425:
upstream from the Wei army's location. They cut down and bundled together large quantities of reeds from the river to make big rafts, and sent them afloat down the river towards the pontoon bridges. The reeds were set on fire, therefore burning down the pontoon bridges to a crisp. The Wu forces then
299:
After Sun Quan defeated Liu Bei around
October 222 at the Battle of Xiaoting, Cao Pi began to make plans on taking advantage on Sun Quan, despite opposition from Liu Ye. Wei troops were mobilised in late October or November 222, and Cao Pi repeatedly requested Sun Quan to send his firstborn son to
408:, whose forces were shut inside the city. Zhu Ran also had to face the task of keeping order within the city. For example, when the city was running low on its water supply, some civilians and soldiers tried to surrender to Wei by opening the gates, but Zhu Ran put an end to the plot.
429:
The conflict would go on six months well into April 223 before a plague broke out in the Wei camp, causing the Wei forces to withdraw from the siege in defeat. By early summer 223, Cao Pi had already returned to the capital at
Luoyang.
391:
was in control of a very low number of troops. Quickly, the Wei forces overran the Wu forces at Nan
Commandery, after Zhang He defeated Sun Sheng (孫盛). The Wei forces then made way to assist the main army's siege of Jiangling County.
295:
suggested to his lord to attack Sun Quan while the latter was fighting Liu Bei, but Cao Pi rejected the proposal because he needed Sun Quan's submissive posture to solidify his authority as the legitimate founder of a new dynasty.
167:
589:(姚泰). On seeing that Jiangling's defenders were outnumbered by Wei forces, and supplies in the fortress were running low, he attempted to collaborate with the enemy. However his plot was discovered and he was killed.
355:
When the armies were moving onto Wu, Sun Quan tried to arrange diplomatic agreements between himself and Wei, but they were all rejected. The only other choice was to send an envoy to Liu Bei, which succeeded.
160:
300:
Wei as a hostage, prompting Sun Quan to send a humble letter of apology. However, Sun Quan could not agree on sending his son to Cao Pi, which ended the peace negotiations and started the war.
359:
The first objective of the Wei forces was to attack and capture Nan
Commandery, which would open up the opportunity to capture Jiangling. The forces of Wei were dispatched from possibly
153:
419:
said: "The Wei army's prowess was formidable at the beginning, and the river waters were shallow, so we could not match them at first." Pan Zhang then ordered his men to move to 50
267:. It spanned a period of about six months from October 222 to April 223. Of the three fronts, the most critical Wei attacks were concentrated against the Wu fortress at Jiangling.
291:
and established the state of Wei. As such, Sun Quan nominally became a vassal under Wei, but actually operated his Wu regime independently like he used to. Cao Pi's adviser
411:
However, the position where the Wei forces set up the pontoon bridges was too exposed to be maintained by the Wei forces. Soon, another batch of Wu reinforcements led by
1135:
1103:
667:
recorded that the Battle of
Jiangling took place between the 9th month of the 3rd year and the 2nd month of the 4th year of the Huangchu era of
1182:
260:
177:
953:(五年，幸广陵泗口，命荆、扬州诸军并进。会群臣，问：“权当自来不？”咸曰：“陛下亲征，权恐怖，必举国而应。又不敢以大众委之臣下，必自将而来。”晔曰：“彼谓陛下欲以万乘之重牵己，而超越江湖者在於别将，必勒兵待事，未有进退也。”大驾停住积日，权果不至，帝乃旋师。)
763:(秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。權遣呂範等督五軍，以舟軍拒休等，諸葛瑾、潘璋、楊粲救南郡，朱桓以濡須督拒仁。時揚、越蠻夷多未平集，內難未弭，故權卑辭上書，求自改厲，"若罪在難除，必不見置，當奉還土地民人。)
400:
The forces led by Zhang He immediately used the south side of the
Yangtze below Jiangling County and the north banks to build
228:
1087:
201:
387:
in case of any required backup. At this time, it was very critical and uneasy for the Wu forces, since the commander,
1036:
1034:
540:
443:
315:
60:
287:
of 221–222, Sun Quan sent his envoys with gifts to relate his wish to submit to Cao Pi, who in 220 ended the
1192:
548:
292:
1112:
684:
recorded that many
Eastern Wu soldiers were affected by disease. Only about 5,000 men were able to fight.
211:
978:
976:
1172:
288:
284:
1099:
671:'s reign. This period corresponds to 23 October 222 to 17 April 223 in the Gregorian calendar.
439:
364:
307:
191:
1111:(internet ed.). Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. Archived from
1177:
593:
339:
248:
206:
145:
64:
855:
853:
401:
1105:
Generals of the South: The foundation and early history of the Three
Kingdoms state of Wu
1152:
384:
331:
244:
68:
28:
1166:
335:
56:
1187:
484:
379:
attacked
Jiangling County, as Cao Pi moved a supporting force from the Wei capital
372:
323:
1130:
1147:
240:
99:
1082:
626:
618:
421:
416:
412:
360:
556:
514:
506:
468:
376:
368:
327:
319:
280:
264:
118:
1020:
1018:
579:
405:
388:
380:
311:
303:
276:
236:
126:
94:
668:
532:
476:
256:
111:
446:
also ended in failure for the Wei side and they withdrew as well.
252:
438:
During the time of the withdrawal from
Jiangling, the battles at
247:
period of China. The battle, which took place around present-day
149:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
342:
of his reign, and formally declared independence from Wei.
338:. In November 222, Sun Quan adopted Huangwu (黃武) as the
1102:(2004). "Chapter Seven: Claim to the Mandate 222-229".
1040:(魏將夏侯尚等圍南郡。分前部三萬人作浮橋，渡百里洲上。諸葛瑾、楊粲並會兵赴救，未知所出，而魏兵日渡不絕。)
995:(江陵令姚泰領兵備城北門，見外兵盛，城中人少，穀食慾盡。因與敵交通，謀為內應。垂發，事覺，然治戮泰。)
460:
Forces attacking Jiangling County and Nan Commandery
326:
were put in charge of taking Jiangling (present-day
750:(備軍敗退，吳禮敬轉廢，帝欲興眾伐之，曄以為「彼新得志，上下齊心，而阻帶江湖，必難倉卒。」帝不聽。)
21:
659:
657:
655:
482:Senior General Who Attacks the South (征南大將軍)
161:
16:Battle between states of Wei and Wu (222-223)
8:
1136:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
914:(秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。)
787:
785:
776:
738:
426:executed a counterattack on the Wei forces.
966:(與夏侯尚圍江陵，使聘別屯沔口，止石梵，自當一隊，御賊有功，遷後將軍，封新野侯。)
404:to cut off supplies from the Wu commander
255:, was an integral part of the Wei emperor
168:
154:
146:
18:
603:(蒋壹). Killed in battle at Nan Commandery.
466:Senior General of the Upper Army (上軍大將軍)
897:
895:
791:(... 召郃與真並朝許宮，遣南與夏侯尚擊江陵。郃別督諸軍渡江，取洲上屯塢。)
843:(便將所領，到魏上流五十里，伐葦數百萬束，縛作大筏，欲順流放火，燒敗浮橋。)
697:
651:
235:) was fought between the forces of the
55:Western banks and middle region of the
616:General Who Pacifies the North (平北將軍)
577:General Who Attacks the North (征北將軍)
7:
1053:(吳錄曰：曹真、夏侯尚等圍硃然於江陵，又分據中州，瑾以大兵為之救援。)
1008:((蒋钦)子壹封宣城侯，领兵拒刘备有功，还赴南郡，与魏交战，临陈卒。)
804:(魏遣曹真、夏侯尚、張郃等攻江陵，魏文帝自住宛，為其勢援，連屯圍城。)
704:
554:General Who Attacks Rebels (討逆將軍)
80:Cao Wei retreat; overall stalemate
14:
901:(贼两头并前，官兵一道引去，不时得泄，将军石建、高迁仅得自免。)
927:(帝自許昌南征，諸軍兵並進，權臨江拒守。十一月辛丑，行幸宛。)
179:Cao Pi's invasions of Eastern Wu
232:
1:
1183:Battles of the Three Kingdoms
1088:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1070:(權將諸葛瑾與尚軍對江，瑾渡入江中渚，而分水軍於江中。)
571:Defending forces in Jiangling
524:Supporting forces at Wancheng
330:City, Hubei), the capital of
43:
817:(諸葛瑾、楊粲並會兵赴救，未知所出，而魏兵日渡不絕。)
940:(大駕幸宛，征南大將軍夏侯尚等攻江陵，未拔。...)
585:Prefect of Jiangling (江陵令)
512:General of the Right (右將軍)
415:and Yang Can (楊粲) arrived.
350:
1209:
885:(黃初三年，車駕幸宛，使尚率諸軍與曹真共圍江陵。)
624:General of the Left (左將軍)
504:General of the Left (左將軍)
982:(權遣將軍孫盛督萬人備州上，立圍塢，為然外救。)
306:was ordered by Cao Pi to
187:
132:
105:
88:
35:
26:
22:Battle of Jiangling (223)
27:Part of the wars of the
830:(璋曰："魏勢始盛，江水又淺，未可與戰。")
243:dynasties in the early
115:(stationed in Wancheng)
46:October 222 – April 223
872:(上軍大將軍曹真征硃然於江陵，毗行軍師。)
546:Palace Attendant (侍中)
538:Palace Attendant (侍中)
474:Palace Attendant (侍中)
314:was entrusted to take
263:against the Wu leader
261:three-pronged campaign
106:Commanders and leaders
122:(frontline commander)
859:(與夏侯尚等征孫權，擊牛渚屯，破之。)
716:(時然城中兵多腫病，堪戰者裁五千人。)
777:de Crespigny (2004)
739:de Crespigny (2004)
289:Eastern Han dynasty
225:Battle of Jiangling
1100:de Crespigny, Rafe
396:Siege of Jiangling
285:Battle of Xiaoting
1024:(權遣潘璋、楊粲等解而圍不解。)
351:Wei's advancement
220:
219:
144:
143:
123:
116:
84:
83:
1200:
1157:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1006:
1000:
993:
987:
980:
971:
964:
958:
951:
945:
938:
932:
925:
919:
912:
906:
899:
890:
883:
877:
870:
864:
857:
848:
841:
835:
828:
822:
815:
809:
802:
796:
789:
780:
774:
768:
761:
755:
748:
742:
736:
721:
714:
708:
702:
685:
678:
672:
661:
598:
249:Jiangling County
234:
182:
180:
170:
163:
156:
147:
121:
114:
45:
37:
36:
19:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1163:
1162:
1146:
1133:(5th century).
1121:
1119:
1118:on 22 June 2018
1115:
1108:
1098:
1085:(3rd century).
1079:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1003:
994:
990:
981:
974:
965:
961:
952:
948:
939:
935:
926:
922:
913:
909:
900:
893:
884:
880:
871:
867:
858:
851:
842:
838:
829:
825:
816:
812:
803:
799:
790:
783:
775:
771:
762:
758:
749:
745:
737:
724:
715:
711:
703:
699:
694:
689:
688:
679:
675:
662:
653:
648:
594:
568:
457:
452:
450:Order of battle
436:
402:pontoon bridges
398:
353:
348:
273:
221:
216:
183:
178:
176:
174:
117:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1193:220s conflicts
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1153:Zizhi Tongjian
1144:
1128:
1096:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1057:annotation in
1046:
1030:
1014:
1001:
988:
972:
959:
946:
933:
920:
907:
891:
878:
865:
849:
836:
823:
810:
797:
781:
769:
756:
743:
722:
709:
707:, vols. 69-70.
696:
695:
693:
690:
687:
686:
673:
665:Zizhi Tongjian
650:
649:
647:
644:
643:
642:
636:
630:
622:
610:Reinforcements
607:
606:
605:
604:
590:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
560:
552:
544:
521:
520:
519:
518:
510:
502:
501:
500:
494:
480:
456:
453:
451:
448:
435:
432:
397:
394:
352:
349:
347:
344:
332:Nan Commandery
308:attack Dongkou
272:
269:
245:Three Kingdoms
218:
217:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
188:
185:
184:
175:
173:
172:
165:
158:
150:
142:
141:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
124:
108:
107:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
69:Nan Commandery
54:
52:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
29:Three Kingdoms
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1205:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:Sanguozhi zhu
1138:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
963:
960:
956:
950:
947:
943:
937:
934:
930:
924:
921:
917:
911:
908:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
882:
879:
875:
869:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
840:
837:
833:
827:
824:
820:
814:
811:
807:
801:
798:
794:
788:
786:
782:
779:, p. 11.
778:
773:
770:
766:
760:
757:
753:
747:
744:
741:, p. 13.
740:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
691:
683:
677:
674:
670:
666:
660:
658:
656:
652:
645:
640:
637:
634:
631:
629:
628:
623:
621:
620:
615:
614:
613:
611:
602:
599:
597:
591:
588:
584:
583:
582:
581:
576:
575:
574:
572:
565:
559:
558:
553:
551:
550:
545:
543:
542:
537:
536:
535:
534:
529:
528:
527:
525:
517:
516:
511:
509:
508:
503:
498:
495:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
479:
478:
473:
472:
471:
470:
465:
464:
463:
461:
454:
449:
447:
445:
441:
433:
431:
427:
424:
423:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
395:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
345:
343:
341:
337:
336:Jing Province
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
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250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
226:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
186:
181:
171:
166:
164:
159:
157:
152:
151:
148:
139:
137:
136:
131:
128:
125:
120:
113:
110:
109:
104:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
87:
79:
76:
75:
70:
66:
62:
61:Jing Province
58:
57:Yangtze River
53:
50:
49:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1160:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1131:Pei, Songzhi
1120:. Retrieved
1113:the original
1104:
1092:
1086:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1025:
1009:
1004:
996:
991:
983:
967:
962:
954:
949:
941:
936:
928:
923:
915:
910:
902:
886:
881:
873:
868:
860:
844:
839:
831:
826:
818:
813:
805:
800:
792:
772:
764:
759:
751:
746:
717:
712:
700:
681:
676:
664:
638:
632:
625:
617:
609:
608:
600:
595:
586:
578:
570:
569:
555:
547:
539:
531:
523:
522:
513:
505:
496:
490:
485:Xiahou Shang
483:
475:
467:
459:
458:
437:
428:
420:
410:
399:
373:Xiahou Shang
358:
354:
324:Xiahou Shang
302:
298:
274:
224:
222:
196:
89:Belligerents
1148:Sima, Guang
705:Sima (1084)
1173:Eastern Wu
1167:Categories
1083:Chen, Shou
692:References
455:Wei forces
346:The battle
271:Background
241:Eastern Wu
100:Eastern Wu
1093:Sanguozhi
1072:Sanguozhi
1059:Sanguozhi
1042:Sanguozhi
1026:Sanguozhi
1010:Sanguozhi
997:Sanguozhi
984:Sanguozhi
968:Sanguozhi
955:Sanguozhi
942:Sanguozhi
929:Sanguozhi
916:Sanguozhi
903:Sanguozhi
887:Sanguozhi
874:Sanguozhi
861:Sanguozhi
845:Sanguozhi
832:Sanguozhi
819:Sanguozhi
806:Sanguozhi
793:Sanguozhi
765:Sanguozhi
752:Sanguozhi
718:Sanguozhi
682:Sanguozhi
639:Sun Sheng
627:Zhuge Jin
619:Pan Zhang
566:Wu forces
541:Dong Zhao
434:Aftermath
417:Pan Zhang
413:Zhuge Jin
361:Xiangyang
279:attacked
212:Guangling
197:Jiangling
65:Jiangling
1150:(1084).
1061:vol. 52.
1044:vol. 55.
1028:vol. 56.
1012:vol. 55.
999:vol. 56.
986:vol. 56.
970:vol. 18.
957:vol. 14.
944:vol. 14.
918:vol. 47.
905:vol. 14.
876:vol. 25.
847:vol. 55.
834:vol. 55.
821:vol. 55.
808:vol. 56.
795:vol. 17.
767:vol. 47.
754:vol. 14.
720:vol. 56.
633:Yang Can
601:Jiang Yi
557:Wen Ping
530:Emperor
515:Xu Huang
507:Zhang He
497:Gao Qian
491:Shi Jian
469:Cao Zhen
385:Wancheng
377:Zhang He
369:Cao Zhen
365:Fancheng
340:era name
328:Jingzhou
320:Cao Zhen
281:Sun Quan
265:Sun Quan
133:Strength
119:Cao Zhen
51:Location
1178:Cao Wei
1074:vol. 9.
931:vol. 2.
889:vol. 9.
863:vol. 9.
596:†
587:Yao Tai
580:Zhu Ran
440:Dongkou
406:Zhu Ran
389:Zhu Ran
381:Luoyang
312:Cao Ren
304:Cao Xiu
283:in the
277:Liu Bei
237:Cao Wei
229:Chinese
192:Dongkou
127:Zhu Ran
95:Cao Wei
1122:11 May
669:Cao Pi
592:
549:Liu Ye
533:Cao Pi
477:Xin Pi
293:Liu Ye
257:Cao Pi
231::
207:Qichun
140:≈5,000
112:Cao Pi
77:Result
31:period
1116:(PDF)
1109:(PDF)
1055:Wu Lu
646:Notes
275:When
253:Hubei
59:, in
1124:2018
680:The
663:The
641:(孫盛)
635:(楊粲)
499:(高遷)
493:(石建)
444:Ruxu
442:and
375:and
363:and
334:and
322:and
316:Ruxu
310:and
239:and
233:江陵之戰
223:The
202:Ruxu
67:and
40:Date
1188:223
383:to
259:'s
1169::
1143:).
1095:).
1033:^
1017:^
975:^
894:^
852:^
784:^
725:^
654:^
612::
573::
526::
462::
422:li
371:,
367:.
318:;
251:,
44:c.
1156:.
1139:(
1126:.
1091:(
227:(
169:e
162:t
155:v
71:)
63:(
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