643:
654:...long lines of peasants could be seen winding over the mountains towards the spot. Some of the hills were black with people; they were flooding in from all directions, from their land and their villages, spontaneously, unanimously. Some were totally unarmed, without knives or even stones; they were there simply because they had not been able to resist joining the procession. As far as they were concerned it was a rural demonstration, and they emitted ferocious yells which sowed panic in the enemy's ranks. Old Gras rifles banged away like mortars. Shouts rose from behind every rock. The Italians found it impossible to evaluate the forces ranged against them. By the end of the morning the sun was beating solidly down on the rocks, the blinding sun of the Greek spring. There was no water in the sector where the enemy had dug in.
1849:
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601:, and the local inhabitants of Siatista and the neighbouring villages flocked to assist them, raising their strength to some 600 men. Among the people flocking to the sound of the battle were also many regular and reserve officers who were not members of ELAS; some were even members of right-wing organizations such as EKA. Nevertheless, the ELAS command welcomed them and assigned them various commands. The same happened with nearby Gendarmerie units that flocked to the battle, including the entire Gendarmerie garrison of
659:
Other
Italian aircraft dropped supplies by parachute, but many landed in the hands of the partisans instead. Finally, under the pressure of the partisans, thirst, and hunger, towards the evening Major Pasconelli appeared before Reserve Lieutenant Dimitrios Zygouras (nom de guerre "Palaiologos"), and surrendered. His horse, riderless and in panic, galloped off in the direction of Grevena, where it arrived early on the next day, bringing to the remaining Italian soldiers there the news of the disaster.
170:
1884:
1766:
682:, to report his surrender "to partisan forces superior to our own". At Palaiologos' insistence, the Major repeated his call to warn that the safety of the prisoners could not be guaranteed if any Italian airplane or military unit approached Siatista. Nevertheless, a few days later an Italian airplane appeared, and dropped a bomb which fell harmlessly outside the town. The Italians were eventually led to a prisoner of war camp in
436:
and attacks over the following day, was forced to surrender on the night of 6/7 March. Many weapons and supplies, including field artillery, were acquired by the Greeks, and over 550 Italian troops became prisoners of war. The battle led to the liberation of
Grevena from Italian occupation a few weeks later, and was a major sign of the growth of the Greek partisan movement, and the collapse of Italian rule over rural Greece.
2184:
623:, under Second Lieutenant Dimitrios Papagianopoulos, crossed the Aliakmon by swimming, and attacked the Italian battalion's command post. At the same time, the ELAS detachment from Grevena attacked the Italian battalion from the south, forcing it to fall back to Fardykambos. At one point, the partisans even came close to the Italian commander's tent, until nightfall forced an end to combat.
177:
707:, ELAS troops paraded through the city and were blessed by the city's bishop. The victory also greatly increased morale in the region and the profile of ELAS—which also for the first time acquired artillery. In the following months, the effective strength of ELAS in western Macedonia rose from about 50 to 2,000 men.
662:
The battle had lasted for 52 hours. According to the official communique issued by the local ELAS headquarters, the partisans took 17 officers and 432 other ranks prisoner, of whom 45 wounded; the partisans claimed 20 dead
Italians. Three 75mm mountain guns with 300 shells, 3 motor vehicles, 57 mules
618:
road, where there were many cultivated fields and vines, known as
Fardykambos. In the afternoon, the Italians attacked the partisan positions on then heights south of Siatista, using the three mountain cannons they had brought with them to great effect. Despite heavy resistance, the Italians advanced
435:
by Greek partisan forces. The Greek forces continued to swell as reserve officers and ordinary civilians flocked as volunteers to the sound of battle, reaching a force of some 2,000 men. By nightfall on 5 March, the
Italian battalion had been surrounded by the Greeks, and after incessant harassment
570:
knives, but were able to knock out the first and ninth lorries in their opening salvo, trapping the bulk of the convoy; only the tenth lorry, at the rear of the column, managed to turn around and escape. The battle lasted for three hours, and was ended when the partisans closed in for hand-to-hand
723:, burning 360 of its 600 houses and shooting 40 civilians—but it led to the creation of liberated zones in much of the interior of Greece; on 16 April an Italian report noted that "control throughout the north-east, centre and south-west of Greece remains very precarious, not to say nonexistent".
541:
The battle comprised two different but connected engagements: an ambush on 4 March, at the pass of Vigla, against an
Italian transport column, followed by the second and main battle at Fardykambos, on 5–6 March, against the Italian garrison of Grevena that set out to relieve the transport column.
658:
Nevertheless, the
Italians held out during the day, beating off two concerted attacks by the partisans. The Greek attacks were hampered by the presence of Italian aircraft, although many partisans resorted to the trick of laying their cloaks over rocks and letting the Italian pilots strafe them.
698:
The battle was "the most important battle of the later winter" in the rapidly developing Greek guerrilla movement. Two weeks later, on 21 March, another
Italian battalion moved from Larissa to Grevena, clashing with partisans on the way but reaching its target, where it evacuated the remaining
663:
and 3 chargers, 4 small mortars, 500 rifles, 30 pistols, 8 heavy machine guns, 32 submachine guns, all with ample ammunition, were captured. Greek casualties were 3 dead and 10 wounded among the guerrillas, and one dead and 3 wounded among the civilian population. Some 4,000 troops sent by the
575:
representatives. The rest were taken prisoner. The partisans suffered only three lightly wounded. The lorries, five of which were in running order, contained large quantities of food, a mortar, a heavy and ten light machine guns, as well as rifles and ammunition were captured and carried off.
619:
with determination, reaching the outskirts of the lower town of
Siatista. At this point, the ELAS leadership decided to outflank the Italians, sending one group, under Tasianopoulos, Skotidas, and Foteinos, to attack them from the west, while 25 men from the village of
507:, attacked the local Gendarmerie station and disbanded it. Lieutenant Thomas Venetsanopoulos and ten more gendarmes even joined the ELAS forces. Siatista thus became the first town in occupied Greece to be liberated. A few days later, ELAS forces clashed with an
579:
In the meantime, when the convoy became overdue in
Grevena, the local commander, Perrone Pasconelli, sent a company in four lorries to look for it, but it was halted by hastily drawn together ELAS reserves, comprising mostly old men and very young boys, at the
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2201:
479:
was installed, but its authority with the Greek people was minimal, and its control over the country compromised by the occupation authorities, who created a patchwork of separate jurisdictions. As early as the autumn 1941, the first stirrings of a
584:
bridge. As a result, early in the afternoon, the rest of the Grevena garrison set out, 600 men in total, leaving behind only a skeleton guard. The arrival of night forced the Italians to halt at the site of the earlier skirmish near the village of
689:
Total Italian casualties in the three-day battle are variously reported by Palaiologos as 95 dead and 644 prisoners (including 79 wounded), while other sources calculate the total number of prisoners at 553 (17 officers and 536 other ranks).
634:, and ordered the complete encirclement of the Italian column. Throughout the night, local people and fighters continued to flock to the battlefield; by the dawn of 6 March, the Greek forces surrounding the Italians numbered over 2,000 men.
3875:
562:. The ambush took place in the narrow pass of Bougazi between the mountains of Sniatsiko and Bourino, at the location known as Vigla, some 3 km from Siatista itself. The partisans were armed with shotguns and antiquated
630:(PAO), Major Ioannis Kontonasios, to take over the general command of the partisan forces. Kontonasios, with Captain Athanasios Dafnis as his staff officer, established his headquarters in the monastery of the village of
613:
On the morning of 5 March the Italians managed to cross the Aliakmon bridge and reach the defile where their supply convoy had been captured. Around noon, the Italians regrouped at a site near the crossing of the
710:
The Battle of Fardykambos was part of a general flowering of the Greek armed resistance movement, and the concurrent retrenchment of the Italian occupying forces: already on 12 March the Italians evacuated
642:
2213:
3865:
3860:
2808:
3880:
3723:
424:. The battle was notable for the large-scale and spontaneous participation of the local populace, and of officers from other groups and organizations, including right-wing rivals to ELAS.
550:
On 4 March, ELAS forces from Siatista, augmented with Reserve ELAS members from the surrounding villages, some 200–250 men in total, ambushed an Italian convoy heading for Grevena from
1352:
719:, a vital communication node between eastern and western Greece. This withdrawal was not always peaceful—on 12 March, an Italian motorized column razed the village of
475:. Most of the country was left to the Italian forces, while Bulgaria annexed northeastern Greece and German troops occupied the strategically most important areas. A
2859:
1361:
2115:
427:
The three-day battle began with the successful ambush of an Italian transport column on 4 March 1943. The Italian battalion garrisoning the nearby town of
2789:
2682:
2424:
220:
3120:
2818:
2618:
2558:
2404:
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262:
500:(ELAS), which proceeded apace in 1942, began to challenge not only the collaborationist government's organs, but also the Italian occupation troops.
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3220:
2798:
1837:
1345:
2889:
3815:
3102:
525:
508:
169:
113:
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Italian garrison. Grevena was abandoned for good, and became one of the first towns of Axis-occupied Europe to be liberated. On 25 March, the
650:
The next day, the local population continued arriving in droves to witness the battle and encourage their own. In the words of Dominic Eudes:
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combat, whereupon the Italians surrendered. Of the 180 Italians in the convoy, 15 lay dead and 34 were wounded, who were handed over to
185:
106:
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626:
As the battle had reached a critical phase, the local EAM leadership called on the retired army officer, and member of the right-wing
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405:
2157:
3713:
3476:
3195:
1951:
1253:
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101:
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The captives were led to Siatista, where the Italian Major was allowed to phone the Italian commander-in-chief in Greece, General
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52:
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316:
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605:, under its commander Charalambos Koutalakis, as well as the guard installed by the Germans at the Aliakmon bridge.
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in northern Greece. The establishment of large-scale resistance organizations, most notably the communist-dominated
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1982:
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206:
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1906:
1901:
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through Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. The Greek capital Athens fell on 27 April, and by June, after the capture of
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371:
257:
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832:(in Greek) (39). Hellenic Army General Staff, Information & Public Relations Directorate: 50–51. 2016
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326:
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to assist, having arrived in Servia on the evening of 5 March, torched the city in retaliation.
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247:
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2019:
2014:
1941:
1923:
1918:
1823:
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1568:
1558:
1241:
679:
461:
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3215:
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2623:
2066:
1224:
National Resistance Archives, 1941–1944. 3rd Volume "ELAS Partisan Organization"
631:
567:
2434:
2098:
720:
563:
1330:
1275:
1208:
523:, the Italian battalion garrisoned there executed seven civilians, while the
67:
54:
3068:
Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)
1323:
1299:
590:
572:
516:
1184:
715:
and abandoned it to ELAS control, and on 22 April, the Italians abandoned
2389:
2183:
1219:Αρχεία Εθνικής Αντίστασης, 1941–1944. Τόμος 3ος "Αντάρτικη Οργάνωση ΕΛΑΣ"
712:
615:
512:
504:
432:
409:
45:
3687:
716:
672:
594:
555:
520:
428:
1156:. Translated by John Howe. New York and London: Monthly Review Press.
2606:
2255:
1848:
1725:
1591:
1471:
559:
449:
1177:
Larisa-Trikala Camps: The Birth of the Partisan Movement in Thessaly
3876:
Battles and operations involving the Greek People's Liberation Army
198:
1173:Στρατόπεδα Λάρισας-Τρικάλων: Η γέννηση του αντάρτικου στη Θεσσαλία
641:
551:
503:
On 29 January 1943, ELAS partisans entered the Macedonian town of
468:
443:
958:
956:
3043:
2777:
3669:
3518:
3313:
2809:
Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)
2676:
1980:
1372:
1334:
431:
came to the column's rescue, but was halted before the town of
202:
519:
against the civilian population: in the provincial capital of
1246:
Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44
1092:
1090:
1053:
1051:
975:
973:
971:
1152:
The Kapetanios: Partisans and Civil War in Greece, 1943–1949
875:
873:
871:
87:
Greek Resistance victory, capture of the garrison of Grevena
3724:
Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance
3866:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy
1038:
1036:
943:
941:
939:
902:
900:
3861:
Battles and operations involving the Greek Resistance
1201:
Concise History of the National Resistance, 1941–1944
750:
529:
cavalry regiment burned villages in the area of the
3737:
3696:
3680:
3612:
3542:
3532:
3434:
3388:
3337:
3326:
3254:
3208:
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3174:
3113:
3036:
2960:
2953:
2913:
2827:
2755:
2704:
2693:
2639:
2577:
2546:
2480:
2469:
2415:
2363:
2233:
2180:
2107:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1915:
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1845:
1836:
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1674:
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1623:
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1527:
1468:
1461:
1398:
1385:
1197:Συνοπτική Ιστορία της Εθνικής Αντίστασης, 1941–1944
16:
1943 World War II battle in Italian-occupied Greece
2814:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF)
1226:]. Athens: Hellenic Army History Directorate.
1149:
2790:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA)
3881:Italian occupation of Greece during World War II
2819:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD)
2559:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO)
589:, while ELAS mobilized every available man from
2799:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON)
1248:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
652:
23:
686:, where they remained for the next 18 months.
1346:
511:company near the village of Snichovo (modern
214:
176:
8:
404:(Μάχη στο Μπουγάζι), was fought between the
3073:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN)
1108:
1096:
1057:
1015:
979:
962:
879:
3677:
3666:
3539:
3529:
3515:
3334:
3323:
3310:
3205:
2957:
2701:
2690:
2673:
2477:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1977:
1842:
1719:
1671:
1585:
1465:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1353:
1339:
1331:
1216:Hellenic Army History Directorate (1998).
1003:
850:
823:"Η Μάχη του Φαρδύκαμπου, 4-6 Μαρτίου 1943"
738:
484:were registered, with attacks on isolated
221:
207:
199:
20:
3267:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
3126:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
3049:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA)
1318:] (in Greek). Athens: A. A. Livanis.
1294:] (in Greek). Athens: A. A. Livanis.
1027:
930:
1268:Greek Resistance Army: The Story of ELAS
515:). As a result, the Italians engaged in
3098:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI)
3044:National Republican Greek League (EDES)
1132:
1120:
817:
815:
786:
774:
762:
731:
137:
1203:] (in Greek). Athens: Kapopoulos.
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
3816:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?
3056:National and Social Liberation (EKKA)
2783:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN)
2778:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS)
1312:Απομνημονεύματα, Γ' Τόμος (1944–1946)
1288:Απομνημονεύματα, Β' Τόμος (1940–1944)
1179:] (in Greek). Athens: Papazisis.
1081:
1069:
1042:
991:
947:
918:
906:
891:
862:
456:On 6 April 1941, following a botched
7:
3088:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ)
2860:Protests against labour mobilization
3277:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing")
628:Panhellenic Liberation Organization
14:
2773:Union of People's Democracy (ELD)
496:(EAM) and its military wing, the
154:10 partisans, 3 civilians wounded
2182:
2109:
2013:
1917:
1882:
1847:
1799:
1764:
1724:
1625:
1590:
1529:
1470:
1375:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign
175:
168:
3871:Greek Macedonia in World War II
2768:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE)
2763:Communist Party of Greece (KKE)
2457:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos
1316:Memoirs, Volume III (1944–1946)
2569:Greek National Socialist Party
2564:National Union of Greece (EEE)
1867:Central Macedonia Army Section
1862:Eastern Macedonia Army Section
1615:Western Macedonia Army Section
1292:Memoirs, Volume II (1940–1944)
498:Greek People's Liberation Army
152:3 partisans, 1 civilian killed
1:
3284:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe
365:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe
3146:Execution of Josef Salminger
1983:Occupation and collaboration
322:Execution of Josef Salminger
3520:Liberation and road to the
3182:Expulsion of Cham Albanians
2440:Jewish cemetery of Salonica
2291:Cephalonia (Acqui Division)
1171:Flountzis, Antonis (1977).
477:collaborationist government
317:22 July 1943 Athens protest
110:Armed residents of Siatista
3902:
3753:Captain Corelli's Mandolin
3709:Holocaust Museum of Greece
2345:Larissa concentration camp
2340:Haidari concentration camp
1554:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca
1362:Greece during World War II
789:, pp. 103ff., 123ff..
471:, all of Greece was under
3714:Kalavryta Massacre Museum
3676:
3665:
3528:
3514:
3322:
3316:Greek government-in-exile
3309:
2926:5/42 Regiment dissolution
2689:
2672:
2450:Expropriation of property
2425:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
1989:
1976:
1381:
1368:
1148:Eudes, Dominique (1973).
751:Αρχεία Εθνικής Αντίστασης
494:National Liberation Front
422:Axis Occupation of Greece
406:National Liberation Front
397:
240:
163:
146:
135:Perrone Pasconelli (
130:Ioannis Kontonasios (PAO)
125:Dimitrios Zygouras (ELAS)
119:
95:
48:, Italian-occupied Greece
28:
3795:The 11th Day: Crete 1941
3550:National Bands Agreement
3411:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
3196:British Military Mission
2804:National Solidarity (EA)
2373:Greek economy, 1941–1944
2087:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller
1902:2nd New Zealand Division
1446:Italian spring offensive
448:Italian troops entering
127:Vasilis Ganatsios (ELAS)
3729:Thessaloniki War Museum
3421:Christodoulos Tsigantes
3416:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
3246:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz
1907:6th Australian Division
1749:Konstantinos Bakopoulos
1495:Charalambos Katsimitros
1270:. London: Birch Books.
830:Στρατός & Ενημέρωση
703:of the proclamation of
372:World War II in Albania
2905:Killing of Franz Krech
2652:Executions of Kokkinia
2538:Dionysios Papadongonas
2533:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos
1947:1st Parachute Division
1666:(April–May 1941)
1514:Dimitrios Papadopoulos
656:
647:
453:
189:Location within Greece
120:Commanders and leaders
105:Individual members of
3630:Archbishop Damaskinos
3587:Percentages agreement
3013:Konstantinos Ventiris
2400:Occupation Reichsmark
1952:5th Mountain Division
1779:Henry Maitland Wilson
1605:8th Infantry Division
645:
447:
400:), also known as the
390:Battle of Fardykambos
147:Casualties and losses
68:40.23306°N 21.54722°E
24:Battle of Fardykambos
3802:The Guns of Navarone
3767:Ill Met by Moonlight
3446:3rd Mountain Brigade
3241:George Psychoundakis
3226:Patrick Leigh Fermor
2890:Pinerolo disarmament
2488:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1897:1st Armoured Brigade
1889:British Commonwealth
1771:British Commonwealth
1754:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1500:Konstantinos Davakis
398:Μάχη του Φαρδύκαμπου
186:class=notpageimage|
3781:Ipolochagos Natassa
3625:Georgios Papandreou
3401:Emmanouil Tsouderos
3272:Operation "Animals"
3262:Operation "Albumen"
2983:Komninos Pyromaglou
2941:Red Terror (Greece)
2885:1943 Athens protest
2850:Gorgopotamos Bridge
2747:Evripidis Bakirtzis
2695:National Liberation
2590:Alcibiades Diamandi
2554:Security Battalions
2528:George S. Mercouris
2503:Sotirios Gotzamanis
2445:Baron Hirsch ghetto
2072:XXII Mountain Corps
1872:Epirus Army Section
1610:Epirus Army Section
1135:, pp. 135–136.
1018:, pp. 217–218.
965:, pp. 216–217.
853:, pp. 238–244.
531:Kamvounia mountains
482:resistance movement
273:Gorgopotamos Bridge
157:96 dead, 79 wounded
64: /
3719:Kalpaki War Museum
3572:Lebanon Conference
3438:in the Middle East
3436:Greek Armed Forces
3426:Pafsanias Katsotas
3406:Sofoklis Venizelos
3093:Hellenic Army (ES)
3028:Kimonas Zografakis
3003:Vasileios Sachinis
2988:Antonis Fosteridis
2954:Non-EAM resistance
2619:Cham collaboration
2600:Vassilis Rapotikas
2523:Nikolaos Bourantas
2518:Friedrich Schubert
2493:K. Logothetopoulos
2143:Carlo Vecchiarelli
1744:Alexandros Papagos
1490:Alexandros Papagos
1193:Grigoriadis, Solon
741:, pp. 79, 96.
705:Greek independence
648:
646:EAM-ELAS partisans
454:
420:troops during the
114:Royal Italian Army
73:40.23306; 21.54722
3856:March 1943 events
3851:Conflicts in 1943
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3746:Aera! Aera! Aera!
3704:Athens War Museum
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3645:Nikos Zachariadis
3597:Treaty of Varkiza
3582:Operation "Manna"
3577:Caserta Agreement
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3365:April 1944 mutiny
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3231:Bill Stanley Moss
3190:
3189:
3141:Skala Paramythias
3018:Manolis Paterakis
2978:Dimitrios Psarros
2973:Georgios Kartalis
2949:
2948:
2921:Feneos executions
2732:Alexandros Svolos
2712:Aris Velouchiotis
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2595:Nicolaos Matussis
2465:
2464:
2350:200 of Kaisariani
2229:
2228:
2060:LXVIII Army Corps
2033:Hermann Neubacher
2028:Günther Altenburg
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1937:XXXX Panzer Corps
1832:
1831:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1577:
1576:
1390:(1940–1941)
1387:Greco-Italian War
1308:Vafeiadis, Markos
1284:Vafeiadis, Markos
1264:Sarafis, Stefanos
1163:978-0-85345-275-1
921:, pp. 45–46.
894:, pp. 44–45.
865:, pp. 44–48.
669:Infantry Division
526:Lancieri di Aosta
460:in October 1940,
402:Battle of Bougazi
385:
384:
340:Cretan resistance
197:
196:
91:
90:
3893:
3678:
3667:
3563:
3540:
3530:
3516:
3335:
3328:Greek government
3324:
3311:
3289:Damasta sabotage
3206:
2958:
2794:National Council
2742:Markos Vafeiadis
2737:Ilias Tsirimokos
2727:Georgios Siantos
2717:Stefanos Sarafis
2702:
2691:
2674:
2478:
2471:Collaborationist
2408:
2217:
2205:
2187:
2186:
2161:
2129:Pellegrino Ghigi
2114:
2113:
2079:Alexander Andrae
2018:
2017:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1978:
1932:XVIII Army Corps
1922:
1921:
1887:
1886:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1804:
1803:
1789:Bernard Freyberg
1769:
1768:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1682:Operation Lustre
1672:
1667:
1630:
1629:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1544:Benito Mussolini
1534:
1533:
1509:Ioannis Pitsikas
1475:
1474:
1466:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1370:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1327:
1303:
1279:
1259:
1237:
1212:
1188:
1167:
1155:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1109:Grigoriadis 1982
1106:
1100:
1097:Grigoriadis 1982
1094:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1058:Grigoriadis 1982
1055:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1016:Grigoriadis 1982
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
980:Grigoriadis 1982
977:
966:
963:Grigoriadis 1982
960:
951:
945:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
895:
889:
883:
880:Grigoriadis 1982
877:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
827:
819:
790:
784:
778:
777:, pp. 5–22.
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
458:Italian invasion
414:Greek Resistance
399:
235:
233:
232:Greek resistance
223:
216:
209:
200:
179:
178:
172:
142:
139:
131:
79:
78:
76:
75:
74:
69:
65:
62:
61:
60:
57:
30:
29:
21:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3821:
3738:Popular culture
3733:
3692:
3672:
3649:
3635:Georgios Grivas
3608:
3557:
3555:Plaka agreement
3524:
3498:
3437:
3430:
3384:
3329:
3318:
3293:
3250:
3221:Monty Woodhouse
3186:
3170:
3109:
3032:
3008:Lela Karagianni
2998:Ilias Degiannis
2993:Kostas Perrikos
2968:Napoleon Zervas
2945:
2909:
2880:Kournovo Tunnel
2823:
2751:
2696:
2685:
2656:
2635:
2573:
2542:
2513:Georgios Poulos
2472:
2461:
2411:
2402:
2395:Compulsory loan
2365:
2359:
2225:
2211:
2209:Trifon Trifonov
2199:
2181:
2176:
2165:VIII Army Corps
2155:
2108:
2103:
2038:Walter Schimana
2012:
2004:
1995:
1985:
1956:
1916:
1911:
1881:
1876:
1846:
1828:
1798:
1793:
1763:
1758:
1723:
1711:
1665:
1664:
1663:German invasion
1649:
1624:
1619:
1589:
1573:
1528:
1523:
1519:Georgios Kosmas
1485:Ioannis Metaxas
1469:
1457:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1364:
1359:
1306:
1282:
1262:
1256:
1240:
1234:
1215:
1191:
1170:
1164:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1004:Vafeiadis 1985a
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
969:
961:
954:
946:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
905:
898:
890:
886:
878:
869:
861:
857:
851:Vafeiadis 1985b
849:
845:
835:
833:
825:
821:
820:
793:
785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
739:Vafeiadis 1985a
737:
733:
729:
696:
640:
614:Kozani-Grevena-
611:
548:
539:
473:Axis occupation
442:
386:
381:
300:Kournovo Tunnel
243:Mainland Greece
236:
231:
229:
227:
193:
192:
191:
190:
188:
182:
181:
180:
159:565 or 553 POWs
158:
153:
134:
129:
128:
126:
109:
104:
72:
70:
66:
63:
58:
55:
53:
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3899:
3897:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3846:1943 in Greece
3838:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3537:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3494:336th Squadron
3491:
3489:335th Squadron
3486:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3457:Vasilissa Olga
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:King George II
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3338:Events/Battles
3332:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Themis Marinos
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3023:Petrakogiorgis
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Drama uprising
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Andreas Tzimas
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Georgios Bakos
2505:
2500:
2498:Ioannis Rallis
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2206:
2193:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2153:III Army Corps
2150:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Angelico Carta
2120:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:Fortress Crete
2076:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2055:Hellmuth Felmy
2052:
2051:
2050:
2043:Alexander Löhr
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2006:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:King George II
1735:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Kleisoura Pass
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:Galeazzo Ciano
1546:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1393:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1304:
1280:
1260:
1254:
1238:
1232:
1213:
1189:
1168:
1162:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1123:, p. 136.
1113:
1111:, p. 215.
1101:
1099:, p. 219.
1086:
1074:
1062:
1060:, p. 218.
1047:
1032:
1030:, p. 211.
1028:Flountzis 1977
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
982:, p. 217.
967:
952:
935:
933:, p. 210.
931:Flountzis 1977
923:
911:
896:
884:
882:, p. 216.
867:
855:
843:
791:
779:
767:
765:, p. 200.
755:
753:, p. 410.
743:
730:
728:
725:
695:
692:
639:
636:
610:
607:
587:Agios Georgios
582:Aliakmon River
547:
544:
538:
535:
465:invaded Greece
441:
438:
383:
382:
380:
379:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
241:
238:
237:
228:
226:
225:
218:
211:
203:
195:
194:
184:
183:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
144:
143:
132:
122:
121:
117:
116:
111:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
44:
42:
38:
37:
36:4–6 March 1943
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3898:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:Commemoration
3668:
3664:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Angelos Evert
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Ronald Scobie
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3556:
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3485:
3484:13th Squadron
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3101:
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3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Prometheus II
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:5/42 Regiment
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:Organizations
3035:
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3019:
3016:
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3009:
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2769:
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2758:
2756:Organizations
2754:
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2644:
2642:
2638:
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2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:Andon Kalchev
2610:
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2605:
2601:
2598:
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2578:Secessionists
2576:
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2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:Organizations
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2433:
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2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2417:The Holocaust
2414:
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2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
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1822:
1820:
1819:Sepp Dietrich
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Thomas Blamey
1782:
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1567:
1565:
1564:Ugo Cavallero
1562:
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1542:
1541:
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1505:Markos Drakos
1503:
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1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:Korytsa/Korcë
1414:
1412:
1411:Elaia–Kalamas
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
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1392:
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1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:0-300-06552-3
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Mazower, Mark
1239:
1235:
1233:960-7897-31-5
1229:
1225:
1221:
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1202:
1198:
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1129:
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1117:
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1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:, p. 49.
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:, p. 44.
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:, p. 48.
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1006:, p. 96.
1005:
1000:
997:
994:, p. 47.
993:
988:
985:
981:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
950:, p. 46.
949:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
927:
924:
920:
915:
912:
909:, p. 45.
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
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868:
864:
859:
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629:
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569:
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532:
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478:
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463:
459:
451:
446:
439:
437:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
391:
378:South Albania
377:
376:
375:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:
346:
345:
344:
343:
341:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
311:
308:
306:
305:Asopos Bridge
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
239:
234:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
205:
204:
201:
187:
171:
162:
156:
151:
150:
145:
140:
133:
124:
123:
118:
115:
112:
108:
103:
100:
99:
94:
86:
83:
82:
77:
47:
43:
40:
39:
35:
32:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3814:
3801:
3793:
3788:Mediterraneo
3786:
3779:
3765:
3751:
3744:
3604:White Terror
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3131:Agia Kyriaki
3121:ESPO bombing
3103:
2875:Sarantaporos
2864:
2845:Mikro Chorio
2585:Roman Legion
2430:Thessaloniki
2378:Great Famine
2366:exploitation
2221:Asen Sirakov
2139:Carlo Geloso
2134:Piero Parini
2083:Bruno Bräuer
2048:Army Group E
1942:Luftflotte 4
1824:Kurt Student
1814:Wilhelm List
1687:Metaxas Line
1569:Carlo Geloso
1559:Ubaldo Soddu
1436:Klisura Pass
1315:
1311:
1291:
1287:
1267:
1245:
1223:
1218:
1200:
1196:
1176:
1172:
1151:
1133:Mazower 1993
1128:
1121:Mazower 1993
1116:
1104:
1077:
1065:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
926:
914:
887:
858:
846:
834:. Retrieved
829:
787:Mazower 1993
782:
775:Mazower 1993
770:
763:Sarafis 1951
758:
746:
734:
709:
697:
688:
680:Carlo Geloso
677:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
625:
612:
578:
566:, axes, and
549:
540:
524:
509:Italian Army
502:
488:stations in
462:Nazi Germany
455:
426:
416:against the
401:
389:
387:
370:
369:
348:
337:
336:
310:Sarantaporos
293:
277:
263:ESPO bombing
258:Mikro Chorio
242:
96:Belligerents
18:
3592:Dekemvriana
3558: [
3533:Prelude to
3478:Papanikolis
3451:Sacred Band
3355:Wadi Akarit
3345:Mareth Line
3216:Eddie Myers
2865:Fardykambos
2697:Front (EAM)
2683:Free Greece
2629:Xhemil Dino
2403: [
2316:Kallikratis
2212: [
2200: [
2197:Ivan Markov
2156: [
2067:Hubert Lanz
2003:Leaders and
1702:Thermopylae
1426:Morava–Ivan
701:anniversary
632:Mikrokastro
564:Gras rifles
486:Gendarmerie
452:in May 1941
278:Fardykambos
71: /
3840:Categories
3567:Red Terror
3360:Dodecanese
3350:El Alamein
3255:Operations
3175:Atrocities
3114:Operations
2914:Atrocities
2900:Agorelitsa
2828:Operations
2679:Resistance
2647:Paramythia
2640:Atrocities
2473:government
2435:Zvi Koretz
2355:Chortiatis
2320:Kali Sykia
2234:Atrocities
2170:XXVI Corps
2099:Max Merten
1441:Trebeshina
1082:Eudes 1973
1070:Eudes 1973
1043:Eudes 1973
992:Eudes 1973
948:Eudes 1973
919:Eudes 1973
907:Eudes 1973
892:Eudes 1973
863:Eudes 1973
836:1 December
727:References
721:Tsaritsani
684:Pentalofos
621:Polylakkos
568:damascened
440:Background
59:21°32′50″E
56:40°13′59″N
3535:Civil War
3522:civil war
3380:Santorini
3151:Xirovouni
3104:others...
2931:Meligalas
2335:Kleisoura
2296:Mesovouno
2281:Domenikon
2271:Lingiades
2266:Kalavryta
2251:Alikianos
2241:Kondomari
2148:11th Army
1994:Occupying
1645:11th Army
1310:(1985b).
1286:(1985a).
1276:993128877
1209:165816421
694:Aftermath
591:Vogatsiko
573:Red Cross
517:reprisals
490:Macedonia
412:) of the
3886:Siatista
3471:Katsonis
3330:in exile
2624:Këshilla
2390:DEGRIGES
2364:Economic
2246:Kandanos
2189:Bulgaria
2005:commands
1640:9th Army
1451:Hill 731
1324:13647438
1300:13647438
1266:(1951).
1244:(1993).
1195:(1982).
713:Karditsa
616:Kastoria
513:Despotis
505:Siatista
433:Siatista
410:EAM-ELAS
327:Kokkinia
46:Siatista
41:Location
3697:Museums
3688:Ohi Day
3198: (
3156:Trahili
2855:Meritsa
2325:Anogeia
2311:Viannos
2306:Vorizia
2286:Drakeia
2276:Distomo
2261:Kommeno
2020:Germany
1924:Germany
1806:Germany
1716:Leaders
1675:Battles
1462:Leaders
1421:Saranda
1399:Battles
1185:8624538
1142:Sources
717:Metsovo
673:Larissa
638:6 March
609:5 March
599:Neapoli
595:Tsotyli
556:Florina
546:4 March
521:Grevena
429:Grevena
418:Italian
360:Damasta
355:Trahili
349:Albumen
338:Crete (
294:Animals
283:Meritsa
268:Leivadi
3681:Events
3613:People
3543:Events
3464:Adrias
3389:People
3370:Rimini
3209:People
3166:Dodona
3161:Menina
3083:Apollo
2961:People
2936:Kilkis
2895:Steiri
2705:People
2607:Ohrana
2481:People
2330:Kedros
2301:Pyrgoi
2256:Doxato
1996:powers
1854:Greece
1731:Greece
1597:Greece
1477:Greece
1431:Himara
1406:Pindus
1322:
1298:
1274:
1252:
1230:
1207:
1183:
1160:
603:Servia
597:, and
560:Kozani
537:Battle
450:Patras
332:Menina
84:Result
3562:]
3136:Milia
2870:Porta
2407:]
2216:]
2204:]
2160:]
2116:Italy
1838:Units
1707:Crete
1632:Italy
1582:Units
1536:Italy
1314:[
1290:[
1222:[
1199:[
1175:[
826:(PDF)
667:Forlì
665:36th
552:Korce
469:Crete
394:Greek
288:Porta
248:Drama
3808:film
3773:film
3759:film
3375:Symi
2840:Ryka
2792:and
2681:and
2383:GWRA
2318:and
2141:and
2085:and
1692:Vevi
1507:and
1320:OCLC
1296:OCLC
1272:OCLC
1250:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1205:OCLC
1181:OCLC
1158:ISBN
838:2017
558:and
554:via
388:The
253:Ryka
102:ELAS
33:Date
3200:SOE
671:in
138:POW
107:PAO
3842::
3560:el
2405:el
2214:bg
2202:bg
2158:it
2081:,
1089:^
1050:^
1035:^
970:^
955:^
938:^
899:^
870:^
828:.
794:^
593:,
533:.
396::
3202:)
1354:e
1347:t
1340:v
1326:.
1302:.
1278:.
1258:.
1236:.
1211:.
1187:.
1166:.
840:.
408:(
392:(
342:)
222:e
215:t
208:v
141:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
