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Dzungars had little choice but to fight. The terrain consisted of a small valley with the Terelj at the bottom surrounded by hills. Fighting off sharp shooters, Qing troops successfully seized the surrounding hills and gained a strategic position. They bombarded
Dzungar troops with their cannons and then advanced behind a wooden barricade. At noon, Galdan ordered all his troops to the center of the Qing advance, hoping to break their army. Although the Qing ordered dismounted cavalry into the fight, their center began to collapse. Suddenly, a detachment of Manchu cavalry hit the Dzungar camp from behind, capturing their supplies. As the Dzungars wavered, the Qing launched a massive counterattack supported by artillery. Galdan lost control of his troops, many of whom broke ranks and fled. Once encircled, the Dzungars were destroyed. Galdan's wife,
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34:
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168:
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The Kangxi
Emperor's victory at Jao Modo represented the first time the Qing military had successfully tamed warring tribes at its frontier. At the same time it ended Galdan's dreams of reviving a pan-Mongolian central Asian empire. Much of modern-day Mongolia fell under Qing dynasty control where
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The Kangxi
Emperor reached the Kherlen river on June 7, discovered Galdan had fled, and was forced to turn back due to dwindling supplies. On June 12, 1696, 5000 of Galdan's troops blundered into the Fiyanggu's western army at the upper Terelj river. Trapped between the Emperor's two armies, the
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to confront Galdan. A second army was under the command of
Fiyanggu, numbering 30,000 and to be reinforced with a further 10,000, was to trap Galdan, while a third, numbering 10,000, halted further to the east and would play no major part in the campaign.
456:
was killed by Qing artillery as she led a counterattack which enabled her husband to escape. Defeated, Galdan fled west to the Altai mountains with his remaining guard of 40 or 50 men but died of disease on April 4, 1697, near
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it would remain for the next 200 years. Although Galdan had been defeated, the
Dzungars were pushed to the western edges of the Qing dynasty where successive emperors would use Mongol allies, including Galdan's nephew
196:
407:, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) northwest of Beijing, where he and his army encamped for the next six years. In 1691, the three Khalkha rulers declared themselves Qing vassals at
474:, a long-time anti-Galdan Oirat chief who succeeded Galdan as the new Dzungar khan, to contain them until their ultimate defeat at the battles of Oroi-Jalatu and Khurungun in 1758.
316:(literally "Battle of the Hundred Trees"), was fought on June 12, 1696, on the banks of the upper Terelj river 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of the modern-day Mongolian capital
422:
Almost immediately, the Qing set about preparing the complex logistics necessary to support a planned 1696 expedition. This included procuring 1,333 carts, each carrying six
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336:(1687ā1758) effectively incorporated Khalkha Mongolia under Qing rule and relegated Dzungar Mongol forces to Inner Asia until they were finally defeated in 1758.
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and western
Dzungar-Oirat Mongols ultimately collapsed when in 1687 forces loyal to the Khalkha TĆ¼sheet Khan killed the brother of the Dzungar Mongol leader
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182:
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Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An
Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
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Haines, R Spencer (2015). "Myth, Misconception, and Motive for the
Dzungar Intervention in Khalkha Mongolia in the 17th Century".
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of grain. In March 1696, the Kangxi
Emperor departed Beijing, personally leading 80,000 Eight Banner and
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in battle as he attempted to support the rival
Zasaghtu Khalkha tribe. In defiance of orders from the
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Kychanov EI " Lords of Asia", Moscow: Publishing House of the " Eastern Literature ", RAN, 2004 .
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began preparations to defeat Galdan. After the Qing successfully lured Galdan's forces closer to
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Paper Presented at the Third Open Conference on Mongolian Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Motivated by the threat posed by a strong, unified Mongol state under Dzungar rule, the
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The Tea Road:China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe, pg. 110-, Martha Avery
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troops and 235 cannon on camel back on an 80-day trek northwest across the
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and nearly 20,000 Khalkha refugees to flee south into present day
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Map showing the Dzungar-Qing wars with the location of Jao Modo
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J. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads:A history of Xinjiang, pg. 91
661:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 189.
636:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 188.
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China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
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China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
332:. This decisive Qing victory in the early stages of the
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khans and merge the Khalkha forces into the Qing army.
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court to maintain an uneasy peace between the eastern
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The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe
415:and allowing the Qing to assume the mantle of the
497:. University of California Press. pp. 179ā.
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387:with promises of negotiating a peace treaty,
320:. A Dzungar-Mongol army under the command of
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494:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
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403:. Galdan managed to escape to the upper
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395:ambushed them in September 1690 at the
587:. The Australian National University.
41:en route to attack the Dzungar Khan,
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733:Battles involving the Qing dynasty
411:, ending the last remnants of the
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372:and seek the protection of the
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328:armies personally led by the
491:Rubie Sharon Watson (1991).
19:Battle of Jao Modo (Zuunmod)
292:ŠŃŃŠ½Š¼Š¾Š“-Š¢ŃŃŃŠ»Š¶ŠøŠ¹Š½ ŃŃŠ»Š°Š»Š“Š°Š°Š½
784:
748:Battles involving Mongolia
657:Perdue, Peter C. (2009).
632:Perdue, Peter C. (2009).
611:. ABC-CLIO. p. 542.
607:Nolan, Cathal J. (2008).
562:. Routledge. p. 75.
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703:. Springer. p. 25.
537:. äŗę“²ä¼ ęåŗēē¤¾. p. 110.
391:troops supported by the
701:The "One China" Dilemma
560:Modern History Mongolia
447:Armoured Kangxi Emperor
558:Bawden, C. R. (2013).
533:Martha, Avery (2003).
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118:Commanders and leaders
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397:Battle of Ulan Butung
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153:Casualties and losses
354:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
322:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
312:) also known as the
309:zhÄo mĆ² duÅ zhÄ« zhĆ n
134:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
43:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
763:Green Standard Army
428:Green Standard Army
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284:Battle of Jao Modo
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743:Conflicts in 1696
504:978-0-520-07124-7
334:DzungarāQing Wars
314:Battle of Zuunmod
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94:Belligerents
85:Qing victory
57:12 June 1696
432:Gobi Desert
318:Ulaanbaatar
261:Oroi-Jalatu
231:Ulan Butung
71:Ulaanbaatar
45:, in 1696..
727:Categories
544:7508503805
478:References
401:Liao River
340:Background
256:Erdene Zuu
221:Lake Olgoi
465:Aftermath
417:Genghisid
409:Dolon Nor
393:Qing army
366:Zanabazar
288:Mongolian
266:Khurungui
251:Hoton Nor
360:and the
236:Jao Modo
140:Strength
128:Sun Sike
75:Mongolia
62:Location
24:Part of
389:Khalkha
385:Beijing
350:Khalkha
296:Chinese
271:Khorgos
67:Zuunmod
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439:Battle
306::
304:pinyin
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148:30,000
145:50,000
82:Result
459:Khovd
300:ęč«å¤ä¹ę°
246:Tibet
161:8,000
158:2,000
705:ISBN
683:ISBN
663:ISBN
638:ISBN
613:ISBN
564:ISBN
539:ISBN
499:ISBN
346:Qing
326:Qing
282:The
54:Date
454:Anu
424:dan
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