort of this round of fighting 3008:Wagner, John A. (2006a). "Armies, Command of". 1050:, after his attempt to take control of Calais ( 34: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2418: 2334: 2269: 2218: 2044: 1996: 1731: 1046:Geoffrey de Charny, wounded and a prisoner of 822:larger than his to gain access to the port of 2989:A Distant Mirror, the Calamitous 14th Century 924:The French came up with a plan to set off on 562: 238: 8: 2576:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. 1130: 1118: 861: 2647:The Chronicles of England, France and Spain 569: 555: 547: 245: 231: 223: 31: 2714:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2293: 2182: 1716: 1692: 1402: 54:Geoffrey de Charny (left) and King Edward 2504: 2492: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2406: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2317: 2110: 2008: 1926: 1914: 1863: 1851: 1839: 1798: 1774: 1743: 1704: 1668: 1656: 1632: 1564: 1549: 1510: 1498: 2552: 2394: 2346: 2305: 2281: 2257: 2206: 2056: 1887: 1810: 1786: 1591: 1576: 1486: 1462: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1395: 1261: 968:The battle of Calais, from Froissart's 172: 2669:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 2471: 2245: 2230: 2134: 2122: 2077: 2032: 2020: 1977: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1899: 1875: 1827: 1762: 1644: 1620: 1608: 1525: 928:, when the hours of darkness would be 3124:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 3105:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 3086:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 3067:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 3048:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 3029:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 3010:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 2598:[The Oriflamme Saint Denis]. 2170: 1680: 1540:, pp. 144–147, 182–183, 204–205. 1537: 1474: 7: 2194: 2158: 2146: 1450: 1098:Ribeaumont was promptly released on 3196:Military history of Hauts-de-France 598:Second War of Scottish Independence 1276:. He is referred to as Aimeric by 750:in July 1346. He then undertook a 25: 3191:Battles of the Hundred Years' War 2687:(2007). "For a Sack-full of Gold 1235:Charny was killed in 1356 at the 2731:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges 844:was a senior and well-respected 754:through Normandy, including the 697:and publicly tortured to death. 467:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356) 442:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355) 179: 162: 145: 135: 48: 27:Battle of the Hundred Years' War 2750:A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry 1375:A medieval English mark was an 1311: 1112: 943:, a French knight who had been 743:, which was to last 116 years. 730: 719: 1379:equivalent to two-thirds of a 447:Edward III's chevauchée (1355) 1: 3221:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360 2993:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2923:Plantagenet England 1225–1360 2854:10.1080/03044181.2016.1236502 2811:10.1016/S0048-721X(02)00057-X 1292:. There are other variations. 388:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346) 2596:"L'Oriflamme de Saint Denis" 1251:Notes, citations and sources 638:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict 603:War of the Breton Succession 2963:Sumption, Jonathon (1999). 2876:. London: Greenhill Books. 2841:Journal of Medieval History 2799:Journal of Medieval History 735:), on 24 May 1337 Philip's 3237: 3201:Military history of Calais 2541:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 2529:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 2517:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 2419:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 2335:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 2296:, p. 225, footnote 5. 2270:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 2219:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 2045:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 1997:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 1732:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996 1204:and thus the war resumed. 1156:The keep at Guînes in 2007 452:Normandy chevauchée (1356) 3186:Battles involving England 2663:Gribit, Nicholas (2016). 2650:. London: William Smith. 1167:Grand Constable of France 588: 266: 208: 195: 156: 129: 62: 47: 39: 3181:Battles involving France 2125:, pp. 115, 119–120. 1953:, pp. 114, 116–117. 756:capture and sack of Caen 715:Philip VI of France 1146: 18:Battle of Calais (1349) 1158: 1131: 1119: 1060: 973: 930:close to their maximum 862: 783:laid siege to the port 157:Commanders and leaders 58:III of England (right) 3211:Edward III of England 2729:Jaques, Tony (2007). 2361:, pp. 71–72, 88. 1929:, pp. 21–22, 61. 1154: 1056:Fleurs des chroniques 1054:from a manuscript of 1044: 966: 613:War of the Two Peters 462:Loire campaign (1356) 209:Casualties and losses 2710:Harding, V. (2002). 2161:, pp. 106, 115. 2035:, pp. 117, 119. 2023:, pp. 116, 119. 1405:, pp. 292, 394. 1070:chivalric principles 1058:, late 14th century) 820:fight a French fleet 679:chivalric principles 2983:Tuchman, Barbara W. 2834:King, Andy (2017). 2768:Kaeuper, Richard W. 2592:Contamine, Philippe 2185:, pp. 192–195. 2173:, pp. 226–227. 2149:, pp. 269–270. 1941:, pp. 113–115. 1902:, pp. 117–119. 1854:, pp. 580–581. 1842:, pp. 579–580. 1683:, pp. 225–226. 1623:, pp. 109–110. 1489:, pp. 166–175. 1477:, pp. 138–152. 1417:, pp. 157–158. 1132:Livre de chevalerie 1023:Eustace de Ribemont 901:French preparations 793:despatched by Pope 623:Despenser's Crusade 608:Castilian Civil War 500:Treaties and truces 415:Saint-Jean-d'Angély 313:Tournaisis campaign 98: / 2942:Sumption, Jonathan 2047:, pp. 11, 12. 1707:, pp. 23, 60. 1327:Retail Price Index 1237:Battle of Poitiers 1217:was against Guînes 1163:Raoul, Count of Eu 1159: 1061: 974: 842:Geoffrey de Charny 741:Hundred Years' War 660:Geoffrey de Charny 580:Hundred Years' War 381:Calais (1346–1347) 291:Thiérache campaign 254:Hundred Years' War 168:Geoffrey de Charny 151:Kingdom of England 102:50.9580°N 1.8530°E 42:Hundred Years' War 3206:Conflicts in 1350 2933:978-0-19-822844-8 2702:978-1-84383-292-8 2531:, pp. 13–14. 2519:, pp. 13–15. 2507:, pp. 91–92. 2457:, pp. 89–90. 2445:, pp. 88–89. 2433:, pp. 88–90. 2385:, pp. 71–72. 2221:, pp. 11–12. 2011:, pp. 61–62. 1866:, pp. 12–13. 1659:, pp. 20–21. 1579:, pp. 74–75. 1513:, pp. 19–21. 1278:Jonathan Sumption 1274:Michael Prestwich 1092:Jonathan Sumption 832:captain of Calais 651: 650: 643:Lancastrian phase 633:Glyndŵr rebellion 544: 543: 303:Scheldt campaigns 221: 220: 141:Kingdom of France 125: 124: 16:(Redirected from 3228: 3159: 3137: 3118: 3099: 3080: 3061: 3042: 3023: 3004: 2992: 2978: 2959: 2937: 2909: 2887: 2865: 2830: 2793: 2781: 2772:Kennedy, Elspeth 2763: 2744: 2725: 2706: 2691:: Calais 1350". 2685:Harari, Yuval N. 2680: 2659: 2637: 2615: 2606:(6): 1170–1171. 2587: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2475: 2469: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2260:, pp. 9–10. 2255: 2249: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2081: 2075: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1789:, pp. 1, 6. 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1595: 1589: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1384: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1350–1364 1313: 1306: 1299: 1293: 1284:; and Aimery by 1266: 1183: 1147:Charny's revenge 1143:, is not known. 1134: 1126:Book of Chivalry 1122: 1116: 1115: 1350–1364 1114: 1107: 1089: 1085: 865: 813:Amerigo of Pavia 752:large-scale raid 734: 733: 1327–1377 732: 723: 722: 1328–1350 721: 671: 664:Amerigo of Pavia 656:Battle of Calais 628:1383–1385 Crisis 583: 581: 571: 564: 557: 548: 261: 247: 240: 233: 224: 189: 183: 174: 166: 149: 139: 113: 112: 110: 109: 108: 103: 99: 96: 95: 94: 91: 64: 63: 57: 52: 35:Battle of Calais 32: 21: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3216:1350 in England 3176:1350s in France 3166: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3140: 3134: 3121: 3115: 3102: 3096: 3083: 3077: 3064: 3058: 3045: 3039: 3026: 3020: 3007: 3001: 2981: 2975: 2962: 2956: 2946:Trial by Battle 2940: 2934: 2912: 2906: 2892:Ormrod, W. Mark 2890: 2884: 2868: 2833: 2796: 2790: 2766: 2760: 2747: 2741: 2728: 2722: 2709: 2703: 2683: 2677: 2662: 2642:Froissart, John 2640: 2634: 2618: 2590: 2584: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2478: 2470: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2084: 2076: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1984: 1976: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1598: 1590: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1377:accounting unit 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1181: 1157: 1149: 1111: 1105: 1087: 1083: 1059: 1048:Edward III 1039: 1031:Pépin de Wierre 1019:Lord de la Warr 999:Earl of Suffolk 972: 961: 953:turned his coat 941:Oudart de Renti 903: 893:command of Sir 815: 799:Truce of Calais 795:Clement VI 760:Battle of Crécy 729: 726:Edward III 718: 707:Norman Conquest 703: 669: 652: 647: 593:Edwardian phase 584: 579: 577: 575: 545: 540: 286:English Channel 262: 258: 257:Edwardian phase 255: 253: 251: 187: 121:English victory 107:50.9580; 1.8530 106: 104: 100: 97: 92: 89: 87: 85: 84: 83: 55: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3155:978-9004171534 3154: 3142:Whetham, David 3138: 3133:978-0313327360 3132: 3119: 3114:978-0313327360 3113: 3100: 3095:978-0313327360 3094: 3081: 3076:978-0313327360 3075: 3062: 3057:978-0313327360 3056: 3043: 3038:978-0313327360 3037: 3024: 3019:978-0313327360 3018: 3005: 3000:978-0307291608 2999: 2979: 2974:978-0571138968 2973: 2960: 2955:978-0571200955 2954: 2938: 2932: 2910: 2905:978-0300055061 2904: 2888: 2883:978-1853673320 2882: 2866: 2848:(1): 106–117. 2831: 2805:(3): 263–290. 2794: 2789:978-0812233483 2788: 2764: 2759:978-0812208689 2758: 2745: 2740:978-0313335372 2739: 2726: 2721:978-0521811262 2720: 2707: 2701: 2681: 2676:978-1783271177 2675: 2660: 2638: 2633:978-0851155715 2632: 2620:DeVries, Kelly 2616: 2588: 2583:978-1840222104 2582: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2476: 2474:, p. 122. 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2397:, p. 167. 2387: 2375: 2373:, p. 511. 2363: 2351: 2349:, p. 181. 2339: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2294:Contamine 1973 2286: 2284:, p. 182. 2274: 2262: 2250: 2248:, p. 121. 2235: 2223: 2211: 2209:, p. xiv. 2199: 2197:, p. 106. 2187: 2183:Froissart 1844 2175: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2137:, p. 124. 2127: 2115: 2082: 2080:, p. 120. 2061: 2059:, p. 170. 2049: 2037: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1982: 1980:, p. 116. 1967: 1965:, p. 117. 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1830:, p. 112. 1815: 1813:, p. 179. 1803: 1801:, p. 485. 1791: 1779: 1767: 1765:, p. 113. 1748: 1736: 1721: 1719:, p. 189. 1717:Froissart 1844 1709: 1697: 1695:, p. 319. 1693:Prestwich 2005 1685: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1647:, p. 110. 1637: 1625: 1613: 1611:, p. 114. 1596: 1581: 1569: 1567:, p. 585. 1554: 1552:, p. 392. 1542: 1530: 1528:, p. 184. 1515: 1503: 1501:, p. 535. 1491: 1479: 1467: 1465:, p. 106. 1455: 1453:, p. 131. 1443: 1441:, p. 251. 1431: 1429:, p. 163. 1419: 1407: 1403:Prestwich 2005 1394: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381:pound sterling 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1318: 1294: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1201:King's Council 1155: 1148: 1145: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1011:Lord Beauchamp 967: 960: 957: 926:New Year's Eve 902: 899: 881:Jean Froissart 866:) for Calais. 814: 811: 781:Edward's army 702: 699: 649: 648: 646: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 618:Caroline phase 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 589: 586: 585: 576: 574: 573: 566: 559: 551: 542: 541: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 502: 501: 497: 496: 491: 489:Reims campaign 486: 480: 479: 475: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 438: 437: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 396: 395: 391: 390: 385: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 361:Crécy campaign 358: 353: 352: 351: 346: 335: 334: 328: 327: 326: 325: 320: 310: 305: 300: 299: 298: 288: 283: 278: 272: 271: 267: 264: 263: 252: 250: 249: 242: 235: 227: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 193: 192: 177: 159: 158: 154: 153: 143: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 78: 76: 72: 71: 70:1 January 1350 68: 60: 59: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3233: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2965:Trial by Fire 2961: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2914:Prestwich, M. 2911: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Oman, Charles 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2602:(in French). 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2574:The Crecy War 2571: 2570:Burne, Alfred 2567: 2566: 2561: 2555:, p. 20. 2554: 2549: 2546: 2543:, p. 17. 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2505:Sumption 1999 2501: 2498: 2495:, p. 93. 2494: 2493:Sumption 1999 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:Sumption 1999 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443:Sumption 1999 2439: 2436: 2432: 2431:Sumption 1999 2427: 2424: 2421:, p. 14. 2420: 2415: 2412: 2409:, p. 72. 2408: 2407:Sumption 1999 2403: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2383:Sumption 1999 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371:Sumption 1990 2367: 2364: 2360: 2359:Sumption 1999 2355: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2337:, p. 13. 2336: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2320:, p. 70. 2319: 2318:Sumption 1999 2314: 2311: 2308:, p. 10. 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2272:, p. 12. 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2233:, p. 45. 2232: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2113:, p. 62. 2112: 2111:Sumption 1999 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2009:Sumption 1999 2005: 2002: 1999:, p. 11. 1998: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1927:Sumption 1999 1923: 1920: 1917:, p. 61. 1916: 1915:Sumption 1999 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1878:, p. 37. 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864:Sumption 1999 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852:Sumption 1990 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840:Sumption 1990 1836: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799:Sumption 1990 1795: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1777:, p. 12. 1776: 1775:Sumption 1999 1771: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1746:, p. 23. 1745: 1744:Sumption 1999 1740: 1737: 1734:, p. 10. 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705:Sumption 1999 1701: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1671:, p. 21. 1670: 1669:Sumption 1999 1665: 1662: 1658: 1657:Sumption 1999 1653: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1635:, p. 20. 1634: 1633:Sumption 1999 1629: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1594:, p. 74. 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565:Sumption 1990 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550:Sumption 1999 1546: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:Sumption 1999 1507: 1504: 1500: 1499:Sumption 1990 1495: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1308: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268:So called by 1265: 1262: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161:In late 1350 1153: 1144: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015:Lord Berkeley 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:Lord Stafford 1000: 996: 990: 988: 982: 980: 971: 965: 958: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 900: 898: 896: 892: 887: 882: 879:published by 878: 877: 872: 867: 864: 859: 853: 850: 847: 843: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 812: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 737:Great Council 727: 716: 712: 708: 700: 698: 696: 690: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 665: 661: 657: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 587: 582: 572: 567: 565: 560: 558: 553: 552: 549: 537: 534: 532: 531:Second London 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 499: 498: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 477: 476: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 435: 434: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 405:Calais (1350) 403: 401: 398: 397: 393: 392: 389: 386: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 359: 357: 354: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 340: 337: 336: 333: 330: 329: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 297: 294: 293: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 269: 268: 265: 260: 248: 243: 241: 236: 234: 229: 228: 225: 216: 213: 212: 207: 203: 200: 199: 194: 191: 182: 178: 175: 169: 165: 161: 160: 155: 152: 148: 144: 142: 138: 134: 133: 128: 120: 117: 116: 111: 81: 77: 74: 73: 69: 66: 65: 61: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3163: 3145: 3123: 3104: 3085: 3066: 3047: 3028: 3009: 2988: 2964: 2945: 2922: 2918:J.M. Roberts 2895: 2873: 2845: 2839: 2802: 2798: 2777: 2749: 2730: 2711: 2692: 2688: 2665: 2646: 2623: 2603: 2599: 2573: 2553:Wagner 2006a 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2395:Whetham 2009 2390: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2347:Whetham 2009 2342: 2313: 2306:Kaeuper 2013 2301: 2289: 2282:Tuchman 1978 2277: 2265: 2258:Kaeuper 2013 2253: 2226: 2214: 2207:Harding 2002 2202: 2190: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2057:Whetham 2009 2052: 2040: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1922: 1895: 1890:, p. 8. 1888:Kaeuper 2013 1883: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1835: 1811:Wagner 2006f 1806: 1794: 1787:Kaeuper 2013 1782: 1770: 1739: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1676: 1664: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1592:Wagner 2006b 1577:Wagner 2006b 1572: 1545: 1533: 1506: 1494: 1487:DeVries 1998 1482: 1470: 1463:Wagner 2006c 1458: 1446: 1439:Wagner 2006g 1434: 1427:Wagner 2006e 1422: 1415:Wagner 2006d 1410: 1398: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1321: 1297: 1280:; Aymery by 1270:Alfred Burne 1264: 1240: 1234: 1225: 1214: 1206: 1195:The English 1194: 1187: 1179: 1170: 1160: 1137: 1124: 1097: 1086:... virtuous 1077: 1075: 1062: 1055: 1033:was killed. 1007:Lord Montagu 995:Yuval Harari 991: 987:Black Prince 983: 975: 969: 938: 923: 904: 895:Walter Manny 875: 868: 854: 840: 816: 788: 780: 745: 728:of England ( 704: 691: 676: 655: 653: 526:First London 404: 371:Blanchetaque 214:At least 400 204:At least 900 130:Belligerents 40:Part of the 29: 2472:Harari 2007 2246:Harari 2007 2231:Ormrod 1990 2135:Harari 2007 2123:Harari 2007 2078:Harari 2007 2033:Harari 2007 2021:Harari 2007 1978:Harari 2007 1963:Harari 2007 1951:Harari 2007 1939:Harari 2007 1900:Harari 2007 1876:Gribit 2016 1828:Harari 2007 1763:Harari 2007 1645:Harari 2007 1621:Harari 2007 1609:Harari 2007 1526:Jaques 2007 1301:The future 1221:siege works 919:blockhouses 907:men-at-arms 259:(1337–1360) 105: / 3170:Categories 2896:Edward III 2171:Burne 1999 1681:Burne 1999 1538:Burne 1999 1475:Burne 1999 1245:until 1558 1197:parliament 979:portcullis 970:Chronicles 876:Chronicles 863:marchander 846:Burgundian 791:emissaries 705:Since the 701:Background 695:Saint-Omer 687:propaganda 511:Malestroit 410:Winchelsea 318:Saint-Omer 281:Arnemuiden 90:50°57′29″N 2872:(1998) . 2862:159619516 2827:159873083 2819:0304-4181 2622:(1998) . 2612:179713536 2572:(1999) . 2195:King 2017 2159:King 2017 2147:King 2002 1451:Oman 1998 1391:Citations 1303:King John 1282:Froissart 1241:Oriflamme 1079:Oriflamme 1052:miniature 1037:Aftermath 934:gatehouse 506:Espléchin 484:Jacquerie 478:1358–1360 436:1355–1356 400:Lunalonge 394:1349–1352 356:Aiguillon 349:Auberoche 332:1345–1347 270:1337–1340 93:1°51′11″E 3144:(2009). 2985:(1978). 2944:(1990). 2916:(2005). 2894:(1990). 2774:(1996). 2656:91958290 2644:(1844). 2594:(1973). 1229:slighted 1209:bastions 1190:escalade 949:Flemings 945:banished 911:low tide 886:Havering 828:matériel 807:Brittany 776:entrepôt 766:port of 748:Normandy 683:knightly 536:Brétigny 494:Chartres 472:Poitiers 457:Breteuil 344:Bergerac 196:Strength 82:, France 75:Location 2920:(ed.). 2600:Annales 2562:Sources 1290:Kennedy 1286:Kaeuper 1027:Picardy 915:marshes 891:titular 803:Gascony 772:citadel 764:Channel 711:vassals 420:Saintes 339:Gascony 323:Tournai 296:Cambrai 276:Cadzand 170: ( 3152: 3130: 3111: 3092: 3073: 3054: 3035: 3016: 2997: 2971: 2952: 2930: 2902: 2880: 2860: 2825: 2817: 2786: 2770:& 2756: 2737: 2718: 2699: 2673: 2654: 2630: 2610: 2580: 1305: 1182: 1165:, the 1141:Guînes 1106: 1100:parole 1088: 1084: 1017:, and 959:Battle 849:knight 836:galley 768:Calais 724:) and 670: 668:Edward 521:Guînes 516:Calais 430:Guînes 425:Ardres 188: 186:Edward 118:Result 80:Calais 56: 2858:S2CID 2823:S2CID 1256:Notes 1066:marks 824:Sluys 376:Crécy 308:Sluys 217:Light 201:5,500 184:King 3150:ISBN 3128:ISBN 3109:ISBN 3090:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3052:ISBN 3033:ISBN 3014:ISBN 2995:ISBN 2969:ISBN 2950:ISBN 2928:ISBN 2900:ISBN 2878:ISBN 2815:ISSN 2784:ISBN 2754:ISBN 2735:ISBN 2716:ISBN 2697:ISBN 2689:Écus 2671:ISBN 2652:OCLC 2628:ISBN 2608:OCLC 2578:ISBN 1288:and 1272:and 1175:keep 1171:écus 1120:écus 1104:John 858:écus 805:and 654:The 366:Caen 67:Date 2850:doi 2807:doi 1325:UK 672:III 190:III 173:POW 3172:: 2856:. 2846:43 2844:. 2838:. 2821:. 2813:. 2803:28 2801:. 2604:31 2479:^ 2462:^ 2325:^ 2238:^ 2085:^ 2064:^ 1985:^ 1970:^ 1907:^ 1818:^ 1751:^ 1724:^ 1599:^ 1584:^ 1557:^ 1518:^ 1316:). 1312:r. 1307:II 1247:. 1223:. 1113:r. 1108:II 1029:; 1013:, 1009:, 1005:, 1001:, 921:. 809:. 731:r. 720:r. 3158:. 3136:. 3117:. 3098:. 3079:. 3060:. 3041:. 3022:. 3003:. 2977:. 2958:. 2936:. 2908:. 2886:. 2864:. 2852:: 2829:. 2809:: 2792:. 2762:. 2743:. 2724:. 2705:. 2679:. 2658:. 2636:. 2614:. 2586:. 1383:. 1309:( 1129:( 1110:( 717:( 570:e 563:t 556:v 246:e 239:t 232:v 176:) 20:)

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