1244:) to cover the three miles which were impassable to vehicles. These men, mostly conscripts in their fifties, each carried a 45-pound load and made the trip twice a night. This effort lasted for five nights. Three weeks later, 10 June, the steepest section was opened to vehicles, though they needed assistance from tractors to get up it. By the end of June the usual nightly convoy delivered 100 tons of supplies a night. Harry Levin in his diary entry, 7 June, says that 12 tons a night were getting through and he estimated that the city needed 17 tons daily. On 28 July he notes that during the first truce, 11 June to 8 July, 8,000 truckloads arrived. This remained the sole supply route for several months until the opening of the Valor Road (
918:
1278:, under United Nations control and not part of either the proposed Arab or Jewish states. Israel argued that the partition plan regarding Jerusalem was "null and void" due to the UN's "active relinquishing of responsibility in a critical hour" when the UN did not act to protect the city. The Arabs, who had been against Jerusalem's internationalization all along, felt similarly. The appointment of Dov Yosef as "Military Governor of the Occupied Area of Jerusalem" on 2 August closed the door on the possibility of Jerusalem being internationalized.
1501:, p. 116: "At the time, Ben-Gurion and the HGS believed that they had initiated a one-shot affair, albeit with the implication of a change of tactics and strategy on the Jerusalem front. In fact, they had set in motion a strategic transformation of Haganah policy. Nachshon heralded a shift from the defensive to the offensive and marked the beginning of the implementation of tochnit dalet (Plan D)—without Ben-Gurion or the HGS ever taking an in principle decision to embark on its implementation. "
934:
1189:
1175:
4 lb matzoth, 1.5 oz dried fruit, 0.5 lb meat and 0.5 lb matza flour. The meat cost one
Palestine pound per pound. On 12 May, water rationing was introduced. The ration was two gallons/person/day, of which four pints was drinking water. In June the weekly ration per person was 100 grams of wheat, 100 g beans, 40 g cheese, 100 g coffee or 100 g powdered milk, 160 g bread per day, 50 g margarine with one or two eggs for the sick. The
945:
263:
1162:
without being attacked. The supplies included 230 tons of flour and 800 pounds of chocolate. Two days later 300 trucks arrived in the Jewish enclave with 1,000 tons of supplies, also without incident. The third convoy on 20 April had a harder time. Consisting of 300 trucks with 2,000 Haganah and Irgun troops, the convoy battled all day to get through. Twenty trucks were knocked out, ten Jews were killed and 30 wounded. Also, during
252:
61:
926:
241:
229:
218:
199:
153:
1091:
977:. Ambushes by Palestinian Arab irregulars became more frequent and more sophisticated. The intention of the besieging forces was to isolate the 100,000 Jewish residents of the city from the rest of the Jewish inhabitants of Palestine and, in the case of the Jordanian forces, to capture East Jerusalem, including the
1239:
to secure the entrance to the road to
Jerusalem at Latrun. Work started on 18 May using bulldozers and several hundred quarrymen from Jerusalem. The major problem was a very steep section at the beginning of the ascent. After two weeks some supplies came through using mules and 200 men from the Home
1174:
Starting in early 1948, the Arab forces had severed the supply line to Jewish
Jerusalem. On 31 March, Dov Yosef introduced a draconian system of food rationing. The bread ration was 200 grams per person. The April Passover week ration per person was 2 lb potatoes, 2 eggs, 0.5 lb fish,
1161:
with a stockpile of 10,000 tons of supplies. He obtained 150 trucks from the Solel Boneh - Shelev
Transport Co-operative. A Haganah field force requisitioned a further 150 trucks with their drivers and conscripted 1,000 men as labourers. On 15 April 131 trucks with 550 tons of food reached the city
1179:
plant played an important role in
Jerusalem history at this time. When convoys bearing foodstuffs could not reach the city, the residents of Jerusalem went out to the fields to pick mallow leaves, which are rich in iron and vitamins. The Jerusalem radio station, Kol Hamagen, broadcast instructions
1129:
On 17 March a 16-vehicle convoy reached the city without incident. But the following week a two-mile long, 80-vehicle convoy came under attack, and five passengers were killed. Dov Yosef refers to a convoy being "wiped out", 27 March, but gives no details. Two days later a 60-vehicle convoy came
888:
During the period known as the First Truce, West
Jerusalem was supplied with food, ammunition, weapons and troops. Fighting did not resume during the remaining months of the 1948 war. Jerusalem was split between Israel and Jordan after the war, with Israel controlling West Jerusalem and Jordan
1180:
for cooking mallow. When the broadcasts were picked up in Jordan, they sparked victory celebrations. Radio Amman announced that the fact that the Jews were eating leaves, which was food for donkeys and cattle, was a sign that they were dying of starvation and would soon surrender.
1004:. In January 1948 the number of trucks supplying Jewish Jerusalem had fallen to thirty per day. By March the daily average number of trucks reaching Jerusalem was six. By the end of March it was clear that food supplies for civilians in Jewish Jerusalem would run out. On 1 April
1219:
forces were slow to intervene during the attack and help the ambushed Jews. After seven hours of fighting, the
British put an end to the standoff; by then 78 Jews (mostly unarmed medical personnel) had been killed, as was one British soldier.
964:
and Jewish
Jerusalem became increasingly difficult for Jewish vehicles. Arab forces tried to cut off the road to Jerusalem from the coastal plain, where the majority of the Jewish population resided. The Arabs blocked access to Jerusalem "at
1166:, there was a secret convoy that brought 1,500 Palmach soldiers into the city. After this Jewish Jerusalem was cut off from the outside world for seven weeks, with the exception of a dozen trucks which brought army supplies on 17 May.
1019:
One estimate of the size of the opposing forces at the beginning of March 1948 gives the Arabs 5,300 men in
Jerusalem and surrounding district, including 300 Iraqi irregulars and 60 Yugoslav Muslims. Jewish forces included the
973:," a narrow valley surrounded by Arab villages on hills on both sides. The breaking of the siege of Jerusalem and the annexation of the captured areas to the Jewish state became primary goals for the Israelis in the
2269:
328:
800:) administered by an international body. Fighting nevertheless immediately broke out in the city between Jewish and Arab militias, with bombings and other attacks being carried out by both sides.
2284:
1235:
in June. In Yosef's words, "by the time the first truce (11 June 1948) came it had already broken the siege." This alternative route had been conceived in April after the failure of
1259:
they launched two other attacks on Latrun, again without success and attacked several Arab villages to widen
Jerusalem corridor that was 2 km wide in the area of Latrun.
321:
815:
to Jerusalem, preventing essential supplies from reaching the Jewish population. This blockade was broken in mid-April of that year by Jewish militias who carried out
685:
740:
314:
1596:
2264:
996:, which stockpiled food and fuel. In January the Committee estimated 4,500 tons a month was needed. They were given 50,000 Palestine pounds credit with the
1268:
775:
1078:(both on 20 May), as well as the expulsion of the Jewish inhabitants of the Old City of Jerusalem. The defenders of the Jewish Quarter surrendered to the
2294:
1157:, Dov Yosef was given ÂŁ100,000 and Haganah authority to conscript as many men and trucks as he needed. He proceeded to assemble three large convoys at
442:
1016:
reported that a spokesman at a meeting of Arab military leaders in Damascus had announced that Jerusalem would be "strangled" by a blockade.
1913:
2289:
917:
1126:
accompanying a convoy were killed in a clash with the British Army. At the end of March the decision was taken to resist arms searches.
906:
31:
432:
2274:
2229:
1549:, p. 49: "If we had 10 Jewish rural settlements protecting it, instead of only three, the road would never have been closed."
2299:
1208:
1271:, which the Jews of Mandatory Palestine accepted and the Arabs of Mandatory Palestine and neighboring states rejected, was that
2125:
399:
1386:
1384:
989:
608:
542:
2279:
1272:
1010:
estimated that the Jewish population of Jerusalem required a minimum of 50 truckloads of supplies per week. On 3 April,
779:
394:
1600:
744:
52:
492:
953:
866:
437:
70:
974:
338:
1138:. A food convoy escorted by the Palmach reached the city on 6 April without casualties despite being ambushed at
1055:
At the same time a series of massive armoured convoys, involving hundreds of vehicles, forced their way through.
1287:
847:
820:
723:
559:
552:
547:
256:
482:
842:
had deployed in the area of the former British Mandate that was allotted to the Arab state, not entering the
1224:
838:
troops, launched several operations that aimed to take over the Arab side of the city. In the meantime, the
804:
710:
613:
365:
30:
This article is about the battle which took place between 1947 and 1948. For other sieges of Jerusalem, see
1052:, an offensive to clear the strategic hilltop villages along the last few miles of the road to Jerusalem.
1048:
In a tactical change from defensive to offensive action, in early April the Haganah was ordered to launch
568:
497:
1193:
355:
175:
1231:
and subsequently the morale of his forces collapsed. The end of the siege came with the opening of the
535:
1032:. In addition there was a Jewish Home Guard of 2,500, and 500 members of the dissident organisations,
933:
1660:
1204:
978:
870:
858:
690:
618:
587:
125:
1232:
1134:
and was forced to turn back with 17 Jews and 5 Arabs killed. Five captured vehicles were driven to
882:
756:
98:
35:
1188:
1910:
1343:
1302:
1200:
1122:
In addition there was the British ban on the carrying of weapons. On 17 March six members of the
1049:
940:
soldiers attack the San Simon monastery in Katamon, Jerusalem, April 1948 (battle reconstruction)
816:
808:
661:
382:
2249:
487:
885:
before the truce imposed by the United Nations on 11 June and successfully broke the blockade.
2225:
2185:
2177:
2121:
2102:
2094:
2034:
1252:
675:
523:
477:
427:
370:
2046:
1800:
1335:
1307:
944:
700:
680:
632:
594:
530:
449:
387:
377:
267:
245:
2117:
Jerusalem Embattled: A Diary of the City Under Siege, March 25th, 1948, to July 18th, 1948
1917:
1297:
1292:
1228:
1025:
925:
874:
827:
695:
654:
639:
625:
580:
573:
470:
463:
360:
187:
17:
1150:, "whose militiamen had repeatedly attacked", taking six hours to reach its destination.
1987:
1215:. The British had provided no escort (as they had in previous months) and both they and
2245:
1659:, p. 100: "a few convoys" got through between 3 and 9 April during the battle for
1256:
1029:
862:
851:
504:
420:
413:
222:
131:
121:
2087:
2258:
1347:
1139:
985:
831:
705:
456:
406:
191:
2215:
1706:
reported that 178 trucks reached Jerusalem 13 April. This appears to be inaccurate.
1212:
1071:
1037:
1012:
60:
2219:
2174:
A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel
2115:
1082:
on 28 May 1948, this leading to the forced evacuation of all Jewish inhabitants.
1223:
According to Dov Yosef the turning point of Operation Nachshon was the death of
1079:
1063:
839:
66:
1339:
1143:
1095:
970:
2160:
2082:
2006:
1393:, pp. 180–263, Chapter 5, "The Pan-Arab Invasion, 15 May—11 June 1948".
1158:
1102:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
960:
Following the outbreak of disturbances at the end of 1947, the road between
768:
233:
94:
2189:
2106:
1574:
Patmos Publishers, London. No date. Introduction dated June 1949. Page 31.
1075:
961:
812:
306:
1216:
1147:
1123:
1090:
1021:
949:
937:
179:
167:
1742:, p. 102: 3 killed and six trucks destroyed. "Can still be seen.”
1326:
Emmanuel Sivan (1993). "To Remember Is to Forget: Israel's 1948 War".
1205:
the Jewish attack on the Arab village of Deir Yassin west of Jerusalem
1934:
1131:
1059:
966:
902:
881:
to free the road to the city but without success; they then built an
878:
764:
760:
203:
158:
1881:
873:, following which the population was expelled and fighters taken as
861:
to order the Arab Legion to intervene. Jordanian forces deployed in
2208:
Nine Measures: The Battles for Jerusalem in the War of Independence
2199:
Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948
1187:
1176:
1135:
1089:
1067:
1033:
835:
752:
171:
1911:
Fighting Jack Churchill survived a wartime odyssey beyond compare
2098:
1489:, pp. 132, 133: Quoting a report by Shaltiel to Haganah HQ.
898:
748:
2181:
2165:
Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos
857:
Israeli victories against the Arab militias in the city pushed
310:
1203:
south of Jerusalem left 15 Jews dead. In April, shortly after
1935:"Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post"
1109:
The lack of heavy war equipment such as planes and artillery.
1058:
The fighting led to the evacuation of the Jewish villages of
1028:
of 1,200 with another 1,200 second line troops, commanded by
1207:
which caused many civilian casualties, Arab forces attacked
1105:
listed the problems faced in relieving Jewish Jerusalem as:
1683:
1681:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1359:
1357:
1209:
a Jewish medical convoy on its way to Hadassah Hospital
1470:
1468:
1466:
1227:
on 8 April. 30,000 people attended his funeral at the
1201:
convoy returning from the Gush Etzion settlement block
1142:
by a force of "150 Arabs ... joined by 80 Arabs from
901:
population, Jerusalem held special importance to the
877:
to Jordan. Israeli forces launched three assaults on
889:
controlling East Jerusalem along with the Old City.
2270:
Battles and operations of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
1460:, p. 22: beginning of March "only three weeks”
2086:
1251:In late May and early June the Israelis launched
803:Beginning in February 1948, Arab militias under
776:1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
2221:1948: The History of the First Arab-Israeli War
2089:The Faithful City: The Siege of Jerusalem, 1948
45:
2248:, Jerusalem 1948, History of an Irgun Fighter
27:1947–1948 battle in the First Arab–Israeli War
2031:A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
1192:Convoy arriving in Jerusalem, 23 April 1948,
1098:seen from the Arab Legion positions at Latrun
322:
8:
2151:Collins, Larry; LaPierre, Dominique (1972).
1486:
921:Arabs attack the commercial center 2.12.1947
1269:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
1146:." It also survived a second road block at
785:
2285:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
329:
315:
307:
42:
1510:
1448:, p. 153: 20 April 4 weeks supplies
943:
932:
924:
916:
1318:
1094:View of the road to Jerusalem entering
1898:
1632:
1522:
1498:
1390:
1375:
1363:
1253:several assaults on the Latrun salient
826:On 14 May and the following days, the
2061:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1715:
1699:
1687:
1672:
1656:
1644:
1583:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1474:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
767:, fight for control over the city of
7:
2250:Besieged History of an Irgun Fighter
2224:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2020:, p. 52, quoting Medzini, Meron
2017:
2002:
1871:, p. 148: Ration issued 11 June
1409:
2265:Jerusalem in the 1948 Palestine war
2172:Kimche, Jon; Kimche, David (1960).
907:"religious and nationalist" reasons
865:, fought the Israelis and took the
1118:No Jewish settlements in the area.
929:Bomb attack by Irgun on 29.12.1947
25:
2295:1948 in the West Bank Governorate
913:Blockade at Latrun and Bab al-Wad
1803:. Zionism-israel.com. 1947-11-29
1599:. Palmach.org.il. Archived from
956:after its inhabitants' expulsion
261:
250:
239:
227:
216:
197:
151:
59:
2167:. New York: Three Rivers Press.
2155:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1328:Journal of Contemporary History
1115:The density of Arab population.
1282:Associated military operations
759:, and later the militaries of
34:. For the battle in 1917, see
1:
1066:(18 May) near Jerusalem, and
990:Jerusalem Emergency Committee
883:alternative road to Jerusalem
2146:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1255:but without success. During
848:massively garrisoning Latrun
128:fall under Jordanian control
99:British Mandate of Palestine
85:December 1947 – 18 July 1948
2290:1948 in Mandatory Palestine
1754:, p. 83: "294 trucks."
1199:On 27 March an attack on a
1184:End of the siege and truces
513:Central and Jerusalem front
134:falls under Israeli control
2316:
2142:Carlson, John Roy (1951).
2050:, 9 February 1953. page 20
2033:Indiana University Press.
1340:10.1177/002200949302800207
1112:The nature of the terrain.
897:Aside from having a large
298:Up to 600 civilians killed
29:
18:Battle of Jerusalem (1948)
1882:"Don't Leave These Alone"
1597:"records seventeen names"
741:1947–1948 civil war phase
348:
290:
273:
209:
144:
77:
58:
50:
2275:Battles involving Jordan
2210:(in Hebrew). Ma'arachot.
2197:Levenberg, Haim (1993).
2176:. Frederick A. Praeger.
1487:Kimche & Kimche 1960
1288:Battles of Latrun (1948)
778:, Jerusalem was to be a
257:Abd al-Qader al-Husseini
2300:Sieges involving Israel
2052:retrieved 16 July 2011.
2037:retrieved 16 July 2011.
1993:. 2003. 17 July 2011.
1623:. 1 & 2 April 1948.
1572:The Siege of Jerusalem.
1263:United Nations position
1225:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
834:brigades, supported by
805:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
745:1947–1949 Palestine war
286:500 Palestinian militia
73:of Jerusalem, May 1948.
53:1947–1949 Palestine war
2206:Levi, Yitzhak (1986).
2144:From Cairo to Damascus
2114:Levin, Harry (1997) .
2093:. Simon and Schuster.
2005:, p. 51, quoting
1196:
1099:
957:
941:
930:
922:
739:took place during the
282:6,000 Jordanian troops
210:Commanders and leaders
1920:, Robert Barr Smith,
1273:Jerusalem would be a
1191:
1093:
984:In December 1947 the
975:1948 Arab–Israeli War
947:
936:
928:
920:
340:1948 Arab–Israeli War
291:Casualties and losses
284:2,000 Egyptian troops
2201:. London: Routledge.
1978:, pp. 236, 273.
1922:World War II History
1778:, pp. 102, 105.
859:Abdullah I of Jordan
737:Battle for Jerusalem
401:Death to the Invader
46:Battle for Jerusalem
2280:Sieges of Jerusalem
2120:. London: Cassell.
1991:The Knesset Website
1966:, pp. 155–156.
1954:, pp. 100–101.
1002:Hamashbir Hamerkazi
757:Mandatory Palestine
433:Separation Corridor
36:Battle of Jerusalem
1916:2013-09-17 at the
1647:, pp. 49, 52.
1303:Operation Nachshon
1197:
1100:
1050:Operation Nachshon
1044:Operation Nachshon
958:
942:
931:
923:
817:Operation Nachshon
718:Biological warfare
543:Jerusalem Old City
32:Siege of Jerusalem
2136:Secondary sources
2029:Tessler, Mark A.
1835:, pp. 88–91.
1675:, pp. 40–41.
1561:, pp. 98–99.
1412:, pp. 48–51.
1153:To coincide with
821:Operation Maccabi
732:
731:
305:
304:
296:700 military dead
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
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2235:
2211:
2202:
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2168:
2156:
2147:
2131:
2110:
2092:
2065:
2059:
2053:
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2038:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1988:"Jerusalem Day."
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1801:"Food rationing"
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1707:
1702:, p. 101a;
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1373:
1367:
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1352:
1351:
1323:
1308:Operation Yevusi
1275:corpus separatum
1130:under attack at
1000:'s wholesalers,
875:prisoners of war
844:corpus separatum
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
781:corpus separatum
343:
341:
331:
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268:John Bagot Glubb
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246:Abdullah el Tell
244:
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164:Before May 1948:
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2076:Primary sources
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2024:
2016:
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1918:Wayback Machine
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1298:Operation Kedem
1293:Operation Danny
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1229:Haram al-Sharif
1186:
1172:
1088:
1046:
1026:Etzioni Brigade
915:
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188:Etzioni Brigade
186:
184:After May 1948:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:
152:
150:
115:
101:
64:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2246:Yehuda Lapidot
2241:
2240:External links
2238:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2169:
2157:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2111:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2064:, p. 319.
2054:
2039:
2022:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1926:
1903:
1901:, p. 128.
1891:
1873:
1861:
1859:, p. 142.
1849:
1847:, p. 150.
1837:
1825:
1813:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1766:, p. 132.
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
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1690:, p. 101.
1677:
1665:
1649:
1637:
1635:, p. 130.
1625:
1613:
1588:
1576:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1525:, p. 217.
1515:
1513:, p. 187.
1511:Levenberg 1993
1503:
1491:
1479:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1395:
1380:
1378:, p. 218.
1368:
1366:, p. 197.
1353:
1334:(2): 341–359.
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1264:
1261:
1257:Operation Dani
1185:
1182:
1171:
1170:Food rationing
1168:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1087:
1084:
1045:
1042:
1030:David Shaltiel
954:Jewish Quarter
914:
911:
894:
891:
867:Jewish Quarter
863:East Jerusalem
852:West Jerusalem
795:separated body
730:
729:
727:
726:
724:Cast Thy Bread
714:
713:
711:Arab al-Mawasi
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
666:
665:
658:
645:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
611:
609:Kinarot Valley
603:Northern front
600:
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351:Southern front
349:
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319:
311:
303:
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288:
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236:
223:David Shaltiel
212:
211:
207:
206:
194:
147:
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142:
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138:
137:
136:
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132:West Jerusalem
129:
122:East Jerusalem
117:
111:
110:
107:
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93:
91:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
71:Jewish Quarter
69:besieging the
56:
55:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2231:9780300126969
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:Morris, Benny
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
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2170:
2166:
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2149:
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2123:
2119:
2118:
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2100:
2096:
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2079:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
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1904:
1900:
1895:
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1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1823:, p. 34.
1822:
1817:
1814:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:, p. 34.
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1718:, p. 77.
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1666:
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1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1603:on 2012-06-01
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1586:, p. 20.
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1537:, p. 99.
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1477:, p. 98.
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1436:, p. 80.
1435:
1430:
1427:
1424:, p. 26.
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
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1400:
1396:
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1247:
1243:
1242:Mishmar Ha'am
1238:
1234:
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1226:
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1190:
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1097:
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1083:
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1069:
1065:
1062:(17 May) and
1061:
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1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
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991:
987:
986:Jewish Agency
982:
980:
976:
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968:
963:
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951:
946:
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935:
927:
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829:
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664:
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659:
657:
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652:
651:
650:
649:
648:International
643:
642:
638:
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635:
631:
629:
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610:
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541:
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469:
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462:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:
448:
444:
443:Naval battles
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
419:
417:
416:
412:
410:
409:
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398:
396:
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369:
367:
366:Yad Mordechai
364:
362:
359:
357:
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342:
332:
327:
325:
320:
318:
313:
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309:
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295:
294:
289:
281:
279:10,000 troops
278:
277:
272:
269:
258:
247:
237:
235:
224:
214:
213:
208:
205:
195:
193:
192:Harel Brigade
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
149:
148:
143:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
113:
112:
108:
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104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
57:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2220:
2207:
2198:
2173:
2164:
2152:
2143:
2116:
2088:
2071:Bibliography
2057:
2047:
2042:
2030:
2025:
2013:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1939:fr.jpost.com
1938:
1929:
1924:, July 2005.
1921:
1906:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1668:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1591:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1371:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1274:
1267:Part of the
1266:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:"Burma Road"
1222:
1213:Mount Scopus
1198:
1173:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1128:
1121:
1101:
1072:Beit HaArava
1057:
1054:
1047:
1018:
1013:The Scotsman
1011:
1005:
992:, headed by
983:
959:
896:
887:
856:
854:once again.
850:to blockade
843:
825:
809:the corridor
802:
780:
773:
755:militias in
736:
734:
717:
716:
669:
668:
660:
653:
647:
646:
640:
633:
626:
619:
614:al-Malikiyya
602:
601:
595:
588:
581:
574:
560:
553:
536:
524:
518:
512:
511:
505:
471:
464:
457:
450:
421:
414:
407:
400:
388:
371:
350:
183:
163:
145:Belligerents
51:Part of the
40:
2153:O Jerusalem
1899:Morris 2008
1730:, 21 April.
1633:Morris 2008
1523:Morris 2008
1499:Morris 2008
1391:Morris 2008
1376:Morris 2008
1364:Morris 2008
1194:Erev Pesach
1140:Dir Muhsein
1080:Arab Legion
1064:Neve Yaakov
988:set up the
840:Arab Legion
765:Transjordan
691:Al-Dawayima
483:Bir Thamila
428:Beit Hanoun
204:Transjordan
114:Territorial
67:Arab Legion
2259:Categories
2161:Gold, Dore
2127:030433765X
2083:Yosef, Dov
2062:Yosef 1960
1976:Levin 1997
1964:Yosef 1960
1952:Yosef 1960
1869:Yosef 1960
1857:Levin 1997
1845:Yosef 1960
1833:Levin 1997
1821:Levin 1997
1807:2013-06-07
1788:Yosef 1960
1776:Yosef 1960
1764:Yosef 1960
1752:Levin 1997
1740:Yosef 1960
1716:Levin 1997
1700:Yosef 1960
1688:Yosef 1960
1673:Yosef 1960
1657:Yosef 1960
1645:Levin 1997
1607:2013-06-07
1584:Levin 1997
1559:Yosef 1960
1547:Levin 1997
1535:Yosef 1960
1475:Yosef 1960
1458:Levin 1997
1446:Yosef 1960
1434:Yosef 1960
1422:Yosef 1960
1314:References
1144:Abu Shushe
1096:Bab al-Wad
971:Bab al-Wad
950:plundering
807:blockaded
774:Under the
356:Kfar Darom
2018:Gold 2004
2007:Abba Eban
2003:Gold 2004
1728:The Times
1704:The Times
1621:The Times
1410:Gold 2004
1348:159829336
1159:Bilu Camp
1103:Dov Yosef
1074:near the
1007:The Times
998:Histadrut
994:Dov Yosef
769:Jerusalem
747:. It saw
670:Massacres
561:Bin Nun B
554:Bin Nun A
519:Jerusalem
438:Beersheba
234:Dov Yosef
109:Stalemate
95:Jerusalem
2218:(2008).
2163:(2004).
2099:60-10976
2085:(1960).
1914:Archived
1237:Nachshon
1164:Nachshon
1155:Nachshon
1076:Dead Sea
979:Old City
962:Tel Aviv
893:Overview
871:Old City
813:Tel Aviv
676:Al-Kabri
662:Velvetta
383:Nitzanim
274:Strength
126:Old City
124:and the
90:Location
2190:1348948
2182:60-6996
1886:Haaretz
1240:Guard (
1217:Palmach
1148:Kolonia
1124:Palmach
1086:Convoys
1022:Haganah
952:of the
938:Palmach
869:of the
828:Etzioni
789:
743:of the
701:Eilabun
681:Tantura
537:Yitzhak
525:Kilshon
478:Hill 86
372:Pleshet
301:Unknown
180:Palmach
168:Haganah
116:changes
2228:
2188:
2180:
2124:
2107:266413
2105:
2097:
2035:p. 323
1661:Kastel
1346:
1177:mallow
1060:Atarot
967:Latrun
903:Yishuv
899:Jewish
879:Latrun
761:Israel
749:Jewish
696:Safsaf
634:Shoter
596:Ha-Har
548:Latrun
531:Gesher
451:Shmone
389:An-Far
159:Israel
156:
106:Result
1344:S2CID
1136:Ramle
1132:Hulda
1068:Kalya
1034:Irgun
948:Arab
836:Irgun
832:Harel
811:from
686:Lydda
655:Balak
641:Hiram
627:Dekel
620:Namel
589:Yoram
582:Kedem
575:Danny
569:Jenin
498:Rafah
493:Sinai
488:'Auja
472:Horev
465:Assaf
378:Negba
361:Nirim
172:Irgun
2226:ISBN
2186:OCLC
2178:LCCN
2122:ISBN
2103:OCLC
2095:LCCN
2048:LIFE
1070:and
1038:Lehi
1036:and
969:and
905:for
846:but
830:and
819:and
786:lit.
763:and
753:Arab
751:and
735:The
706:Hula
506:Uvda
422:Yoav
415:Avak
176:Lehi
82:Date
65:The
1336:doi
1248:).
1211:on
1024:'s
458:Lot
408:GYS
2261::
2184:.
2101:.
1937:.
1884:.
1680:^
1465:^
1398:^
1383:^
1356:^
1342:.
1332:28
1330:.
1040:.
981:.
909:.
823:.
771:.
97:,
2234:.
2192:.
2130:.
2109:.
1941:.
1888:.
1810:.
1663:.
1610:.
1350:.
1338::
798:'
792:'
784:(
330:e
323:t
316:v
38:.
20:)
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