476:, and Xiang had effectively run out of options to wrest control of northern China from Han Xin. Therefore, Xiang Yu sent an envoy to Han Xin with the proposal that he remain neutral and that China be divided between Liu Bang, Xiang Yu and Han Xin. Han Xin's advisor Kuai Tong encouraged him to accept this proposal, accurately predicting that Liu Bang would eventually execute Han Xin as being too dangerous. However, Han Xin was grateful for the opportunities to command that he had received from Liu Bang, and he recalled that, when he had earlier served Xiang Yu as a guardsman, Xiang Yu had refused to listen to his suggestions. As a result, he chose to remain loyal to Liu Bang.
549:. Having formed two reserve lines in case of failure, his centre advanced against the enemy centre. Failing to gain an advantage against Xiang Yu's veterans, Han Xin then withdrew his centre, which was likely then pursued by Xiang Yu's men. However, the left and right flanks of the Han army, commanded by General Gung and General Pi respectively, then attacked Xiang Yu's army from both sides, probably performing a double envelopment. Han Xin returned his centre to the offensive once the enemy had been pinned in place and was beginning to falter, and he inflicted a major defeat on the Chu army.
212:
484:) he would be effectively cooking his own father, and joked that Xiang Yu should not forget to send him a cup of 'their' father's flesh to share as good brothers. After unsuccessfully seeking to persuade Liu Bang to agree to a duel, Xiang Yu also attempted to assassinate Liu Bang by having hidden archers fire at him during a verbal exchange. However, the latter survived his wound, apparently after making the wound seem less severe to his soldiers to avoid inducing panic.
599:, it was Han Xin that invented the game. One common factor cited in these folklores is that in the game of xiangqi, the line which divides the board into 2 parts is marked "Chu River" on the black side and "Han Border" on the red side. There is, however, no historical documentation suggesting an actual origin in this era; the first written description of xiangqi's rules appeared much later, in the Tang dynasty.
595:(Chinese Chess) was invented by Xiang Yu at the time of the peace treaty. One account stated that Xiang Yu invented xiangqi so that all future battles between Chu and Han can be fought over this game, hence no further human life losses needed to be sustained by either side. In another version of the story, Liu Bang invented xiangqi, not Xiang Yu. In a third version popularized by a recent book from
219:
562:
been promised rewards for the killing of Xiang Yu, tore apart his body in the fight to claim responsibility for his death. When five soldiers fitted together Xiang Yu's head and limbs to identify him, the reward - 1000 catties of gold and a fief of 10,000 households - was divided between them five ways.
540:
The coalition army defeated Xiang Yu in a battle outside the former Chu capital of Chen, before meeting for battle again at Gaixia. Because of Han Xin's conquest of northern China, the Han coalition outnumbered the army of Xiang Yu. However, not content to rely on numbers, in the battle at Gaixia Han
491:
had been attacking Xiang Yu's supply lines since 205; the loss of Qi had further impacted supplies; and Han Xin, now the King of Qi, had begun making attacks on the Chu heartland from the north. For these reasons, Xiang Yu agreed to negotiate. Liu Bang's father and wife were returned to him, and they
561:
soldiers had died under him, and he chose to fight a last stand by the river against the Han cavalry rather than return to his Wu homeland. He reportedly killed hundreds of his Han pursuers and suffered a dozen wounds before he committed suicide by cutting his own throat. The Han cavalrymen, who had
536:
the nearer south-east and Zhou Yin and Liu Jia the further south-east. Under Han Xin's overall command, in
December the armies were able to coordinate and rendezvous on Chu territory, a logistically impressive feat considering it was winter. The details are unclear, but if Xiang Yu had intended to
503:
to have Xiang Yu return Liu's father and wife and cede control of
Xingyang, and then catch Xiang unprepared. in October Liu Bang broke the peace, pursuing Xiang Yu as far as Yanxia, and he sent envoys to Han Xin and Peng Yue, ordering them to join him in Guling to destroy Xiang Yu's army. However,
479:
Meanwhile, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were camped on
Western Guangwu Hill and Eastern Guangwu Hill, respectively, to the north of the Chu-controlled city of Xingyang. Increasingly frustrated, Xiang Yu threatened to kill Liu Bang's captured father and wife and have them cooked over a fire, to force Liu
552:
Having been defeated, Xiang Yu retreated with the survivors to his camp, where they were surrounded, and that night the Han infantry, many of whom were Chu in origin, sung traditional songs of Chu. This induced homesickness and desertions in Xiang Yu's army and made Xiang believe that many Chu
528:, he now had a larger army than Liu Bang himself, whose army, along with that of Xiang Yu, had been worn down through mutual campaigns of attrition in the Central Plain. Using his own army, that of Liu Bang, the force of Peng Yue, and the Han and allied forces located in
553:
soldiers had already defected to the Han armies before the battle at Gaixia. Hemorrhaging soldiers through defections and believing his position hopeless, Xiang fled later that night with only 800 cavalry. Pursued by Han cavalry under
519:
With the conquest of the State of Qi by Han Xin, the Han and their allies were now in full control of northern China, and Han Xin could now march against Xiang Yu while possessing several advantages. As the King of Qi, with allies in
582:, who was executed by Liu. In February, Liu Bang ascended the throne as Gaozu, the first emperor of the Han dynasty. Had Xiang Yu successfully retreated into Wu, he might have been able to stall the Han advance.
504:
after Liu Bang advanced to Guling, Han Xin and Peng Yue did not arrive. Xiang Yu then attacked and inflicted a severe defeat on Liu's army, forcing Liu's soldiers to remain behind the barricades of their camp.
492:
agreed that they should divide China along the ancient
Honggou Canal, which had carried water from the Yellow River from the north of Xingyang and ran between Western Guangwu Hill and Eastern Guangwu Hill.
262:
511:. With this incentive, Han Xin and Peng Yue more eagerly dedicated themselves to the invasion of Chu, with Han Xin, as General-in-Chief, taking the lead in devising a strategy.
570:
By 202 BC, most resistance had been crushed. Han Xin captured the cities of Lu and Huling (Lu eventually surrendered on being shown the head of Xiang Yu), and Liu Bang sent
877:"The New Evidence about Gaixia Battlefield in Luyi County of Henan Province but not in Lingbi County of Anhui Province--《Journal of Huanghe S&T University》2004年03期"
255:
911:
532:
to the south, in late 203 Han Xin launched a multi-pronged invasion of Chu. Han attacked from the further north-east, Peng the nearer north-east, Liu the west,
480:
Bang to surrender. Liu Bang simply replied that since the two had sworn to regard each other as 'brothers' (during the earlier years of the revolt against the
468:. For these reasons, the situation of Xiang Yu, the Hegemon-King of Western Chu, had become increasingly precarious. Since 205 he and Liu Bang, the King of
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227:
620:
211:
876:
557:
and having lost most of his remaining followers during the pursuit, when he reached the Wu River he was ashamed of how many of his native
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In August 203 Liu Bang sent an envoy to conduct peace talks with Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu's army was running short of food. The pro-Han warlord
916:
799:
744:
719:
694:
495:
In
September Xiang Yu began to withdraw to the east, but the peace proposal of Liu Bang had been a ploy devised by the Han advisors
444:. This is the last major battle of the Chu-Han Contention, ending with the suicide of Xiang Yu and the undisputed rule of Liu Bang.
860:
63:
345:
921:
359:
496:
507:
On the advice of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, Liu Bang promised to make Han Xin King of Chu and Peng Yue King of
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500:
421:
272:
926:
429:
457:
316:
301:
311:
28:
884:
795:
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715:
690:
575:
529:
817:
Records of the Grand
Historian, Sections: Emperor Gaozu of Han, Xiang Yu, Marquis of Huaiyin
546:
437:
382:
159:
106:
847:
Records of the Grand
Historian, Sections: Emperor Gaozu of Han, Fan Kuai, Jin Xi, Li Shang
792:
Masters of the
Battlefield: Great Commanders From the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era
542:
306:
286:
905:
603:
521:
508:
52:
571:
525:
389:
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Records of the Grand
Historian, Sections: Fan Kuai, Guan Ying, Xiahou Ying, Jin Xi
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defeat any of these armies in detail before they could unite, he failed to do so.
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596:
558:
481:
469:
465:
461:
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65:
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579:
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436:. The battle concluded with victory for Liu Bang, who proclaimed himself
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425:
155:
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Records of the Grand
Historian, Sections: Emperor Gaozu of Han, Xiang Yu
592:
533:
453:
146:
240:
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737:
The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty
712:
The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty
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The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty
657:
Records of the Grand Historian, Section: The Marquis of Huaiyin
244:
602:
According to some historians, the battle took place in either
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Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Emperor Gaozu of Han
672:
Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Emperor Gaozu of Han
472:, had worn each other down in a war of attrition in the
460:, and in early 203 he completed the Han conquest of the
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832:Records of the Grand Historian, Section: Xiang Yu
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452:In November 204 BC the Han General-in-Chief
541:Xin's tactics somewhat resembled those of
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18:
218:
632:
574:to conquer the pro-Xiang Yu kingdom of
16:Battle that established the Han dynasty
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591:It is possible that the popular game
456:defeated the Chu-Qi coalition in the
420:fought in December 203 BC during the
7:
865:(in Chinese). 青苹果数据中心. 2015-07-23.
621:Timeline of the Chu–Han Contention
14:
912:Battles of the Chu–Han Contention
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210:
395:
365:
351:
105:Liu Bang assumes the title of
1:
102:the Han gain control of China
739:. Algora. pp. 156–157.
689:. Algora. pp. 153–155.
79:33.32777806°N 117.55111111°E
794:. Oup USA. pp. 58–59.
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917:Military history of Anhui
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84:33.32777806; 117.55111111
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735:Hung, Hing Ming (2011).
710:Hung, Hing Ming (2011).
685:Hung, Hing Ming (2011).
346:Traditional Chinese
714:. Algora. p. 155.
360:Simplified Chinese
195:80,000 killed in action
51:Gaixia (in present-day
424:between the forces of
141:Commanders and leaders
135:Kingdom of Western Chu
578:and capture its king
231:Location within China
183:Casualties and losses
922:Emperor Gaozu of Han
790:Davis, Paul (2013).
430:Emperor Gaozu of Han
228:class=notpageimage|
109:of the newly formed
98:Decisive Han victory
458:Battle of Wei River
75: /
606:or in what is now
422:Chu–Han Contention
274:Chu–Han Contention
29:Chu-Han contention
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383:Standard Mandarin
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70:117°33′4.000″E
67:33°19′40.001″N
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889:. Retrieved
885:the original
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871:
861:
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845:Qian, Sima.
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831:
830:Qian, Sima.
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816:
815:Qian, Sima.
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775:Qian, Sima.
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760:Qian, Sima.
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736:
730:
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670:Qian, Sima.
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640:Qian, Sima.
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451:
413:
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390:Hanyu Pinyin
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124:Belligerents
27:Part of the
927:Last stands
608:Luyi County
597:David H. Li
497:Zhang Liang
482:Qin dynasty
466:Western Chu
462:State of Qi
442:Han dynasty
111:Han dynasty
82: /
906:Categories
891:2021-09-02
627:References
448:Background
418:last stand
297:Three Qins
566:Aftermath
555:Guan Ying
501:Chen Ping
317:Wei River
302:Pengcheng
615:See also
580:Gong Wei
576:Linjiang
530:Jiujiang
489:Peng Yue
434:Xiang Yu
426:Liu Bang
312:Jingxing
170:Strength
156:Xiang Yu
151:Liu Bang
47:Location
593:xiangqi
586:Debates
545:at the
534:Ying Bu
454:Han Xin
438:Emperor
428:(later
191:100,000
188:Unknown
178:100,000
175:300,000
162:†
147:Han Xin
107:emperor
798:
743:
718:
693:
572:Jin Xi
515:Battle
432:) and
416:was a
322:Gaixia
158:
95:Result
509:Liang
57:Anhui
796:ISBN
741:ISBN
716:ISBN
691:ISBN
524:and
522:Zhao
499:and
412:The
366:垓下之战
352:垓下之戰
307:Anyi
287:Julu
39:Date
526:Yan
470:Han
908::
879:.
559:Wu
55:,
894:.
849:.
834:.
819:.
804:.
779:.
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749:.
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610:.
264:e
257:t
250:v
59:)
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