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these men were killed in battle and 8 others later died of their wounds. Most of these men are buried in
Andersonville National Cemetery. The Confederate casualties numbered 151, of whom many are buried in Columbus at Linwood Cemetery. Another 1,600 Confederate prisoners were rounded up and incarcerated in a makeshift Union prison camp. The Union army entirely destroyed the Confederate manufacturing facilities in both Columbus, Georgia and Girard (now Phenix City), Alabama. Collateral damage on either side of the Chattahoochee River was rather extensive as well. For days after the battle, "the flames that consumed the warehouses and factories in the Chattahoochee Valley marked the end of the war." The Union cavalry vanguard departed Columbus on the 18th of April.
875:, that the Battle of Columbus was the "closing conflict of the war." In 1868, General Wilson gave a speech to a soldier's reunion, wherein he detailed the Battle of Columbus and concluded "the last battle had been fought." In 1913 Wilson wrote that there were "no grounds left for doubting that 'Columbus was the last battle of the war.'" General Edward F. Winslow wrote, "I have always considered that engagement, by the number present and the results achieved, to be the final battle of the war." Colonel Theodore Allen wrote, "It is true that there was some desultory fighting and scrapping after the battle at Columbus, Georgia, but nothing of sufficient size to entitle it to the name of a battle."
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616:'s division launched an attack on the lower (southern) bridge. Meeting very little resistance, they thought they would cross the bridge and take Columbus relatively easily. Upton remarked, "Columbus is ours without a shot being fired." But this was a trap. Confederates removed the planks on the east side of the bridge to halt the Federals and allow the Confederates to burn the bridge filled with soldiers. Recognizing the peril, Upton was forced to retreat. It seemed that the Confederates might be able to defend Columbus.
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585:, master builder and legislator. In 1807, King was born into slavery but through hard work, he earned his freedom and became one of the most respected bridge builders in the South. Affectionately known as Horace “The Bridge Builder” King and the "Prince of Bridge Builders", he emerged from the Civil War as a legislator in the State of Alabama.
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A review of the hospital records of the Battle of
Columbus reveal the actual number of casualties incurred were considerably higher than previously reported. While the initial Union casualty list reported by General Wilson indicated a loss of 25 men during the assault, the actual number was 60. 10 of
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Bellware said that the report had numerous factual errors, has no date and credits no author calling into question its attribution to the
Department of the Interior. The report argues that the engagement in Columbus, which included major generals and thousands of combatants on both sides, does not
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and several other small actions took place later than the
Columbus Battle. But these took place after President Jefferson Davis was captured on May 10, 1865. Together with Lee's surrender, many historian consider this the end of the Confederate government and therefore, the end of the war. Other
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into
Georgia. At the same time, Winslow's brigade was eager to get across the upper bridge before it too might be set afire by the Confederates. Side by side, both Union and Confederate soldiers raced across the bridge to Columbus. It was too dark, however, for either to see who was who. Though
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that connected Girard to
Columbus. Cobb had the advantage of knowing that Wilson would have to concentrate on these two narrow locations in order to capture Columbus. Cobb also wanted to keep the high ground in Girard out of Wilson's clutch, lest he have a convenient perch to bombard Columbus.
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rise to the level of a battle. However, it concludes that
Palmito Ranch, a much smaller engagement with colonels commanding and a few hundred combatants, should be ranked as the last battle of the war. The report refers to former Confederate President Jefferson Davis's account in his book
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commanded two cannon on the
Georgia side of the upper bridge. They were loaded with canister and aimed to bring down those making their way through the covered bridge. But, knowing that the soldiers running across the bridge were a mix of Union and Confederates, Toombs held his fire.
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The public is hereby notified of the rapid approach of the enemy, but assured that the city of
Columbus will be defended to the last. Judging from experience it is believed that the city will be shelled. Notice is, therefore, given to all non-combatants to move away immediately.
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as a major
Confederate manufacturing center. He exploited enemy confusion when troops from both sides crowded on to the same bridge in the dark, and the garrison withheld its cannon fire. Next morning, Wilson laid waste to the city and took many prisoners.
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paper. She suggested that this status was based on myth, according to a 45-page report prepared by the Department of the Interior in 1934. In 2015 Daniel Bellware rebutted her account in his article "How Columbus Lost the Last Battle of the Civil War."
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605:, April 16, 1865, Wilson's raiders arrived at Girard, and the fighting began. Wilson also sent a detachment north of Columbus to West Point, Georgia, to cross the Chattahoochee River there. West Point was defended by the garrison at Fort Tyler. The
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886:, rejected the proposal in 1934. In response, in 1935 the Georgia state legislature passed a resolution identifying the battle as the last of the Civil War and calling again for a national battlefield park to be established there.
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army was still intact, as were the armies in Alabama and Mississippi and in the Trans-Mississippi theater. Also, because of the lack of communications, General Wilson was not aware of Lee's surrender. He continued his raids.
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Cobb had about 3,500 men in his forces, most of them Georgia and Alabama home guard units and civilian volunteers. On April 16, 1865, Columbus newspapers warned citizens to leave the town, since a Union attack was imminent.
913:. Bellware said that it might be more appropriate to rank the Battle of Columbus as “the last major military engagement of the Civil War,” to avoid the argument of whether a particular engagement qualifies as a battle.
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of Georgia telling him that a skirmish had occurred. He projected a "decided fight" the following day. To Toombs' surprise, General Wilson launched an assault on the upper bridge at 8 p.m., after nightfall. He ordered
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1288:, which occurred after the Battle of Palmito Ranch, as marking the end of the war. The Columbus argument rests on the premise that when the entity at war has ceased to exist, no "war" per se, can truly exist.
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took place on May 13. Some claim that this was the last battle of the war, rejecting President Johnson's definition and preferring to refer to the Confederates there as "organized forces" of the Confederacy.
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At 11 p.m. Wilson made his way across the bridge. As he crossed, his horse was shot and later died. On the Columbus side of the bridge, Wilson took up headquarters in the house nearest to the bridge: the
929:. Several battle scenes were incorporated into a story of romance. The movie was screened during the Columbus Homecoming festivities on April 14–17, 1915 to commemorate the battle's fiftieth anniversary.
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In addition to preparing strong fortified positions on the high ground in Girard on the west side of the Chattahoochee, Cobb ordered the base of the bridges to be wrapped in cotton and doused with
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460:, the largest-surviving supply city in the South. Columbus was second only to Richmond in providing the industrial support for the war, and Richmond had been taken. Columbus was located on the
1903:
331:
Several authorities claim Columbus should be classified as the last battle of the Civil War, while others point to a battle which occurred after the Confederacy was vanquished, the
1981:
426:'s raiders finally broke through the defenses and captured Selma by 7 p.m. that evening. Wilson's men destroyed all the military supplies and looted the city before moving on.
578:. In the event that the Confederates were unable to fend off Wilson's raiders, they could, as a last resort, burn the bridges to deny Wilson's troops easy access to Columbus.
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1592:
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840:, North Carolina, marked the effective end of the war (as many state governments maintained), the Battle at Columbus was the last battle of the Civil War. President
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On the morning of April 17, 1865, General Wilson ordered the destruction of all resources in Columbus that could aid the Confederate war effort. The ironclad
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Several sources have held that this was the last battle of the war. In 1935, seeking support for a national battlefield park to be established here, the
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726:, erroneously, as the last Confederate to die in the Civil War. Lamar was previously known for his role in underwriting the illegal voyage of
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A movement to preserve the Girard/Columbus battlefield as a national park was active from the 1890s through the 1930s. The director of the
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was injured by a sword in the Battle of Columbus. His wound was said to contribute to his formulation of the recipe for the soda drink
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led a cavalry charge. Lamar was killed after refusing to surrender to a dismounted Union cavalryman. Lamar was identified by General
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posted an appeal in 2013 to help preserve Ft. Gilmer, one of the earthwork redoubts on the Alabama side of the Chattahoochee River.
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The Battle of Columbus hinged on control of the two covered bridges that connected Girard, Alabama to Columbus, Georgia across the
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414:, whose men were hopelessly outnumbered by the Union troops. The battle took place on the same day the Confederate capital of
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In the 21st century, some people have begun a renewed effort to commemorate the battlefield as a park. Representatives of
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engaged in by a division of Wilson's Raiders. Supporters of the Columbus claim do not accept the later surrender of the
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The officers who led Union forces in the battle insisted that Columbus was the last battle of the war. On May 30, 1865
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had been placed in charge of whatever forces he could gather, and he did his best to prepare to defend Columbus.
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The Confederates in Columbus were well aware that Wilson's 13,000 men were on the way. Confederate Major General
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39:
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1946:
1936:
755:) was burned and sunk, and the Confederate naval facility, Port Columbus, was entirely destroyed. Confederates
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308:, Georgia (April 16, 1865), was the last conflict in the Union campaign through Alabama and Georgia, known as
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and occupied that city without resistance. Ten days after the Battle of Columbus, the last great army of the
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1276:, later than Columbus but before Bennett Place, in which similar casualties were suffered, and the April 23
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and earthen forts that had been partially built earlier in the war. Now their completion became imperative.
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Around 10 p.m. the Confederate defenses in Girard collapsed, and they attempted a retreat back across the
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in Washington on Good Friday, April 14, and he died the next day, but Wilson had not yet learned of this.
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1567:, Columbus State University Archives (Box 39 includes correspondence related to request for a monument)
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844:, who had succeeded Lincoln, declared the war over on May 10, 1865. This was the day that President
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attempts were made to burn the bridge, the Confederates did not want to endanger their own troops.
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was captured. Johnson characterized remaining resisters as no longer combatants, but "fugitives."
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Professor Virginia Causey addressed the topic of last battle status in an article in the local
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In early May in central Georgia, Wilson's men apprehended the two most wanted men in America:
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A reenactment of the battle was filmed in Columbus, Georgia in March 1915 for the movie
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state government declared this to be the "last battle of the war between the states."
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406:, on March 22, 1865, heading for Selma, a major manufacturing and supply center. The
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commanded the Confederate forces defending the city of Columbus on April 16, 1865.
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35:
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James Pickett Jones "Yankee Blitzkrieg: Wilson's Raid Through Alabama and Georgia"
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It is not apparent whether this is for his division only but Brevet Major General
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A tremendous clash occurred near the entrance of the upper bridge. Confederate
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On April 12, 1865, Wilson's men marched into the former Confederate capital of
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360:
1496:
Charles Jewett Swift, "The Last Battle of the Civil War at Columbus, Georgia"
335:. The Battle of Columbus is also known as the Battle of Girard, Alabama (now
62:
49:
1490:
J. David Dameron, "Horace King: From Slave to Master Builder and Legislator"
1231:, he refers to the Battle of Columbus as the "closing conflict of the war."
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628:
619:
1112:
Richard Gardiner, "The Last Battle of the Civil War and Its Preservation,"
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Insofar as the surrender of the bulk of Confederates on April 26, 1865, at
1386:"Fort No. 5: An Endangered Piece of History « Chattahoochee Heritage"
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778:
Immediately after the victory at Columbus, Wilson led his raiders east to
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Richard Gardiner, "The Last Battle of the Civil War and Its Preservation"
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in Columbus was the location of General James H. Wilson's headquarters.
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1180:, Vol. 18; Colonel Theodore Allen, "The Last Battle of the Civil War"
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556:
30:
This article is about the American Civil War battle. For the raid on
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was ordered to lead the charge on the bridge. He later served under
422:. Forrest managed to inflict heavy casualties on the attackers, but
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actions were taking place between forces without high-level orders.
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Archaeologists Discover Civil War Artifacts In Georgia : NPR
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May 30, 1865 report for his division in the Wilson Raid, in the
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Journal of the Military Service Institution, Vol. 56, p. 359-375
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was fought on April 2, 1865, against the leadership of Lt. Gen.
398:'s troops took on the raid that passed through Columbus, Georgia
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228:
1462:
Columbus, Georgia, 1865: The Last True Battle of the Civil War
1454:
J. David Dameron, "The Battle of Columbus, April 16-17, 1865"
1129:
Columbus, Georgia 1865: The Last True Battle of the Civil War
1099:, Southeast Research Publishing, LLC, Madison, Alabama, 2017.
975:, Southeast Research Publishing, LLC, Madison, Alabama, 2017.
464:, where there was a major naval construction facility. A new
639:
The lower bridge was burned before Union forces could cross.
825:
Argument that Columbus was the last battle of the Civil War
1987:
Battles of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state)
1957:
Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
973:
Horace King: From Slave to Master Builder and Legislator
774:
On to Macon and the capture of America's most wanted men
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and the Battle of Columbus took place on the same day.
453:, encountering token resistance from the Confederates.
1441:, Columbus, GA: Columbus State University, Spring 2015
1192:"Acts and Resolutions of the Georgia General Assembly"
1559:"The Last True Battle of The Civil War" —Presentation
1515:
Daniel Bellware, "The Last Battle. Period. Really.",
1153:"Daniel Bellware, "The Last Battle of the Civil War""
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reported for his division in the Wilson Raid, in the
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and destroy the major Confederate supply centers at
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1624:
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456:Wilson's next target was the manufacturing city of
1435:How Columbus Lost the Last Battle of the Civil War
475:, was docked at Columbus waiting to be completed.
1542:"The Last Ditch", a video produced by Jim Bridges
1530:Charles Swift, "The Last Battle of the Civil War"
1357:"GALILEO: Georgia Legislative Documents: Results"
643:Wilson turned his attention to the upper bridge.
1178:Journal of the United States Cavalry Association
539:Cobb decided to defend the city on the western (
911:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government
81:
1586:
766:to prevent it from falling into Union hands.
240:
8:
1982:Battles of the American Civil War in Alabama
1486:XXXVIII (Spring/Summer 2013), pp. 5–22.
592:Official Sketch of the Columbus Battlefield.
1500:Journal of the Military Service Institution
985:"Confederates Set Fire to the Lower Bridge"
1593:
1579:
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1492:, Southeast Research Publishing, LLC, 2017
1456:, Southeast Research Publishing, LLC, 2017
1262:Andrew Johnson, Proclamation, May 10, 1865
1107:
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817:, commandant of the Confederate prison at
531:; in order to prevent access to Columbus,
247:
233:
225:
78:
1977:Union victories of the American Civil War
1616:Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861
1298:Official Records, I:49, Part One, p. 475.
1233:Official Records, I:49, Part One, p. 475.
1096:The Battle of Columbus, April 16-17, 1865
566:The main objective was to defend the two
684:
634:
389:
323:had been ordered to destroy the city of
1047:J.H. Wilson, Under the Old Flag, p. 230
947:The Last Ditch: The Battle of Columbus,
938:
663:regiments to lead the attack. Colonel
507:General Howell Cobb's defense strategy
7:
1909:
1309:General James H. Wilson, 1868 Speech
1272:Misulia addresses the claims of the
736:outside Brunswick, Georgia in 1858.
535:set fire to the lower bridge (right)
258:Wilson's Raid in Alabama and Georgia
718:. There on "Mott's Green", Colonel
1484:Journal of America's Military Past
1331:Winslow to Swift, January 23, 1914
1114:Journal of America's Military Past
367:(December 15–16, 1864), Maj. Gen.
25:
1602:Georgia in the American Civil War
646:As the sun began to set, General
312:, in the final full month of the
1908:
1899:
1898:
1816:Second Battle of Fort McAllister
506:
479:Abraham Lincoln was fatally shot
159:
145:
27:Battle of the American Civil War
1653:First Battle of Fort McAllister
773:
732:, which landed 409 Africans on
555:). There the Confederates used
375:to march into the heart of the
1942:1865 in the American Civil War
1549:, Explore Southern History.com
1239:division engaged in the later
1069:General Sherman to Joseph West
716:Mott House (Columbus, Georgia)
612:At about 2 p.m. Union General
485:Columbus alerted to the attack
402:Wilson left Gravelly Springs,
1:
1390:www.chattahoocheeheritage.org
1320:Wilson to Swift, Dec. 3, 1913
917:Representation in other media
581:The bridges were designed by
1967:History of Columbus, Georgia
1952:1865 in Georgia (U.S. state)
1663:Battle of Davis' Cross Roads
1561:, Muscogee Genealogy Society
1553:Battle of Columbus in Photos
1344:Last Battle of the Civil War
1282:Trans-Mississippi Department
926:Spirit of Columbus 1865-1915
343:Events leading to the battle
1839:Special Field Orders No. 15
1779:Battle of Lovejoy's Station
1739:Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
1517:Civil War Times Illustrated
1510:University of Georgia Press
1474:University of Alabama Press
1116:XXXVIII (Summer 2013), 5–22
650:(CSA) telegraphed Governor
601:Between 1:30 and 2 p.m. on
355:led the attack on Columbus.
18:Battle of Columbus, Georgia
2008:
1801:Sherman's March to the Sea
1694:Battle of Rocky Face Ridge
429:On April 9, 1865, General
29:
1894:
1821:Battle of Altamaha Bridge
1811:Battle of Buck Head Creek
1749:Battle of Peachtree Creek
1714:Battle of New Hope Church
1512:, 1976, pp. 126–144.
898:Columbus State University
682:was slashed by a sabre.
673:Battle of Little Big Horn
266:
210:
195:
171:
138:
94:
86:
40:Battle of Columbus (1916)
1724:Battle of Pickett's Mill
1565:Alva C. Smith Collection
1547:"The Battle of Columbus"
1536:"The Battle of Columbus"
1342:Colonel Theodore Allen,
724:William Tecumseh Sherman
433:surrendered to Lt. Gen.
1972:Russell County, Alabama
1806:Battle of Griswoldville
1796:Second Battle of Tilton
1774:Second Battle of Dalton
1274:Battle of Boykin's Mill
1249:Battle of Palmito Ranch
1245:Battle of Boykin's Mill
1080:Savannah's Laurel Grove
853:Battle of Palmito Ranch
751:(also known as the CSS
659:brigade of the 3rd and
333:Battle of Palmito Ranch
1784:Battle of Jonesborough
1764:Battle of Brown's Mill
1744:Battle of Pace's Ferry
1704:First Battle of Tilton
1684:First Battle of Dalton
1668:Battle of Ringgold Gap
1632:Great Locomotive Chase
1502:, Vol. 56, p. 359
1361:neptune3.galib.uga.edu
1034:Wilson's Cavalry Corps
1006:Joe Brown's Army, 107.
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632:
593:
536:
520:
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443:General Joe Johnston's
439:Appomattox Court House
412:Nathan Bedford Forrest
399:
356:
172:Commanders and leaders
1759:Battle of Ezra Church
1734:Battle of Kolb's Farm
1709:Battle of Adairsville
1658:Battle of Chickamauga
1637:Siege of Fort Pulaski
880:National Park Service
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638:
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211:Casualties and losses
201:Two cavalry divisions
1844:Battle of West Point
1769:Battle of Utoy Creek
1519:Vol. 42, April 2003.
1460:Charles A. Misulia,
802:had come to an end.
625:John Stith Pemberton
607:Battle of West Point
32:Columbus, New Mexico
1791:Battle of Allatoona
1017:Col. Edward Winslow
809:, president of the
699:Chattahoochee River
529:Chattahoochee River
462:Chattahoochee River
451:Montgomery, Alabama
420:Army of the Potomac
365:Battle of Nashville
59: /
1849:Battle of Columbus
1729:Battle of Marietta
1538:, WRBL News Report
1468:2013-03-15 at the
1433:Daniel Bellware, "
1410:"The last battle?"
1093:J. David Dameron,
1023:blog, January 2010
1021:Civil War Notebook
971:J. David Dameron,
960:Columbus Daily Sun
800:American Civil War
788:Joseph E. Johnston
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394:The route General
371:ordered Maj. Gen.
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314:American Civil War
306:Battle of Columbus
89:American Civil War
82:Battle of Columbus
1992:April 1865 events
1924:
1923:
1754:Battle of Atlanta
1555:, Civil War Album
1278:Battle of Munford
1247:, as well as the
1241:Battle of Munford
1127:Charles Misulia,
891:Auburn University
790:, surrendered at
665:Frederick Benteen
657:General Winslow's
547:, in the town of
458:Columbus, Georgia
385:Columbus, Georgia
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166:CSA (Confederacy)
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117:Columbus, Georgia
63:32.467°N 84.997°W
34:by the forces of
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1699:Battle of Resaca
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872:Official Records
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661:4th Iowa Cavalry
435:Ulysses S. Grant
369:George H. Thomas
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1937:Battles in 1865
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1865:Confederate
867:Emory Upton
811:Confederacy
784:Confederacy
614:Emory Upton
583:Horace King
561:breastworks
553:Phenix City
517:Howell Cobb
491:Howell Cobb
337:Phenix City
185:Howell Cobb
66: /
1931:Categories
1532:, Rootsweb
1439:Muscogiana
1395:2017-08-23
1371:2017-08-23
1202:2011-07-30
1163:2010-02-26
934:References
815:Henry Wirz
691:Mott House
597:The battle
576:turpentine
377:Deep South
359:After the
319:Maj. Gen.
281:West Point
54:84°59′49″W
51:32°28′01″N
896:In 2015,
629:Coca-Cola
1904:Category
1466:Archived
1419:March 9,
1037:, p. 189
757:scuttled
748:Muscogee
729:Wanderer
705:General
557:trenches
515:General
472:Muscogee
466:ironclad
416:Richmond
325:Columbus
286:Columbus
196:Strength
188:General
107:Location
1915:Commons
1886:Atlanta
1448:Sources
831:Georgia
753:Jackson
671:at the
541:Alabama
404:Alabama
291:Munford
130:victory
1879:Places
1476:, 2010
1243:. The
1217:Brevet
861:Brevet
798:. The
669:Custer
603:Easter
549:Girard
468:, the
424:Wilson
383:, and
124:Result
38:, see
1870:Union
1858:Units
361:Union
276:Selma
206:3,250
153:Union
128:Union
1832:1865
1677:1864
1646:1863
1625:1862
1609:1861
1421:2017
924:The
851:The
761:CSS
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689:The
470:CSS
304:The
99:Date
1437:,"
1215:In
949:DVD
437:at
339:).
219:151
1933::
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