Battle of Hochkirch - Knowledge (XXG)

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presence. The cautious Daun also took into account that his men were eager to fight a battle and that they outnumbered the Prussians by more than two-to-one. His men made a great production of hewing the trees in a nearby forest, action which Frederick interpreted as efforts to create field works, not, as it was actually intended, to build a road through the thick wood. Daun also had discovered a secret weakness of Frederick's. His own personal secretary had been sending Frederick information on Daun's plans, secreted in deliveries of eggs; upon discovering this, Daun promised the man his life in return for his cooperation in continuing to send Frederick misinformation. Daun's plan, which he had kept secret, was an early morning sweep through the woods with 30,000 specially picked troops, around Frederick's flank, to

1735:, Frederick and Daun played their game of cat and mouse. Frederick had tried several times to draw the Austrians out of Stolpen into a battle: Daun, who seldom attacked unless he had a perfect position, had refused the bait. Frederick and his army had marched within 8 km (5 mi) of the Austrians, but Daun had pulled his army away, again, refusing to be drawn into battle. Upon the Austrian withdrawal, Frederick sent troops in pursuit; these were driven off by Daun's rearguard. In frustration, Frederick shadowed Daun by maneuvering his army toward Bautzen; while there, Frederick learned that Daun had established a camp about 5 km (3 mi) east of him in the hills directly east of Hochkirch. He dispatched an entire Prussian corps commanded by General 198: 187: 176: 142: 2096: 1749: 2000:. For Frederick, instead of having the war decided at Hochkirch, he had the opportunity over the winter to rebuild his army. In two years of fighting (1756–1757) Frederick had lost over 100,000 soldiers to death, wounds, capture, disease and desertion. By Hochkirch, many regiments were only half-disciplined. In the winter after Hochkirch, he could only replace his soldiers with untrained men, many of whom would be foreigners and prisoners-of-war; he would be starting 1759 with a half-trained army of recruits, and seasoned soldiers who were exhausted by the slaughter. The only way he could hire men would be with British gold. 1824:, another of Frederick's able generals, funneled the awakening troops to Keith. Combined, this action briefly retook the Prussian battery south of Hochkirch, but they could not hold it in the face of Austrian muskets. At 6:00, three more Prussian regiments rushed Hochkirch itself, while Prince Maurice continued directing stragglers and reinforcements into the counterattack. The Prussians swept through the village, out the other side, and fell on the battery at bayonet point. By that point, though, most Prussian order and cohesion had been lost. The Austrians, supported by their appropriated Prussian guns, which had not been 2108: 2043: 251: 240: 221: 210: 155: 2122: 2059: 356: 52: 2031: 295: 328: 1340: 1234: 1405: 1246: 1270: 1328: 1429: 1287: 1441: 1299: 1393: 1364: 1417: 1352: 1316: 1465: 1258: 1832: 1453: 1376: 1972:

Frederick's loss to the contempt he had for Daun's supposedly cautious nature and his unwillingness to give credit to intelligence that did not agree with what he imagined was true: according to Mitchell, there was no one to blame but himself. That winter, Mitchell described the 46-year-old Frederick as "an old man lacking half of his teeth, with greying hair, without gaiety or spark or imagination." Frederick suffered from

1201: 1208: 2160:. There were about 1,000 pledged to Maria Theresa's aid. They had joined the Empress's cause in 1742 but had been, with difficulty, managed; by 1758 they were better integrated into the Austrian army, but they still refused to take orders from Austrian commanders, preferring their own; they could not be disciplined; they did not march in formation; and they were inclined to plunder. Bassett, pp. 94–96. 1791: 1916:, there were fewer troops participating than most modern sources suggest: he places Austrian participants at 60,000, losses in casualties at 5,400, approximately 8.3 percent, but other losses (to injuries, desertions and capture) at about 2,300, or 3.6 percent. They also lost three standards. Some modern historians place the overall losses higher, at 7,300. Notification of the battle arrived in 1980:

hesitation nullified the rest. Instead of following Frederick, or cutting off Retzow's division, which had not participated in the battle, Daun withdrew to the heights and positions he had occupied before the battle, so that his men might have a good rest under blankets after the fatigue of the day. After staying there for six days, they marched out in stealth to take up a new position between

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attack. Over 30% of Frederick's army was defeated; five generals were killed and he lost his artillery park and a vast quantity of supplies. Although Daun had scored a complete surprise, his attempt to pursue the retreating Prussians was unsuccessful. The escaped force united with another corps in the vicinity, and regained momentum over the winter.

2007:, causing the Austrians to abandon their siege. A few weeks later, as Frederick marched further west, Daun took the entire army into winter quarters in Bohemia. Consequently, despite major losses, at the end of the campaign year, Frederick remained in possession of Saxony and Silesia, and his name remained feared in at least that part of Europe. 1769:

support; the principal purpose of the infantry was to maintain contact with a deployed scout unit. Eleven battalions and 28 squadrons guarded the east side. Frederick had his best soldiers garrison the village of Hochkirch. He did not believe any attack would occur; Daun's army had been dormant in recent months, refusing to be drawn into battles.

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bread—arrived from Bautzen, and then they would move eastward. To the east of the village, less than 2 km (1 mi) distant, the Austrians' presence on the hilltop increasingly made the Prussians—except Frederick—anxious about an attack. Frederick ignored the warnings of his officers, especially his trusted Field Marshal

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lay among the injured. Maurice von Anhalt-Dessau had been injured and captured. By 9:00, the Prussian left wing began to collapse under the weight of the Austrian assault; the last Prussian battery was overrun and turned against them. Led by the King, they advanced against five Austrian companies of

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At the outset of the war, Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: his troops could fire at least four volleys a minute, and some of them could fire five. By the end of 1757, the course of the war had gone well for Prussia, and poorly for Austria. Prussia achieved spectacular victories at

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When the early morning fog had lifted, the soldiers could distinguish friend from foe. Prussian cavalry, which had remained saddled and ready throughout the night, launched a series of regimental counterattacks. A battalion of the 23rd Infantry charged, but withdrew as it was surrounded flank and

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While Frederick's adjutants were trying to wake him, his generals, most of whom had not slept and had kept their horses saddled and weapons ready, organized the Prussian resistance. Keith had anticipated an Austrian attack and organized a slashing counterattack on the Austrians holding the Prussian

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Daun's battle plan took the Prussians completely by surprise. The east side of Frederick's line was the first to be attacked. Using the starless night and fog as cover, and grouped into small shock units for easier control and stealth, the Austrians fell on the Prussian battery when the church bell

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to those hills in late September; by early October, Retzow's corps was within 2 km (1 mi) of the Austrians. Frederick ordered Retzow to take the hill that commanded the area, called Strohmberg. When Retzow arrived there, he discovered that the Austrians already had laid possession with a

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As he withdrew, Frederick established a fighting line north of the village, and it eventually served as a rallying point for stragglers and survivors. By mid-morning, around 10:00, the Prussians retreated to the north-west. Any pursuing troops were met with a wall of musket fire. Frederick and his

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The Imperial court in Vienna criticized Daun for his failure to act; the Empress and her ministers worried that the Russians and the French would drop out of the coalition if there were no action. Daun, a cautious and diligent commander, took his time to make his plans. The Strohmberg, one of the

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Hochkirch stands on a slight rise in terrain, surrounded by mildly undulating plains; the village can be seen from the distance, except from the south, where several heights abut the village and block visibility. The church stands near the highest point, granting visibility east, west and north.

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Historians generally consider the battle as among Frederick's greatest blunders. Contrary to the advice of his subordinates, he refused to believe that the typically cautious Austrian commander Leopold von Daun would bring his troops into battle. The Austrian force ambushed his army in a pre-dawn

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Although Frederick demonstrated good leadership by rallying his troops against the surprise attack, Hochkirch is considered one of his worst losses, and it badly shook his equanimity. Andrew Mitchell, the British envoy who was with them, and normally wrote positively about Frederick, attributed

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In five hours, Frederick lost 9,400 of the 30,000 men he brought into the battle, more than 30 percent of his army, including five generals, 101 guns, and nearly all the tents. Frederick required his generals to set an example of courage and leadership: they led from the front. The same rate of

1880:, who also had remained alert all night, organized a rear guard action that prevented the Austrians from falling upon the retreating Prussians. This discouraged even the most determined Austrians; the Croats and irregulars contented themselves with pillaging the village and the Prussian bodies. 1768:

Instead of worrying about a possible Austrian threat, Frederick scattered his men facing eastward, the last known location of Daun's army. The troops created an S-shaped line, north to south, adjacent to Hochkirch. The weak (west) side was guarded by an outpost of nine battalions with artillery

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However, the situation could have been far worse for Frederick. The fabled discipline of his army held up: once the Prussians were out of the burning village, unit cohesion and discipline returned. Their discipline neutralized any strategic advantage the Austrians could have gained, and Daun's

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in the south. He anchored the far right end of his line in another wooded hill south of the road, the Kuppritzerberg, on the opposite side of the hill from the Prussians. Despite the proximity, the Prussians neither increased their security nor deployed their troops in response to the Austrian

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On 10 October, Frederick marched on Hochkirch and established his own camp, extending from the town north, 5 km (3 mi) to the edge of the forest at the base of the Kuppritzerberg. Frederick did not plan to stay in the small village for an extended period, only until provisions—mostly

1852:, his brother-in-law, with them. As Francis approached the village, Austrian cannon-fire sheared his head off his shoulders; his troops faltered, demoralized by the sight of the prince's headless body atop his spooked horse. Frederick himself helped to rally Francis' shaken troops. 1847:

By this time fully awake, Frederick hoped that the battle could be retrieved and returned to the village to take command. At 7:00, finding his infantry milling about in the village, Frederick ordered them to advance, sending reinforcements commanded by Prince

1909:. On the positive side, Retzow's corps of about 6,000 men, which had not arrived in time to participate in the fighting, remained intact; Frederick had pulled his troops together for an orderly retreat; and the King retained the confidence of his soldiers. 1765:, who thought staying in the village was suicide. "If the Austrians leave us unmolested in this camp," Keith told the king, "they deserve to be hanged." Frederick reportedly replied, "it is to be hoped they are more afraid of us than of the gallows." 2177:

died from his injuries on 25 February 1759; Maurice of Anhalt Saxony, captured, was badly injured, and never led an army again. See Blanning, pp. 251–253. Wolf Frederick von Retzow, who had been relieved prior to the battle, was suffering from

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a month later, a Swedish army repulsed the Prussian army but did not move on Berlin. By late summer, fighting had reached a draw. None of Prussia's enemies seemed willing to take the decisive steps to pursue Frederick into Prussia's heartland.

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attrition applied throughout the officer corps, which lost half of its strength in the first three campaigns of the war. In addition to human losses, they lost valuable horses and draft animals, 70 munitions wagons, and, a blow to morale, 28

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or the Croats, who apparently started their days with regular firing of their weapons. His staff had trouble rousing him from bed, but he was soon alerted when Prussian cannons, captured by the Austrians, started to fire on his own camp.

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heights abutting Hochkirch, anchored Daun's left flank, and he deployed the remainder of his force southward across the road between Bautzen and Loebau. This also gave him control of an important junction between Görlitz in the east and

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in 10 days. Frederick had left half of his army in Pomerania near Zorndorf to make sure the Russians stayed on the defensive, and rushed south—180 km (112 mi) in seven days—with the remainder of his army to confront Daun in

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cut tent ropes, causing the canvas to fall on sleeping soldiers, then bayoneted the men as they struggled to free themselves from canvas and cords. Men tangled in the tents bled to death, in what today is still called

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A granite monument, inlaid with a bronze plaque, was erected by the inhabitants of Hochkirch in memory of "Generalfeldmarschall Jacob von Keith" and his achievement. The inscription reads "Suffering, Misery, Death."

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during his service in Russia. Similarly, the grief Frederick felt at the loss of one of his greatest friends was intense. His grief was added to when he learned a couple of days later that his beloved elder sister,

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The Austrian failure to follow up with Frederick meant that the Prussians lived to fight another day. Daun took great criticism for this, but not from the people who mattered the most, the Empress and her minister

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offered France an opportunity to break the British dominance of Atlantic trade. Seeing the opportunity to regain her lost territories and to limit Prussia's growing power, Austria put aside its old

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Frederick's reputation for aggressiveness meant he could still terrify the Austrians simply by showing up. On 5 November, the anniversary of his great victory at Rossbach, Frederick marched toward

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For Daun and Lacy, it was a victory of mixed emotions; upon the discovery of Keith's body in the village church, they both broke down in tears of grief. Keith had been the best friend of Lacy's

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capsules, 18 in total, that he could use to "journey to a dark place from which there was no return." Despite having rescued his army from catastrophe, he remained depressed and suicidal.

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signaled 5:00, catching the Prussians completely off guard. Many men were still sleeping, or just waking up, when the attack started. After setting fire to the village, the

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While Ferdinand kept the French occupied, Prussia had to contend with Sweden, Russia, and Austria. There remained a possibility that Prussia could lose Silesia to Austria,

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Panorama of landscape at Hochkirch. The village today is larger than in 1758, but the church, still central, and the crowded center of the village is still visible.

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had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she was intent upon regaining ascendancy in the

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Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it took a specific intensity in the European theater based on the recently concluded

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By 7:30, the Austrians had retaken the burning village, but their hold on it was tenuous. Keith and Prince Francis were dead. General

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on 25 August 1758. Both sides suffered heavy casualties but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. At the

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in March 1758; he crossed the Rhine, causing general alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the

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Jeremy Black, "Essay and Reflection: On the 'Old System' and the 'Diplomatic Revolution' of the Eighteenth Century,"

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of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 7,000–9,000 troops to reinforce the army of Frederick's brother-in-law, the

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The soldiers bayoneted in their tents. Blood ran through the gutters in streams. Today, the alleyway is called

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and influenza, and refused to change his uniform, which was moth-eaten and covered in food and snuff stains.

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The Austrians suffered casualties and losses at about three percent. According to the Austrian historian

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as well as recovering the Silesian province. In 1754, escalating tensions between Britain and France in

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him. The Prussian army would be asleep, both literally and figuratively, when the Austrian army struck.

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Essay and Reflection: On the 'Old System' and the 'Diplomatic Revolution' of the Eighteenth Century.

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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.

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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.

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strong force. Retzow chose not to attack; Frederick had him removed from command and arrested.

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Memorial to the soldiers commanded by Siegmund (Simon) von Langen in the Hochkirch cemetery

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surviving army were out of range of the Austrian army by the time they had reorganized.

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In addition to Keith and Frederick's brother-in-law, who were killed outright, General

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Frederick the Great and his soldiers retreat after the Battle of Hochkirch in 1758, by

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Initially, Frederick thought the sounds of the battle were either an outpost

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Loudon: A Sketch Of The Military Life Of Gideon Ernest, Freiherr Von Loudon

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rear. The church yard, a walled stronghold, diverted the Austrians; Major

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Empires at War: the Seven Years' War and the Struggle for North America.

1981: 1941: 1800: 1728: 1708: 1686:, a Prussian army of 35,000 men fought a Russian army of 43,000 at the 1683: 1632: 1580: 1542: 2156:

The Pandours, or Croats, were "irregulars" from the wrong side of the

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with France to form a new coalition. Britain aligned herself with the

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Extracts from Colonel Tempelhoffe's History of the Seven Years War

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The New Cambridge Modern History vol. 7, The Old Regime: 1713–63

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The New Cambridge Modern History vol. 7, The Old Regime: 1713–63

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In September and early October 1758, Lieutenant Field Marshal

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Horn, D.B. "The Diplomatic Revolution" in J.O. Lindsay, ed.,

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D.B. Horn, "The Diplomatic Revolution" in J.O. Lindsay, ed.,

1928:, to the delight of Maria Theresa and her court, gathered at 1992:. Ultimately, the costly Austrian victory decided nothing. 1607:, including Hanover, but also those of his relatives in the 1579:, known as Frederick the Great, the prosperous province of 1533:

surprised the Prussian army of 30,000–36,000 commanded by

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For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918.

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For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918,

1944:". The Empress eventually created an endowment of 250,000 1960:, who had shared their father's wrath in 1730 during the 1615:. This series of political maneuvers became known as the 3014:

The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763.

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The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.

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A memorial to James (Jacob) Keith stands in the village.

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The Croats and other irregulars set fire to the village.

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Loudon: A Sketch Of The Military Life Of Gideon Ernest.

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Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763

2147:

Anderson says 7,000, p. 301. Szabo says 9,000, p. 179.

1711:. They had covered the 120 km (75 mi) from 1639:in which the British committed to pay Frederick an 1635:. In April 1758, Prussia and Britain concluded the 2439:, Longmans, Green, and Company, 1881, pp. 145–147. 2983:Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1453–present. 2860:. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1985. 2322:Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1453–present. 2557: 2555: 2423:G. Allen & Unwin Limited, 1922, pp. 289–290. 2101:Hochkirch, on the hilltop, is visible for miles. 1707:and his 80,000-man army camped near the town of 1647:. Ferdinand evicted the French from Hanover and 2841:Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary. 2649:Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary. 2273:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, p. 302. 36: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2372: 2370: 2113:Map showing layout of Hochkirch and the region 57:Der Überfall bei Hochkirch am 14. Oktober 1758 3031:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 2893:Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. 2397:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 2307: 2305: 1835:Battle of Hochkirch by Joseph Erasmus Belling 1139: 399: 8: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2536: 2534: 2437:Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War 2713:University of Illinois Press, 2001, p. 303. 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2452:, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2016 (1872), 2173:died from his injuries three months later; 362: 334: 301: 2937:G. Allen & Unwin Limited, 1962 (1922) 2895:Longman, Green, and Company, 2012 (1881). 2769:Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma. 2571: 2569: 2567: 2477:New York: Random House, 2016, pp. 250–251. 2431: 2429: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2284:Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma, 1940:, a reward usually granted for defeating " 1518:took place on 14 October 1758, during the 1146: 1132: 1124: 406: 392: 384: 33: 2587: 2585: 3076:The Battle of Hochkirch, 14 October 1758 2997:The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763 2969:Frederick the Great, a Military History. 2909:Pickle Partners Publishing, 2016 (1872) 2753:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, 2491:Frederick the Great, a Military History, 2415: 2413: 2297:The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763 1752:Disposition of forces on 14 October 1758 1645:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3053: – Chapter 14 of Thomas Carlyle's 2207: 2140: 2079: 2026: 2579:Verlag von teufens, Wien, 1905, p. 85. 2824:Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. 2475:Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. 2089:View from the Mill toward the village 27:1758 battle of the Third Silesian War 7: 2881:University of Illinois Press, 2001, 2879:The Art of War in the Western World. 2858:Frederick the Great: A Military Life 2711:The Art of War in the Western World. 2506:Yale University Press, 2015, p. 144. 1670:to Sweden, Magdeburg to Saxony, and 370:Battle of Hochkirch (Central Europe) 1541:, 9 kilometers (6 mi) east of 2286:Ticknor & Fields, 2007, p. 43. 1842:Siegmund Moritz William von Langen 497:Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony 283:9,400 killed, wounded and captured 25: 3074:Hamack, Chuck and Engling, Erik, 2724:Sehenswertes um und in Hochkirch, 1850:Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3108:Rickard, J. (17 November 2000), 2106: 2094: 2082: 2057: 2041: 2029: 1609:Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1463: 1451: 1439: 1427: 1415: 1403: 1391: 1374: 1362: 1350: 1338: 1326: 1314: 1297: 1285: 1268: 1256: 1244: 1232: 1213: 1206: 1199: 361: 354: 333: 326: 300: 293: 249: 238: 219: 208: 196: 185: 174: 153: 140: 50: 3131:Battles of the Seven Years' War 2954:Verlag von teufens, Wien 1905 2595:. McFarland, 2014, pp. 242–249. 2299:, Routledge, 2013. pp. 179–182. 3161:Battles of Frederick the Great 2826:New York: Random House, 2016, 2797:The Habsburg Empire 1700–1918. 2258:The Habsburg Empire 1700–1918, 1988:, while Frederick remained at 1920:during the celebration of the 1878:Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz 1569:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 3146:1758 in the Holy Roman Empire 2814:International History Review. 2785:Yale University Press, 2015. 1705:Count Leopold Joseph von Daun 342:Battle of Hochkirch (Germany) 3166:Battles of the Silesian Wars 3064:D & M Publishers, 2009, 3033:(2014). Vol. I−IV, ABC-CLIO 2891:Longman, Frederick William. 2816:(1990) 12:2 pp. 301–323 2771:Ticknor & Fields, 2007, 2493:Frontline, 2012, pp. 221–225 2242:International History Review 2194:, ADB, vol. 28, pp. 277–278. 2182:and died 5 November 1758 at 1659:and the brief occupation of 1651:and re-captured the port of 1613:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 1577:Frederick II of Prussia 2435:Frederick William Longman, 2260:Routledge, 2014, pp. 80–98. 2218:Penguin, 2016, pp. 478–479. 3182: 3156:Military history of Saxony 2192:Retzow, Wolf Friedrich von 1560: 486:Prussian Bohemia Incursion 373:Show map of Central Europe 3141:Battles involving Austria 3136:Battles involving Prussia 2244:, 1990, 12:2 pp. 301–323. 1822:Maurice von Anhalt-Dessau 1737:Wolf Frederick von Retzow 1637:Anglo-Prussian Convention 1573:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1163: 428: 287: 274: 261: 167: 133: 63: 49: 41: 3098:Routledge, Jun 17, 2013 2171:Karl Ferdinand von Hagen 1948:for Daun and his heirs. 1585:Maria Theresa of Austria 1528:Lieutenant Field Marshal 280:5,400 killed and wounded 3055:History of Friedrich II 2952:Hochkirch: Eine Studie. 2843:Clarendon Press, 1916 2651:Clarendon Press, 1916, 2577:Hochkirch: Eine Studie. 2549:Showalter, pp. 225–226. 2175:Hans Caspar von Krockow 1874:Hans Joachim von Zieten 1531:Leopold Josef Graf Daun 203:Ernst Gideon von Laudon 59:, Hyacinthe de la Pegna 3151:18th century in Saxony 2126: 2074:Hochkirch and environs 1897: 1836: 1795: 1753: 1724:(the fat Excellency). 1571:(1740–1748). The 1748 314:Location within Saxony 168:Commanders and leaders 3096:The Seven Years' War. 3080:Lindsay, Colin. (ed) 2950:Robitschek, Norbert. 2905:Malleson, Col. G. B. 2736:Accessed 20 Jan 2017. 2124: 1934:blessed sword and hat 1891: 1866:Franz Moritz von Lacy 1834: 1793: 1751: 1617:Diplomatic Revolution 1561:Further information: 1031:Valencia de Alcántara 275:Casualties and losses 3060:Fowler, William M. 2722:Gemeinde Hochkirch, 2575:Norbert Robitschek, 2337:Asprey, pp. 494–499. 2324:Basic Books, 2013, 2231:, 1957, pp. 449–464. 1481: current battle 866:Breslau (1760 siege) 826:Breslau (1759 siege) 311:class=notpageimage| 3110:Battle of Hochkirch 3084:, T. Cadell, 1793. 3051:Battle of Hochkirch 2999:. Routledge, 2013. 2985:Basic Books, 2013, 2919:Redman, Herbert J. 2781:Bassett, Richard. 2591:Herbert J. Redman, 2399:, 2014, Vol. I−IV, 2364:Szabo, pp. 195–202. 2346:Szabo, pp. 162–169. 1722:die dicke Exzellenz 1535:Frederick the Great 1516:Battle of Hochkirch 1498:Second Silesian War 1194:Frederick the Great 1036:Vila Velha de Ródão 675:Dresden (surrender) 431:Bohemia and Moravia 345:Show map of Germany 106:51.1486°N 14.5700°E 102: / 37:Battle of Hochkirch 2935:Guide to Carlisle. 2854:Duffy, Christopher 2732:2017-02-01 at the 2561:Showalter, p. 226. 2540:Showalter, p. 225. 2421:Guide to Carlisle, 2188:Bernhard von Poten 2127: 1932:. Daun received a 1898: 1837: 1808:, or Blood Alley. 1796: 1754: 1688:Battle of Zorndorf 1601:Kingdom of Prussia 1556: 1520:Third Silesian War 1507:Third Silesian War 1489:First Silesian War 720:Torgau (3rd siege) 670:Torgau (2nd siege) 317:Show map of Saxony 256:Friedrich Seydlitz 44:Third Silesian War 18:Battle of Hochkirk 3126:Conflicts in 1758 3104:978-1-135-97517-3 3094:Marston, Daniel, 3070:978-1-926706-57-3 3039:978-1-59884-980-6 3022:978-0-674-05809-5 3005:978-1-317-88697-6 2991:978-0-465-06595-0 2977:978-1-78303-479-6 2971:Frontline, 2012. 2965:Showalter, Dennis 2933:Ralli, Augustus. 2929:978-0-7864-7669-5 2923:McFarland, 2014, 2915:978-1-78625-963-9 2901:978-1-245-79345-2 2887:978-0-252-06966-6 2874:(1957): pp 449–64 2866:978-0-689-11548-6 2832:978-0-8129-8873-4 2805:978-1-317-89573-2 2799:Routledge, 2014, 2791:978-0-300-21310-2 2759:978-0-307-42539-3 2700:Anderson, p. 302. 2682:Blanning, p. 252. 2673:Blanning, p. 253. 2638:Blanning, p. 251. 2502:Richard Bassett, 2311:Anderson, p. 301. 2214:Peter H. Wilson, 2158:Military Frontier 1938:Pope Clement XIII 1930:Schönbrunn Palace 1657:Battle of Krefeld 1589:Holy Roman Empire 1186: 1185: 1121: 1120: 1019:Iberian Peninsula 725:Wittenberg (1760) 665:Wittenberg (1759) 613:Lutterberg (1762) 382: 381: 129: 128: 16:(Redirected from 3173: 3010:Wilson, Peter H. 2995:Szabo, Franz J. 2981:Simms, Brendan. 2949: 2749:Anderson, Fred. 2737: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2691:Bassett, p. 145. 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2656: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2596: 2589: 2580: 2573: 2562: 2559: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2487:Dennis Showalter 2484: 2478: 2468: 2457: 2448:G. B. Malleson, 2446: 2440: 2433: 2424: 2419:Augustus Ralli, 2417: 2408: 2393:David T. Zabecki 2390: 2377: 2376:Bassett, p. 142. 2374: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2267: 2261: 2251: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2195: 2167: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2061: 2045: 2033: 1692:Battle of Tornow 1563:Seven Years' War 1557:Seven Years' War 1524:Seven Years' War 1504: 1495: 1486: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1289: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1236: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1203: 1158: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1125: 1047:Naval Operations 918:Gross-Jägersdorf 634:Electoral Saxony 423: 422:European theatre 418: 417:Seven Years' War 408: 401: 394: 385: 374: 365: 364: 358: 346: 337: 336: 330: 318: 304: 303: 297: 254: 253: 252: 245:Hans von Ziethen 243: 242: 241: 234: 224: 223: 222: 213: 212: 211: 201: 200: 199: 190: 189: 188: 181:Leopold von Daun 179: 178: 177: 163: 159: 157: 156: 145: 144: 143: 125:Austrian victory 117: 116: 114: 113: 112: 111:51.1486; 14.5700 107: 103: 100: 99: 98: 95: 65: 64: 54: 34: 21: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3116: 3115: 3047: 3045:Further reading 3016:Penguin, 2016, 2947: 2877:Jones, Archer. 2809:Black, Jeremy. 2795:Berenger, Jean. 2746: 2741: 2740: 2734:Wayback Machine 2721: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2659: 2647:Gaston Bodart, 2646: 2642: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2615: 2611:Basset, p. 145. 2610: 2599: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2523: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2485: 2481: 2469: 2460: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2427: 2418: 2411: 2391: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355:Asprey, p. 500. 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2320:Brendan Simms, 2319: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2282:Robert Asprey, 2281: 2277: 2269:Fred Anderson, 2268: 2264: 2252: 2248: 2239: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2198: 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1894:Carl Röchling 1890: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1864:commanded by 1863: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1758: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674:to Poland or 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:North America 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1522:(part of the 1521: 1517: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1472: 1466: 1454: 1442: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1394: 1377: 1365: 1353: 1341: 1329: 1317: 1300: 1288: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1209: 1202: 1195: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1156:Silesian Wars 1149: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1073:Bay of Biscay 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 992:Green Redoubt 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 967:Frisches Haff 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 928: 927: 926: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 909: 908: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 802: 801: 800: 793: 790: 788: 787:Berlin (1760) 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 757: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 680:Torgau (1759) 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 636: 635: 629: 628:Cassel (1762) 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 598:Villinghausen 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 523:Sandershausen 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 498: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 432: 427: 419: 409: 404: 402: 397: 395: 390: 389: 386: 357: 329: 312: 296: 286: 282: 279: 278: 273: 270:30,000–36,000 269: 266: 265: 260: 257: 246: 235: 233: 227: 216: 206: 204: 193: 182: 172: 171: 166: 162: 150: 148: 138: 137: 132: 124: 121: 120: 115: 86: 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 67: 66: 62: 58: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 3095: 3081: 3061: 3054: 3030: 3013: 2996: 2982: 2968: 2951: 2934: 2920: 2906: 2892: 2878: 2871: 2857: 2840: 2823: 2813: 2810: 2796: 2782: 2768: 2750: 2744:Bibliography 2723: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2648: 2643: 2616: 2592: 2576: 2545: 2503: 2498: 2490: 2482: 2474: 2471:Tim Blanning 2449: 2444: 2436: 2420: 2396: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2321: 2316: 2296: 2291: 2283: 2278: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2215: 2210: 2191: 2165: 2152: 2143: 2049: 2014: 2002: 1994: 1978: 1970: 1962:Katte affair 1950: 1911: 1899: 1870: 1854: 1846: 1838: 1818: 1810: 1805: 1797: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1744:Dispositions 1726: 1721: 1702: 1672:East Prussia 1665: 1621: 1566: 1551: 1515: 1513: 1098:Quiberon Bay 1046: 1045: 1017: 1016: 923: 922: 907:East Prussia 906: 905: 876:Cosel (1760) 841:Cosel (1758) 797: 796: 755: 754: 654: 633: 632: 608:Wilhelmsthal 496: 495: 430: 231: 215:Frederick II 134:Belligerents 56: 42:Part of the 29: 2948:(in German) 2620:Showalter, 2405:pp. 612–614 2184:Schweidnitz 1990:Doberschütz 1763:James Keith 896:Reichenbach 891:Burkersdorf 756:Brandenburg 740:Hilbersdorf 690:Hoyerswerda 650:Sonnenstein 583:Langensalza 558:2nd Münster 543:1st Münster 446:Alt-Bunzlau 441:Reichenberg 226:James Keith 109: / 3120:Categories 2524:Malleson, 1958:Wilhelmine 1905:, and two 1680:Oder river 1661:Düsseldorf 1649:Westphalia 1583:. Empress 1088:Saint Cast 952:Fehrbellin 782:Kunersdorf 588:1st Cassel 533:Lutterberg 508:Hastenbeck 97:14°34′12″E 94:51°08′55″N 2960:613088592 2943:805014152 2849:875334380 2727:Hochkirch 2526:Hochkirch 2202:Citations 2180:dysentery 2050:Blutgasse 2021:Memorials 2011:Memorials 1907:standards 1884:Aftermath 1820:battery. 1806:Blutgasse 1668:Pomerania 1539:Hochkirch 1103:Belle Île 1083:Cherbourg 1068:Cartagena 1063:Rochefort 987:Neuensund 942:Stralsund 925:Pomerania 886:Adelsbach 856:Landeshut 745:Erbisdorf 655:Hochkirch 623:Amöneburg 513:Rheinberg 476:Domstadtl 81:Hochkirch 2730:Archived 2401:ABC-CLIO 1986:Jesewitz 1942:infidels 1926:name day 1813:skirmish 1625:Rossbach 1611:and the 1223:125miles 1012:Neukalen 977:Pasewalk 871:Liegnitz 851:Neustadt 831:Liegnitz 772:Zorndorf 750:Freiberg 695:Sackwitz 645:Rossbach 593:Grünberg 436:Lobositz 262:Strength 76:Location 3090:6631249 2130:Sources 1998:Kaunitz 1982:Belgern 1946:florins 1922:Empress 1862:hussars 1780:enclose 1729:Bautzen 1713:Görlitz 1709:Stolpen 1699:Prelude 1684:Neumark 1633:Moravia 1629:Leuthen 1597:rivalry 1581:Silesia 1543:Bautzen 1276:Dresden 1093:Britain 1078:St Malo 1058:Minorca 1026:Almeida 1002:Gollnow 821:Leuthen 816:Breslau 799:Silesia 767:Küstrin 715:Strehla 710:Dresden 705:Meissen 685:Korbitz 618:Nauheim 573:Warburg 568:Emsdorf 563:Corbach 518:Krefeld 503:Geldern 491:Teplitz 481:Olomouc 232:† 161:Prussia 147:Austria 3102: 3088: 3068: 3037: 3020: 3003: 2989: 2975: 2958: 2941: 2927: 2913: 2899: 2885: 2864: 2847: 2830: 2803: 2789: 2775: 2757: 2186:. See 2005:Neisse 1953:father 1918:Vienna 1826:spiked 1801:Croats 1786:Battle 1775:Zittau 1718:Saxony 1676:Russia 1547:Saxony 1505: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1479: 1382:Prague 1173:Second 1041:Marvão 997:Gülzow 962:Güstow 947:Tornow 937:Anklam 932:Demmin 846:Neisse 792:Gostyn 762:Berlin 735:Döbeln 730:Torgau 548:Minden 538:Bergen 471:Holitz 451:Prague 267:80,000 228: 158: 122:Result 85:Saxony 2653:p. 36 2135:Notes 1966:opium 1936:from 1903:flags 1733:Löbau 1653:Emden 1575:gave 1221:200km 1178:Third 1168:First 1108:Cádiz 913:Memel 861:Glatz 700:Maxen 640:Pirna 603:Ölper 553:Fulda 466:Gabel 461:Kolín 3100:ISBN 3086:OCLC 3066:ISBN 3035:ISBN 3018:ISBN 3001:ISBN 2987:ISBN 2973:ISBN 2956:OCLC 2939:OCLC 2925:ISBN 2911:ISBN 2897:ISBN 2883:ISBN 2862:ISBN 2845:OCLC 2828:ISBN 2801:ISBN 2787:ISBN 2773:ISBN 2755:ISBN 2622:here 2454:here 2326:Here 1984:and 1974:gout 1876:and 1731:and 1627:and 1514:The 1007:Spie 806:Moys 528:Meer 68:Date 1924:'s 777:Kay 3122:: 3029:. 3012:, 2967:, 2856:. 2839:. 2822:. 2767:. 2660:^ 2629:^ 2600:^ 2584:^ 2566:^ 2554:^ 2533:^ 2511:^ 2489:, 2473:, 2461:^ 2428:^ 2412:^ 2403:, 2395:, 2381:^ 2369:^ 2304:^ 2256:, 2190:, 1619:. 1549:. 1545:, 1346:10 1334:11 1322:12 1310:13 1305:14 1293:15 1281:16 1264:17 1252:18 1240:19 1228:20 83:, 3057:. 2761:. 2655:. 2624:. 2528:. 2456:. 2407:. 2328:. 2052:. 1896:. 1459:1 1447:2 1435:3 1423:4 1411:5 1399:6 1387:7 1370:8 1358:9 1147:e 1140:t 1133:v 420:: 407:e 400:t 393:v 20:)

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