Battle of Hulao - Knowledge (XXG)

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Banzhu, a plain 10 miles (16 km) east of the pass. Over the next weeks, he repeatedly marched to Hulao and offered battle. Li Shimin, however, was content to remain in his powerful defensive position from which his numerically inferior force could easily hold the Xia at bay. The Tang prince knew that time worked in his favour, as each day the standoff continued only brought the garrison of Luoyang closer to starvation and surrender, and when this happened he would be able to launch his strike with the entire strength of the Tang army. Furthermore, as time passed, the Xia position too deteriorated. The Xia had to laboriously pull their supply barges upstream, while the Tang were conversely aided by the current; and the very size of the Xia army meant that every passing week the costs of maintaining it in the field exhausted the Xia treasury further.

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procession, wearing golden armour, followed by the two captive rivals and their courts, 25 of his own generals, and 10,000 horsemen. Dou's wife and senior officials managed to escape the Xia camp and reach the safety of Hebei, but although some wanted to continue fighting under Dou's adopted son, most, including the influential Qi Shanxing, regarded the outcome of the battle as a sign that the Tang possessed the 'Mandate of Heaven', the divine right to rule. On 10 June, the Xia formally surrendered to the Tang, with Dou's ally Xu Yuanlang and Wang Shichong's brother Shibian following suit over the next days. In stark contrast to the leniency with which the Tang treated most of their defeated rivals, Dou Jiande and Wang Shichong were soon eliminated: Dou was sent to Chang'an, where he was executed, while Wang was ostensibly allowed to retire in exile in

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Li Shimin with his bodyguard of 1,000 heavily armed horsemen. The failure of these attempts meant that the siege became ever closer, with siege engines employed to support daily attacks on the city from all sides. The supply situation in Luoyang grew steadily worse as the siege continued into winter and then spring. By March, people were reportedly shifting through dirt to find traces of food, or ate cakes of rice and mud. No one was spared from the suffering, not even the highest officials; and of the 30,000 prisoners held by Wang in his palace, barely a tenth were left alive. Nevertheless, Wang refused any suggestion of surrender, placing his final hopes on an intervention by Dou Jiande, to whom he had sent envoys already in late 620.

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troops secretly crossed the river again. Dou took the bait, and on the early morning hours of 28 May led a large part of his army against Hulao, deploying his troops for battle along the eastern shore of the Sishui river in challenge to the Tang. Per Li Shimin's plan, the Tang troops did not come forth to deploy for battle; instead they remained in their strong defensive positions in the hills, waiting for the Xia army to tire and begin its withdrawal. Then the Tang, according to Graff, "would rush out and fall upon the by now demoralized and disorganized Xia army". This conformed to Li Shimin's usual blueprint, which he had already employed to prevail over Liu Wuzhou and the ruler of eastern

472: 702:, Li Shimin's progress was swift, advancing against little resistance as Wang feared risking an open confrontation and remained behind the walls of Luoyang. By September, Tang troops had begun to establish a ring of fortified camps around the city. Wang's offers of a settlement based on a partition of the empire were rejected by Li Shimin. While both sides skirmished around Luoyang, each trying to protect or prevent the supply convoys coming into the city, Tang detachments had penetrated further south, east and north, triggering the defection of most of central Henan from Wang's control. By the end of the year, only the distant cities of 915:

his officers at the time. With his army buckling, Dou reacted by ordering the withdrawal of his entire army from the river to the better defensive position offered by the eastern escarpment of the Sishui valley. However, in the spreading confusion, many officers were not able to reach their men in time, while orders issued by the generals often did not arrive in the fighting ranks. Seeing disorder spreading in the Xia army, Li Shimin ordered his army to launch a general attack against the withdrawing Xia, himself spearheading the attack at the head of his remaining cavalry. Li Shimin's 18-year-old cousin

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complete collapse of the Xia army: trapped between the Tang forces and the eastern cliffs, 3,000 Xia soldiers fell in the field or the subsequent pursuit, but more than 50,000 were taken prisoner, and the rest dispersed in the surrounding countryside. These included Dou Jiande himself, who was wounded, unhorsed and captured while trying to find a way to cross the Yellow River. The rout of the Xia state was complete: only a few hundreds of horsemen reached the Xia capital, and with their ruler captured, any possibility of rallying the remaining Xia forces was gone.

899:: the Tang prince let the enemy advance, stretching their supply lines, and chose a suitable, highly defensible position where to confront them; he avoided a direct confrontation, instead launching raids on his opponent's supply lines, awaiting either signs of weakness or the beginning of a retreat; he then launched an all-out attack aiming at a crushing battlefield success, which he rendered decisive by following it up with a "relentless cavalry pursuit", in Graff's words, to exploit it and bring about the collapse of his opponent's entire regime. 937: 731:

captured in 619. When Wang's pleas arrived at his court, Dou was persuaded by his councillor Liu Bin that the situation presented both danger and opportunity: if Luoyang fell, the Tang would next turn against Dou, but if Dou intervened and saved Luoyang, it would be easy to oust the weakened Wang and annex Henan to his own Xia state. It was therefore probably by design that Dou waited until April, when Wang's situation had become critical, before he began marching west to relieve the siege of Luoyang.

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two strongest rivals and brought the vital north-eastern plain under their control, securing an unchallenged ascendancy over all other competing factions and making possible the reunification of China under Tang rule. Tang authority had not yet encompassed all of China and rebellions occurred for a few more years. The most notable of these occurred in late 621, when the former Xia officials in Hebei rose up in reaction to the execution of Dou Jiande, under the leadership of Dou's cavalry commander

765:, but the Tang prince refused to heed them, as this would mean abandoning the entirety of eastern China to Dou Jiande. Leaving control of the populous northeastern plain to Dou would strengthen his regime, and allow him to expand south to the south, where Du Fuwei and other Tang clients would be forced to submit. Not only would this mean abandoning the unification of the empire, but it would place the Tang regime itself in peril. In what his modern biographer 646:, while from Luoyang Wang was a constant threat to the cities of the lower Yellow River that had only recently acknowledged Tang authority. The two men are presented as diametrically different characters in the sources: while Dou was chivalrous and successfully extended his territories by judicious moderation, Wang's arbitrariness and lack of courtesy quickly alienated many of his own supporters, leading two of his most distinguished generals, 48: 857:

to the Huanyuan Pass. Indeed, one of Dou's civil officials, Ling Jing, suggested a different strategic approach, namely to avoid any engagement with Li Shimin, cross to the northern bank of the Yellow River and strike at the Tang heartland in Shanxi, thereby both weakening the Tang and forcing them to abandon the siege of Luoyang without the Xia incurring any casualties. The plan was supported by Dou's wife,

907:, the two armies maintained their standoff from about 08:00 until noon, when the Xia troops began to show signs of thirst and weariness, with soldiers sitting down or breaking formation to fetch water. Li Shimin, from a high vantage point, saw this. With the horses from his earlier feint having returned and his cavalry again at full strength, the Tang prince sent 300 horsemen under 887:

army to withdraw to safety in Hebei after Luoyang had fallen", or that he was frustrated at Luoyang's unexpectedly long resistance. At the same time, Li Shimin was evidently determined to exploit the opportunity offered by the tactical situation to score a crushing victory against Dou, which would result in the rapid absorption of his domains by the Tang.

203: 607:, which, in the words of historian Howard J. Wechsler, would decide whether the new dynasty "would remain a regional regime or whether they would succeed in uniting the country under its control". By early 620, two major regimes had established themselves over this region. Henan was controlled by the Luoyang-based 914:

When Li Shimin saw that the demoralized and dispersed Xia troops were thrown into confusion from this assault and struggled to put up a cohesive defence, he sent more of his cavalry to turn Dou's left flank from the south. The Tang attack was inadvertently aided by Dou, who was holding a council with

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Li Shimin followed up this success by sending a letter to Dou, addressing him as if he were a subject, and demanding that he abandon the region. Dou responded by attacking the walled town of Sishui, but found it and the western heights behind strongly held by the Tang. Dou then encamped his forces at

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When Dou Jiande's army arrived before Hulao, Li Shimin headed a daring raid to raise his own army's morale in the face of such a numerically superior enemy. Taking only 500 horsemen, he crossed the river and advanced towards the Xia camp. Leaving the bulk of this force in ambush, Li Shimin pressed on

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The approach of the Xia army placed the Tang army at Luoyang in a predicament: with no prospects of reinforcements, and with the loyalty of the recently captured cities in Henan suspect, remaining in place to be caught between Wang's men in Luoyang and Dou's army was a recipe for disaster. The older,

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During the siege of Luoyang, Dou Jiande and the Tang had been engaged in negotiations, but these had been inconclusive: Dou could not ignore the threat posed by the Tang, but was as yet unwilling to effect a complete breach, and made some conciliatory gestures such as releasing a Tang princess he had

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According to David Graff, the battle at Hulao was "the single most decisive engagement of the civil wars" that followed the fall of Sui, while C. P. Fitzgerald considers it "one of the decisive battles in the history of the world". By defeating Dou Jiande and Wang Shichong, the Tang eliminated their

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particularly distinguished himself in this stage of the battle, charging through the Xia line until he emerged in their rear, turning round to emerge on the other side, and repeating this feat so many times that at the end of the battle so many arrows stuck out of his armour that the Chinese sources

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In order to draw the Tang out to the open field, where his superior numbers would carry the day, Dou sent 300 of his cavalry to cross the Sishui stream and provoke Li Shimin to attack. Careful to stick to his plan but also exploit the pretext for a delay offered by Dou, the Tang prince sent only 200

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To entice his enemy to accept battle, Li Shimin sent his cavalry to raid Dou's supply lines, and then led a portion of his forces, with 1,000 horses across the Yellow River, giving the appearance that he had detached them to guard against an attack in the direction of Shanxi. During the night, these

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Fresh from his crushing victory over Liu Wuzhou, in August 620 Li Shimin, with an army of 50,000 men, began his advance from Shanxi towards Luoyang. The strategic aim of the Tang prince was to capture the Yellow River valley up to the sea, thus separating the territories held by rival regimes in the

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of the waiting Xia by delaying the main action. A Tang cavalry probe at noon developed into a general attack as Xia cohesion collapsed. The Xia retreat, disrupted by poor communications and Tang cavalry in the rear and flanks, turned into a rout. The Xia defeat and Dou's capture led to the surrender

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prohibits violence and does not condone warfare, but there are several recorded cases of Buddhist monks participating in combat during rebellions in early medieval China, particularly in the chaos that followed the Sui collapse. The fact that the Shaolin monks fought in support of the Tang is known

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In the event, after a month had passed, the Tang prince decided to force a confrontation. Li Shimin's reasons for this move are unknown; Graff suggests that it is "possible that he believed the morale of Dou's men had deteriorated, and it is very likely that he did not wish to allow the exposed Xia

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Other passes were available through the hills near Hulao, but they were smaller and equally defensible. Given the size of the Xia army, the only alternatives for Dou would have been to bypass the Tang position entirely, either by crossing the Yellow River to the north, or by venturing further south

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which end in a steep slope. To the east the stream has in past ages scoured out a low, vertical cliff, on the top of which the great plain begins; flat, featureless, dotted at intervals with villages in groves of trees. The stream itself, receding from this cliff in the course of time, now flows in

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called "the most critical military decision of his life", Li Shimin opted to confront the Xia army with a part of his forces, while leaving most of his army to maintain the siege of Luoyang. This was a risky gamble, as a defeat would risk eliminating the main Tang army, and opening the path for Dou

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Isolated in his capital and the territory immediately around it, Wang Shichong was growing desperate and more aggressive, launching two major attempts to break out of the Tang blockade in early 621. Both battles were hard fought, but eventually won by the Tang, largely thanks to the intervention of

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The ensuing battle was bloody, but was decided when Li Shimin and a part of his cavalry broke through the Xia lines and reached the eastern escarpment, planting the Tang banners in full view of both armies. Possibly coupled with the arrival of the flanking Tang cavalry, this development caused the

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Like most of the contemporary Chinese military leaders, who were expected to prove their personal bravery on the battlefield and motivate their men by their example, rather than stay in the rear and co-ordinate their army, Li Shimin always led from the front—accompanied by an elite force of 1,000

785:, some 60 miles (97 km) to the east of Luoyang, which he occupied on 22 April. His force was augmented by the garrison of the local town, but is unlikely to have exceeded 10,000 men, albeit representing some of the best troops in the Tang army. The Hulao Pass was formed by the ravine of the 948:

The Tang victory at Hulao spelled the end for Luoyang too: bereft of any hope of rescue, Wang Shichong surrendered on 4 June, after Li Shimin displayed the captured Dou Jiande and his generals before the city walls. Li Shimin returned to Chang'an, which he entered at the head of a triumphal

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Military historian David A. Graff opines that logistical concerns played the major role in Dou's decision to stay at Banzhu, as his huge army was utterly dependent on proximity to the Yellow River and its canal network for its supplies. In addition, the heterogeneous nature of the Xia army,

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with only four or five men as escort. When the Xia troops attacked, Li Shimin felled several of them with his precise archery, keeping them at a distance while leading them on into the ambush he had prepared. The Xia lost over 300 men, and a number of higher officers were taken prisoner.

441:, Li maintained the siege and took a small part of the Tang army further east to the Hulao Pass to block the Xia. A stalemate ensued for a few weeks; the Tang refused to fight outside of their positions, and the Xia refused to outflank Li or redirect their offensive to Shanxi. 877: 807:

the centre of the sunken valley, with a stretch of flat land on either bank. The road from the east to Lo Yang and Shensi descends into the ravine, crossing the stream at the little city of Ssŭ Shui , before entering the hills by a narrow defile among precipices.

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related to the Sui dynasty, and with a distinguished career behind him, Li Yuan was an obvious candidate for the throne. His province possessed excellent natural defences, a heavily militarized population and was located near the imperial capitals of Daxingcheng

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The Tang launched an attack from their bases in Shanxi against Dou's flank, hoping to divert his attention, but in vain. Dou had enough men to strongly garrison his territory, while still mustering a huge force for marching against Li Shimin. The 10th-century

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Terracotta statue of a Tang-era armoured horseman. Cavalry was scarce in native Chinese armies, and played a decisive role in battles. In contrast to this figurine, most of the Tang cavalrymen were armoured, but their horses were not, giving them greater

757:(surviving only in fragments), raise it to 120,000 men. Although possibly exaggerated, an army of this size was well within the capabilities of the time. The Xia army was accompanied by a similarly large supply train, comprising both carts and boats. 437:, ruler of Zheng, in Luoyang. Zheng attempts to break the siege failed, and they appealed to Xia for help. In April 621, Dou led a Xia army of 100,000–120,000 troops westward to break the siege. Instead of retreating back to the Tang heartland in 976:

monasteries on the sites of seven of the battles he had fought during the civil war. In a gesture that illustrated the emperor's desire to heal the divisions of the conflict, for Hulao he chose the name "Temple of Equality in Commiseration".

654:, to desert him and join the Tang. The Tang began launching raids against Wang, causing morale to drop and many of his men to defect. Wang was forced to take hostages from the families of his own generals to ensure their loyalty, and impose 583:

the Sui forces that tried to bar their way and, on 9 November, Li Yuan's troops stormed Chang'an. Li Yuan was now firmly placed as a major contender for the imperial throne, and on 16 June 618 he proclaimed himself the first emperor of the

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containing as it did the forces of various rebel leaders Dou had defeated over the past few years, and whose loyalty was doubtful, prevented Dou from dividing his army and sending various detachments on independent missions.

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of his horsemen. The duel between the two cavalry forces lasted for some time but proved indecisive, until both sides withdrew to their lines. Apart from this and a minor skirmish between a Xia officer and the Tang general

510:') among the provincial governors. Yang nevertheless continued to be fixated on the Korean campaigns, and by the time he realized the gravity of the situation, it was too late: as revolts spread, in 616, he abandoned 861:, but was not adopted due to the vehement opposition of the Xia generals. This was due in large part to the natural disregard of the military professionals towards a suggestion from someone whom they regarded as an " 793:

mountains, it possessed major strategic importance, as the east–west road along the Yellow River's south bank crossed it. Fitzgerald, who visited the area himself in the early 20th century, described this "Chinese

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Local governors and magnates rose to claim power in the wake of Yang's withdrawal. Nine major contenders emerged, some claiming the imperial title, others, contenting themselves, for the time being, with the

865:", but some sources attribute this opposition to the entreaties and bribery of some Xia generals by Wang Shichong's ambassador, who wished to ensure that Dou remained committed to the relief of Luoyang. 244: 1001:

marking the property rights granted to them in the aftermath of the Tang victory for their support. Their existence helped preserve the monastery from the anti-Buddhist purges of later Tang rulers.

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Li broke the stalemate at the end of May by feinting the departure of a large part of the Tang cavalry. On the morning of 28 May, the Xia issued a challenge by arraying for battle in the open. The

237: 319: 216: 682:. The relief shows an incident during the Battle of the Mang Hills, Wang's final attempt to break the siege of Luoyang, when the horse was hit in the chest by an arrow. 658:

for any trespassing. Although up to 30,000 people ended up as virtual prisoners in his palace city in Luoyang, these acts only served to further undermine his regime.

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In a series of campaigns in 618–620 the Tang, led by the talented Li Shimin, managed to eliminate their rivals in the northwest and repel an attack by

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Li Shimin was accounted "the most famous archer of his age" according to Fitzgerald, a skill that would help preserve his life on numerous occasions.

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Map of northern China during the transition from the Sui to the Tang, with the main contenders for the throne and the main military operations

2202: 2175: 2141: 2110: 2086: 2065: 2034: 2726: 825: 506:, coupled with natural disasters, caused unrest in the provinces, and military failures eroded the emperor's prestige and legitimacy (' 2731: 2494: 961:. Nevertheless, the course the civil war had been decided at Hulao, and the various rebel leaders were overcome one by one; the last, 858: 2226: 2741: 329: 324: 387: 346: 611:, a former Sui general who declared himself the first emperor of the Zheng dynasty after defeating another rebel leader, 80: 2219: 675: 2242: 466: 411: 334: 282: 39: 2264: 2167: 2133: 363: 2509: 494:), the dynasty's authority began to wane: the immense material and human cost of the protracted and fruitless 761:

more experienced and cautious of Li Shimin's generals suggested that he abandon the siege and retire west to

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remained under Wang's control, but were unable to provide any assistance. The monks of the nearby

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Li launched the Luoyang–Hulao campaign in August 620, attacking eastwards and quickly besieging

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and absorbing his army and territories. Hebei was ruled by the one-time bandit leader

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The stream flows in a flat valley about a mile broad, bordered to the west by the

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The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part 1

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The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part 1

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north (i.e., Dou Jiande) from any allies in the south, particularly after

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In late 629, Li Shimin, by now Emperor of China, ordered the erection of

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For the fictional battle in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, see

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Son of Heaven: A Biography of Li Shih-Min, Founder of the T'ang Dynasty

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The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts

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in south-central Hebei he had expanded his control south towards the

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also sided with Li Shimin, defeating a detachment of Wang's army at

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of both Zheng and Xia to Tang. Tang emerged with control over the

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Leaving the siege of Luoyang in the hands of his younger brother

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put Dou's army at 100,000 strong, while the 8th-century works

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to capture not only Luoyang, but Shanxi and Chang'an itself.

2122:"The Founding of the T'ang Dynasty: Kao-tsu (Reign 618–26)" 1952: 1950: 1948: 1858: 1856: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1591: 1589: 1576: 1574: 1474: 1472: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1152: 1150: 579:, led their troops south. In a lightning campaign they 418:–Hulao campaign on 28 May 621 when a Xia army – led by 1038: 1036: 726:

Dou Jiande marches west and Li Shimin occupies Hulao

518:, where he remained until his assassination in 618. 479:

During the later reign of the second emperor of the

2673: 2485: 2347: 2288: 2249: 546:). Among the most well-positioned contenders was 800: 220:Location of the battle (Chinese Northern Plain) 32: 2060:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 77–105. 2227: 245: 8: 642:and captured their territories north of the 695:area, chose to acknowledge Tang authority. 662:Li Shimin besieges Wang Shichong at Luoyang 2234: 2220: 2212: 1956: 1922: 1910: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1847: 1818: 1787: 1710: 1662: 1650: 1638: 1607: 1595: 1580: 1514: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1463: 1439: 1384: 1360: 1348: 1312: 1300: 1288: 1276: 1054: 821:Standoff at Hulao and Dou Jiande's dilemma 252: 238: 230: 46: 29: 2105:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2029:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 833:(seated right), gives an audience to the 634:In 619, Dou defeated the Tang army under 1992: 1939: 1264: 1240: 1216: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1141: 1093: 1032: 986: 154: 1427: 1415: 1105: 1066: 940:Map of Tang China in 742, showing the 718:and capturing his nephew, Wang Renze. 571:. In autumn 617 Li Yuan and his sons, 2189:. In Howard, Angela Falco; Li, Song; 2004: 1980: 1968: 1898: 1835: 1806: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1734: 1722: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1619: 1565: 1553: 1526: 1451: 1403: 1372: 1336: 1252: 1228: 1204: 1156: 1129: 1117: 1078: 1042: 7: 1324: 1011:black-clad, black-armoured horsemen. 691:, a rebel leader who controlled the 953:, but was killed on his way there. 414:. The battle took place during the 2722:Battles involving the Tang dynasty 2081:. London and New York: Routledge. 781:, Li Shimin took 3,500 men to the 202: 14: 2078:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900 406:victory over the rival Zheng and 52:Map of the Luoyang–Hulao campaign 201: 194: 550:, Duke of Tang and governor of 489: 410:-based Xia polities during the 670:Relief of Li Shimin's charger 426:– entrenched at the strategic 391: 1: 2056:. In van de Ven, Hans (ed.). 1315:, pp. 77 & Plate II. 2120:Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). 1255:, pp. 162–163, 165–168. 676:Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum 599:and the modern provinces of 402:: Ssŭ Shui), was a decisive 2727:Transition from Sui to Tang 2243:Transition from Sui to Tang 2156:"The Sui Dynasty (581–617)" 542: 532: 467:Transition from Sui to Tang 412:transition from Sui to Tang 40:transition from Sui to Tang 2758: 2187:"From the Han to the Qing" 2168:Cambridge University Press 2134:Cambridge University Press 2058:Warfare in Chinese History 920:liken his appearance to a 464: 15: 2732:Military history of Henan 554:in the northwest (modern 448:sapped the endurance and 278: 265:expansion under emperors 189: 175: 162: 138: 123: 56: 45: 37: 2075:Graff, David A. (2002). 2052:Graff, David A. (2000). 1677:, pp. 83–84, 94–95. 1231:, pp. 163, 165–168. 2742:Emperor Taizong of Tang 820: 945: 883: 845: 818: 683: 476: 139:Commanders and leaders 96:34.84361°N 113.20639°E 2193:; Yang, Hong (eds.). 997:mainly from engraved 939: 911:in a probing attack. 880: 841:of a 641 painting by 828: 741:and the 11th-century 669: 474: 283:Establishment of Tang 185:~50,000 taken captive 176:Casualties and losses 2136:. pp. 150–187. 1219:, pp. 163, 165. 932:Aftermath and impact 873:Battle of Hulao Pass 217:class=notpageimage| 18:Battle of Hulao Pass 2185:Yang, Hong (2006). 2170:. pp. 48–149. 1995:, pp. 167–168. 1983:, pp. 177–178. 1901:, pp. 173–174. 1778:, pp. 172–173. 1529:, pp. 171–172. 1454:, pp. 175–176. 1375:, pp. 170–171. 1267:, pp. 166–167. 1243:, pp. 165–166. 1207:, pp. 169–170. 1171:, pp. 154–160. 1144:, pp. 150–154. 1132:, pp. 162–165. 1120:, pp. 153–155. 1108:, pp. 147–148. 1096:, pp. 152–153. 1081:, pp. 145–153. 1069:, pp. 143–147. 496:attempts to conquer 168:Likely under 10,000 101:34.84361; 113.20639 92: / 23:621 battle in China 1493:, pp. 76, 78. 1351:, pp. 68, 73. 946: 884: 846: 684: 597:northeastern plain 524:more modest titles 477: 2704: 2703: 2324:Princess Pingyang 2204:978-0-300-10065-5 2195:Chinese Sculpture 2177:978-0-521-21446-9 2160:Twitchett, Dennis 2152:Wright, Arthur F. 2143:978-0-521-21446-9 2126:Twitchett, Dennis 2112:978-0-8248-3110-3 2088:978-0-415-23955-4 2067:978-90-04-11774-7 2036:978-1-107-49508-1 2021:Fitzgerald, C. P. 1913:, pp. 87–88. 1877:, pp. 86–87. 1850:, pp. 85–86. 1790:, pp. 84–85. 1766:, pp. 95–96. 1737:, pp. 88–89. 1725:, pp. 84–88. 1713:, pp. 83–84. 1701:, pp. 84–85. 1689:, pp. 82–83. 1665:, pp. 82–83. 1610:, pp. 80–81. 1568:, pp. 85–86. 1466:, pp. 77–78. 1442:, pp. 76–77. 1430:, pp. 23–24. 1418:, pp. 20–22. 1387:, pp. 73–74. 1303:, pp. 72–73. 1279:, pp. 70–71. 829:Li Shimin as the 712:Shaolin Monastery 508:Mandate of Heaven 377: 376: 228: 227: 119: 118: 2749: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2213: 2208: 2181: 2147: 2116: 2092: 2071: 2048: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1943: 1937: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1584: 1578: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1008: 1002: 991: 863:armchair general 816: 813:C. P. Fitzgerald 777:and the general 767:C. P. Fitzgerald 738:Old Book of Tang 617:Battle of Yanshi 558:). A scion of a 545: 535: 514:and withdrew to 493: 491: 396:Battle of Sishui 393: 273: 254: 247: 240: 231: 205: 204: 198: 156: 107: 106: 104: 103: 102: 97: 93: 90: 89: 88: 85: 58: 57: 50: 30: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2669: 2487: 2481: 2349: 2343: 2284: 2245: 2240: 2205: 2184: 2178: 2150: 2144: 2119: 2113: 2095: 2089: 2074: 2068: 2051: 2037: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1957:Fitzgerald 1933 1955: 1946: 1938: 1929: 1923:Fitzgerald 1933 1921: 1917: 1911:Fitzgerald 1933 1909: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1887:Fitzgerald 1933 1885: 1881: 1875:Fitzgerald 1933 1873: 1869: 1863:Fitzgerald 1933 1861: 1854: 1848:Fitzgerald 1933 1846: 1842: 1834: 1825: 1819:Fitzgerald 1933 1817: 1813: 1805: 1794: 1788:Fitzgerald 1933 1786: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1711:Fitzgerald 1933 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1663:Fitzgerald 1933 1661: 1657: 1651:Fitzgerald 1933 1649: 1645: 1639:Fitzgerald 1933 1637: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1608:Fitzgerald 1933 1606: 1602: 1596:Fitzgerald 1933 1594: 1587: 1581:Fitzgerald 1933 1579: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1515:Fitzgerald 1933 1513: 1509: 1503:Fitzgerald 1933 1501: 1497: 1491:Fitzgerald 1933 1489: 1485: 1479:Fitzgerald 1933 1477: 1470: 1464:Fitzgerald 1933 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1440:Fitzgerald 1933 1438: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1391: 1385:Fitzgerald 1933 1383: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1361:Fitzgerald 1933 1359: 1355: 1349:Fitzgerald 1933 1347: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1313:Fitzgerald 1933 1311: 1307: 1301:Fitzgerald 1933 1299: 1295: 1289:Fitzgerald 1933 1287: 1283: 1277:Fitzgerald 1933 1275: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1148: 1140: 1136: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1055:Fitzgerald 1933 1053: 1049: 1041: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1005: 992: 988: 983: 942:major provinces 934: 875: 831:Emperor Taizong 823: 817: 811: 755:Taizong zun shi 728: 664: 488: 469: 463: 384:Battle of Hulao 380: 379: 378: 373: 320:Western Regions 274: 260: 258: 224: 223: 222: 221: 219: 213: 212: 211: 210: 206: 184: 171:100,000–120,000 100: 98: 94: 91: 86: 83: 81: 79: 78: 77: 51: 33:Battle of Hulao 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2717:620s conflicts 2709: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2224: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2182: 2176: 2148: 2142: 2117: 2111: 2093: 2087: 2072: 2066: 2049: 2035: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2007:, p. 185. 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1944: 1942:, p. 167. 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1852: 1840: 1838:, p. 174. 1823: 1811: 1809:, p. 173. 1792: 1780: 1768: 1756: 1754:, p. 176. 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1585: 1570: 1558: 1556:, p. 172. 1531: 1519: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1406:, p. 171. 1389: 1377: 1365: 1353: 1341: 1339:, p. 170. 1329: 1327:, p. 171. 1317: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1269: 1257: 1245: 1233: 1221: 1209: 1197: 1195:, p. 163. 1185: 1183:, p. 160. 1173: 1161: 1159:, p. 165. 1146: 1134: 1122: 1110: 1098: 1083: 1071: 1059: 1047: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1013: 1003: 985: 984: 982: 979: 933: 930: 874: 871: 822: 819: 809: 798:" as follows: 744:Zizhi Tongjian 727: 724: 716:Mount Huanyuan 698:Starting from 674:, one of the " 663: 660: 656:kin punishment 492: 604–618 465:Main article: 462: 459: 455:central plains 375: 374: 372: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 350: 349: 339: 338: 337: 332: 327: 317: 312: 307: 302: 301: 300: 295: 290: 279: 276: 275: 259: 257: 256: 249: 242: 234: 226: 225: 215: 214: 208: 207: 200: 199: 193: 192: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181: 178: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 160: 159: 147: 141: 140: 136: 135: 132: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 72: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 22: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2754: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2635:Shan Xiongxin 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2595:Zhangsun Wuji 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2545:Fang Xuanling 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2407:Wang Shichong 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2299:Emperor Gaozu 2297: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2166:. Cambridge: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2135: 2132:. Cambridge: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1993:Wechsler 1979 1989: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1971:, p. 96. 1970: 1965: 1962: 1959:, p. 89. 1958: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:Wechsler 1979 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1925:, p. 88. 1924: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1889:, p. 87. 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1865:, p. 86. 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1821:, p. 85. 1820: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1653:, p. 14. 1652: 1647: 1644: 1641:, p. 83. 1640: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1622:, p. 82. 1621: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1598:, p. 80. 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1583:, p. 79. 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1517:, p. 76. 1516: 1511: 1508: 1505:, p. 74. 1504: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1481:, p. 78. 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1363:, p. 73. 1362: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1291:, p. 72. 1290: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265:Wechsler 1979 1261: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241:Wechsler 1979 1237: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217:Wechsler 1979 1213: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193:Wechsler 1979 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181:Wechsler 1979 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169:Wechsler 1979 1165: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:Wechsler 1979 1138: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094:Wechsler 1979 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1057:, p. 70. 1056: 1051: 1048: 1045:, p. 83. 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1017: 1014: 1007: 1004: 1000: 995: 990: 987: 980: 978: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 954: 952: 944:of the empire 943: 938: 931: 929: 925: 923: 918: 912: 910: 906: 900: 898: 894: 888: 879: 872: 870: 866: 864: 860: 854: 850: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 814: 808: 805: 799: 797: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768: 764: 758: 756: 752: 751: 746: 745: 740: 739: 732: 725: 723: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 681: 677: 673: 668: 661: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:Wang Shichong 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 525: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 486: 482: 473: 468: 460: 458: 456: 451: 450:unit cohesion 447: 442: 440: 436: 435:Wang Shichong 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 389: 385: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 348: 345: 344: 343: 342:Western Turks 340: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 310:Eastern Turks 308: 306: 303: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 272: 268: 264: 255: 250: 248: 243: 241: 236: 235: 232: 218: 197: 188: 182: 180: 179: 174: 170: 167: 166: 161: 157: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 137: 133: 131: 128: 127: 122: 114: 111: 110: 105: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 60: 59: 55: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 19: 2695: 2691:Qianshuiyuan 2610:Wei Wensheng 2530:Cheng Yaojin 2447:Yang Xuangan 2309:Li Jiancheng 2265:Empress Xiao 2260:Emperor Yang 2194: 2163: 2129: 2101: 2097:Shahar, Meir 2077: 2057: 2025: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1843: 1814: 1783: 1771: 1759: 1730: 1718: 1706: 1694: 1682: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1615: 1603: 1561: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1486: 1459: 1447: 1435: 1423: 1411: 1380: 1368: 1356: 1344: 1332: 1320: 1308: 1296: 1284: 1272: 1260: 1248: 1236: 1224: 1212: 1200: 1188: 1176: 1164: 1137: 1125: 1113: 1101: 1074: 1062: 1050: 1016: 1006: 989: 971: 955: 947: 926: 913: 901: 889: 885: 867: 855: 851: 847: 837:ambassador. 801: 787:Sishui river 772: 759: 754: 748: 742: 736: 733: 729: 720: 697: 685: 644:Yellow River 633: 629:Yellow River 590: 586:Tang dynasty 577:Li Jiancheng 560:noble family 520: 478: 443: 432: 395: 383: 381: 297: 293:Qianshuiyuan 183:3,000 killed 130:Tang dynasty 124:Belligerents 115:Tang victory 38:Part of the 25: 2650:Yin Kaishan 2640:Pei Xingyan 2630:Wang Bodang 2620:Zhang Xutuo 2600:Gao Shilian 2570:Yuwen Shiji 2560:Liu Wenjing 2510:Yang Yichen 2505:Li Xiaogong 2495:Empress Cao 2488:key figures 2462:Wagang Army 2427:Yuwen Huaji 2412:Xu Yuanlang 2402:Shen Faxing 2387:Lin Shihong 2382:Liang Shidu 2348:Independent 2334:Li Shentong 2329:Li Xiaogong 1428:Shahar 2008 1416:Shahar 2008 1106:Wright 1979 1067:Wright 1979 963:Liang Shidu 909:Yuwen Shiji 804:loess hills 796:Thermopylae 640:Li Shentong 512:north China 502:kingdom of 481:Sui dynasty 305:Xuanwu Gate 99: / 87:113°12′23″E 2711:Categories 2660:Luo Shixin 2655:Chen Shuda 2645:Liu Hongji 2575:Chen Shuda 2525:Yuchi Gong 2520:Qin Shubao 2477:Lu Mingyue 2442:Fu Gongshi 2422:Xue Rengao 2397:Liu Wuzhou 2367:Gao Kaidao 2362:Fu Gongshi 2357:Dou Jiande 2350:contenders 2339:Li Daozong 2005:Graff 2002 1981:Graff 2002 1969:Graff 2000 1899:Graff 2002 1836:Graff 2002 1807:Graff 2002 1776:Graff 2002 1764:Graff 2000 1752:Graff 2002 1735:Graff 2000 1723:Graff 2000 1699:Graff 2000 1687:Graff 2000 1675:Graff 2000 1620:Graff 2000 1566:Graff 2000 1554:Graff 2002 1527:Graff 2002 1452:Graff 2002 1404:Graff 2002 1373:Graff 2002 1337:Graff 2002 1253:Graff 2002 1229:Graff 2002 1205:Graff 2002 1157:Graff 2002 1130:Graff 2002 1118:Graff 2002 1079:Graff 2002 1043:Graff 2000 1028:References 917:Li Daoxuan 905:Yuchi Gong 897:Xue Rengao 839:Later copy 783:Hulao Pass 693:Huai River 652:Luo Shixin 648:Qin Shubao 638:'s cousin 621:Dou Jiande 593:Liu Wuzhou 461:Background 428:Hulao Pass 420:Dou Jiande 400:Wade–Giles 209:Hulao Pass 150:Dou Jiande 134:Xia regime 84:34°50′37″N 74:Hulao Pass 64:28 May 621 2665:Yu Shinan 2625:Qutu Tong 2615:Lai Hu'er 2605:Tang Jian 2585:Hou Junji 2580:Feng Deyi 2555:Wei Zheng 2540:Chai Shao 2515:Yuwen Shu 2472:Zhai Rang 2457:Xiao Xian 2392:Liu Heita 2377:Li Zitong 2319:Li Yuanji 2314:Li Xuanba 2304:Li Shimin 2275:Yang Tong 2045:811586302 1325:Yang 2006 981:Footnotes 959:Liu Heita 922:porcupine 882:mobility. 843:Yan Liben 779:Qutu Tong 775:Li Yuanji 763:Guanzhong 704:Xiangyang 680:Yan Liben 615:, at the 573:Li Shimin 424:Li Shimin 359:Xueyantuo 325:Karakhoja 145:Li Shimin 2550:Du Ruhui 2535:Xu Shiji 2437:Du Fuwei 2280:Yang Hao 2270:Yang You 2191:Wu, Hung 2154:(1979). 2099:(2008). 2023:(1933). 994:Buddhism 974:Buddhist 967:Shuofang 859:Lady Cao 810:— 750:Tongdian 700:Shenzhou 689:Du Fuwei 625:Mingzhou 581:defeated 565:Chang'an 504:Goguryeo 364:Songzhou 354:Goguryeo 347:conquest 330:Karasahr 163:Strength 69:Location 2674:Battles 2590:Xiao Yu 2500:Li Jing 2432:Zhu Can 2292:royalty 2253:royalty 2162:(ed.). 2128:(ed.). 2014:Sources 951:Sichuan 835:Tibetan 636:Li Yuan 569:Luoyang 552:Taiyuan 548:Li Yuan 536:) and ' 516:Jiangdu 416:Luoyang 398:(汜水之戰, 388:Chinese 315:Tuyuhun 271:Gaozong 267:Taizong 152: ( 76:, Henan 2686:Yanshi 2565:Pei Ji 2452:Luo Yi 2417:Xue Ju 2372:Li Gui 2201: 2174: 2140: 2109: 2085: 2064: 2043: 2033: 999:steles 708:Xuzhou 672:Saluzi 567:) and 556:Shanxi 500:Korean 439:Shanxi 390:: 369:Baekje 261:Early 112:Result 2696:Hulao 2681:Huoyi 2486:Other 2467:Li Mi 2158:. In 2124:. In 893:Gansu 678:" by 613:Li Mi 605:Henan 601:Hebei 408:Hebei 394:) or 335:Kucha 298:Hulao 288:Huoyi 2290:Tang 2199:ISBN 2172:ISBN 2138:ISBN 2107:ISBN 2083:ISBN 2062:ISBN 2041:OCLC 2031:ISBN 791:Song 753:and 706:and 650:and 603:and 575:and 543:wáng 538:King 533:gōng 528:Duke 526:of ' 498:the 485:Yang 446:Tang 404:Tang 392:虎牢之戰 382:The 269:and 263:Tang 61:Date 2737:621 2251:Sui 965:of 540:' ( 530:' ( 386:, ( 155:POW 2713:: 2039:. 1947:^ 1930:^ 1855:^ 1826:^ 1795:^ 1742:^ 1627:^ 1588:^ 1573:^ 1534:^ 1471:^ 1392:^ 1149:^ 1086:^ 1035:^ 924:. 895:, 815:, 588:. 490:r. 483:, 430:. 2235:e 2228:t 2221:v 2207:. 2180:. 2146:. 2115:. 2091:. 2070:. 2047:. 563:( 487:( 253:e 246:t 239:v 158:) 20:.

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Index