165:
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762:, the smallest vessel on either line. When Arbuthnot spotted the French fleet to his northeast at 6 am on 16 March, they were about 40 nmi (74 km) east-northeast of Cape Henry. Arbuthnot came about, and Destouches ordered his ships to form a line of battle heading west, with the wind. Between 8 and 9 am the winds began shifting, but visibility remained poor, and the two fleets manoeuvred for several hours, each seeking the advantage of the
709:
798:
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677:, a heavy frigate that was one of several ships sent by the British to investigate the French movements. This modest success, and the encouragement of General Washington, prompted Destouches to embark on a full-scale operation. On 8 March, Washington was in Newport when Destouches sailed with his entire fleet, carrying 1,200 troops for use in land operations when they arrived in the Chesapeake.
724:
654:
41:
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this manoeuvre he surrendered the weather gage (giving
Arbuthnot the advantage in determining the attack), but it also positioned his ships relative to the wind such that he could open his lower gundecks in the heavy seas, which the British could not do without the risk of water washing onto the lower decks.
912:
Lafayette, when he learned of the French failure, turned back north to rejoin
Washington. Washington then ordered Lafayette to stay in Virginia, having learned of the reinforcements sent to Arnold. Although the French operation to support Lafayette was unsuccessful, the later naval operations by the
793:
By 1 pm the wind had stabilised from the northeast, and
Arbuthnot was coming up on the rear of the French line as both headed east-southeast, tacking against the wind. Destouches ordered to wear ship in sequence again, and brought his line around in front of the advancing British line. With
885:
French casualties were 72 killed and 112 wounded, while the
British suffered 30 killed and 73 wounded. Arbuthnot pulled into Chesapeake Bay, thus frustrating the original intent of Destouches' mission, while the French fleet returned to Newport. After transports delivered 2,000 men to reinforce
591:
just ahead of
Destouches on 16 March. After manoeuvring for several hours, the battle was joined, and both fleets suffered some damage and casualties without losing any ships. However, Arbuthnot was positioned to enter the Chesapeake as the fleets disengaged, frustrating Destouches' objective.
810:
Arbuthnot responded to the French manoeuvre by ordering his fleet to wear. When the ships in the van of his line made the maneuver, they were fully exposed to the French line's fire, and consequently suffered significant damage. At 1330, the vanguards of both squadron engaged, the French
896:
voted officials thanks to
Destouches. General Washington, unhappy that the operation had failed, wrote a letter that was mildly critical of Destouches. This letter was intercepted and published in an English newspaper, prompting a critical response to Washington by the
905:, who arrived in May to take command of the Newport station, justified Destouches' decision not to pursue the attack: "It is a principle in war that one should risk much to defend one's positions, and very little to attack those of the enemy." Naval historian
686:, the British fleet commander in North America, was aware that Destouches was planning something, but did not learn of Destouches' sailing until 10 March, and immediately led his fleet out of Gardiner Bay in pursuit. He had the speed advantage of
352:
2928:
665:
A storm in early
February damaged some of Arbuthnot's fleet, which prompted Destouches to send a squadron of three ships south shortly after. When they reached the Chesapeake, the British ships supporting Arnold moved up the shallow
661:. The British ships are in black, the French ships in white. The positions of the fleets at various points in the battle are labelled as follows: * A: fleets sight each other * B: first tack * C: second tack * D: disengagement
242:
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876:
After one hour, Destouches at this point again ordered his fleet to wear in succession, and his ships raked the damaged
British ships once more before pulling away to the east. The British ships were too damaged to pursue.
345:
886:
Arnold, Arbuthnot returned to New York. He resigned his post as station chief due to age and infirmity in July and left for
England, ending a stormy, difficult, and unproductive relationship with General Clinton.
338:
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235:
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were virtually unmanageable due to damage to their sails and rigging. Arbuthnot kept the signal for maintaining the line flying, and the
British fleet thus lined up behind the damaged vessels.
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broke, slowing and disorganising the Destouches' battle line, and the British seized the opportunity to close in. Destouches ordered another turn, further closing to the British, but allowing
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south with a small army to oppose Arnold. Seeking to trap Arnold between Lafayette's army and a French naval detachment, Washington asked the French admiral
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On 17 March, Destouches held a war council, which concluded that the ships were too damaged to resume combat, and decided to call Newport to repair.
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Destouches returned to Newport, while Arbuthnot protected the bay for the arrival of additional land troops to reinforce General Arnold.
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670:, where the French ships were unable to follow. The French fleet returned to Newport, having as their only success the capture of
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The French at Boston during the Revolution: With Particular Reference to the French Fleets and the Fortifications in the Harbor
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Although the two fleets both had eight ships in their lines, the British had an advantage in firepower: the 90-gun
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for help. Destouches was wary of the threat posed by the slightly larger British North American fleet anchored at
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was a 80-gun ship (Lapeyrouse, p. 170). She might have actually carried 84 guns (Mahan p. 492).
893:
480:
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401:
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291:
2125:. She was an older ship of the line, converted for use as a transport and hospital ship. (Smith, p. 58).
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points out that "this aversion from risks goes far to explain the French want of success in the war."
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Les aventures de Louis-René de Latouche-Tréville, compagnon de La Fayette et commandant de l'Hermione
2214:
1450:
1085:
623:
296:
583:. Sailing on 8 March, he was followed two days later by Admiral Arbuthnot, who sailed from eastern
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This is a recording of the text of the article on the Battle of Cape Henry read on 21 May 2020.
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Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783: Being chapter XXXI in The royal navy. A history
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2331:
2318:
2308:
2291:
2281:
2264:
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The French in America During the War of Independence of the United States, 1777–1783, Volume 2
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618:(who had changed sides to the British the previous September) with about 1,700 troops to
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to take his fleet to the Chesapeake to support military operations against Arnold by
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with 64; others, e.g. Mahan (1898), p. 492, list her as carrying 74 guns.
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Naval Documents Of The American Revolution, Volume 1 (Dec. 1774 – Sept. 1775)
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Although there is a marker commemorating the Battle of the Chesapeake at the
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remained exposed for another 30 minutes before she managed to establish a
619:
569:
330:
2199:
Naval and military Memoirs of Great Britain, From 1727 to 1783, Volume 6
2174:
Balch, Thomas Willing; Balch, Edwin Swift; Balch, Elise Willing (1895).
2929:
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain
2220:
La Société des Cincinnati de France et la guerre d'Amérique (1778–1783)
1847:
2305:
Nelson's Ships: A History Of The Vessels In Which He Served, 1771–1805
556:, had sailed for the Chesapeake as part of a joint operation with the
40:
1568:
1535:
1442:
1408:
1375:
1341:
758:), while the French fleet also included the recently captured 44-gun
2582:
2278:
Les Marins Français sous Louis XVI: Guerre d'Indépendance Américaine
220:
2375:
La Vie et les Travaux du Chevalier Jean-Charles de Borda, 1733–1799
2259:. United States: Rhode Island State Society of Cincinnati. p.
2601:
917:
that culminated in the French naval victory in the September 1781
796:
652:
1716:
in Virginia, there is no recognition of this battle at the site.
790:
to repair and return to their stations, which they did by 1100.
770:
and had the weather gage, and around 0930, Destouches ordered to
2934:
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving France
587:. Arbuthnot's fleet outsailed that of Destouches, reaching the
2618:
1846:"Coppering" a ship had, among other benefits, the reduction of
1688:
The battle has been memorialized by American singer-songwriter
334:
224:
774:
in sequence. As they executed the order, the topsail yards of
752:
was the largest ship of either fleet (compared to the 80-gun
1704:
White water, white water, with those flames climbing higher
1893:
1891:
806:
bearing the brunt of the British fire during the battle.
2405:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
2015:
2013:
2011:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1623:
This was a two-deck ship built by the British in 1777.
1515:, 74 guns; other sources uniformly identify her as the
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1768:
1766:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1708:
Cape Henry, Cape Henry off of that old Virginia shore
1628:
Casualty summary: 72 killed, 112 wounded, 184 total.
1288:
940:
2238:
The Campaign That Won America: the Story of Yorktown
2843:
2827:
2784:
2711:
2690:
2652:
1250:Casualty summary: 30 killed, 67 wounded, 97 total
550:
Charles René Dominique Sochet, Chevalier Destouches
16:
1781 naval battle of the American Revolutionary War
921:paved the way for a successful naval blockade and
854:closed within pistol range, but a lucky shot from
2939:Naval battles of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
1702:Cape Henry, Cape Henry, the battlefield's on fire
1509:Morrissey apparently confuses this ship with the
2489:The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies
1692:in "The Ballad of Cape Henry" on his 2008 album
25:
2403:Ships' Fastenings: From Sewn Boat to Steamship
1706:We fired our cannon at least two hours or more
2630:
2180:. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. p.
346:
236:
8:
2583:"National Park Service: Cape Henry Memorial"
2378:(in French). Paris: Presses Paris Sorbonne.
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
2442:Yorktown 1781: the World Turned Upside Down
2330:Lapeyrouse Bonfils, LĂ©onard LĂ©once (1845).
694:on 16 March, slightly ahead of Destouches.
690:vessels and a favourable wind, and reached
2637:
2623:
2615:
2159:National Park Service: Cape Henry Memorial
353:
339:
331:
243:
229:
221:
22:
2543:(in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé.
2333:Histoire de la Marine Française, Volume 3
2280:(in French). Issy-les-Moulineaux Muller.
2201:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme.
2134:
1455:
1363:Lost her rudder and most of her rigging
302:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
2554:. Washington D.C., U.S. Navy Department.
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1610:Jacques-Aimé Le Saige de La Villèsbrunne
901:, the French army commander at Newport.
2093:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2030:
2028:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1897:
1882:
1790:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
842:, killed four helmsmen and sending her
704:
2307:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
2019:
1993:
1627:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1249:
963:
958:
955:
949:
946:
873:and return to the French battle line.
2256:The Order of the Cincinnati in France
2105:
1870:
1834:
1757:
1417:Charles-René-Louis Bernard de Marigny
1300:
1210:Morrissey probably incorrectly lists
952:
766:. From 0815, he French were sailing
7:
1544:Jean Isaac Chadeau de la Clocheterie
2646:Virginia in the American Revolution
2589:from the original on 28 August 2010
865:topsail yard, forcing her to stop.
536:on 16 March 1781 between a British
532:which took place near the mouth of
2730:Give me liberty, or give me death!
2567:"LastFM: The Ballad of Cape Henry"
2223:. Paris: Ă©ditions Auguste Picard.
815:of the three first British ships.
657:Tactical diagram of the battle by
622:to do some raiding and to fortify
14:
2548:Clark, William Bell, ed. (1964).
2470:France in the American Revolution
2355:. Boston: Little, Brown. p.
1850:of foreign matter that increased
2949:Battles of the Yorktown Campaign
2681:
2276:La Jonquière, Christian (1996).
2147:LastFM: The Ballad of Cape Henry
1677:Jean-Marie de Villeneuve Cillart
722:
707:
638:, the commander of the fleet at
575:Destouches was asked by General
175:
163:
142:
127:
39:
2751:Formation of Ethiopian Regiment
2741:Formation of Culpeper Minutemen
2817:Virginia Declaration of Rights
2540:Batailles navales de la France
1471:Morrissey and Mahan claim the
1:
2467:Perkins, James Breck (1911).
2349:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1898).
1384:Louis-André-Joseph de Lombard
1350:Charles-Marie de la Grandière
1273:(frigate, 32, George Montagu)
650:, and was reluctant to help.
2881:Battle of Spencer's Ordinary
2492:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
2473:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1605:
1600:
1572:
1567:
1539:
1534:
1491:
1486:
1446:
1441:
1412:
1407:
1379:
1374:
1345:
1340:
1279:(frigate, 32, George Dawson)
1267:(frigate, 28, Hugh Robinson)
1230:
1225:
1191:
1186:
1160:
1155:
1128:
1123:
1096:
1091:
1065:
1060:
1031:
1026:
997:
992:
530:American War of Independence
2486:Russell, David Lee (2000).
2440:Morrissey, Brendan (1997).
2336:(in French). Paris: Dentu.
2253:Gardiner, Asa Bird (1905).
1619:
1616:
1613:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1467:
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1461:
1429:
1426:
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1393:
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1387:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1285:(frigate, 28, Henry Duncan)
1242:
1239:
1236:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1012:
1009:
1006:
2965:
2776:Fourth Virginia Convention
2766:Second Virginia Convention
2521:. Boston: self-published.
2515:Smith, Fitz-Henry (1913).
2401:McCarthy, Michael (2005).
1592:
1577:Armand Le Gardeur de Tilly
1559:
1526:
1478:
1433:
1399:
1366:
1332:
1315:
1248:
1217:
1178:
1147:
1115:
1083:
1052:
1018:
984:
967:
838:, a cannonball struck her
599:
528:was a naval battle in the
33:American Revolutionary War
2802:Fifth Virginia Convention
2797:Formation of Lee's Legion
2771:Third Virginia Convention
2703:First Virginia Convention
2679:
2585:. National Park Service.
2146:
1848:accumulations on the hull
1475:as Destouches' flagship.
1326:
1321:
1316:
1164:Captain Gideon Johnstone
978:
973:
968:
681:Vice-admiral of the White
372:
262:
202:
187:
156:
119:
111:Strategic British victory
49:
45:Aerial view of Cape Henry
38:
30:
2896:Battle of the Chesapeake
2856:Skirmish at Waters Creek
2756:Battle of Kemp's Landing
2435:(in French). Paris: SPM.
2240:. New York: Dial Press.
2197:Beatson, Robert (1804).
2158:
1772:Lapeyrouse, pp. 169–170.
1496:Louis Nicolas de Durfort
1234:Captain Samuel Thompson
1144:Sir Thomas Graves' flag
919:Battle of the Chesapeake
632:the Marquis de Lafayette
581:the Marquis de Lafayette
552:. Destouches, based in
2535:Troude, Onésime-Joachim
2303:Goodwin, Peter (2002).
1100:Captain William Swiney
646:off the eastern end of
614:sent Brigadier General
2886:Battle of Green Spring
2761:Battle of Great Bridge
2746:Dunmore's Proclamation
2610:
2372:Mascart, Jean (2000).
1069:Captain Thomas Burnet
894:United States Congress
807:
662:
364:Atlantic naval theatre
157:Commanders and leaders
109:Tactically indecisive
2876:Raid on Point of Fork
2719:Fincastle Resolutions
2608:
2236:Davis, Burke (1970).
1975:Russell, pp. 274–305.
1966:Mahan (1898), p. 493.
1957:Mahan (1898), p. 492.
1854:. (McCarthy, p. 103).
1741:Perkins, pp. 322–323.
1132:Captain David Graves
800:
656:
640:Newport, Rhode Island
630:responded by sending
564:of Brigadier General
554:Newport, Rhode Island
203:Casualties and losses
2861:Battle of Cape Henry
2672:Virginia Association
2066:La Jonquière, p. 95.
1802:Russell, p. 217–218.
1519:. In French rating,
548:fleet under Admiral
540:led by Vice Admiral
526:Battle of Cape Henry
196:7 ships of the line
26:Battle of Cape Henry
2871:Action at Osborne's
2866:Battle of Blandford
2807:Augusta Declaration
1714:Cape Henry Memorial
1667:(14, M. de Vaudoré)
1291:
943:
907:Alfred Thayer Mahan
903:The Comte de Barras
899:Comte de Rochambeau
659:Alfred Thayer Mahan
568:that was active in
193:8 ships of the line
86: /
2792:Burning of Norfolk
2736:Gunpowder Incident
2611:
2444:. London: Osprey.
2215:Contenson, Ludovic
2117:Most sources list
1659:Mengaud de la Haye
1430:Mainmast damaged
1289:
941:
931:Yorktown, Virginia
808:
716:Sochet Des Touches
663:
606:In December 1780,
511:2nd Chesapeake Bay
287:Spencer's Ordinary
2924:Conflicts in 1781
2909:
2908:
2901:Siege of Yorktown
2891:Francisco's Fight
2666:Virginia Resolves
2606:
2499:978-0-7864-0783-5
2451:978-1-85532-688-0
2412:978-1-58544-451-9
2385:978-2-84050-173-2
2314:978-0-8117-1007-7
2287:978-2-904255-12-0
2057:Gardiner, p. 112.
2034:Gardiner, p. 140.
2005:Gardiner, p. 129.
1984:Morrissey, p. 51.
1632:
1631:
1451:Charles de MĂ©dine
1329:
1324:
1319:
1309:
1254:
1253:
1112:Arbuthnot's flag
981:
976:
971:
961:
628:George Washington
612:Sir Henry Clinton
602:Yorktown campaign
577:George Washington
519:
518:
327:
326:
254:Yorktown campaign
219:
218:
115:
114:
90:37.150°N 75.152°W
2956:
2944:1781 in Virginia
2851:Raid on Richmond
2724:Augusta Resolves
2698:Fairfax Resolves
2685:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2544:
2530:
2511:
2482:
2463:
2436:
2424:
2397:
2368:
2345:
2326:
2299:
2272:
2249:
2232:
2210:
2193:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2135:Contenson (1934)
2132:
2126:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2075:Mascart, p. 453.
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1819:
1818:Russell, p. 254.
1816:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1773:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1742:
1739:
1521:Duc de Bourgogne
1517:Duc de Bourgogne
1482:Duc de Bourgogne
1457:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1292:
979:
974:
969:
959:
944:
927:Lord Cornwallis'
864:
850:and the 100-gun
755:Duc de Bourgogne
731:Mariot Arbuthnot
726:
711:
684:Mariot Arbuthnot
558:Continental Army
542:Mariot Arbuthnot
506:3rd Delaware Bay
496:2nd Delaware Bay
471:1st Delaware Bay
387:Turtle Gut Inlet
367:
365:
355:
348:
341:
332:
257:
255:
245:
238:
231:
222:
180:
179:
178:
170:Mariot Arbuthnot
168:
167:
166:
152:
148:
146:
145:
137:
133:
131:
130:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
70:, Atlantic Ocean
51:
50:
43:
23:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2839:
2835:Chesapeake raid
2823:
2780:
2707:
2686:
2677:
2648:
2643:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2547:
2533:
2514:
2500:
2485:
2466:
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2439:
2427:
2413:
2400:
2386:
2371:
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2302:
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2275:
2252:
2235:
2213:
2196:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:Goodwin, p. 88.
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1822:
1817:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1686:
939:
937:Order of battle
915:Comte de Grasse
883:
862:
743:
738:
737:
736:
733:
727:
718:
712:
701:
700:
668:Elizabeth River
616:Benedict Arnold
604:
598:
566:Benedict Arnold
522:
521:
520:
515:
491:2nd Long Island
463:Capture of HMS
445:Capture of USS
425:1st Long Island
402:Capture of USS
368:
363:
361:
359:
329:
328:
323:
317:order of battle
258:
253:
251:
249:
214:
209:
197:
176:
174:
164:
162:
143:
141:
140:
128:
126:
125:
110:
95:37.150; -75.152
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
71:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2916:
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2907:
2906:
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2888:
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2873:
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2863:
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2853:
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2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:Lee Resolution
2809:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
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2738:
2733:
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2700:
2694:
2692:
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2678:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2660:Parson's Cause
2656:
2654:
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2649:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2599:
2579:
2560:External links
2557:
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2498:
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2250:
2233:
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2194:
2164:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2137:, p. 159.
2127:
2110:
2108:, p. 492.
2098:
2096:, p. 273.
2094:Beatson (1804)
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2045:
2043:Balch, p. 175.
2036:
2024:
2007:
1998:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1923:
1919:Monaque (2000)
1911:
1902:
1898:Monaque (2000)
1887:
1883:Monaque (2000)
1875:
1873:, p. 490.
1856:
1839:
1837:, p. 489.
1820:
1804:
1795:
1791:Monaque (2000)
1774:
1762:
1760:, p. 491.
1743:
1728:
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1723:
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1685:
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1675:(frigate, 32,
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942:British fleet
938:
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882:
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813:Crossing the T
742:
739:
735:
734:
728:
721:
719:
713:
706:
703:
702:
698:
697:
696:
644:Gardiner's Bay
600:Main article:
597:
594:
589:Virginia Capes
560:to oppose the
534:Chesapeake Bay
517:
516:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
481:2nd Cape Henry
478:
473:
468:
460:
458:1st Chesapeake
455:
450:
442:
437:
432:
430:1st Cape Henry
427:
422:
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182:Charles Sochet
172:
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2569:. Last.fm Ltd
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2429:Monaque, RĂ©mi
2426:
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2063:
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2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:, p. 99.
2021:
2020:Troude (1867)
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1996:, p. 98.
1995:
1994:Troude (1867)
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1921:, p. 59.
1920:
1915:
1912:
1909:Davis, p. 45.
1906:
1903:
1900:, p. 57.
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:, p. 56.
1884:
1879:
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1793:, p. 58.
1792:
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904:
900:
895:
890:
887:
880:
878:
874:
872:
868:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:. the 74-gun
845:
844:Into the wind
841:
837:
834:closed in to
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
805:
804:
799:
795:
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789:
785:
781:
777:
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535:
531:
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512:
509:
507:
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502:
501:Kedges Strait
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
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443:
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431:
428:
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421:
418:
416:
415:North Channel
413:
411:
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139:
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135:Great Britain
124:
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118:
108:
105:
104:
99:
69:
64:
61:
60:
57:16 March 1781
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2911:
2860:
2593:22 September
2591:. Retrieved
2571:. Retrieved
2559:
2558:
2550:
2539:
2517:
2488:
2469:
2441:
2432:
2402:
2374:
2351:
2332:
2304:
2277:
2255:
2237:
2219:
2198:
2176:
2168:Bibliography
2167:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2113:
2106:Mahan (1898)
2101:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2039:
2001:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1914:
1905:
1878:
1871:Mahan (1898)
1842:
1835:Mahan (1898)
1798:
1758:Mahan (1898)
1711:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1672:Surveillante
1671:
1664:
1652:
1641:
1595:
1562:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1481:
1472:
1436:
1402:
1369:
1335:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1220:
1211:
1181:
1150:
1118:
1086:
1055:
1021:
987:
911:
891:
888:
884:
875:
871:jury rigging
866:
859:
855:
851:
847:
835:
831:
829:
824:
820:
816:
809:
802:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:close-hauled
764:weather gage
759:
754:
748:
744:
679:
673:
664:
605:
574:
562:British army
525:
523:
464:
446:
429:
420:Charles Town
403:
382:Block Island
292:Green Spring
276:
272:Waters Creek
120:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
2121:as 64 guns
1695:Peace Queer
1690:Todd Snider
1635:Other ships
1257:Other ships
1157:Fourth rate
1125:Second rate
1037:Smith Child
688:copper-clad
648:Long Island
585:Long Island
440:Cape Breton
215:112 wounded
93: /
2918:Categories
1602:Fifth rate
1336:Conquérant
1308:Casualties
1304:Commander
1227:Third rate
1188:Third rate
1093:Third rate
1062:Third rate
1028:Third rate
994:Third rate
960:Casualties
956:Commander
923:land siege
867:Conquérant
856:Conquérant
832:Conquérant
803:Conquérant
699:Commanders
692:Cape Henry
636:Destouches
626:. General
624:Portsmouth
596:Background
486:Hudson Bay
435:Cape Split
307:Chesapeake
277:Cape Henry
213:72 killed
210:73 wounded
208:30 killed
81:75°09′07″W
78:37°09′00″N
68:Cape Henry
2573:19 August
2421:467080350
2394:264793608
2323:249275709
2296:243902833
2246:248958859
2119:Fantasque
1725:Citations
1665:Fantasque
1512:Bourgogne
1264:Guadelupe
1087:Royal Oak
881:Aftermath
858:took off
848:Royal Oak
772:wear ship
747:HMS
672:HMS
410:Frederica
297:Francisco
282:Blandford
198:1 frigate
2587:Archived
2537:(1867).
2508:44562323
2460:39028166
2431:(2000).
2365:46778589
2342:10443764
2217:(1934).
2123:en flûte
1654:Gentille
1647:Latouche
1642:Hermione
1370:Provence
1323:Wounded
1195:Captain
1035:Captain
1001:Captain
975:Wounded
929:army at
729:Admiral
714:Captain
620:Virginia
610:General
570:Virginia
538:squadron
453:Cape Ann
447:Trumbull
397:Yarmouth
392:Barbados
312:Yorktown
267:Richmond
188:Strength
62:Location
2527:9262209
2269:5104049
2229:7842336
2207:4643956
2190:2183804
1596:Romulus
1563:Éveillé
1473:Neptune
1453: (
1437:Neptune
1318:Killed
1221:America
1212:Bedford
1182:Bedford
1151:Adamant
1056:Prudent
970:Killed
825:Prudent
788:Éveillé
780:Éveillé
760:Romulus
674:Romulus
608:British
476:Halifax
404:Hancock
2674:(1769)
2668:(1765)
2662:(1763)
2525:
2506:
2496:
2479:177577
2477:
2458:
2448:
2419:
2409:
2392:
2382:
2363:
2340:
2321:
2311:
2294:
2284:
2267:
2244:
2227:
2205:
2188:
1684:Legacy
1569:64-gun
1536:64-gun
1492:80–84
1488:80-gun
1443:74-gun
1409:64-gun
1403:Ardent
1376:64-gun
1342:74-gun
1312:Notes
1119:London
1022:Europe
988:Robust
964:Notes
863:'s
860:London
852:London
836:Robust
823:, and
821:Europe
817:Robust
784:Ardent
776:Ardent
749:London
741:Battle
546:French
544:and a
465:Savage
377:Nassau
150:France
147:
132:
106:Result
2653:Early
1720:Notes
1530:Jason
1328:Total
1301:Guns
1298:Type
1295:Ship
1283:Medea
1271:Pearl
980:Total
953:Guns
950:Rate
947:Ship
840:wheel
2844:1781
2828:1779
2785:1776
2712:1775
2691:1774
2595:2010
2575:2010
2523:OCLC
2504:OCLC
2494:ISBN
2475:OCLC
2456:OCLC
2446:ISBN
2417:OCLC
2407:ISBN
2390:OCLC
2380:ISBN
2361:OCLC
2338:OCLC
2319:OCLC
2309:ISBN
2292:OCLC
2282:ISBN
2265:OCLC
2242:OCLC
2225:OCLC
2203:OCLC
2186:OCLC
1852:drag
1360:93
1277:Iris
892:The
786:and
778:and
524:The
66:Off
54:Date
2357:492
2261:112
2182:175
1606:44
1573:64
1540:64
1506:11
1456:WIA
1447:74
1427:54
1424:35
1421:19
1413:64
1380:64
1357:50
1354:43
1346:74
1231:64
1192:74
1161:50
1129:90
1097:74
1078:31
1075:24
1066:64
1047:27
1044:19
1032:64
1013:36
1010:21
1007:15
998:74
925:of
830:As
2920::
2502:.
2454:.
2415:.
2388:.
2359:.
2317:.
2290:.
2263:.
2184:.
2048:^
2027:^
2010:^
1926:^
1890:^
1859:^
1823:^
1807:^
1777:^
1765:^
1746:^
1732:^
1698::
1679:)
1620:3
1617:1
1614:2
1587:4
1584:3
1581:1
1554:6
1551:1
1548:5
1503:5
1500:6
1468:6
1465:2
1462:4
1459:)
1394:8
1391:7
1388:1
1243:0
1240:0
1237:0
1207:0
1204:0
1201:0
1173:0
1170:0
1167:0
1141:0
1138:0
1135:0
1109:3
1106:3
1103:0
1072:7
1041:8
933:.
819:,
572:.
2732:"
2728:"
2638:e
2631:t
2624:v
2597:.
2577:.
2529:.
2510:.
2481:.
2462:.
2423:.
2396:.
2367:.
2344:.
2325:.
2298:.
2271:.
2248:.
2231:.
2209:.
2192:.
2161:.
2149:.
1661:)
1649:)
354:e
347:t
340:v
244:e
237:t
230:v
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