41:
1770:, were sent to Asturias. As Alqama overran much of the region, folklore suggests that Oppas attempted to broker the surrender of his fellow Christians, but he failed in the effort. Pelagius and his force retreated deep into the mountains of Asturias, eventually retiring into a narrow valley flanked by mountains, which was easily defensible due to the impossibility of launching a broad-fronted attack. Pelagius may have had as few as three hundred men with him.
1798:
1774:
led some of his soldiers out into the valley. They had been hiding in a cave, unseen by the
Muslims. The Christian accounts of the battle claim that the slaughter among the Muslims was horrific, while Umayyad accounts describe it as a mere skirmish. Alqama himself fell in the battle, and his soldiers withdrew from the battlefield.
1777:
In the aftermath of
Pelagius's victory, the people of the conquered villages of Asturias now emerged with their weapons, and killed hundreds of Alqama's retreating troops. Munuza, learning of the defeat, organized another force, and gathered what was left of the survivors of Covadonga. At some later
1955:
No eran ya los visigodos cobardes y afeminados de Witiza; eran los dignos descendientes de aquella raza teutĂłnica que vino ĂĄ mezclar su sangre con la del Bajo
Imperio para salvar la civilizacion europea; eran aquellos hijos del Norte que se apellidaban el azote de Dios English:"They were no longer
1773:
Alqama eventually arrived at
Covadonga, and sent forward an envoy to convince Pelagius to surrender. He refused, so Alqama ordered his best troops into the valley to fight. The Asturians shot arrows and stones from the slopes of the mountains, and then, at the climactic moment, Pelagius personally
1956:
Witiza's cowardly and effeminate
Visigoths; they were the worthy descendants of that Teutonic race that came to mix their blood with that of the Lower Empire to save European civilization; they were those sons of the North who were called the scourge of God...
1666:. An unknown number of them fled and took refuge in Asturias or Septimania. In Asturias they supported Pelagius's uprising, and joining with the indigenous leaders, formed a new aristocracy. The population of the mountain region consisted of native
1657:
still played an important role in the society of
Hispania. At the end of Visigothic rule, the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths was occurring at a fast pace. Their nobility had begun to think of themselves as constituting one people, the
1718:, and there was a shortage of manpower for putting down an inconsequential insurrection in the mountains. Pelagius never attempted to force the issue, and it was an Umayyad defeat elsewhere that probably set the stage for the Battle of
1645:
From the beginning of the Muslim invasion of
Hispania, refugees and combatants from the south of the peninsula had been moving north to avoid Islamic authority. Some had taken refuge in the remote mountains of
1699:. He held the territory against a number of attempts to re-establish Muslim control, and soon founded the Kingdom of Asturias, which became a Christian stronghold against further Muslim expansion.
1440:
1691:(tax on non-Muslims) to the Muslims any longer and to assault the small Umayyad garrisons that had been stationed in the area. Eventually, he managed to expel a provincial governor named
1706:. Consequently, there was only a minor perfunctory reaction. Pelagius was not always able to keep the Muslims out of Asturias but neither could they defeat him, and as soon as the
900:
2008:
267:
2013:
1433:
1738:). This was the first serious setback in the Muslim campaign in southwestern Europe. Reluctant to return to CĂłrdoba with such unalloyed bad news, the Umayyad
1862:
SĂĄnchez-Albornoz, Claudio. "The kingdom of
Asturias. Origins of the Spanish nation". Collection: Biblioteca Histórica Asturiana. Silverio Cañada, Gijón, 1989
1342:
1337:
88:
710:
1871:
Ruiz de la Peña, Ignacio. "Battle of
Covadonga", at "la Gran Enciclopedia Asturiana, Volume 5, pp. 167-172. Publisher Silverio Cañada,Gijón, 1981.
1426:
1746:, decided that putting down the rebellion in Asturias on his way home would afford his troops an easy victory and raise their flagging morale.
1905:
1650:
in the northwestern part of the
Iberian Peninsula. There, from among the dispossessed of the south, Pelagius recruited his band of fighters.
436:
260:
431:
2018:
1505:
1231:
1104:
2023:
870:
598:
1702:
For the first few years, this rebellion posed no threat to the new masters of Hispania, whose seat of power had been established at
1114:
960:
740:
253:
1848:
1834:
1129:
670:
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1933:"Spain: The Northern Kingdoms and the Basques, by Roger Collins." The New Cambridge Medieval History. Ed.
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1782:. Again Pelagius won, and Munuza was killed in the fighting. The battle is commemorated at the shrine of
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159:
1948:
1318:
1246:
1124:
1089:
760:
508:
209:
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180:
1778:
date, he confronted Pelagius and his now greatly augmented force, near the modern town of
1566:
1480:
1034:
845:
770:
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476:
317:
74:
1968:
1191:
955:
940:
790:
1992:
1535:
1418:
421:
2003:
1710:
left, he would always re-establish control. Islamic forces were focused on raiding
1578:
1573:
forces of Pelagius. It is traditionally regarded as the foundational event of the
1654:
1584:
1313:
279:
136:
50:
31:
1793:
245:
103:
90:
1823:
La Conquistadora: The Virgin Mary at War and Peace in the Old and New Worlds
1797:
1719:
1671:
1626:, son of Favila, who had been a dignitary at the court of the Visigoth King
1611:
1570:
1562:
78:
1723:
1711:
1696:
1675:
1647:
1635:
1607:
1603:
1653:
Historian Joseph F. O'Callaghan says the remnants of the Hispano-Gothic
1767:
1727:
1679:
1667:
1639:
1779:
1759:
1735:
1692:
176:
1763:
1707:
1687:
1627:
82:
49:(â 737) as king of Asturias in Covadonga and the beginning of the
53:
of Spain by the Christians of the north of the Iberian Peninsula.
1715:
1422:
249:
1882:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
1682:
and other groups unassimilated into Hispano-Gothic society.
1947:
F. Navarro Villoslada (1857). Abelardo de Carlos (ed.).
1920:
Archer, Thomas Andrew and Charles Lethbridge Kingsford,
1722:. On July 9, 721, a Muslim force that had crossed the
1754:In 722, forces commanded by the Umayyad commanders
1880:Ring, Trudy, Robert M. Salkin and Sharon La Boda,
1762:, and (according to legend) accompanied by Bishop
1937:. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. Print.
1685:Pelagius's first acts were to refuse to pay the
1622:, or leader. Pelagius, the first monarch of the
1817:
1815:
23:
16:722 opening battle of the Reconquista of Spain
1582:
1434:
261:
8:
1853:. Madrid, RAH, Colection of Salazar y Castro
1839:. Madrid, RAH, Colection of Salazar y Castro
1638:and incited an uprising against the Umayyad
1953:. Vol. 1â2. Gaspar y Roig. p. 5.
1884:, (Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1995), 170.
1630:(687â700), established his headquarters at
1441:
1427:
1419:
268:
254:
246:
39:
20:
2009:Battles involving the Kingdom of Asturias
1900:. Cornell University Press. p. 176.
2014:Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate
1894:Joseph F. O'Callaghan (15 April 2013).
1811:
1825:, (Oxford University Press, 2014), 23.
1553:took place in 722 between the army of
222:187,000 (according to Codex Vigilanus)
7:
1610:during the late ninth century, the
1569:, it resulted in a victory for the
240:1104 (according to Codex Vigilanus)
1590:("reconquest") of Spain after the
1577:and thus the initial point of the
14:
1924:, (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1895), 25.
1796:
1614:in 718 elected a nobleman named
1969:"Battle of Covadonga | Summary"
1602:According to texts written by
1:
1730:was defeated by them in the
1897:A History of Medieval Spain
1332:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
2045:
2019:Battles of the Reconquista
1744:Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi
2024:8th century in al-Andalus
1922:The Story of the Crusades
1461:
442:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
437:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
288:
226:
202:
165:
148:
57:
38:
28:
1732:Battle of Toulouse (721)
1973:Encyclopedia Britannica
1583:
166:Commanders and leaders
1784:Our Lady of Covadonga
1618:(c.685â737) as their
1555:Pelagius the Visigoth
432:Pallars and Ribagorza
227:Casualties and losses
2029:Pelagius of Asturias
1935:Rosamond McKitterick
1821:Amy G. Remensnyder,
1557:and the army of the
1506:Galicia and Asturias
1314:2nd Granada campaign
711:2nd Balearic Islands
686:1st Balearic Islands
172:Pelagius of Asturias
104:43.30889°N 5.05556°W
47:Pelagius of Asturias
45:The proclamation of
1804:Christianity portal
1575:Kingdom of Asturias
1551:Battle of Covadonga
1453:Kingdom of Asturias
993:Las Navas de Tolosa
155:Kingdom of Asturias
100: /
24:Battle of Covadonga
1950:El Museo Universal
1850:CrĂłnica Albeldense
1836:CrĂłnica Albeldense
1187:Shepherds' Crusade
998:3rd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
961:2nd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
871:1st AlcĂĄcer do Sal
365:2nd Roncevaux Pass
303:1st Roncevaux Pass
208:300 (according to
109:43.30889; -5.05556
1907:978-0-8014-6872-8
1559:Umayyad Caliphate
1544:
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1567:Picos de Europa
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1540:
1457:
1451:Battles of the
1450:
1449:
1447:
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1299:Los Alporchones
1182:Vega de Granada
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277:Battles in the
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1297:
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1292:
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1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:2nd Algeciras
1138:
1136:
1135:1st Algeciras
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
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884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
633:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Piedra Pisada
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Aqbat al-Bakr
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
486:
483:
482:3rd Barcelona
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Valdejunquera
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Day of Zamora
420:
419:
415:
414:
411:
410:2nd Barcelona
408:
406:
405:2nd Cellorigo
403:
401:
400:1st Cellorigo
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Monte Laturce
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:1st Barcelona
348:
347:
343:
342:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
290:
287:
282:
281:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
252:
251:
248:
237:(exaggerated)
234:
231:
230:
225:
217:
216:
214:
211:
207:
206:
201:
198:
196:
190:
186:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
164:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
147:
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
122:
119:
118:
113:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
33:
27:
22:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1776:
1772:
1753:
1726:and invaded
1701:
1686:
1684:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1619:
1606:in northern
1601:
1581:
1550:
1548:
1476:Montecubeiro
1465:
1350:North Africa
1268:15th century
1156:14th century
1060:4th Valencia
982:13th century
936:4th Santarém
896:3rd Santarém
836:2nd Santarém
756:3rd Valencia
726:2nd Zaragoza
706:1st Santarém
641:2nd Valencia
635:12th century
599:1st Valencia
569:1st Zaragoza
488:11th century
472:Torrevicente
416:10th century
313:Orbieu River
308:Burbia River
297:
278:
194:
182:
149:Belligerents
30:
29:Part of the
1655:aristocracy
1585:Reconquista
1511:Guadalacete
1408:2nd Tangier
1393:1st Tangier
1252:2nd Montiel
1172:3rd AlmerĂa
1090:3rd Seville
1018:2nd Majorca
921:2nd Seville
886:2nd Badajoz
866:2nd AlmerĂa
856:2nd Tortosa
826:1st AlmerĂa
811:1st Montiel
766:1st Badajoz
741:1st Granada
499:Calatañazor
427:1st Majorca
380:Guadalacete
355:1st Tortosa
344:9th century
292:8th century
280:Reconquista
137:Reconquista
107: /
51:Reconquista
32:Reconquista
1993:Categories
1978:2021-10-07
1790:References
1521:Polvoraria
1274:Collejares
1262:2nd Murcia
1227:GuadalmesĂ
1217:RĂo Salado
1115:1st Murcia
1075:2nd XĂ tiva
1070:1st XĂ tiva
966:2nd Silves
951:2nd Silves
946:1st Silves
861:2nd Lleida
846:5th Lisbon
806:4th Lisbon
736:1st Lleida
696:Candespina
691:6th Toledo
676:Formentera
666:3rd Lisbon
646:Mollerussa
629:5th Toledo
624:4th Toledo
604:2nd Lisbon
589:3rd Toledo
564:2nd Toledo
452:1st Toledo
395:Polvoraria
338:1st Lisbon
328:RĂo QuirĂłs
323:Las Babias
92:43°18âČ32âłN
1720:Covadonga
1672:Galicians
1612:Visigoths
1579:Christian
1571:Christian
1565:, in the
1563:Covadonga
1466:Covadonga
1388:4nd Ceuta
1378:3nd Ceuta
1371:2nd Ceuta
1366:1st Ceuta
1279:Antequera
1130:Andalusia
1110:3rd Jerez
1100:2nd Jerez
1035:1st Jerez
1008:PenĂscola
976:Talamanca
931:2nd Ăvora
916:Calatrava
906:Tarragona
891:Juromenha
881:1st Ăvora
831:Al-Ludjdj
801:2nd Coria
781:1st Coria
716:Martorell
701:Vatalandi
619:Consuegra
544:Golpejera
529:Barbastro
467:Estercuel
298:Covadonga
95:5°03âČ20âłW
79:Covadonga
1724:Pyrenees
1712:Narbonne
1697:Asturias
1676:Cantabri
1648:Asturias
1636:Asturias
1620:princeps
1616:Pelagius
1608:Hispania
1604:Mozarabs
1594:of 711.
1516:Morcuera
1471:Pontumia
1222:Estepona
1150:Iznalloz
1085:3rd Jaén
1045:Burriana
1030:2nd Jaén
1003:1st Jaén
988:Al-DÄmĆ«s
926:Abrantes
821:Albacete
796:Trancoso
671:Talavera
651:Balaguer
574:Sagrajas
539:Llantada
462:Simancas
457:Alhandic
390:Morcuera
360:Pancorbo
235:184,000
203:Strength
127:Asturian
70:Location
1768:Seville
1728:Francia
1704:CĂłrdoba
1680:Basques
1668:Astures
1664:Hispani
1662:or the
1640:Muslims
1598:Prelude
1501:Clavijo
1403:Melilla
1383:TĂ©touan
1242:Linuesa
1212:Getares
1065:Algarve
1055:El Puig
1050:CĂłrdoba
1023:PortopĂ
971:Alarcos
876:Palmela
851:Sacavém
841:Sacavém
786:Ourique
746:Corbins
731:Cutanda
721:Coimbra
609:Alcoraz
559:Morella
534:Paterna
524:Coimbra
494:Cervera
375:Albelda
370:Clavijo
218:Unknown
195:†
183:†
129:victory
1904:
1780:Proaza
1760:Munuza
1756:Alqama
1750:Battle
1736:France
1693:Munuza
1536:Zamora
1491:Lisbon
1486:Babias
1398:Asilah
1361:Strait
1324:MĂĄlaga
1319:Lucena
1247:Guadix
1145:MoclĂn
1125:Martos
911:Cuenca
776:Leiria
751:AlcalĂĄ
614:Bairén
579:Tudela
509:Albesa
333:Oviedo
191:
189:Alqama
179:
177:Munuza
120:Result
1764:Oppas
1734:(now
1708:Moors
1695:from
1688:jizya
1628:Egica
1481:Lutos
1120:Ăcija
956:Tomar
941:Alvor
816:Soure
791:Oreja
771:Fraga
761:Aceca
681:Ibiza
656:Uclés
584:TĂ©var
549:Cabra
519:Graus
477:Rueda
318:Lutos
83:Spain
77:near
1902:ISBN
1758:and
1740:wÄli
1716:Gaul
1714:and
1549:The
1356:Salé
1192:Teba
1095:Faro
1080:Biar
1040:Ares
504:TorĂ
62:Date
2004:722
1766:of
232:290
1995::
1971:.
1814:^
1786:.
1742:,
1678:,
1674:,
1670:,
1642:.
1634:,
1981:.
1910:.
1442:e
1435:t
1428:v
269:e
262:t
255:v
212:)
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