37:
176:
167:
158:
149:
140:
113:
231:
224:
217:
203:
186:
123:
735:
the attack was again thrown back by a storm of fire from the
Spanish arquebusiers. One of those killed by the arquebus volleys was Nemours, making him possibly the first European general killed in action by small-arms fire. With the Swiss commander, Chandieu, taking charge, the Swiss pikemen attacked with the cavalry instead of waiting for the arrival of the French
785:
north of Naples. De Córdoba's forces attempted to storm the fortress, but the attacks all failed. The besieged French were prepared for a long siege and were receiving supplies by sea. Thus unable to take Gaeta and fearing the arrival of possible French reinforcements, de Córdoba lifted the siege and
734:
The battle began with two charges by the French heavy cavalry against the centre of the
Spanish army, but these were both repulsed by intense Spanish artillery and arquebus fire. The next assault tried to force the Spanish right flank, but many of the French cavalrymen fell into the Spanish ditch and
739:
and artillery under Yves d'Alègre. Seeing the imminent French infantry assault upon his center, Córdoba withdrew the arquebusiers to the flanks and the
Landsknecht pikemen took their place behind the ditch. The Swiss formations, joined by the Gascon infantry, were unable to break into the defensive
611:
described as the turning point of infantry finally taking the place of cavalry on battlefields: "Gonzalo de Córdoba had raised the infantry soldier armed with a handgun to the status of the most important fighting man on the battlefield - a status he was to retain for over 400 years".
743:
Fernández de Córdoba then launched a counterattack by the
Spanish and German infantry and the reserve of heavy Spanish cavalry. Mounted arquebusiers surrounded and routed the remaining French gendarmes, but the Swiss pikemen managed to retreat in a relatively organized fashion.
643:
The
Spanish forces under Fernández de Córdoba avoided contact with the French at first, hoping to lure the French into complacency. After a series of skirmishes, the battle of Cerignola was the first major engagement in this phase of the war, alongside the
740:
positions. Held by the
Landsknechts in the front, fired into their flanks by the arquebusiers and harassed by the Spanish light cavalry, the Swiss and French were again driven back with heavy casualties, including Chandieu.
335:
774:, upon seeing the fields full of French bodies (who, like the Spaniards, were Christian), ordered three long tones to be played and his troops to pray for all the fallen. The body of Nemours was retrieved by
750:"..what happened in the battle of Chirinola {Cerignola}; where an Italian, believing the Spanish were beaten, threw fire in the powder wagons, and the army being confused by such an accident,
328:
439:
321:
726:
and mercenary Swiss pikemen. This army also had more artillery than the
Spanish, but the French artillery would not arrive in time to take an active part in the battle.
651:
Fernández de Córdoba was outnumbered but had the advantage of the terrain, with the
Spanish occupying and fortifying the heights of Cerignola with ditches and stakes.
909:'Empresas Politicas: O idea de un Principe Politico Christiano representada en cien empreses' Tomo Tres, by Don Diego de Saavedra Faxardo, Madrid 1789, pp. 7, 8
997:
747:
Upon witnessing the defeat of both the gendarmes and the Swiss, d'Alègre directed a withdrawal. He was pursued by the victorious
Spanish jinetes.
1036:
432:
989:
978:
964:
940:
894:
1046:
593:
189:
1061:
512:
557:
143:
1051:
425:
1056:
621:
603:
weapons, as the attacks by the French cavalry and Swiss pikemen were shattered by the fire of
Spanish arquebusiers behind a
466:
345:
28:
766:
and artillery was captured by the victorious Spanish troops. The end of the battle saw the first time a "call to prayer" (
501:
496:
491:
481:
461:
471:
486:
406:
762:
The severe French defeat cost them around 4,000 soldiers, with Spanish losses amounting to some 500 men. The French
1071:
637:
179:
116:
950:
645:
396:
625:
36:
695:
was placed on top of the hill among the vineyards, having a good view of the entire battlefield. The Spanish
369:
1041:
793:
tactics and the beginning of 140 years of Spanish dominance on European battlefields until the defeat of
604:
582:
391:
281:
687:
In front of the hillside, a ditch was dug behind which the arquebusiers took their positions, with the
676:. This type of formation had revolutionized the Spanish army, which like the French, had centered on
945:
Cassidy, Ben. "Machiavelli and the Ideology of the Offensive: Gunpowder Weapons in the Art of War."
364:
802:
775:
374:
45:
1066:
846:
608:
754:
was encouraged saying 'good sign friends, those are the lights of victory' and thus it was."
175:
166:
157:
148:
139:
112:
985:
974:
960:
936:
890:
633:
589:
545:
533:
234:
126:
81:
794:
763:
712:
207:
193:
161:
152:
49:
797:
in 1643 . It is considered to be the first major battle won largely through the use of
529:
386:
640:
soon quarreled over several territories between their respective spheres of control.
1030:
790:
771:
705:
696:
665:
585:
570:
476:
170:
230:
223:
216:
202:
185:
122:
449:
835:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
770:) was issued, a practice that was later adopted by most Western armies, when the
709:
681:
566:
264:
258:
1012:
999:
736:
692:
629:
600:
537:
313:
73:
984:
Tafiłowski, Piotr (2007). Wojny włoskie 1494–1559. Zabrze: Inforteditions.
669:
624:
was re-kindled in late 1502, over disagreements stemming from the secret
574:
798:
781:
After the battle the defeated French army retreated to the fortress of
677:
660:
801:, comparable to what was to occur in Japan seven decades later in the
700:
578:
541:
77:
851:
A History of Warfare: Field-Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
782:
673:
654:
The Spanish infantry was organized into a new type of unit called
549:
85:
718:
The Spanish troops faced a professional French army based on the
42:
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba finds the corpse of Louis d'Armagnac
933:
España Estratégica. Guerra y Diplomacia en la Historia de España
553:
421:
417:
317:
778:
by orders of Córdoba, who hosted a military funeral for him.
824:
Mallet, p. 64 – combined strength deducted from contingents
786:
retreated to Castellone, some 8 kilometers south of Gaeta.
628:, signed on 11 November 1500. Although it was agreed that
599:
Cerignola was one of the first European battles won by
722:
reforms, relying on the heavy armoured cavalry of the
704:
screened the front of the position, while the Spanish
552:), approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of
680:well into the 15th century, in the battles of the
581:, defeated the French force of 9,000 men, mainly
21:
433:
329:
8:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
957:Batallas Decisivas de la Historia de España
789:In retrospect, Cerignola marks the rise of
973:. Harlow: Pearson Educated Limited (2012)
820:
818:
556:. The Spanish force under the command of
440:
426:
418:
336:
322:
314:
18:
658:, the immediate predecessor of the later
564:) comprising 6,300 men, including 2,000
814:
592:pikemen, with about 40 cannons, led by
969:Mallet, Michael and Shaw, Christine.
7:
862:Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw,
596:, who was killed during the battle.
528:was fought on 28 April 1503 between
16:1503 battle in the Third Italian War
853:, 1983, Morrow, ISBN 978-0688016456
837:, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, (2009), p. 477.
14:
691:pikemen behind them. The Spanish
594:Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
664:. They were armed with a mix of
229:
222:
215:
201:
184:
174:
165:
156:
147:
138:
121:
111:
35:
931:Batista González, Juan (2007).
684:against the Muslims in Spain.
1:
648:in Calabria the week before.
955:Losada, Juan Carlos (2006).
558:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
144:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
1047:Battles of the Italian Wars
947:Journal of Military History
864:The Italian Wars: 1494–1559
632:of France would assume the
536:armies outside the town of
292:2,500–3,500 French infantry
1088:
1062:Military history of Apulia
971:The Italian Wars 1494–1559
885:Tafiłowski, Piotr (2007).
295:40 guns (arrived too late)
1037:Italian Wars of 1499–1504
889:. Zabrze: Inforeditions.
646:second battle of Seminara
510:
457:
355:
347:Italian Wars of 1499–1504
299:
240:
132:
105:
56:
34:
26:
1052:Battles involving France
1057:Battles involving Spain
887:Wojny włoskie 1494–1559
724:Compagnies d'ordonnance
180:Diego García de Paredes
949:67#2 (2003): 381–404.
715:were kept in reserve.
227:Roberto II Sanseverino
133:Commanders and leaders
300:Casualties and losses
269:1,000+ other infantry
959:. Punto de Lectura.
514:Full list of battles
305:500 total casualties
289:3,500 Swiss infantry
1009: /
833:Spencer C. Tucker,
803:Battle of Nagashino
607:Military historian
548:(now in modern-day
526:Battle of Cerignola
46:Federico de Madrazo
22:Battle of Cerignola
847:Bernard Montgomery
708:under the Italian
609:Bernard Montgomery
359:Second Italian War
1072:Conflicts in 1503
1013:41.267°N 15.900°E
990:978-83-89943-18-7
979:978-0-582-05758-6
965:978-84-663-1484-8
941:978-84-7737-183-0
896:978-83-89943-18-7
638:monarchs of Spain
626:Treaty of Granada
622:Third Italian War
546:Kingdom of Naples
521:
520:
472:League of Cambrai
415:
414:
381:Third Italian War
312:
311:
286:1,100 light horse
235:Pierre du Terrail
127:Kingdom of France
101:
100:
82:Kingdom of Naples
29:Third Italian War
1079:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
900:
882:
867:
860:
854:
844:
838:
831:
825:
822:
776:Tristao da Cunha
768:toque de oracion
713:Prospero Colonna
634:throne of Naples
605:defensive ditch.
487:League of Cognac
452:
442:
435:
428:
419:
350:
348:
338:
331:
324:
315:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
188:
178:
169:
162:Fabrizio Colonna
160:
153:Prospero Colonna
151:
142:
125:
115:
58:
57:
39:
19:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1000:
998:
996:
995:
928:
923:
922:
917:
913:
908:
904:
897:
884:
883:
870:
861:
857:
845:
841:
832:
828:
823:
816:
811:
760:
752:El Gran Capitan
732:
618:
590:Swiss mercenary
562:El Gran Capitán
522:
517:
506:
453:
448:
446:
416:
411:
351:
346:
344:
342:
254:800 light horse
251:700 men-at-arms
228:
221:
214:
208:
200:
194:
190:Duke of Nemours
173:
164:
155:
146:
97:Spanish victory
89:
50:Museo del Prado
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1018:41.267; 15.900
993:
992:
982:
967:
953:
943:
927:
924:
921:
920:
911:
902:
895:
868:
855:
839:
826:
813:
812:
810:
807:
759:
756:
731:
728:
617:
614:
519:
518:
511:
508:
507:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
447:
445:
444:
437:
430:
422:
413:
412:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
383:
382:
378:
377:
372:
367:
361:
360:
356:
353:
352:
343:
341:
340:
333:
326:
318:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
297:
296:
294:
293:
290:
287:
284:
273:
271:
270:
267:
261:
255:
252:
243:
242:
238:
237:
206:Chandieu
182:
135:
134:
130:
129:
119:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
72:
70:
66:
65:
64:28 April 1503
62:
54:
53:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1084:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:1503 in Italy
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1022:
991:
987:
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
952:
948:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
925:
918:Mallet, p. 65
915:
912:
906:
903:
898:
892:
888:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
859:
856:
852:
848:
843:
840:
836:
830:
827:
821:
819:
815:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:pike and shot
787:
784:
779:
777:
773:
772:Great Captain
769:
765:
764:supply wagons
757:
755:
753:
748:
745:
741:
738:
729:
727:
725:
721:
716:
714:
711:
707:
706:heavy cavalry
703:
702:
698:
697:light cavalry
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
657:
652:
649:
647:
641:
639:
636:, he and the
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
613:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
586:heavy cavalry
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
516:
515:
509:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
451:
443:
438:
436:
431:
429:
424:
423:
420:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
380:
379:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
354:
349:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
319:
316:
307:
304:
303:
298:
291:
288:
285:
283:
279:
278:
277:
274:
268:
266:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
236:
232:
225:
220:Yves d'Alègre
218:
213:
211:
204:
199:
197:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
172:
171:Pedro Navarro
168:
163:
159:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
109:
104:
96:
93:
92:
87:
84:(present-day
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
994:
970:
956:
946:
932:
914:
905:
886:
863:
858:
850:
842:
834:
829:
788:
780:
767:
761:
751:
749:
746:
742:
733:
723:
719:
717:
699:
688:
686:
659:
655:
653:
650:
642:
619:
616:Preparations
598:
575:arquebusiers
565:
561:
525:
523:
513:
450:Italian Wars
401:
397:2nd Seminara
308:4,000 killed
275:
265:landsknechts
259:arquebusiers
246:
209:
195:
106:Belligerents
41:
27:Part of the
1016: /
710:condottiero
689:Landsknecht
682:Reconquista
567:Landsknecht
280:650 French
1031:Categories
809:References
720:Ordonnance
670:arquebuses
656:coronelías
407:Garigliano
1067:Cerignola
935:. Sílex.
805:in 1575.
758:Aftermath
737:rearguard
693:artillery
630:Louis XII
601:gunpowder
538:Cerignola
502:1551–1559
497:1542–1546
492:1536–1538
482:1521–1526
467:1499–1504
462:1494–1498
402:Cerignola
282:gendarmes
74:Cerignola
866:, p. 61.
799:firearms
583:gendarme
573:, 1,000
392:Barletta
241:Strength
69:Location
48:, 1835.
1004:15°54′E
1001:41°16′N
926:Sources
701:jinetes
678:cavalry
661:tercios
579:cannons
577:and 20
571:pikemen
530:Spanish
276:~9,000
272:20 guns
247:~6,300
210:†
196:†
988:
977:
963:
951:online
939:
893:
795:Rocroi
730:Battle
674:swords
672:, and
542:Apulia
534:French
477:Urbino
370:Novara
263:2,000
257:1,000
192:
94:Result
78:Apulia
783:Gaeta
666:pikes
550:Italy
375:Capua
365:Forlì
117:Spain
86:Italy
986:ISBN
975:ISBN
961:ISBN
937:ISBN
891:ISBN
620:The
588:and
554:Bari
532:and
524:The
387:Ruvo
61:Date
1033::
871:^
849:,
817:^
668:,
544:,
540:,
80:,
76:,
44:.
981:.
899:.
560:(
441:e
434:t
427:v
337:e
330:t
323:v
88:)
52:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
