141:
155:
195:
225:
209:
168:
181:
310:
4500:
126:
897:, hitting also the cemetery. Three days later, a heavy Commonwealth-Ethiopian attack on the southern side of the stronghold was halted by the 1st Carabinieri Company, supported by artillery. During the night of 12 November, a new strong British assault began, this time after some heavy bombings, a series of assaults were launched all day on 13 November. The battle often turned into
980:
Italians and 490 Askaris were killed and 404 Italians and 400 Askaris were wounded. About 100 of the 200 wives and children of the
Askaris lost their lives. All the survivors, including Ugolini, were taken prisoner. Commonwealth and Ethiopian losses are not known. The Corps of Carabinieri was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor for its role in the defence of Culqualber.
317:
38:
835:
The
British forces soon launched a powerful counter-attack from east; Serranti's men resisted till the return of Ugolini, then they retreated from Amba Mariam and returned to their lines, bringing with them their wounded and their booty of weapons, ammunition and food. 36 Italians and colonials were
836:
killed and 31 wounded in the fight for Amba Mariam, whereas Allied casualties amounted to 150–200 men. This operation temporarily lightened the
British pressure on Culqualber and provided the Italians with food and supplies that allowed them to lighten the rationing and to prolong their resistance.
772:
heights, directly threatening the "Km. 39 Spur" positions. By then the
Carabinieri defensive preparations were completed but the inflow of Commonwealth forces in the Gumera valley isolated the garrison of Culqualber from the rest of the Italian defence system, thus starting the siege. At first the
933:
Starting on 18 November, bombings on
Culqualber and Fercaber were further intensified. On 20 November, the Italian positions were bombed by 57 aircraft, and an Allied force of about 22,500 men, supported by armoured units, was prepared for the final assault. The Allied forces attacking from the
917:
November, the
Italian anti-aircraft guns claimed nine aircraft shot down); British forces managed to capture some positions, which were however recaptured by Carabinieri and Zaptiè in hand-to-hand combat. Italians volunteer to make some infiltration actions to lower the pressure of the attacks.
831:
and overran the
British defenders, which withdrew from Amba Mariam. Colonel Ugolini then ordered Major Serranti to secure the newly captured positions of Amba Mariam with the men who had carried out the attack; Ugolini then led Zaptiè in pursuit of the retreating British defenders, pushing them
970:
when they ran out of ammunition, and they counterattacked numerous times to recapture lost positions, but both battalions were annihilated, as was the
Blackshirt battalion of Major Cassoli. The three Italian battalion commanders, Garbieri, Serranti and Cassoli, were all killed in the fighting.
916:
On 14 November the Allied attacks paused, and the
Italians exploited this break to care for the wounded, bury the dead, and have their first hot meal in days. Between 15 and 19 November the RAF and SAAF constantly bombed the Italian positions, and the ground forces renewed their attacks (on 18
979:
The battle ended in the evening of 21 November 1941, with the capture of
Culqualber by the Allied forces. Gondar fell less than a week later, thus ending the last organised resistance by Italian regular units in East Africa. Of the 2,900 men of the garrisons of Culqualber and Fercarber, 513
881:
A heavy assault was attempted against the northern defences (manned by the 3rd Company of the CCXL Blackshirt Battalion and by the 2nd Carabinieri Battalion); the Italian lines ceded in some points but these were immediately recaptured by Italian and colonial counter-attacks.
690:. The garrison of Fercaber consisted of 800 men; along with the soldiers were about 200 African women and children were at Culqualber and Fercaber; they were the wives and children of the askari, whom, following their custom, had followed their husbands and supported them.
938:(25th East African Brigade), several machine gun companies, six artillery batteries, a Sudanese company and about 6,500 Ethiopian irregulars, for a total of 13,000 men under Brigadier W. A. L. James. The forces attacking from the south numbered about 9,500 men under
851:, increased his forces in the area, transferring there several armoured units, some thousands British soldiers and several thousands Ethiopian irregulars. Italian positions were heavily bombarded with both aircraft and artillery and the Allied also started actions of
946:
artillery battery with six guns, a South African battery, several machine gun companies and about 3,500 Ethiopian irregulars. The Italian garrison, after the losses suffered in the previous months, were down to 1,500–1,600 soldiers and officers still able to fight.
797:
was insufficient for their needs. Carabinieri attempted to reach the rivers several times to retrieve some water but they became easy targets for the British fire, which caused heavy losses. A method for obtaining small quantities of water consisted in spreading
585:
that were hardly traversable on foot. Here, the key point for the whole defence system was located in the Culqualber Pass, where passed a rough road, that was the only available route for Commonwealth forces, which headed towards Gondar with
792:
posed a more serious problem; after the Commonwealth forces secured their control over the Guarnò and Gumerà, the two rivers which provided water to the Italians, the only water source for the garrison became a small spring, whose
371:
822:
height, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Culqualber, where the besiegers had placed encampments and logistic depots. The sortie succeeded, allowing the Carabinieri, Zaptiè and the 4th Company of LXVII Colonial Battalion
4566:
4541:
685:
Lasagni), the 1st Artillery Battery (three 70/15 mm howitzers and about 30 Italian gunners), the 6th Colonial Machine Gunners Company (130 askaris), a platoon of engineers, a medical officer and a
827:
Giovanni Pinat) to inflict heavy losses and to capture a considerable amount of weapons, ammunition and foodstuffs; exploiting their initial success, the Carabinieri and colonials then carried out a
364:
773:
British forces tested the Italian defensive perimeter with patrol actions, then, after ascertaining the reaction, they advanced on the flanks, avoiding battle and encircling both Culqualber and
3071:
2417:
4422:
2433:
357:
806:. The Italians were aware that, as time passed, they would grow weaker and weaker, while the besiegers strengthened their forces; from mid-October they therefore organised a series of
2356:
2328:
1472:
2767:
4401:
3080:
1894:
994:
966:" (where fortifications were weaker), held by the 2nd Carabinieri Company, fierce hand-to-hand combat erupted between attackers and defenders. Carabinieri fought with bayonets and
705:
side on the south (with the "Km. 39 Spur"). The command was placed in barycentric position. During the subsequent weeks, the Italians fortified their positions (especially on the
3383:
2746:
2048:
1673:
500:
2389:
2335:
1521:
2853:
2342:
1958:
962:
of the South African Light Armoured Detachment), artillery fire and air strikes. Both on "Km. 39 Spur", defended by the 1st Carabinieri Company, and on the less defendable "
1368:
989:
2739:
2179:
2055:
874:
which continuously bombed and strafed the Italian positions. One of the two CR.42s, piloted by Sub-Lieutenant Ildebrando Malavolta, was engaged over Culqualber by two
4561:
2032:
1412:
1024:
About 200 wives and relatives of the Ascari colonial soldiers had followed them in Culqualber, and about one hundred of them were killed during the battle and bombing.
2469:
1781:
2288:
1590:
1000:
4294:
659:; when that garrison surrendered in July 1941, some ascari had refused surrender and undertook a 106 km (66 mi) march towards Culqualber. One of them,
4546:
3087:
3050:
3027:
2541:
1463:
1433:
784:
was complete; their supply lines were cut off and they soon found themselves in hardships, having to ration their food stores; often the only meal consisted in
3180:
2233:
3036:
3020:
2992:
2760:
1440:
3937:
3004:
2916:
2860:
2823:
2816:
2098:
2909:
1634:
2956:
4415:
3043:
1426:
1384:
4264:
2076:
1850:
1613:
1479:
1290:
670:
and died after having his battalion's banner delivered to the Italian garrison. Endisciau was one of the two colonial soldiers who were awarded the
3159:
2608:
1986:
1486:
1398:
1334:
859:
priests to persuade the defenders to surrender, and sending messengers who also asked for surrender, until Serranti threatened to fire on them.
3362:
2874:
1717:
1255:
635:. The garrison was completed by the 43rd battery (three old 77/28 mm guns and 40 Italian gunners) and the 44th battery (two 70/15 mm
400:
309:
818:
The first Italian sortie (and also the most important and bloodiest one), took place on 18 October and was directed against a position on the
3958:
3390:
3136:
3011:
2090:
1921:
1627:
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1090:
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2109:
2105:
2083:
1687:
539:
381:
29:
4106:
3570:
2902:
2888:
2094:
922:
4184:
3640:
1864:
677:
The Italian and colonial forces at Culqualber Pass numbered about 2,100 men overall. A secondary stronghold was at Fercaber Pass, near
4315:
4062:
3355:
3306:
3064:
2619:
1703:
1551:
1405:
330:
2363:
4431:
3313:
3285:
3102:
2684:
2396:
959:
457:
412:
395:
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3563:
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2698:
2527:
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1650:
3822:
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3992:
3833:
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3417:
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1726:
1694:
490:
4228:
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1170:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (Naval & Military Press ed.). London:
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4378:
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2064:
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1514:
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4253:
4078:
3292:
730:
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4438:
4371:
3584:
3535:
3299:
2895:
2656:
2440:
1493:
632:
764:
During September the Commonwealth forces, coming from south and readying for the attack, positioned themselves along the
4581:
4512:
4408:
3783:
3744:
2663:
2491:
2476:
2403:
2382:
2200:
1878:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1352:
1311:
1283:
709:, which lacked any kind of fortifications) by using the trunks of the trees found in the ravines. Caverns with multiple
671:
73:
4571:
4475:
3799:
3751:
3369:
3341:
3194:
2809:
2788:
2302:
1965:
1361:
1161:
1124:
943:
555:
442:
160:
4273:
3477:
1871:
4551:
3769:
3688:
3633:
3521:
3127:
2753:
2677:
2572:
2449:
2321:
2314:
2274:
2247:
1979:
1912:
1579:
1507:
1318:
1248:
4556:
4175:
4092:
3877:
3737:
3709:
3542:
3447:
3237:
2670:
1737:
1391:
722:
862:
Ground attacks and air strikes escalated from 21 October. The Allied enjoyed complete air domination; only two
3914:
3891:
3143:
2944:
2937:
2594:
2254:
2226:
2219:
1942:
1606:
1120:
848:
422:
245:
935:
4336:
4280:
4150:
4010:
3695:
3348:
3244:
3150:
2718:
2579:
2549:
2513:
2498:
2370:
2262:
2240:
2186:
2172:
2154:
1818:
1599:
1327:
1276:
1064:
871:
726:
531:
4028:
3921:
3723:
3674:
3577:
3470:
3440:
3223:
3111:
2837:
2628:
2212:
2193:
2163:
1710:
1680:
2691:
1079:
British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged edition)
4519:
4242:
4085:
3981:
3951:
3907:
3647:
3612:
3605:
3528:
3426:
2867:
2844:
2295:
1832:
1572:
1558:
1241:
852:
802:
on the ground at night and retrieving them in the morning, when they were wet, thanks to high nocturnal
794:
652:
417:
186:
1887:
1165:
4343:
4198:
3849:
3806:
3776:
3702:
3512:
3491:
2410:
1565:
810:
aimed at both lightening British pressure on their stronghold, and capturing weapons and foodstuffs.
781:
640:
427:
146:
4461:
4235:
4113:
4069:
3591:
2725:
2484:
2011:
1841:
1825:
1774:
918:
898:
757:, capturing a large quantity of weapons and ammunition. The British forces retaliated with a heavy
559:
495:
405:
230:
67:
4454:
4287:
4212:
4166:
4136:
4044:
3884:
3549:
3433:
3327:
3278:
3216:
2972:
2923:
2732:
2635:
2349:
2004:
1935:
1802:
939:
693:
After ascertaining the situation, the Carabinieri command decided to entrench its troops on the "
4499:
663:
598:
On 6 August 1941, Nasi sent a mixed force to guard Culqualber Pass. The force included the 1st
4445:
4329:
4219:
4159:
4120:
4053:
4035:
4001:
3944:
3898:
3842:
3667:
3405:
3397:
3334:
3187:
2781:
2306:
1951:
1928:
1767:
1746:
1456:
1220:
1201:
1175:
1157:
1138:
1108:
1100:
1086:
875:
845:
774:
769:
687:
647:, with two medics and a chaplain. The five guns available were obsolete and dated back to the
577:
The surrounding terrain was characterised by irregular heights, with flat or conical summits (
4364:
4357:
4301:
3965:
3730:
3716:
3619:
3556:
3507:
3320:
3173:
3120:
2930:
2881:
2795:
2018:
1995:
1528:
1128:
765:
614:
571:
535:
523:
485:
480:
452:
437:
199:
878:
and shot down by Lieutenant Lancelot Charles Henry Hope (3rd Squadron SAAF) on 24 October.
4387:
4099:
4014:
3972:
3870:
3813:
3681:
3463:
3454:
2983:
2558:
2534:
2130:
1788:
950:
The attack started at 03:00 on 21 November. Allied forces attacked from three sides, with
867:
648:
610:
551:
432:
254:
250:
349:
4394:
3930:
3856:
1901:
1760:
1059:
1044:
894:
828:
824:
789:
666:, was captured by Ethiopian guerrillas, escaped, was mortally wounded while crossing a
644:
578:
567:
131:
4535:
4205:
2123:
1972:
1811:
902:
754:
602:
Mobilized Group, with two companies of Italian veterans (200 men) and one company of
563:
336:
214:
1167:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)
697:", an overhanging ridge that dominated both the road to Gondar on the north and the
627:(Major) Alberto Cassoli and the LXVII Colonial Battalion (four companies), with 620
4504:
4308:
2601:
2506:
2137:
1500:
1264:
967:
470:
172:
1130:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
749:
and Culqualber. Ugolini ordered some sorties in retaliation. On 4 September, some
4143:
4129:
3791:
2460:
2281:
2266:
1620:
1133:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I.
913:". The battle ended in the evening with the failure of the Commonwealth attack.
819:
758:
718:
702:
656:
599:
3498:
3251:
3230:
2116:
1449:
1377:
863:
618:
1142:
88:
75:
3761:
3166:
2963:
2774:
2565:
2520:
1537:
1112:
788:, a gross flour obtained from corn, fodder and quadruped feed. The lack of
753:
and blackshirt companies made a nocturnal sortie and attacked the Ethiopian
713:
were dug in the rock of the ridge, to allow to fire in all directions. Some
710:
678:
667:
587:
475:
2041:
603:
42:
Makeshift armoured tractor used by Italian forces at Culqualber, nicknamed
2025:
1753:
951:
803:
636:
519:
43:
714:
681:, with the XIV Blackshirt Battalion (five companies and 600 men, under
607:
37:
2642:
807:
750:
746:
742:
698:
660:
628:
582:
1217:
The First Victory: The Second World War and the East Africa Campaign
890:
A series of new Allied attacks were launched during November 1941:
2830:
906:
901:, and the Italian defenders repelled the Uollo irregulars and the
799:
297:
1,900 prisoners including 804 wounded (404 Italian and 400 Askari)
1171:
1134:
1082:
955:
856:
655:. The garrison was also joined by a small number of askari from
1237:
1233:
1081:. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. ed.). London:
353:
741:
Beginning on the end of August, Ethiopian irregulars started
1198:
Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship
4567:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
4542:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Ethiopia
745:
aimed at cutting communications and supply lines between
1065:
Account of the battle on the website of the Carabinieri
997:-Arbegnoch used Ethiopian and captured Italian weapons.
942:
Collins, consisting of two South African battalions, a
855:, dropping leaflets with demands to surrender, sending
621:
Battalion (five companies), with 675 blackshirts under
1895:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1219:(1st ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
995:
List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia
570:
had organised his defence on the main stronghold of
4263:
3991:
3832:
3657:
3416:
3268:
3206:
3110:
3101:
2982:
2708:
2618:
2459:
2162:
2153:
1911:
1736:
1589:
1351:
1344:
538:, it marked the end of conventional warfare in the
990:List of British military equipment of World War II
866:were left to face about a hundred aircraft of the
844:During the following days, the British commander,
1105:Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence
574:and a series of secondary strongholds around it.
925:because of the heroism shown during these days.
643:, with 88 men (65 Italians and 23 askari) and a
893:On 2 November, a bombing destroyed the Italian
22:
1001:List of Italian Army equipment in World War II
1249:
622:
522:, from 6 August to 21 November 1941, between
365:
8:
1107:. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus.
316:
3107:
2159:
1348:
1256:
1242:
1234:
651:, the howitzers being war prizes from the
550:In 1941, following the Italian defeats at
372:
358:
350:
19:
921:, one of the volunteers, will obtain the
295:1,003 killed (513 Italian and 490 Askari)
4562:Battles of World War II involving Italy
1037:
1017:
639:and 34 Eritrean gunners); a platoon of
335:Culqualber, near Gondar, a town in the
255:
3088:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3959:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3391:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3037:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2993:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2091:Rape during the occupation of Germany
383:East African campaign of World War II
7:
4547:East African campaign (World War II)
3081:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2106:Rape during the liberation of France
780:The encirclement of the Italians on
30:East African Campaign (World War II)
934:north were three battalions of the
909:irregulars towards the ravines of "
3307:German invasion of the Netherlands
1580:Weather events during World War II
14:
3938:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
518:was fought near Culqualber Pass,
4498:
1121:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.
923:Medaglia d'Oro al valor Militare
315:
308:
223:
207:
193:
179:
166:
153:
139:
124:
36:
606:(160 men) under the command of
4185:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
1888:Territorial changes of Germany
1796:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
3585:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3536:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3300:German invasion of Luxembourg
1674:Mediterranean and Middle East
271:
3492:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3181:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2492:Independent State of Croatia
721:were turned into improvised
672:Gold Medal of Military Valor
4476:End of World War II in Asia
4316:Western invasion of Germany
3823:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3800:Second Battle of El Alamein
3370:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3342:Battle of the Mediterranean
3195:Italian invasion of Albania
1362:Air warfare of World War II
1045:La battaglia di Culqualber.
57:6 August – 21 November 1941
4603:
4402:Naval bombardment of Japan
3770:First Battle of El Alamein
3689:Battle of Christmas Island
3634:Japanese invasion of Burma
3398:Italian invasion of Greece
3314:German invasion of Belgium
3286:German invasion of Denmark
3259:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3128:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1385:Comparative military ranks
1060:La battaglia di Culqualber
761:of the Italian positions.
723:armoured fighting vehicles
4491:
4323:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4254:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
3878:Allied invasion of Sicily
3738:Aleutian Islands campaign
3710:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3648:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3543:Second Battle of Changsha
3448:German invasion of Greece
3293:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
1628:North and Central Pacific
1271:
840:British counter-offensive
832:beyond the Gumera river.
558:, military operations in
428:British Somaliland (1941)
401:British Somaliland (1940)
391:
303:
286:
263:
239:
116:
49:
35:
27:
3915:Allied invasion of Italy
3892:Solomon Islands campaign
3641:Third Battle of Changsha
3238:First Battle of Changsha
3144:Second Sino-Japanese War
2077:German military brothels
1943:United States war crimes
1077:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) .
849:Colin Frederick Blackden
727:Schwarzlose machine guns
4337:Second Guangxi campaign
4192:Philippines (1944–1945)
3696:Battle of the Coral Sea
3599:Fall of the Philippines
3245:Battle of South Guangxi
3151:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2550:Italian Social Republic
1160:; et al. (2004) .
872:South African Air Force
581:), intersected by deep
534:forces. Along with the
299:about 100 civilian dead
3922:Armistice of Cassibile
3724:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3675:Battle of the Java Sea
3578:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3478:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3471:Battle of South Shanxi
3441:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3224:Battle of the Atlantic
2838:Korean Liberation Army
2544:(until September 1943)
2501:(until September 1944)
2479:(until September 1944)
1123:; et al. (1954).
929:Final assault and fall
623:
566:region, where General
240:Commanders and leaders
4577:September 1941 events
4086:Second Battle of Guam
3982:Bengal famine of 1943
3952:Second Battle of Kiev
3908:Battle of the Dnieper
3613:Battle of Wake Island
3485:East African campaign
3427:Battle of South Henan
3072:atrocities by Germans
2845:Korean Volunteer Army
1819:Occupation of Germany
1573:Music in World War II
1200:. London: Brassey's.
1196:Raugh, H. E. (1993).
936:King's African Rifles
853:psychological warfare
653:Austro-Hungarian Army
287:Casualties and losses
4587:November 1941 events
4372:Surrender of Germany
3850:Battle of West Hubei
3807:Guadalcanal campaign
3777:Battle of Stalingrad
3703:Battle of Madagascar
2470:Albania protectorate
2257:(formerly Swaziland)
1966:Wehrmacht war crimes
1782:Expulsion of Germans
1566:Art and World War II
1464:British contribution
1413:Governments in exile
1215:Stewart, A. (2016).
964:Costone dei Roccioni
911:Costone dei Roccioni
731:Fiat 35 machine guns
695:Costone dei Roccioni
590:and armoured units.
540:East Africa Campaign
516:Battle of Culqualber
331:class=notpageimage|
323:Culqualber/Kulkalber
23:Battle of Culqualber
4582:October 1941 events
4462:Potsdam Declaration
4351:Italy (Spring 1945)
4114:Liberation of Paris
3571:Siege of Sevastopol
2582:(until August 1944)
2485:Wang Jingwei regime
2307:from September 1943
2267:from September 1944
2205:from September 1944
2065:Romanian war crimes
2056:Persecution of Jews
2042:Croatian war crimes
2012:Japanese war crimes
1826:Occupation of Japan
1775:First Indochina War
1487:Military production
1399:Declarations of war
899:hand-to-hand combat
560:Italian East Africa
530:forces and British
491:East Indies Station
465:Associated articles
231:Italian East Africa
85: /
68:Italian East Africa
4572:August 1941 events
4455:Surrender of Japan
4288:Battle of Iwo Jima
4137:Belgrade offensive
3550:Siege of Leningrad
3434:Battle of Shanggao
3363:British Somaliland
3328:Dunkirk evacuation
3279:Norwegian campaign
3217:Invasion of Poland
3044:Japanese prisoners
2005:Italian war crimes
1936:British war crimes
1851:Soviet occupations
1635:South-West Pacific
1522:Allied cooperation
1480:Military equipment
1158:Playfair, I. S. O.
1101:Mackenzie, Compton
960:Mk III light tanks
940:Lieutenant Colonel
562:moved towards the
4552:Conflicts in 1941
4529:
4528:
4487:
4486:
4330:Battle of Okinawa
4229:Burma (1944–1945)
4063:Mariana and Palau
3843:Tunisian campaign
3668:Fall of Singapore
3592:Fall of Hong Kong
3335:Battle of Britain
3188:Operation Himmler
3097:
3096:
2761:Dutch East Indies
2397:Southern Rhodesia
2149:
2148:
2049:Genocide of Serbs
1952:German war crimes
1929:Soviet war crimes
1922:Allied war crimes
1768:Division of Korea
1747:Chinese Civil War
1545:Strategic bombing
1457:Manhattan Project
1226:978-0-300-20855-9
1207:978-0-08-040983-2
1181:978-1-84574-066-5
1092:978-0-11-630961-7
876:Gloster Gladiator
846:Brigadier General
768:river and on the
688:military chaplain
509:
508:
496:East Africa Force
413:French Somaliland
348:
347:
112:
111:
89:12.600°N 37.467°E
66:Culqualber Pass,
4594:
4557:1941 in Ethiopia
4522:
4515:
4508:
4505:World portal
4503:
4502:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4365:Prague offensive
4360:
4358:Battle of Berlin
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4302:Vienna offensive
4297:
4290:
4283:
4281:Battle of Manila
4276:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4231:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4155:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4024:
4022:Korsun–Cherkassy
4017:
4006:
3984:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3864:Bombing of Gorky
3859:
3852:
3845:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3731:Battle of Midway
3726:
3719:
3717:Battle of Gazala
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3627:Battle of Borneo
3622:
3620:Malayan campaign
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3564:Bombing of Gorky
3559:
3557:Battle of Moscow
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3409:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3321:Battle of France
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3174:Munich Agreement
3169:
3162:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3123:
3108:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3059:Soviet prisoners
3053:
3046:
3039:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2999:German prisoners
2995:
2975:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2528:French Indochina
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2452:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2375:from August 1944
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2160:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2101:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2019:Nanjing Massacre
2014:
2007:
1998:
1996:Nuremberg trials
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1600:Asia and Pacific
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1529:Mulberry harbour
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1436:
1429:
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1394:
1387:
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1371:
1364:
1349:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1162:Butler, J. R. M.
1153:
1151:
1149:
1125:Butler, J. R. M.
1116:
1096:
1047:
1042:
1025:
1022:
626:
615:Alfredo Serranti
536:Battle of Gondar
486:Desert Air Force
481:Red Sea Flotilla
386:
384:
374:
367:
360:
351:
319:
318:
312:
276:
273:
257:
233:
229:
227:
226:
217:
213:
211:
210:
200:Ethiopian Empire
198:
197:
196:
189:
185:
183:
182:
171:
170:
169:
159:
157:
156:
149:
145:
143:
142:
130:
128:
127:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
51:
50:
40:
20:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4497:
4495:
4483:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4421:
4416:Atomic bombings
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4259:
4252:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4158:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4112:
4107:Eastern Romania
4105:
4100:Warsaw Uprising
4098:
4093:Tannenberg Line
4091:
4084:
4079:Western Ukraine
4077:
4068:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4009:
4000:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3871:Battle of Kursk
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3759:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3682:St Nazaire Raid
3680:
3673:
3666:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3506:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3464:Anglo-Iraqi War
3462:
3455:Battle of Crete
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3412:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3384:Eastern Romania
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3202:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3126:
3119:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2945:Western Ukraine
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2889:Northeast China
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2588:Slovak Republic
2586:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2559:Empire of Japan
2557:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2261:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2104:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2071:Sexual violence
2070:
2063:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1794:
1789:Greek Civil War
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1614:South-East Asia
1612:
1605:
1598:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1473:Military awards
1471:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1360:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1227:
1214:
1208:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1119:
1099:
1093:
1076:
1073:
1071:Further reading
1051:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1009:
986:
977:
931:
888:
868:Royal Air Force
842:
816:
782:Culqualber Pass
739:
664:Unatù Endisciau
649:First World War
611:Augusto Ugolini
596:
548:
512:
511:
510:
505:
501:Order of battle
462:
387:
382:
380:
378:
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
325:
324:
320:
298:
296:
281:
274:
270:
251:Augusto Ugolini
224:
222:
221:
208:
206:
205:
194:
192:
180:
178:
177:
167:
165:
154:
152:
140:
138:
137:
125:
123:
93:
91:
87:
84:
79:
76:
74:
72:
71:
70:
41:
12:
11:
5:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4534:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4435:
4432:South Sakhalin
4428:
4427:
4426:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4232:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4156:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4066:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3911:
3904:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3857:Battle of Attu
3853:
3846:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3606:Battle of Guam
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3529:Battle of Kiev
3525:
3518:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:United Kingdom
3024:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:British Empire
2418:United Kingdom
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2234:Czechoslovakia
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2131:Rape of Manila
2127:
2120:
2113:
2102:
2087:
2080:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1969:
1962:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1902:United Nations
1898:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1761:Decolonization
1757:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:United Kingdom
1430:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1154:
1117:
1097:
1091:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
992:
985:
982:
976:
973:
930:
927:
895:field hospital
887:
884:
841:
838:
829:bayonet charge
825:Sub-Lieutenant
815:
812:
790:drinking water
738:
735:
645:field hospital
633:Carlo Garbieri
595:
592:
568:Guglielmo Nasi
547:
544:
507:
506:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
409:
408:
398:
392:
389:
388:
379:
377:
376:
369:
362:
354:
346:
345:
334:
329:
328:
322:
321:
314:
313:
307:
306:
305:
304:
301:
300:
293:
289:
288:
284:
283:
278:
266:
265:
261:
260:
248:
246:Colin Blackden
242:
241:
237:
236:
235:
234:
202:
191:
190:
175:
163:
150:
132:United Kingdom
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:Allied victory
106:
102:
101:
94:12.600; 37.467
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
33:
32:
25:
24:
18:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4599:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:Kuril Islands
4436:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:Syrmian Front
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:Market Garden
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4011:Monte Cassino
4008:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:Baltic states
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:United States
3018:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:Quốc dân Đảng
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:Liechtenstein
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2609:Collaboration
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:United States
2431:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:Comfort women
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108: /
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097: /
2096:
2093: /
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:Camp brothels
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:The Holocaust
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:forced labour
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:Marshall Plan
1809:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1665:Eastern Front
1662:
1659:
1658:Western Front
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:Puppet states
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:Naval history
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1441:United States
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
974:
972:
969:
968:hand grenades
965:
961:
957:
954:supported by
953:
948:
945:
941:
937:
928:
926:
924:
920:
919:Poliuto Penzo
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
885:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
847:
839:
837:
833:
830:
826:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
734:
732:
728:
725:, armed with
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
609:
605:
601:
593:
591:
589:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
467:
466:
459:
458:Guerrilla war
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
403:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
390:
385:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
355:
352:
338:
337:Amhara Region
332:
311:
302:
294:
291:
290:
285:
279:
268:
267:
262:
258:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
238:
232:
220:
219:
218:
216:
203:
201:
188:
176:
174:
164:
162:
151:
148:
136:
135:
134:
133:
121:
120:
115:
107:
104:
103:
98:
69:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
45:
39:
34:
31:
26:
21:
16:
4513:Bibliography
4496:
4309:Project Hula
4274:Vistula–Oder
4243:
4176:
4167:
4151:
4121:
4070:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4002:
3899:
3814:
3790:
3760:
3511:
3404:
3349:North Africa
3051:Soviet Union
3005:Soviet Union
2931:Soviet Union
2699:Vatican City
2602:Vichy France
2507:German Reich
2404:Soviet Union
2390:South Africa
2383:Sierra Leone
2336:Newfoundland
2155:Participants
2138:Marocchinate
1842:
1833:
1803:
1681:North Africa
1642:Indian Ocean
1501:Nazi plunder
1392:Cryptography
1265:World War II
1216:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1166:
1146:. Retrieved
1129:
1104:
1078:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1007:Bibliography
978:
963:
949:
932:
915:
910:
892:
889:
880:
861:
843:
834:
817:
785:
779:
763:
740:
719:caterpillars
706:
694:
692:
682:
676:
631:under Major
597:
594:Preparations
576:
549:
532:Commonwealth
515:
513:
471:Gideon Force
464:
463:
447:
204:
187:South Africa
122:
117:Belligerents
15:
4244:Bodenplatte
4130:Gothic Line
3356:West Africa
2903:Philippines
2882:Netherlands
2747:Czech lands
2685:Switzerland
2629:Afghanistan
2573:Philippines
2441:Puerto Rico
2357:Philippines
2343:New Zealand
2329:Netherlands
2282:Free France
2033:Prosecution
1834:Osoaviakhim
1704:West Africa
1688:East Africa
1335:Conferences
1148:3 September
958:(including
820:Amba Mariam
814:Amba Mariam
759:bombardment
703:Debra Tabor
657:Debra Tabor
617:; the CCXL
600:Carabinieri
418:Convoy BN 7
339:of Ethiopia
92: /
4536:Categories
4344:West Hunan
4177:Pointblank
3513:Silver Fox
3499:Summer War
3252:Winter War
3231:Phoney War
3012:Azerbaijan
2973:Yugoslavia
2868:Luxembourg
2710:Resistance
2450:Yugoslavia
2315:Luxembourg
2117:Sook Ching
1913:War crimes
1515:Technology
1508:Opposition
1450:Lend-Lease
1427:Australian
1420:Home front
1378:Blitzkrieg
1328:Casualties
1319:Commanders
1291:Operations
1054:References
944:Gold Coast
864:Fiat CR.42
755:encampment
711:embrasures
619:Blackshirt
613:and Major
556:Amba Alagi
546:Background
448:Culqualber
443:Amba Alagi
282:2 aircraft
275: 100
269:22,500 men
161:Gold Coast
4409:Manchuria
4295:Indochina
4071:Bagration
3522:Lithuania
3167:Anschluss
2964:Viet Minh
2861:Lithuania
2803:Hong Kong
2566:Manchukuo
2521:Azad Hind
2180:Australia
1980:Aftermath
1843:Paperclip
1738:Aftermath
1538:Total war
1406:Diplomacy
1369:In Europe
1143:494123451
1032:citations
975:Aftermath
795:flow rate
679:Lake Tana
668:minefield
641:engineers
637:howitzers
588:artillery
476:Arbegnoch
406:Tug Argan
280:2,900 men
4520:Category
4469:document
4379:document
4236:Ardennes
4220:Budapest
4168:Crossbow
4046:Overlord
3885:Smolensk
3103:Timeline
2938:Slovakia
2924:Thailand
2775:Ethiopia
2740:Bulgaria
2664:Portugal
2595:Thailand
2477:Bulgaria
2255:Eswatini
2248:Ethiopia
2201:Bulgaria
2026:Unit 731
1987:Response
1804:Keelhaul
1754:Cold War
1727:Americas
1718:timeline
1711:Atlantic
1591:Theaters
1113:59637091
1103:(1951).
984:See also
952:infantry
907:Sudanese
886:November
804:humidity
786:bargutta
775:Fercaber
770:Danguriè
743:ambushes
715:tractors
528:colonial
520:Ethiopia
277:aircraft
264:Strength
62:Location
44:hedgehog
28:Part of
4446:Shumshu
4213:Hungary
4160:Estonia
4144:Lapland
4122:Dragoon
4055:Neptune
4037:Ichi-Go
4003:Tempest
3945:Changde
3900:Cottage
3792:Jubilee
3508:Finland
3406:Compass
3112:Prelude
3065:Finland
2951:Vietnam
2917:Romania
2789:Germany
2768:Estonia
2754:Denmark
2733:Belgium
2726:Austria
2719:Albania
2650:Ireland
2636:Andorra
2620:Neutral
2580:Romania
2514:Hungary
2499:Finland
2371:Romania
2263:Finland
2241:Denmark
2187:Belgium
2173:Algeria
1879:Romania
1865:Hungary
1621:Pacific
1345:General
1299:Leaders
1284:Battles
1277:Outline
1187:25 June
1164:(ed.).
1127:(ed.).
808:sorties
707:Costone
683:Seniore
624:Seniore
608:Colonel
583:ravines
524:Italian
423:Agordat
292:Unknown
253: (
80:37°28′E
77:12°36′N
4423:Debate
4395:Taipei
4388:Borneo
3966:Tarawa
3160:Europe
3121:Africa
2910:Poland
2896:Norway
2875:Malaya
2854:Latvia
2796:Greece
2782:France
2678:Sweden
2643:Bhutan
2364:Poland
2350:Norway
2322:Mexico
2289:Greece
2275:France
2213:Canada
2194:Brazil
2164:Allies
2110:Serbia
2099:Poland
1872:Poland
1858:Baltic
1651:Europe
1353:Topics
1305:Allied
1223:
1204:
1178:
1141:
1111:
1089:
903:Kikuyu
800:towels
766:Guarnò
751:askari
747:Gondar
699:Dessie
661:Muntaz
629:askari
604:Zaptié
572:Gondar
564:Amhara
453:Gondar
228:
212:
184:
158:
144:
129:
105:Result
4199:Leyte
4029:Narva
4015:Anzio
3973:Makin
3931:Burma
3815:Torch
3784:Rzhev
3745:Kiska
2831:Korea
2817:Japan
2810:Italy
2692:Tibet
2671:Spain
2542:Italy
2303:Italy
2296:India
2220:China
2095:Japan
1695:Italy
1607:China
1559:Women
1012:Notes
956:tanks
737:Siege
579:ambas
552:Keren
433:Keren
396:Sudan
215:Italy
173:Kenya
147:Sudan
4265:1945
3993:1944
3834:1943
3762:Blue
3752:Attu
3659:1942
3418:1941
3270:1940
3208:1939
3137:Asia
2984:POWs
2824:Jews
2535:Iraq
2461:Axis
2411:Tuva
2227:Cuba
1312:Axis
1221:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1189:2014
1176:ISBN
1172:HMSO
1150:2015
1139:OCLC
1135:HMSO
1109:OCLC
1087:ISBN
1083:HMSO
905:and
870:and
857:Copt
729:and
717:and
554:and
526:and
514:The
438:Saïo
54:Date
256:POW
4538::
4013:/
1174:.
1137:.
1085:.
777:.
733:.
674:.
542:.
272:c.
3516:)
3510:(
2377:)
2373:(
2309:)
2305:(
2269:)
2265:(
2207:)
2203:(
1257:e
1250:t
1243:v
1229:.
1210:.
1191:.
1152:.
1115:.
1095:.
823:(
701:–
373:e
366:t
359:v
259:)
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