1322:, yet not improbable considering the partial success of the Indian war elephants. Indian losses amounted to 23,000 according to Arrian, 12,000 dead and over 9,000 men captured according to Diodorus. The last two numbers are remarkably close, so it might be assumed that Arrian added any prisoners to the total Indian casualties. Among the Indian leadership, two sons of Porus and his relative and ally Spitakes were killed during the battle, as well as most of his chieftains. Around 80 elephants were captured alive. Alexander also acquired an additional 70 war elephants due to the late arrival of reinforcements called for by King Porus after the battle was already over, who readily surrendered and offered these beasts as a tribute.
1307:
surrender. However, Porus became enraged on the very sight of his nemesis and tossed a spear at him in fury without bothering to listen to his proposal. Porus's aggressive response forced
Taxiles to take flight on his steed. In a similar manner, many other messengers dispatched by the determined Alexander were spurned until at last Meroes, a personal friend of Porus, convinced him to listen to Alexander's message. Overpowered by thirst, the weary Porus finally dismounted his war elephant and demanded water. After being refreshed, he allowed himself to be taken to Alexander. On hearing that the Indian King was approaching, Alexander himself rode out to meet him and the famous surrender meeting took place.
57:
1158:
482:
1231:
1129:, who had chosen to spurn Alexander's command for him to surrender and was preparing for war. Alexander had to subdue Porus in order to keep marching east. To leave such a strong opponent at his flanks would have endangered any further exploits. Alexander could not afford to show any weakness if he wanted to keep the loyalty of the already subdued Indian princes. Porus had to defend his kingdom and chose the perfect spot to check Alexander's advance. Although he lost the battle, he became the most successful recorded opponent of Alexander. According to historian
407:
822:
1370:
446:
1331:
958:
1223:
761:
778:
839:
924:
856:
805:
873:
975:
1150:
1169:(then called the Hydaspes). In the spring of 326 BC, Porus drew up on the south bank of the Hydaspes to repel any crossing. The Jhelum River was deep and fast enough that any attempt at a crossing would probably doom the attacking force. Alexander knew that a direct approach had little chance of success and tried to find alternative fords. He moved his mounted troops up and down the river bank each night while Porus shadowed him.
890:
907:
941:
723:
730:
1282:'s squadrons promptly followed their movement and attacked them from the rear. The Indian horsemen tried to form a double phalanx to face both attacks, but the necessary complicated manoeuvres brought even more confusion into their ranks, making it easier for the Macedonian cavalry to defeat them. The Indian cavalry were thus routed, and fled to the safety of their elephants.
737:
489:
453:
414:
1366:). Historians do not consider that this action by Alexander's troops represented a mutiny but called it an increase in military unrest amongst the troops, which forced Alexander to finally give in. Instead of immediately turning back, however, he ordered the army to march south, along the Indus, securing the banks of the river as the borders of his empire.
1177:. He would eventually attack Indian cavalry flanking both sides of Porus's main force from the right. He left his general, Craterus, behind with most of the army, to make sure Porus would not find out about his crossing, while he crossed the river upstream with a strong contingent, consisting, according to the 2nd century AD Greek historian
1285:
The war elephants now advanced against the
Macedonian cavalry, only to be confronted by the Macedonian phalanx. The powerful beasts caused heavy losses among the Macedonian foot, impaling many men with their steel-clad tusks and heaving some of them into the air before pulverizing them, and trampling
1196:
Alexander's crossing of the
Hydaspes in the face of Indian forces on the opposite bank was a notable achievement. The complex preparations for the crossing were accomplished with the use of numerous feints and other forms of deception. Porus was kept continuously on the move until he decided it was a
1250:
on their back carrying a trio of archers and javelin men. Porus's soldiers were dressed in flamboyantly hued outfits with steel helmets, bright scarves and baldrics, and wielded axes, lances and maces. Porus, eschewing the usual tradition of Indian kings fighting from a chariot, was mounted atop his
1200:
Alexander quietly moved his part of the army upstream and then traversed the river in utmost secrecy, using 'skin floats filled with hay' as well as 'smaller vessels cut in half, the thirty oared galleys into three'. Furthermore, Craterus engaged in frequent feints suggesting that he may cross the
1058:
In spite of close Indian surveillance, Alexander's decision to cross the monsoon-swollen
Hydaspes in order to catch Porus's army in the flank has been referred to as one of his "masterpieces" in combat. The Macedonians' engagement with the Indians at Hydaspes remains a very significant historical
1208:
Having crossed the river, Alexander advanced towards the location of Porus's camp with all his horsemen and foot archers, leaving his phalanx to follow up behind. Upon meeting with young Porus's force, his horse archers showered the latter with arrows, while his heavy cavalry immediately charged
1213:
into line of battle. Young Porus also faced an unexpected disadvantage: his chariots were immobilized by the mud near the shore of the river. His small force was completely routed by
Alexander's outnumbering cavalry, and he died. As news reached the elder Porus, he understood that Alexander had
1258:
Alexander, noticing that Porus's disposition was strongest in the center, decided to attack with his cavalry first on the flanks, having his phalanx hold back until the Indian cavalry had been neutralized. The
Macedonian heavy infantry phalanx were outnumbered 1:5 against the Indian infantry.
1306:
Throughout the battle, Alexander is said to have observed with growing admiration the valour of Porus, and understood that Porus intended to die in combat rather than be captured. Hoping to save the life of such a competent leader and warrior, Alexander commanded
Taxiles to summon Porus for
1172:
Eventually, Alexander found and used a suitable crossing, about 27 km (17 mi) upstream of his camp. This was where an uninhabited, wood-covered island divided the river. While leading his troops across, he landed on the island, while his troops waded across. His plan was a classic
1181:, of 6,000 on foot and 5,000 on horseback, though it was probably larger. Craterus was ordered to either ford the river and attack if Porus faced Alexander with all his troops or to hold his position if Porus faced Alexander with only part of his army. The other forces commanded by
1201:
river. As a result, Porus, 'no longer expecting a sudden attempt under cover of darkness, was lulled into a sense of security.' Alexander mistakenly landed on an island, but soon crossed to the other side. Porus perceived his opponent's manoeuvre and sent a small cavalry and
1286:
and disorganizing their dense lines. Nevertheless, the
Macedonian infantry resisted the attack bravely, with light infantry who tossed javelins at the elephants' mahouts and eyes while the heavy infantry attempted to hamstring the elephants with the two-sided axes and
1377:
The main reasons for Porus's defeat were
Alexander's use of clever tactics, and the Macedonians' superior discipline and technology. The Indians used chariots which were inferior to the Greek's cavalry. They did not have a well supported military infrastructure or a
1342:
When asked by
Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king". Impressed, Alexander indeed treated him like a king, allowing him to retain his lands. Following the battle, Alexander founded two cities called
1294:
had been struck down by Macedonian missiles before they could kill their panicked mounts with poisoned rods, and hence the maddened animals wrought enormous havoc, trampling many of their own infantry and cavalry to death. Finally, the Macedonian
1303:" manoeuvre, putting the entire Indian army to rout. Meanwhile, Craterus and his force in the base camp had succeeded in crossing the river, and arriving just at the right moment proceed to conduct a thorough pursuit on the fleeing Indians.
1277:
was sent to attack their outnumbered Indian counterparts on the left wing, with Alexander himself leading the charge as was his habit. The rest of the Indian cavalry galloped to the aid of their hard-pressed kinsmen from the right wing, but
1197:
bluff and relaxed. On every visit to the site of the crossing, Alexander made a detour inland to maintain the secrecy of the plan. It was also reported that there was an Alexander look-alike who held sway in a mock royal tent near the base.
1290:. Meanwhile, the Indian horsemen attempted another sally, only to be repulsed once again by Alexander's cavalry squadrons, who had all massed together. The elephants were eventually repulsed and fled back to their own lines. Many of their
1099:. Whilst possessing a much larger army, at the battle, an estimated 40,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry crossed the river in time to engage the enemy. During this battle, Alexander suffered heavy losses compared to his earlier victories.
1214:
crossed to his side of the river and hastened to face him with the best part of his army, leaving behind a small detachment to disrupt the landing of Craterus's force should he attempt to cross the river.
1789:
The elephants of Puru's army were overwhelmed by the Greeks' horses in 326 BC on the left bank of the Hydaspes, a river - also known as the Jhelum or Jhelam - that is located in what is today Pakistan
1106:(modern-day Pir-Sar) along the way—a place of mythological significance to the Greeks as, according to legend, Herakles had failed to occupy it when he campaigned in India. Here, the Hindu clans of
1358:. His army, exhausted from the continuous campaigning and concerned at the prospect of facing yet another gigantic Indian army, demanded that they should return to the west. This happened at the
1242:
Eventually the two forces met and arrayed themselves for the battle. The Indians were poised with cavalry on both flanks, fronted by their chariots, while their center comprising infantry with
1205:
under his son, also named Porus, to fight them off, hoping that he would be able to prevent his crossing. By chance a storm occurred that night which drowned out the sounds of the crossing.
539:
1588:' courage, and stayed their further progress into India. For having found it hard enough to defeat an enemy who brought but twenty thousand foot and two thousand horse into the field..."
1110:
gave Alexander's army the toughest opposition they had faced, but Alexander still emerged victorious, despite being outnumbered, depending on the source, somewhere between 3:1 and 5:1.
1386:
of the Macedonians. Porus himself failed to take the initiative, mainly trying to counter his opponent's moves. Greek historians agree that Porus fought bravely until the end.
1347:, the latter at the site of the battle and named after the Greek for Victory, in commemoration of his success, and the former on the opposite bank to honour his faithful steed
2528:
1051:; Porus was reinstated as the region's ruler after Alexander, having developed a newfound respect for the fierce resistance put up by Porus and his army, appointed him as a
1318:
saw Diodorus's casualty figures of 1,000 men killed as more realistic. This was certainly a high figure for the victorious army, and more than the Macedonian losses at
1263:. Even their heavy armour-piercing bows were inaccurate because of the slippery ground, though the muddy ground was also an advantage to the lighter-armored Indians.
1102:
The primary Greek column entered the Khyber Pass, but a smaller force under the personal command of Alexander went through the northern route, taking the fortress of
481:
2503:
532:
497:
406:
1068:
1713:
1621:
525:
2498:
1246:
stationed every fifty feet in front of them, to deter the Macedonian cavalry. The Indian war elephants were heavily armoured and had castle-like
1036:
675:
48:
2518:
2508:
2376:
2291:
2163:
1512:
422:
445:
2438:
2215:
1696:
1606:
1230:
1741:
1259:
However the latter were at significant disadvantage in close combat due to their lack of armour and the long reach of their opponent's
56:
1397:
took the Battle of the Hydaspes as a lesson and highlighted the need for military training before battle. The first Mauryan emperor,
2397:
2355:
2320:
2197:
2179:
2106:
1994:
31:
2543:
1299:
locked their shields and advanced upon the confused enemy mass, while the Macedonian cavalry charged from the rear in a classic "
99:
2479:
461:
1382:. The Indian infantry and cavalry were poorly armoured, lacking in metal armour, and their swords were no match against the
1157:
570:
563:
760:
2533:
1186:
1060:
1048:
549:
169:
134:
2523:
2096:
1916:
855:
838:
643:
637:
1761:"Alexander the Great and the Indian Rajah Puru. Exoticism in a Metastasio Libretto As Set by Hasse and by Handel"
1410:
2548:
2297:
2279:
1130:
1040:
923:
906:
625:
1986:
Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy: The Timeless Leadership Lessons of History's Greatest Empire Builder
1401:, maintained a standing army. The chariot corps played a marginal role in Mauryan military infrastructure.
2337:
1091:
in 328 BC, he began a new campaign to further extend his empire towards India in 327 BC. After fortifying
974:
619:
607:
595:
1251:
tallest war elephant. This animal in particular was not equipped with a howdah, as the king was clad in
2423:
1344:
729:
1369:
722:
1310:
According to Arrian, Macedonian losses amounted to 80 foot soldiers, ten horse archers, twenty of the
2538:
65:
2347:
2153:
1585:
1398:
1319:
1064:
1020:
872:
715:
631:
502:
199:
1780:
1210:
1190:
1182:
821:
655:
649:
240:
230:
1911:
1330:
2393:
2372:
2351:
2316:
2287:
2159:
2102:
1990:
1772:
1508:
1502:
1311:
1274:
1222:
1080:
174:
2413:
1300:
1279:
1134:
1032:
957:
777:
700:
601:
582:
433:
427:
210:
2513:
2483:
2364:
1335:
1315:
1270:
1174:
1149:
1126:
940:
804:
682:
613:
576:
262:
220:
2442:
2492:
1390:
1379:
1243:
2476:
2462:
1355:
1235:
1166:
1063:, as it resulted in the exposure of Greek political and cultural influences to the
1028:
667:
325:
88:
2273:
Greek Warfare: From the Battle of Marathon to the Conquests of Alexander the Great
517:
17:
2387:
2341:
2310:
1984:
1547:
1476:
After more fierce combat Alexander's victory was complete and Porus surrendered.
1296:
1096:
215:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1252:
1138:
1107:
1088:
1047:
and captured Porus. Large areas of Punjab were subsequently absorbed into the
889:
661:
235:
152:
1776:
114:
101:
245:
225:
1467:
Several estimates include 200, 130 ("likeliest" according to Green), and 85
991:
2433:
1452:
1394:
1122:
1044:
466:
365:
313:
290:
205:
183:
178:
92:
1784:
1760:
1584:
Plutarch 62.1:"But this last combat with Porus took off the edge of the
1550:
6,000 foot and 5,000 horse were under Alexander's command in the battle.
1193:
were ordered to cross the river in various places during the manoeuvre.
1383:
1260:
1114:
1095:
with 10,000 men, Alexander commenced his invasion of India through the
1092:
319:
296:
250:
2120:
2118:
1255:
armour and hence had no need of the additional protection of a tower.
1121:. They combined their forces against Taxiles's neighbour, the King of
2450:
2039:
2037:
1456:
1430:
1291:
1247:
1178:
1118:
1103:
1084:
1052:
688:
380:
148:
1113:
In early spring of the next year, Alexander formed an alliance with
1963:
1961:
1559:
Fuller estimates a further 2,000 cavalry under Craterus's command.
1368:
1354:
In 326 BC, the army of Alexander approached the boundaries of the
1329:
1287:
1267:
1229:
1221:
1202:
1156:
1148:
1024:
331:
1338:
depicting Alexander and Porus during the Battle of the Hydaspes.
521:
2331:
Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness. New York: Random House
2198:"Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XVII, Chapter 89, section 3"
2180:"Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XVII, Chapter 89, section 2"
1742:"Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XVII, Chapter 89, section 1"
2389:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
2302:
Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography
2058:
Greek & Roman Warfare: Battles, Tactics, and Trickery
1728:, p. 199, "Diodorus' figures appear more realistic."
1039:. In what was possibly their most costly engagement, the
2135:
2133:
2234:
2232:
1875:
1873:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1314:
and 200 other horsemen. However the military historian
30:"Battle of Jhelum" redirects here. For other uses, see
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1899:. New York: Robert Carter & Brothers. p. 172.
1833:
1831:
1273:
to harass the Indian right-wing cavalry. His armoured
1736:
1734:
1133:, Porus's performance in the battle out-classed both
1027:
in May of 326 BCE. It took place on the banks of the
1848:
1846:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1238:
against Alexander's army, by Johannes van den Avele
1165:Alexander fixed his camp on the north banks of the
2155:Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500 BCE to 1740 CE
1616:
1614:
27:Part of the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
1936:
1934:
1161:Porus awaits the attack of Alexander July 326 BC.
1442:Several estimates give 20,000, 30,000 and 50,000
41:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1266:Alexander commenced the battle by sending his
488:
452:
413:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1580:
1578:
1538:
1536:
533:
8:
2284:Alexander of Macedon: A Historical Biography
1153:Alexander's crossing of the Hydaspes River.
540:
526:
518:
38:
1079:After Alexander defeated the last of the
1226:Combined attack of cavalry and infantry.
2060:. London: Greenhill Books. p. 154.
2016:
1493:
1433:, higher estimate include another 2,000
1422:
1351:, who died during or after the battle.
2529:Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations
2369:The Generalship of Alexander the Great
2139:
2082:
1910:Wasson, Donald L. (26 February 2014).
1879:
1864:
1725:
1507:. Ebury Publishing. pp. 129–131.
2504:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms
2070:
1978:
1976:
1890:
1888:
1852:
1837:
1813:
1632:
1527:
7:
1804:. Macdonald Phoebus Ltd, 1981, p. 66
1043:secured a decisive victory over the
2250:
2238:
1675:
1568:Harbottle, Thomas Benfield (1906).
1373:Defeat of Porus by the Macedonians.
2124:
2043:
2028:
1967:
1952:
1940:
1692:
1602:
1543:
25:
2304:. University of California Press.
2101:. Barnes & Noble Publishing.
1501:Graham Phillips (31 March 2012).
1067:, which would continue to affect
1035:province of Pakistan, as part of
32:Battle of Jhelum (disambiguation)
2098:Alexander the Great and His Time
1117:(local name Ambhi), the King of
973:
956:
939:
922:
905:
888:
871:
854:
837:
820:
803:
776:
759:
735:
728:
721:
487:
480:
451:
444:
412:
405:
55:
2439:The Life of Alexander the Great
2386:Roy, Kaushik (1 January 2004).
2499:Battles of Alexander the Great
2315:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1:
2371:. New Jersey: Da Capo Press.
2343:Age of the Nandas and Mauryas
1983:Bose, Partha (1 April 2004).
1389:During the later rule of the
62:Alexander the Great and Porus
2519:Wars involving ancient India
2509:Military history of Pakistan
2056:Montagu, John Drogo (2006).
1429:Lower estimate according to
2271:Brice, Lee L., ed. (2012).
1061:Wars of Alexander the Great
1037:Alexander's Indian campaign
151:, from the Hydaspes to the
49:Alexander's Indian campaign
2565:
2346:(Second ed.), Delhi:
1917:World History Encyclopedia
1897:History of the Macedonians
29:
2455:The Anabasis of Alexander
2428:Historiae Alexandri Magni
2325:– via Google Books.
2309:Kistler, John M. (2006).
2168:– via Google Books.
2111:– via Google Books.
1059:event with regard to the
559:
399:
340:
278:
189:
162:
71:
54:
46:
2453:(early 2nd century AD),
2127:, Book V, Chapter XVIII.
1989:. Penguin. p. 228.
1759:Locke, Ralph P. (2016).
147:Macedon annexes most of
2544:4th century BC in India
2482:14 October 2013 at the
2338:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta
2046:, Book V, Chapter XVII.
1071:for centuries to come.
2095:Savill, Agnes (1993).
2031:, Book V, Chapter XVI.
1955:, Book V, Chapter XIV.
1802:Greece and Rome At War
1648:54 (following Curtius)
1374:
1339:
1239:
1227:
1162:
1154:
1017:First Battle of Jhelum
1009:Battle of the Hydaspes
507:Show map of South Asia
386:20,000 infantry killed
354:230–280 cavalry killed
351:80–700 infantry killed
190:Commanders and leaders
42:Battle of the Hydaspes
2424:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2418:Bibliotheca Historica
2202:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2184:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2152:Roy, Kaushik (2015).
1970:, Book V, Chapter XV.
1895:Farr, Edward (1850).
1746:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1570:Dictionary of Battles
1455:, 4,000 according to
1372:
1345:Boukephala and Nikaia
1333:
1233:
1225:
1160:
1152:
1145:Pre-battle manoeuvres
1019:, was fought between
341:Casualties and losses
115:32.82778°N 73.63889°E
2392:. Orient Blackswan.
2329:Rogers, Guy (2004).
1912:"Battle of Hydaspes"
1765:Revue de Musicologie
1411:Seleucid–Mauryan war
1326:Aftermath and legacy
1001: current battle
498:class=notpageimage|
471:Show map of Pakistan
462:class=notpageimage|
423:class=notpageimage|
389:3,000 cavalry killed
66:Francesco Fontebasso
2348:Motilal Banarsidass
1504:Alexander The Great
1451:2,000 according to
1234:An imagined Indian
1065:Indian subcontinent
1031:in what is now the
1021:Alexander the Great
716:Alexander the Great
676:Indian subcontinent
552:Alexander the Great
503:Indian subcontinent
360:21,000–23,000 total
307:22,000–54,000 total
301:Asiatic contingents
284:45,000–47,000 total
111: /
2534:Seleucus I Nicator
1375:
1340:
1240:
1228:
1163:
1155:
1069:Greeks and Indians
120:32.82778; 73.63889
18:Battle of Hydaspes
2524:320s BC conflicts
2477:Hydaspes (Jhelum)
2378:978-0-306-80371-0
2292:978-0-520-07166-7
2253:, pp. 28–31.
2241:, pp. 23–28.
2165:978-1-315-74270-0
1825:Burn 1965, p. 150
1678:, pp. 19–23.
1514:978-0-7535-3582-0
1275:Companion cavalry
1081:Achaemenid Empire
1049:Macedonian Empire
710:
709:
516:
515:
170:Macedonian Empire
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
2556:
2458:
2414:Diodorus Siculus
2403:
2382:
2360:
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2242:
2236:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2212:
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2205:
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2187:
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2170:
2169:
2149:
2143:
2137:
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2122:
2113:
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2080:
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2041:
2032:
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2014:
2001:
2000:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1800:Peter Connolly.
1798:
1792:
1791:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1699:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1644:Curtius 8.13.6;
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1566:
1560:
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1525:
1519:
1518:
1498:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1301:hammer and anvil
1175:pincer manoeuvre
1135:Memnon of Rhodes
1083:'s forces under
1013:Battle of Jhelum
1000:
993:
987:
982:
977:
970:
965:
960:
953:
948:
943:
936:
931:
926:
919:
914:
909:
902:
897:
892:
885:
880:
875:
868:
863:
858:
851:
846:
841:
834:
829:
824:
817:
812:
807:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
773:
768:
763:
756:
751:
746:
739:
738:
732:
725:
701:Mallian campaign
554:
542:
535:
528:
519:
508:
501:Location within
491:
490:
484:
472:
465:Location within
455:
454:
448:
436:
434:Punjab, Pakistan
428:Pakistani Punjab
426:Location within
416:
415:
409:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
73:
72:
59:
39:
21:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2549:Ptolemy I Soter
2489:
2488:
2484:Wayback Machine
2473:
2449:
2410:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2358:
2340:, ed. (1988) ,
2336:
2323:
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2015:
2004:
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1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1932:
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1471:
1466:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1407:
1336:Charles Le Brun
1328:
1220:
1147:
1127:Porus the Elder
1077:
1041:Macedonian army
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
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917:
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895:
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886:
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764:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
740:
736:
733:
726:
718:
711:
706:
555:
551:
548:
546:
512:
511:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
494:
493:
492:
475:
474:
473:
470:
469:
464:
458:
457:
456:
439:
438:
437:
431:
430:
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419:
418:
417:
395:
392:
377:
361:
357:
347:
336:
308:
304:
285:
274:
255:
177:
175:Hellenic League
173:
143:
119:
117:
113:
110:
105:
102:
100:
98:
97:
96:
64:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2562:
2560:
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2551:
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2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2472:
2471:External links
2469:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2447:
2443:Parallel Lives
2431:
2421:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2361:
2356:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2306:
2294:
2277:
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2258:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2228:
2219:
2207:
2189:
2171:
2164:
2144:
2142:, p. 199.
2129:
2114:
2107:
2087:
2075:
2073:, p. 400.
2063:
2048:
2033:
2021:
2002:
1995:
1972:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1902:
1884:
1869:
1857:
1842:
1827:
1818:
1806:
1793:
1771:(2): 275–317.
1751:
1730:
1717:
1700:
1680:
1659:
1650:
1637:
1635:, p. 553.
1625:
1610:
1590:
1574:
1561:
1552:
1532:
1530:, p. 402.
1520:
1513:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1420:
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1415:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1334:A painting by
1327:
1324:
1219:
1216:
1146:
1143:
1076:
1073:
1029:Hydaspes River
1011:also known as
997:
996:
989:
984:
979:
972:
967:
962:
955:
950:
945:
938:
933:
928:
921:
916:
911:
904:
899:
894:
887:
882:
877:
870:
865:
860:
853:
848:
843:
836:
831:
826:
819:
814:
809:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
775:
770:
765:
758:
753:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
719:
714:
713:
712:
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707:
705:
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686:
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672:
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404:
403:
402:
401:
400:
397:
396:
394:
393:
391:
390:
387:
383:
378:
376:
375:
374:9,000 captured
372:
368:
362:
358:
356:
355:
352:
348:
343:
342:
338:
337:
335:
334:
328:
322:
316:
312:20,000–50,000
309:
305:
303:
302:
299:
293:
286:
281:
280:
276:
275:
273:
272:
269:
266:
258:
256:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
200:Alexandros III
195:
192:
191:
187:
186:
181:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
155:
145:
139:
138:
132:
128:
127:
89:Hydaspes River
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2561:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2399:9788178241098
2395:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:81-208-0465-1
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:9780275987619
2318:
2314:
2313:
2312:War Elephants
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:Rogers, p.200
2223:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2158:. Routledge.
2157:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:0-88029-591-0
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:9781592400539
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:, p. 57.
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:, p. 56.
1866:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:, p. 11.
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1816:, p. 81.
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:According to
1721:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:Plutarch 60.5
1654:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:According to
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:Maurya Empire
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:standing army
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:J.F.C. Fuller
1313:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1271:horse archers
1269:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1244:war elephants
1237:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1203:chariot force
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
992:
976:
959:
942:
925:
908:
891:
874:
857:
840:
823:
806:
779:
762:
731:
724:
717:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
673:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:Halicarnassus
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
568:
565:
562:
561:
558:
553:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
520:
504:
499:
483:
468:
463:
447:
435:
429:
424:
408:
398:
388:
385:
384:
382:
379:
373:
371:12,000 killed
370:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:
333:
329:
327:
326:war elephants
323:
321:
317:
315:
311:
310:
306:
300:
298:
294:
292:
288:
287:
283:
282:
277:
271:Sons of Porus
270:
267:
265:
264:
260:
259:
257:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
201:
197:
196:
194:
193:
188:
185:
182:
180:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
161:
154:
150:
146:
141:
140:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2463:Metz Epitome
2461:
2454:
2437:
2427:
2426:(60-70 AD).
2417:
2416:(90-30 BC).
2388:
2368:
2365:Fuller, John
2342:
2330:
2311:
2301:
2298:Green, Peter
2283:
2280:Green, Peter
2272:
2246:
2222:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2154:
2147:
2097:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2024:
2017:Kistler 2006
1985:
1948:
1921:. Retrieved
1915:
1905:
1896:
1860:
1821:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1745:
1720:
1653:
1646:Metz Epitome
1645:
1640:
1628:
1569:
1564:
1555:
1523:
1503:
1496:
1472:
1463:
1447:
1438:
1425:
1399:Chandragupta
1393:, tactician
1388:
1376:
1356:Nanda Empire
1353:
1341:
1309:
1305:
1284:
1265:
1257:
1241:
1236:war elephant
1207:
1199:
1195:
1171:
1167:Jhelum River
1164:
1112:
1101:
1078:
1057:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
828:Persian Gate
694:
668:Sogdian Rock
644:Persian Gate
638:Uxian Defile
571:Mount Haemus
550:Campaigns of
432:Show map of
346:~1,000 total
318:2,000–4,000
295:5,000–7,000
261:
198:
168:
163:Belligerents
91:(modern-day
61:
36:
2539:Khyber Pass
2275:. ABC-CLIO.
2140:Fuller 1960
2083:Sastri 1988
1880:Sastri 1988
1865:Sastri 1988
1726:Fuller 1960
1586:Macedonians
1572:. New York.
1297:pezhetairoi
1131:Peter Green
1097:Khyber Pass
216:Hephaestion
142:Territorial
118: /
79:May 326 BCE
2493:Categories
2214:Diodorus,
2071:Green 1991
1923:14 October
1853:Green 1991
1838:Brice 2012
1814:Brice 2012
1633:Green 1991
1620:Diodorus,
1528:Green 1991
1484:References
1349:Bucephalus
1312:Companions
1253:chain mail
1139:Spitamenes
1108:Hindu Kush
1089:Spitamenes
1075:Background
879:Alexandria
236:Lysimachus
135:Macedonian
106:73°38′20″E
103:32°49′40″N
2436:(75 AD).
1777:0035-1601
1712:Diodorus
1489:Citations
1320:Gaugamela
862:Gaugamela
811:Cyropolis
650:Cyropolis
632:Gaugamela
246:Peucestas
241:Demonicus
226:Perdiccas
2480:Archived
2434:Plutarch
2367:(1960).
2300:(1991).
2282:(1974).
2251:Roy 2004
2239:Roy 2004
1785:44739484
1676:Roy 2004
1453:Plutarch
1405:See also
1395:Kautilya
1362:(modern
1360:Hyphasis
1261:sarissas
1209:without
1183:Meleager
1123:Hydaspes
1045:Pauravas
964:Granicus
784:Hydaspes
745:820miles
703:(326 BC)
697:(326 BC)
695:Hydaspes
691:(326 BC)
685:(327 BC)
670:(327 BC)
664:(328 BC)
658:(329 BC)
656:Jaxartes
652:(329 BC)
646:(330 BC)
640:(331 BC)
634:(331 BC)
628:(332 BC)
622:(332 BC)
616:(333 BC)
610:(334 BC)
604:(334 BC)
598:(334 BC)
596:Granicus
585:(335 BC)
579:(335 BC)
573:(335 BC)
467:Pakistan
366:Diodorus
332:chariots
314:infantry
291:infantry
279:Strength
268:Spitakes
231:Seleucus
206:Craterus
184:Pauravas
179:Gandhara
153:Hyphasis
93:Pakistan
84:Location
47:Part of
2408:Ancient
2260:Sources
2216:17.89.2
1714:17.89.3
1622:17.87.2
1384:sarissa
1292:mahouts
1248:howdahs
1211:forming
1191:Gorgias
1187:Attalus
1115:Taxiles
1093:Bactria
947:Miletus
767:Malavas
750:Babylon
602:Miletus
564:Balkans
324:85–200
320:cavalry
297:cavalry
289:40,000
251:Taxiles
221:Ptolemy
144:changes
137:victory
2514:326 BC
2451:Arrian
2396:
2375:
2354:
2319:
2290:
2265:Modern
2162:
2125:Arrian
2105:
2044:Arrian
2029:Arrian
1993:
1968:Arrian
1953:Arrian
1941:Arrian
1783:
1775:
1693:Arrian
1603:Arrian
1544:Arrian
1511:
1457:Arrian
1431:Arrian
1280:Coenus
1218:Battle
1189:, and
1179:Arrian
1119:Taxila
1104:Aornos
1085:Bessus
1053:satrap
1033:Punjab
999:
845:Uxians
794:Cophen
743:1200km
689:Aornos
683:Cophen
590:Persia
583:Thebes
577:Pelium
381:Arrian
330:1,000
211:Coenus
149:Punjab
131:Result
1781:JSTOR
1417:Notes
1288:kopis
1268:Dahae
1025:Porus
1015:, or
981:Pella
930:Issus
662:Gabai
614:Issus
263:Porus
2394:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2103:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1925:2019
1773:ISSN
1697:5.18
1607:5.15
1548:5.14
1509:ISBN
1364:Beas
1137:and
1087:and
1023:and
1007:The
913:Tyre
896:Gaza
626:Gaza
620:Tyre
76:Date
1769:102
2495::
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541:e
534:t
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