1134:, commanding their first battle; Neville their second; and the Archbishop of York their third. Neville remained in overall command. The English were entirely dismounted, with each battle having men-at-arms in the centre and longbowmen on each flank. The English also took a defensive stance, knowing they had the superior position and that time was on their side; their morale was high. The resulting stalemate lasted until the afternoon, when the English sent longbowmen forward to harass the Scottish lines. On the English left, the Scottish light horse and archers withdrew under the arrow fire and the English were able to shoot into the flank of Moray's battle. The
1146:, broke and fled, with most escaping. The English stood off from the remaining Scots under David II and poured in arrows. The English men-at-arms then attacked and after fighting described as "ferocious", the Scots attempted unsuccessfully to retreat and were routed. The English men-at-arms outfought superior numbers of the Scottish foot, while the performance of the English archers was mixed. Most of them were participating in their first pitched battle, or even their first combat. Many groups of bowmen conspicuously hung back, while the Lancashire longbowmen received a post-battle bonus of ÂŁ10 each (ÂŁ11,700 in 2024 terms).
56:
1119:, each battle forming a rectilinear formation. The front ranks were armed with axes and long spears carried by the rear ranks protruded past them. The knights and other men-at-arms dismounted and stiffened the formations, usually at the very front. A screen of archers skirmished to the front, and each flank of the army was shielded by hobelars and further archers. As the mist lifted, it became clear the Scots were poorly positioned, on broken ground and with their movement made difficult by ditches and walls. They remembered their defeats at
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959:, Philip VI described northern England to David II as "a defenceless void". David II felt certain that few English troops would be left to defend the rich northern English cities, but when the Scots probed into northern England they were sharply rebuffed by the local defenders. David II agreed to a truce, to last until 29 September, in order to fully mobilise the Scottish army, which was assembling at
1226:, who was leading the detachment and had two teeth knocked out by the King. During the battle David II had been twice shot in the face with arrows. Surgeons attempted to remove the arrows but the tip of one remained lodged in his face, rendering him prone to headaches for decades. Edward III ordered David II to be handed over to him, rewarding Coupland with a knighthood and an
256:
1233:
All the
Scottish captives were ordered to London, to the disgust of their captors who had a legal right to ransom them. A significant number of Scottish prisoners were privately ransomed, their captors subsequently attempting to deny they had been taken, which outraged Edward III. Edward III refused
979:
On 7 October the Scots invaded
England with approximately 12,000 men. Many had modern weapons and armour supplied by France. A small number of French knights marched alongside the Scots. It was described by both Scottish and English chroniclers of the time, and by modern historians, as the strongest
876:
and invade
England. David II obliged, and after ravaging much of northern England was taken by surprise by the English defenders. The ensuing battle ended with the rout of the Scots, the capture of their king and the death or capture of most of their leadership. Strategically, this freed significant
1270:
in Durham
Cathedral. On three separate occasions, Edward III offered to release the childless David II for ÂŁ40,000 (approximately ÂŁ47 million in 2024 terms) if the latter would accept one of Edward III's sons as his heir to the Scottish throne. All three offers were refused. Eleven years after
1006:
The invasion had been expected by the
English for some time; two years earlier the Chancellor of England had told parliament the Scots were "saying quite openly that they will break the truce as soon as our adversary desires and will march into England". Once the Scots invaded, an army was quickly
1149:
David II, badly wounded, was captured after he fled the field, while the rest of the
Scottish army was pursued by the English long into the night. More than 50 Scottish barons were killed or captured; Scotland lost almost all its military leadership. The Scottish dead included: the Constable, Lord
1141:
Moray's battle led the assault, but the broken terrain and obstacles slowed their advance and made it difficult for them to maintain formation. The longbowmen were able to fall back behind their men-at-arms. By the time the disorganised battle came to hand-to-hand combat it was easily dealt with.
1291:
boundary marker in the form of a cross which was located on the ridge where the battle was fought; and from Lord Ralph
Neville, the leader of the victorious English. Lord Neville paid to have a replacement cross erected to commemorate the day; this was destroyed in 1589. A wooden cross erected on
1250:
In early 1347, two
English forces made large-scale raids deep into Scotland. They met little opposition and devastated much of southern Scotland. Border raids, often accompanied by devastation of the countryside, and sometimes on a large scale, continued to be launched by both the Scots and the
1182:. An unknown number of Scots were taken prisoner. It is believed that only Scots thought able to pay a ransom were spared, others being slain out of hand. Scottish nobles who were captured included William Douglas, the "Knight of Liddesdale", their most skilled guerilla fighter, and four earls.
1357:
inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and
Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 28 October 2018. To give a very rough idea of earning power, an English foot-soldier could expect to earn ÂŁ1 in wages in
1283:
prohibited any
Scottish citizen from bearing arms against Edward III or any of his men and the English were supposed to stop attacking Scotland. This truce lasted for four decades and marked the end of the Second War of Scottish Independence although intermittent fighting continued.
877:
English resources for the war against France, and the English border counties were able to guard against the remaining Scottish threat from their own resources. The eventual ransoming of the Scottish King resulted in a truce that brought peace to the border for forty years.
1238:
as was traditional; he wished to cripple the Scottish capacity to make war for as long as possible, by depriving them of their leaders. In at least some cases, he paid considerable sums to their captors to buy out their ransom rights.
971:. The French were also in difficulty in south-west France, where their front had collapsed, with the major city and provincial capital of Poitiers, 125 miles (201 km) from the border of English Gascony, falling on 4 October.
1075:, south of Durham. The two rear divisions of the English army drove them off, with around 300 Scottish casualties. Douglas raced back to David II's camp, alerting the rest of the army, which stood to arms. The same morning two
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sent an appeal to David II to open a northern front. Philip VI wanted the Scots to divert English troops, supplies and attention away from the army under Edward III which was gathering in southern England. The
359:
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English. The battle removed the strategic threat to Edward III's rear, and by 1349 the English border counties were able to guard against the remaining Scottish threat from their own resources.
932:
between France and Scotland had been renewed in 1326 and was intended to deter England from attacking either country by the threat that in this case the other would invade English territory.
1367:
Robert Stewart was David II's nephew, the heir-apparent, and a future king of Scotland (as Robert II). After the battle he became Lord Guardian of Scotland, regent for the captured David II.
1318:. In Act 1 Scene 3, Henry discusses the Scottish invasion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The last lines refer to an earlier play which should have been known to Shakespeare's audience,
352:
292:
2220:
2065:
901:, which included Scotland and was intended to last until 29 September 1346. In defiance of the truce, hostilities continued on all fronts, although mostly at a lower level; King
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of ÂŁ500 for life (ÂŁ590,000 per year in 2024 terms). Despite having fled without fighting, Robert Stewart was appointed Lord Guardian to act on David II's behalf in his absence.
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521:
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Seeing their first attack repulsed, and also being harassed by the English archers, the third and largest Scottish battle, on the Scottish left under the Earl of March and
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1138:
attempted to clear away the English archers with a cavalry charge, but this failed and he was taken prisoner. The archers succeeded in provoking the Scots into attacking.
285:
1047:
were en route to reinforce the English forces. This was possible because Edward III, when raising his army to invade France, had exempted the counties north of the River
1197:
said "few English were killed". Modern historians Given-Wilson and BĂ©riac have estimated that some 3,000 Scotsmen perished and fewer than a hundred were taken prisoner.
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monks arrived from Durham in an attempt to broker a peace but David II, thinking they were spies, ordered their beheading; the monks escaped in the confusion.
728:
92:
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King, Andy (2002). "According to the Custom Used in French and Scottish Wars: Prisoners and Casualties on the Scottish Marches in the Fourteenth Century".
248:
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The Scots at Beaurepaire discovered the English army only on the morning of 17 October, when they were six miles (10 km) away. Around 500 men under
1051:. On 14 October, while the Scots were sacking Hexham Abbey, the Archbishop decided not to wait for the Yorkshire troops and marched north-west towards
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1243:, had previously sworn fealty to Edward III, who considered him guilty of treason. On the King's direct orders, he was tried, condemned and then
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that stood on the hill where the Scots made their stand. After the victory, Neville paid to have a new cross erected to commemorate the day.
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David II led the Scottish army east from Beaurepaire to high ground less than half a mile (800 m) to the west of Durham and within sight of
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1115:, took command of the third battle. The contemporary sources are not consistent, but it seems the Scots formed up in their traditional
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Given-Wilson, Chris; Bériac, Françoise (September 2001). "Edward III's Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and its Context".
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was bypassed in exchange for a large indemnity and the Scottish army moved east, ravaging the countryside as they went. They
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Priory, where the monks offered the Scots ÂŁ1,000 (ÂŁ1,170,000 as of 2024) in protection money to be paid on 18 October.
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with an army of 15,000 in July. Philip VI renewed his pleas to David II. As the English had also committed troops to
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to commemorate the victory stood until 1569. The site of the battle has been listed as a registered battlefield by
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when his reflection was seen in the water by a group of English soldiers. David II was then taken prisoner by
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1103:, where he prepared for battle. Both the Scots and the English arranged themselves in three formations, or
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1275:(approximately ÂŁ78 million in 2024 terms). The ransom was to be paid over ten years, on 24 June (
1055:, and then rapidly north-east to Durham. He was joined en route by the Yorkshire contingent, and Lord
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Accounts of the time state that after the battle David II was hiding under a bridge over the
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was defeated with heavy loss by an English army of approximately 6,000–7,000 men led by
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Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology
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939:... Do for me what I would willingly do for you in such a crisis and do it as quickly
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In June Philip VI asked David II to attack pre-emptively: "I beg you, I implore you
1023:. It was not a large army: 3,000–4,000 men from the northern English counties of
984:
was stormed and captured after a siege of three days and the garrison massacred.
1309:
1288:
1076:
17:
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2135:
1107:. On the Scottish side, David II took control of the second battle, and placed
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107:
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963:. By the time the truce expired, the French had been decisively beaten at
857:
The battle was the result of the invasion of France by England during the
1000:
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980:
and best-equipped Scottish expedition for many years. The border fort of
952:
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897:
since 1337. In January 1343 the French and English had entered into the
872:) called on the Scots to fulfil their obligation under the terms of the
2590:. Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England. 6 June 1995.
1227:
1040:
989:
948:
1271:
the battle, David II was released in exchange for a ransom of 100,000
1193:
both wrote that a thousand Scots were killed in the battle, while the
2457:. Stamford: Shaun Tyas for the North-East England History Institute.
2021:
2019:
1328:
brings the captured David II to Edward III in Calais, where he meets
1235:
1234:
to ransom any of those who were passed on to him, or release them on
1048:
1862:
1860:
1127:
and so took a defensive stance, waiting for the English to attack.
1204:
1081:
2048:
2046:
2549:. The Hundred Years War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber.
2604:. Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England. 1995
2519:. The Hundred Years War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber.
1358:
approximately 3 months for, usually seasonal, military service.
503:
348:
281:
2375:
A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages: 1278–1485 A.D.
1679:
1677:
2564:
Wagner, John A. (2006). "Neville's Cross, Battle of (1346)".
2353:
The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346: Translated, with notes
2126:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.).
2066:"Durham City Conservation Area: Character Area 3 - Crossgate"
1213:
in Hampshire, where David II was imprisoned from 1346 to 1357
1039:
and a small number of lightly armed border cavalry, known as
1510:
1508:
1506:
1262:, and previously belonging to the former queen of Scotland,
912:) led a six-day raid into northern England in October 1345.
2596:"English Heritage Battlefield Report: Neville's Cross 1346"
1466:
1464:
1811:
1809:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1071:
stumbled upon them in the morning mist during a raid near
999:. They arrived outside Durham on 16 October and camped at
923:) planned an invasion of northern France in 1346 and King
1628:
1626:
1613:
1611:
1481:
1479:
1427:
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1397:
1395:
60:
Battle of Neville's Cross from a 15th-century manuscript
1266:, was taken from David II and donated to the shrine of
1059:
took command of the combined force of 6,000–7,000 men.
834:
on 17 October 1346, half a mile (800 m) to the west of
1412:
1410:
27:
1346 battle of the Second War of Scottish Independence
2419:
The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377
2201:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 379–380.
255:
2568:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 228–229.
2292:
Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46
2495:Border Fury: England and Scotland at War 1296–1568
2416:
2119:
2037:
1866:
842:. An invading Scottish army of 12,000 led by King
2089:
2052:
2025:
1914:
1890:
1878:
1656:
1602:
1130:The English similarly divided their forces with
1035:; it is known that Lancashire contributed 1,200
1443:
995:, taking three days to do so, then advanced to
36:
1170:; two earls, John Randolph, Earl of Moray and
2397:. East Linton, East Lothian: Tuckwell Press.
515:
360:
293:
8:
2174:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
1011:in north Yorkshire under the supervision of
2665:Registered historic battlefields in England
943:... as you are able." Edward III landed in
2225:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press.
885:By 1346 England had been embroiled in the
522:
508:
500:
367:
353:
345:
300:
286:
278:
33:
2670:14th-century military history of Scotland
2475:(1998). "The Scottish invasion of 1346".
2152:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1788:
1308:The fate of King David II is recalled in
2010:
1938:
1815:
1776:
1740:
1728:
1683:
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1485:
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1431:
1401:
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2199:The Oxford Companion to British History
1800:
1695:
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1617:
1526:
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1379:
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193:
170:
2295:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
2101:
1902:
1839:
1764:
1752:
1538:
1514:
1470:
1172:Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn
2566:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
2247:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: W. Fraser.
1998:
1578:
1416:
1245:drawn, hanged, beheaded and quartered
268:Location of the battle within England
235:Many captured including King David II
7:
2640:Battles between England and Scotland
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1926:
1851:
1827:
1707:
1562:
1332:, who has captured the French king.
2455:The Battle of Neville's Cross, 1346
2423:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1279:'s Day) each year, during which an
887:Second War of Scottish Independence
832:Second War of Scottish Independence
189:William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale
48:Second War of Scottish Independence
2356:. Glasgow: J. Maclehose and Sons.
1287:The battle takes its name from an
25:
2660:Military history of County Durham
2645:Battles of the Hundred Years' War
2118:Boardman, Stephen I. (May 2006).
1324:. At the end of the latter play,
1111:, in charge of the first battle.
2584:"Battle of Neville's Cross 1346"
850:. The battle was named after an
744:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)
719:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)
254:
247:
54:
2498:, London; New York: Routledge,
2149:The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371
918:
907:
867:
2038:Given-Wilson & BĂ©riac 2001
1867:Given-Wilson & BĂ©riac 2001
1258:, venerated as a piece of the
724:Edward III's chevauchée (1355)
1:
2675:Scottish invasions of England
2324:10.1016/s0048-721x(02)00057-x
2262:The English Historical Review
2026:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1915:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1891:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1879:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1657:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1603:Prestwich & Rollason 1998
1241:John Graham, Earl of Menteith
1113:Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March
665:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)
1336:Notes, citations and sources
1109:John Randolph, Earl of Moray
177:John Randolph, Earl of Moray
132:Capture of the Scottish King
2312:Journal of Medieval History
1444:Crowcroft & Cannon 2015
848:Ralph Neville, Lord Neville
2691:
2655:History of Durham, England
2195:"Franco-Scottish Alliance"
1264:Saint Margaret of Scotland
1021:Lord Warden of the Marches
729:Normandy chevauchée (1356)
311:Scottish Independence Wars
2378:London: Greenhill Books.
2289:Gribit, Nicholas (2016).
1178:, an illegitimate son of
828:Battle of Neville's Cross
543:
472:Berwick (1355 & 1356)
386:
334:Later Anglo-Scottish Wars
319:
242:
227:
214:
159:
142:
64:
53:
41:
37:Battle of Neville's Cross
2393:Penman, Michael (2004).
2274:10.1093/ehr/CXVI.468.802
379:of Scottish Independence
2245:The Scotts of Buccleuch
2128:Oxford University Press
2071:. Durham County Council
1321:The Reign of Edward III
1166:; the Chancellor, Lord
852:Anglo-Saxon stone cross
2492:Sadler, John (2013) ,
2136:10.1093/ref:odnb/23713
2090:Historic England 1995a
2053:Historic England 1995b
1256:Black Rood of Scotland
1215:
1195:Chronicle of Lanercost
1176:Niall Bruce of Carrick
1096:
830:took place during the
160:Commanders and leaders
2413:Prestwich, Michael C.
1208:
1185:Scottish chroniclers
1085:
967:and the English were
914:Edward III of England
739:Loire campaign (1356)
228:Casualties and losses
1281:Anglo-Scottish truce
1277:St. John the Baptist
1013:William de la Zouche
903:David II of Scotland
265:class=notpageimage|
108:54.77250°N 1.59333°W
2473:Rogers, Clifford J.
2189:Crowcroft, Robert;
2013:, pp. 145–148.
1953:, pp. 281–282.
1854:, pp. 269–270.
1686:, pp. 552–553.
1553:, pp. 550–551.
1517:, pp. 228–229.
1473:, pp. 157–180.
1446:, pp. 379–380.
1389:, pp. 507–508.
1162:; the Chamberlain,
925:Philip VI of France
899:Truce of Malestroit
889:since 1332 and the
863:Philip VI of France
777:Treaties and truces
692:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
590:Tournaisis campaign
104: /
2543:Sumption, Jonathan
2513:Sumption, Jonathan
2447:Prestwich, Michael
1779:, pp. 552–53.
1355:Retail Price Index
1216:
1097:
1091:, on Crossgate in
1017:Archbishop of York
891:Hundred Years' War
859:Hundred Years' War
658:Calais (1346–1347)
568:Thiérache campaign
531:Hundred Years' War
233:1,000–3,000 killed
201:Lord Ralph Neville
113:54.77250; -1.59333
44:Hundred Years' War
2650:Conflicts in 1346
2575:978-0-313-32736-0
2556:978-0-571-13896-8
2526:978-0-571-20095-5
2505:978-1-4058-4022-4
2464:978-1-900289-19-1
2404:978-1-86232-202-8
2385:978-1-85367-332-0
2302:978-1-78327-117-7
2232:978-0-85115-571-5
2208:978-0-19-967783-2
2181:978-1-84022-210-4
2159:978-0-7486-1238-3
2028:, pp. 59–60.
1743:, pp. 3, 40.
1187:Andrew of Wyntoun
821:
820:
580:Scheldt campaigns
497:
496:
342:
341:
276:
275:
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
2682:
2635:1346 in Scotland
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2609:
2601:Historic England
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2588:Historic England
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2477:Northern History
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2442:
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2365:
2348:Maxwell, Herbert
2343:
2306:
2285:
2268:(468): 802–833.
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1738:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1330:the Black Prince
1326:John de Coupland
1298:Historic England
1224:John de Coupland
1180:Robert the Bruce
1168:Thomas Charteris
1164:John de Roxburgh
1136:Earl of Menteith
1132:Lord Henry Percy
1101:Durham Cathedral
1043:. Another 3,000
969:besieging Calais
942:
938:
922:
921: 1327–1377
920:
911:
910: 1329–1371
909:
871:
870: 1328–1350
869:
538:
524:
517:
510:
501:
381:
369:
362:
355:
346:
314:
312:
302:
295:
288:
279:
258:
257:
251:
205:Lord Henry Percy
195:
185:
172:
128:English victory
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
66:
65:
58:
34:
21:
18:Battle of Durham
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2630:1346 in England
2620:
2619:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2594:
2582:
2576:
2563:
2557:
2541:
2527:
2517:Trial by Battle
2511:
2506:
2491:
2471:
2465:
2451:Rollason, David
2445:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2392:
2386:
2368:
2346:
2309:
2303:
2288:
2259:
2241:Fraser, William
2239:
2233:
2215:
2209:
2188:
2182:
2166:
2160:
2142:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1306:
1214:
1203:
1160:Robert de Keith
1152:David de la Hay
1095:
1089:Neville's Cross
1087:The remains of
1069:William Douglas
1065:
977:
940:
936:
917:
906:
883:
866:
824:
823:
822:
817:
563:English Channel
539:
535:
534:Edwardian phase
532:
530:
528:
498:
493:
477:Burnt Candlemas
455:Neville's Cross
382:
378:
375:
373:
343:
338:
315:
310:
308:
306:
272:
271:
270:
269:
267:
261:
260:
259:
234:
207:
203:
187:
181:
175:
112:
110:
106:
103:
98:
95:
93:
91:
90:
89:
82:Neville's Cross
72:17 October 1346
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2592:
2580:
2574:
2561:
2555:
2539:
2525:
2509:
2504:
2489:
2469:
2463:
2443:
2429:
2409:
2403:
2390:
2384:
2366:
2350:, ed. (1913).
2344:
2318:(3): 263–290.
2307:
2301:
2286:
2257:
2237:
2231:
2217:DeVries, Kelly
2213:
2207:
2186:
2180:
2164:
2158:
2144:Brown, Michael
2140:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2104:, p. 129.
2094:
2082:
2057:
2042:
2040:, p. 811.
2030:
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 219.
1991:
1989:, p. 278.
1979:
1977:, p. 281.
1967:
1965:, p. 282.
1955:
1943:
1941:, p. 554.
1931:
1929:, p. 269.
1919:
1917:, p. 146.
1907:
1895:
1893:, p. 140.
1883:
1871:
1869:, p. 809.
1856:
1844:
1832:
1830:, p. 151.
1820:
1818:, p. 143.
1805:
1803:, p. 341.
1793:
1791:, p. 267.
1789:Prestwich 1980
1781:
1769:
1767:, p. 134.
1757:
1755:, p. 228.
1745:
1733:
1731:, p. 553.
1712:
1710:, p. 150.
1700:
1698:, p. 335.
1688:
1673:
1671:, p. 339.
1661:
1649:
1647:, p. 337.
1637:
1635:, p. 336.
1622:
1620:, p. 181.
1607:
1605:, p. 143.
1595:
1593:, p. 552.
1583:
1581:, p. 218.
1571:
1565:, p. 149,
1555:
1543:
1531:
1529:, p. 332.
1519:
1502:
1500:, p. 330.
1490:
1488:, p. 550.
1475:
1460:
1458:, p. 504.
1448:
1436:
1434:, p. 500.
1421:
1419:, p. 247.
1406:
1404:, p. 499.
1391:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1305:
1302:
1294:Maiden's Bower
1268:Saint Cuthbert
1209:
1202:
1199:
1144:Robert Stewart
1086:
1064:
1061:
1053:Barnard Castle
1029:Northumberland
976:
973:
882:
879:
819:
818:
816:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
778:
774:
773:
768:
766:Reims campaign
763:
757:
756:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
715:
714:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
668:
667:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
638:Crécy campaign
635:
630:
629:
628:
623:
612:
611:
605:
604:
603:
602:
597:
587:
582:
577:
576:
575:
565:
560:
555:
549:
548:
544:
541:
540:
529:
527:
526:
519:
512:
504:
495:
494:
492:
491:
489:Berwick (1357)
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
469:
463:
462:
458:
457:
451:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:Berwick (1333)
420:
414:
413:
409:
408:
403:
398:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
374:
372:
371:
364:
357:
349:
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
307:
305:
304:
297:
290:
282:
274:
273:
263:
262:
253:
252:
246:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
212:
211:
209:William Zouche
198:
162:
161:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
125:
121:
120:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2687:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2547:Trial by Fire
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2430:0-297-77730-0
2426:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2370:Oman, Charles
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2172:The Crecy War
2169:
2168:Burne, Alfred
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:Sumption 1999
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:Sumption 1990
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1905:, p. 51.
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1881:, p. 26.
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1842:, p. 15.
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:Sumption 1999
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:Sumption 1990
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:Boardman 2006
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:Sumption 1990
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:Sumption 1990
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:, p. 88.
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:Sumption 1990
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:Sumption 1990
1547:
1544:
1541:, p. 37.
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:Sumption 1990
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:Sumption 1990
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:Sumption 1990
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:Sumption 1990
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:Sumption 1990
1383:
1380:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1304:In literature
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:River Browney
1212:
1211:Odiham Castle
1207:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1057:Ralph Neville
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:mobilised at
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
987:
983:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
933:
931:
930:Auld Alliance
926:
915:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
878:
875:
874:Auld Alliance
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
814:
811:
809:
808:Second London
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:Calais (1350)
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
634:
631:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
607:
606:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
545:
542:
537:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
505:
502:
490:
487:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
388:
385:
380:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
350:
347:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
318:
313:
303:
298:
296:
291:
289:
284:
283:
280:
266:
250:
241:
237:
232:
231:
226:
222:
219:
218:
213:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:
190:
186:
184:
178:
173:
167:
166:King David II
164:
163:
158:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
141:
131:
130:
129:
126:
123:
122:
117:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
2617:
2606:. Retrieved
2599:
2587:
2565:
2546:
2516:
2494:
2476:
2454:
2418:
2394:
2374:
2352:
2315:
2311:
2291:
2265:
2261:
2244:
2221:
2198:
2191:Cannon, John
2171:
2148:
2121:
2097:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2060:
2055:, p. 2.
2033:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1801:Maxwell 1913
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1703:
1696:Maxwell 1913
1691:
1669:Maxwell 1913
1664:
1652:
1645:Maxwell 1913
1640:
1633:Maxwell 1913
1618:DeVries 2006
1598:
1586:
1574:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1527:Maxwell 1913
1522:
1498:Maxwell 1913
1493:
1451:
1439:
1382:
1363:
1349:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1286:
1253:
1249:
1232:
1217:
1191:Walter Bower
1184:
1148:
1140:
1129:
1125:Halidon Hill
1121:Dupplin Moor
1098:
1066:
1045:Yorkshiremen
1005:
993:Hexham Abbey
982:Liddell Peel
978:
934:
884:
856:
827:
825:
803:First London
648:Blanchetaque
483:Peace treaty
454:
428:Halidon Hill
401:Dupplin Moor
182:
143:Belligerents
127:
42:Part of the
29:
2102:Penman 2004
1903:Rogers 1998
1840:Fraser 1878
1765:Penman 2004
1753:Sadler 2013
1539:Gribit 2016
1515:Wagner 2006
1471:Penman 2004
1310:Shakespeare
1289:Anglo-Saxon
1077:Benedictine
1001:Beaurepaire
536:(1337–1360)
467:Nesbit Moor
433:Boroughmuir
223:6,000–7,000
111: /
2624:Categories
2608:1 November
2075:3 February
1999:Burne 1999
1579:Burne 1999
1417:Brown 2004
1260:True Cross
1117:schiltrons
1073:Merrington
1037:longbowmen
1033:Lancashire
1025:Cumberland
1019:, who was
881:Background
788:Malestroit
687:Winchelsea
595:Saint-Omer
558:Arnemuiden
377:Second War
99:01°35′36″W
96:54°46′21″N
84:, west of
2535:819663446
2485:0078-172X
2479:. xxxiv.
2439:611186058
2372:(1998) .
2362:457526322
2340:159873083
2332:0304-4181
2282:0013-8266
2253:866515784
2122:Robert II
1987:King 2002
1975:King 2002
1963:King 2002
1951:King 2002
1927:King 2002
1852:King 2002
1828:Oman 1998
1708:Oman 1998
1563:Oman 1998
1375:Citations
1201:Aftermath
1156:Marischal
783:Espléchin
761:Jacquerie
755:1358–1360
713:1355–1356
677:Lunalonge
671:1349–1352
633:Aiguillon
626:Auberoche
609:1345–1347
547:1337–1340
461:1355–1356
412:1333–1342
88:, England
2545:(1999).
2515:(1990).
2453:(1998).
2415:(1980).
2395:David II
2243:(1878).
2219:(2006).
2193:(2015).
2170:(1999).
2146:(2004).
1312:'s play
1041:hobelars
1009:Richmond
986:Carlisle
957:Flanders
953:Brittany
945:Normandy
844:David II
813:Brétigny
771:Chartres
749:Poitiers
734:Breteuil
621:Bergerac
438:Culblean
396:Kinghorn
215:Strength
149:Scotland
77:Location
46:and the
2111:Sources
1315:Henry V
1228:annuity
1105:battles
975:Prelude
949:Gascony
861:. King
840:England
697:Saintes
616:Gascony
600:Tournai
573:Cambrai
553:Cadzand
418:Dornock
191: (
183:†
168: (
154:England
2572:
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1567:
1236:parole
1174:; and
1154:; the
1093:Durham
1063:Battle
1049:Humber
1015:, the
997:Durham
990:sacked
941:
937:
895:France
836:Durham
798:Guînes
793:Calais
707:Guînes
702:Ardres
329:Second
220:12,000
179:
124:Result
86:Durham
2336:S2CID
2069:(PDF)
1341:Notes
1273:marks
965:Crécy
961:Perth
893:with
653:Crécy
585:Sluys
443:Perth
406:Annan
324:First
2610:2019
2570:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2531:OCLC
2521:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2481:ISSN
2459:ISBN
2435:OCLC
2425:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2358:OCLC
2328:ISSN
2297:ISBN
2278:ISSN
2249:OCLC
2227:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2077:2024
1254:The
1189:and
1123:and
1031:and
955:and
826:The
643:Caen
449:1346
390:1332
69:Date
2320:doi
2270:doi
2266:116
2132:doi
1569:n 1
1353:UK
238:Few
194:POW
171:POW
2626::
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2433:.
2334:.
2326:.
2316:28
2314:.
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2197:.
2130:.
2045:^
2018:^
1859:^
1808:^
1715:^
1676:^
1625:^
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1505:^
1478:^
1463:^
1424:^
1409:^
1394:^
1300:.
1247:.
1158:,
1027:,
951:,
919:r.
908:r.
868:r.
838:,
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301:e
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174:)
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