1745:
1663:
1736:
river, the 43rd Army Corps sustained significant casualties and already had supply shortages, and as the
Germans got through the more determined soldiers, the rest of the force began retreating. The Latvian Riflemen in particular took heavy losses, including more than half of their troops. In the meantime, the Twelfth Army had been able to complete its evacuation. Many Russian artillery pieces were left behind because of the time constraint and the lack of means to move them. German Colonel Max Hoffman noted that relatively few Russian soldiers were captured, and although they found large quantities of equipment and artillery, most of the Twelfth Army succeeded in escaping the attempted encirclement.
1804:
the ordinary soldiers refused to participate, and
Kerensky removed him from his position as supreme commander. The coup collapsed and Kornilov's key conspirators were imprisoned. As a result of the Kornilov coup, the Bolsheviks gained the majority in the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets, and the soldiers became increasingly anti-officer. Distrust of officers and unwillingness to fight spread throughout the entire Russian Army starting after Kornilov's failed coup, and the Provisional Government's perceived lenient treatment of Kornilov afterwards led to its decline in support among the troops. The Kornilov affair had an important role in the lead up to the
1744:
244:
202:
191:
160:
1732:
the cavalry, artillery, machine-gun units, and a few infantry units fought well, but the majority of the infantry were in a poor state and decided to flee instead of holding their positions. Von Hutier had his forces use the new infiltration tactics that he took part in developing, such as moving more fluidly instead of attacking in a straight line, with one unit advancing while another provided cover fire, before later reversing those roles. The advance units also passed many of the defenders and left them to be eliminated by the main force.
1662:
1719:
1715:
force before it could withdraw, and the III Reserve Corps would cover their eastern flank. Von Hutier's goal was to encircle the
Russian Twelfth Army before it could abandon the area. Parsky decided that any defense of the city would be ineffective and ordered it to be abandoned, and changed his orders to the 43rd Corps, telling Boldyrev to hold up the German advance as long as possible so the rest of the army could finish the withdrawal.
54:
1223:
1377:
256:
225:
214:
172:
1460:, in between Minsk and Riga, but in response to this, several Russian armies were sent into a counterattack. This led the Germans to withdraw and allowed the Russians to re-establish the front line running approximately from Riga to the southeast to Dvinsk, and then south to Minsk. The new positions left German troops on the doorsteps of Riga, and the Stavka tasked the
1803:
against the
Petrograd Soviet and the Bolsheviks, beginning several days after the Riga offensive. He ordered the 3rd Cavalry Corps to take control of Petrograd, which he had ordered to a location near the capital to strengthen the Russian positions there just before the fall of Riga. However, most of
1561:
supported the
Provisional Government, while the ordinary infantry were divided. In the aftermath of the July Days, Kornilov began imposing measures to restore strict discipline in the Russian Army. This included the restoration of the death penalty, the limiting of the powers of soldiers' committees,
1515:
and ended in failure despite some initial success. The troops of the
Northern Front, the closest army group to Petrograd, were more affected by the revolutionary agitation and political disruption in the capital than the rest of the army in early 1917. After the failure of the Kerensky offensive, the
1760:
hoped they could preserve the status they had during the tsarist era. The fall of Riga marked the loss of a major industrial center and put German troops closer to
Petrograd, though the Russian Twelfth Army succeeded in its objective of leaving the area intact and avoided being encircled. It took up
1731:
fought especially hard. The
Germans secured a bridgehead along the Jugla river toward the end of the day despite the Russian resistance. Later on, Kornilov noted that the Russian troops of the Twelfth Army followed a similar pattern that had been present during the Kerensky offensive, which was that
1714:
river. At the same time, their aerial reconnaissance confirmed that large numbers of
Russian troops were leaving the city. By 2 September the German commander, von Hutier, decided to send the VI Corps along the Dvina river to take Riga, while the LI Corps would move northeast to encircle the Russian
1344:
river. Meanwhile, the second German force entered Riga with little resistance. But the fighting in the south and the march to Riga bought enough time for most of the
Russian Twelfth Army to retreat from the city intact. The Germans captured only 9,000 Russian soldiers and overall the casualties were
1532:
by the Provisional Government, began preparations in April 1917 to form a new army near the capital to counter a potential German advance in the Riga area. However, he was reassigned to another part of the front before that plan could be implemented. After being appointed the army supreme commander
1811:
On the German side, the Riga offensive was the first large scale use of stormtrooper-type units. The combination of new infantry and artillery tactics (like the use of gas shells to assist an infantry assault) used by Hutier and Bruchmüller at Riga was repeated shortly after that operation at the
1735:
Meanwhile, the German VI and LX Corps reached Riga by nightfall on 2 September, and commenced their attack the next morning. The remaining Russian troops around the city did not put up much of a resistance, choosing to retreat. The Germans entered and secured the city on 3 September. At the Jugla
1339:
The German Eighth Army began its attack on 1 September, crossing the Dvina river south of the fortified Russian positions around the city. It was then split into two forces, with one attacking a nearby Russian corps that was threatening the bridgehead, while another advanced north along the river
1599:
received reinforcements, being raised to a strength of eight infantry and two cavalry divisions, organized in four corps, while his forces were faced with three corps of the Russian Twelfth Army. Hutier planned to not attack the city directly, but to cross the Dvina river to the south, near
1791:
just north of the Gulf, shortly after the Riga offensive. That operation became one of the earliest examples of an amphibious landing involving air, naval and ground forces in military history. The fall of these islands made Kornilov believe that the Germans planned an attack on
1682:, on the same day. The bombardment targeted the Russian positions in the vicinity of Ikšķile (Uexküll), about 30 kilometres (19 miles) southeast of Riga. With 1,100 German guns, they overwhelmed the relatively few Russian artillery pieces. This was followed by the advance of the
1569:
The front lines near Riga remained unchanged since the initial German advance into Lithuania and Latvia in the summer of 1915. The Russian high command anticipated a German offensive in that area in August 1917. In the early part of that month, German quartermaster-general
1726:
When the German troops attacked the Russian positions on the Jugla river, they met strong resistance. Gas shells, flamethrowers, and aerial attacks were also employed by the German force, but the Russians still fought off their attempts to cross for most of the day. The
1320:
in the summer of 1915, putting them in the vicinity of one of the largest industrial cities of the Russian Empire. The Twelfth Army was then tasked with defending Riga, though the situation on the northern frontier of the Eastern Front remained static until early 1917.
1044:
1590:
river, located near Riga, with Klembovsky preparing to evacuate the bridgehead on 20 August 1917. The next day he also started removing forces from the city itself, even though Kornilov had wanted to hold the city. In preparation for the attack,
1771:
noted that discipline in the army had fallen so severely, especially in the Northern Front, that large numbers of troops in a fortified position with stocks of artillery and other supplies could not put up a strong fight to hold the city.
1080:
1332:, with the goal of pressuring Russia to accept a peace deal. Having anticipated the German attack, the Russian high command and General Klembovsky gave the order to abandon the bridgehead on the opposite side of the
1694:
towards the river, which they crossed with boats and established a bridgehead before then building pontoon bridges. Prince Leopold personally led the crossing of the Dvina river, which faced almost no opposition.
1520:
influence among the entire army accelerated. Despite these disturbances, the majority of the Russian Army was still at the front line and was willing to fight, even after the failed offensive in mid-summer 1917.
1123:
322:
3938:
3953:
4137:
1191:
1698:
By this point, Parsky had given the order for the Twelfth Army to evacuate Riga. To cover the withdrawal, he used the 43rd Army Corps, consisting of four divisions under Lieutenant General
1499:, which began a decline in discipline and willingness to fight among the Russian Army. Soldiers started refusing to follow orders from officers and formed their own committees. Regardless,
4035:
3672:
2836:
4114:
4142:
2649:
4057:
462:
4330:
3749:
2707:
1710:, 18 kilometres (11 miles) northeast of the German bridgehead, they began to move to counterattack the German Eighth Army. Meanwhile, the Germans began advancing and reached the
315:
4437:
1816:
against the Italians, before being seen on a large scale on the Western Front for the first time in 1918. These would later be called by the Western Allies as "Hutier Tactics."
1203:
4575:
4345:
4100:
1340:
towards Riga. Most of the combat took place between with the former, near the Dvina bridgehead, when the Germans struck Russian positions further to the northeast along the
4340:
4030:
3981:
3896:
1674:, the commander of the Eighth Army's artillery. The barrage included explosive and chemical gas shells. The troops that were to be involved in the attack were visited by
4184:
1549:
sailors, and Bolshevik agitators tried to overthrow the Provisional Government. The attempt failed because the Provisional Government still had significant support, and
401:
308:
1452:
gap to then turn from the north and capture Minsk, a major Russian communication and transportation center in the region. A force of several German cavalry divisions
1032:
4025:
3383:
1056:
503:
1186:
3654:
2876:
1471:
February] 1917, a series of events in Petrograd led to the capital being taken over by revolutionary soldiers and demonstrators in what became known as the
1541:
from the south towards the capital on the pretext of strengthening the Northern Front and the defenses of Petrograd. The Kerensky offensive coincided with the
574:
4085:
4015:
2866:
2777:
993:
4109:
3000:
2454:
2677:
1092:
455:
3007:
95:
2659:
3684:
3393:
3295:
4267:
4105:
4092:
4049:
3958:
3486:
3053:
2700:
1162:
355:
4449:
4459:
4317:
1566:
in late August 1917, Kornilov warned that the Germans would capture Riga and then advance on Petrograd if order was not restored in the army.
349:
4231:
4165:
4002:
3881:
3554:
2573:
2429:
2397:
2378:
2359:
2340:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2210:
2191:
1683:
4406:
3826:
2611:
4177:
1104:
4391:
3129:
2634:
1512:
1413:
593:
4376:
3666:
1348:
The fall of Riga weakened the Russian front line along the Baltic Sea, bringing German forces closer to Petrograd, and was followed by
3068:
1534:
1218:
620:
396:
3761:
2814:
4251:
3945:
3033:
2504:
1636:
1538:
745:
3431:
2469:
1626:
1147:
3167:
1385:
684:
646:
4570:
4502:
4307:
4287:
4074:
4010:
3833:
3702:
2606:
2526:
2464:
1503:
and the Provisional Government wanted to continue the war effort, including an offensive that had been planned since 1916. The
1437:
1421:
1357:
1301:
3976:
3343:
4580:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4282:
2621:
2596:
2494:
1480:
1429:
1266:
492:
176:
1756:
The majority of residents in Riga were indifferent to the arrival of the German troops, while the aristocracy consisting of
508:
4335:
4277:
4272:
4236:
4170:
4062:
3908:
3491:
2881:
2809:
2740:
2509:
2479:
2474:
1508:
1468:
3501:
4226:
3853:
3793:
3690:
3595:
3358:
3144:
2848:
2687:
2586:
1496:
469:
3461:
728:
4464:
3901:
3886:
3744:
3696:
3012:
2886:
2799:
2563:
2551:
2546:
1529:
1484:
1361:
1258:
1140:
486:
480:
332:
41:
3678:
3073:
635:
420:
1691:
1687:
1039:
4444:
4401:
3436:
3421:
3323:
3192:
2760:
2672:
2629:
1749:
1651:
1646:
1461:
1289:
1213:
847:
701:
613:
588:
513:
260:
4386:
3726:
3333:
3187:
718:
4560:
4154:
3738:
3481:
3466:
3078:
2772:
2750:
2499:
2489:
2422:
1788:
1767:
1675:
1612:
Riga was defended by the Twelfth Army (Gen. Dmitri Parsky) of the Northern Front, which included the following.
1582:
and putting pressure on Russia to sue for peace. Kornilov, Vladislav Klembovsky, and the Twelfth Army commander,
1441:
1353:
998:
869:
842:
598:
540:
534:
425:
3767:
3708:
3648:
630:
528:
4361:
3848:
3838:
3720:
3456:
3451:
3373:
2782:
2755:
2459:
1703:
1641:
1596:
1281:
1118:
940:
874:
248:
3177:
1670:
The German infantry attack was preceded by an artillery bombardment on 1 September 1917, organized by Colonel
1063:
696:
518:
498:
440:
361:
1621:
1135:
879:
786:
4565:
4432:
4424:
4366:
4126:
3821:
3584:
3496:
3411:
3406:
3378:
3338:
3197:
3182:
3157:
3038:
2915:
1616:
1563:
1365:
1208:
1113:
1087:
906:
711:
376:
1328:
gave the order for an offensive in the direction of Riga in early August 1917, shortly after defeating the
450:
445:
4199:
3923:
3858:
3714:
3441:
3368:
3318:
3303:
3285:
3258:
3172:
3139:
2804:
2765:
2745:
2556:
2449:
1554:
1453:
1405:
1317:
825:
780:
690:
679:
552:
3732:
1130:
1051:
1027:
674:
4189:
3843:
3508:
3471:
3401:
3348:
3270:
3238:
3212:
3162:
3093:
2995:
2948:
2794:
2732:
2601:
2484:
1775:
The Russian supreme commander, Kornilov, noted that along with Riga itself, Russia lost the fortress of
1476:
1172:
1008:
935:
918:
864:
815:
757:
581:
3134:
1360:
infantry tactics by the German Army, which had been pioneered by Oskar von Hutier, before their use in
1003:
640:
603:
371:
1099:
803:
762:
569:
4539:
4454:
3108:
3083:
3058:
2415:
1671:
1309:
1297:
1167:
1015:
733:
723:
652:
430:
415:
391:
386:
366:
218:
206:
1075:
767:
4521:
4474:
3660:
3524:
3476:
3353:
3313:
3308:
3253:
2936:
2930:
2831:
1813:
1558:
1472:
1445:
1270:
1152:
983:
967:
930:
896:
608:
564:
381:
4481:
4396:
3755:
3619:
3601:
3566:
3530:
3363:
3328:
3280:
3265:
3152:
3103:
2942:
2901:
2581:
2243:
1805:
1504:
1500:
1329:
1157:
1070:
962:
901:
831:
523:
1718:
1020:
4514:
4508:
4469:
4371:
4204:
3787:
3642:
3625:
3426:
3248:
3228:
3063:
3048:
2978:
2966:
2826:
2667:
2644:
2591:
2393:
2374:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2298:
2279:
2260:
2206:
2187:
988:
884:
798:
669:
657:
409:
1578:
planned an operation to take Riga, aimed at capturing an important industrial city along the
923:
3572:
3542:
3536:
3446:
3275:
3243:
3233:
2972:
2896:
2891:
2819:
2639:
2539:
2233:
2175:
1784:
1728:
1592:
1571:
1488:
1349:
1325:
1277:
955:
664:
625:
558:
474:
195:
4381:
4221:
3560:
3113:
3088:
2787:
2695:
2534:
1800:
1699:
1401:
1393:
1250:
950:
852:
837:
773:
752:
706:
45:
1632:
The German forces, the Eighth Army (Gen. Oskar von Hutier), consisted of the following.
53:
4214:
4194:
3865:
3578:
3416:
3207:
3098:
2954:
2858:
2841:
1757:
1550:
1397:
1336:
river near Riga on 20 August 1917. Preparations were made to abandon the city as well.
738:
435:
1533:
in July 1917, Kornilov returned to the plan and in mid-August decided to transfer the
4554:
4325:
3613:
3607:
3043:
2960:
2871:
1711:
1587:
1583:
1525:
1389:
1341:
1285:
243:
229:
201:
190:
164:
159:
80:
1601:
88:
3775:
3202:
1780:
1575:
1546:
791:
3986:
3891:
3589:
3017:
2438:
1376:
1262:
1799:
At some point after his rise to prominence in August 1917, Kornilov decided to
1545:, a series of protests in which soldiers of the rebellious Petrograd garrison,
17:
1837:
1776:
1579:
1517:
1492:
859:
820:
110:
97:
3781:
3548:
1542:
1313:
1305:
913:
1707:
2222:"The Russian Soldier in 1917: Undisciplined, Patriotic, and Revolutionary"
4041:
1762:
1679:
1257:), took place in early September 1917 and was last major campaign on the
2390:
The German 1918 Offensives: A Case Study in The Operational Level of War
2247:
1793:
1417:
1409:
1333:
2276:
Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army
1752:
observing a parade of German troops in Riga shortly after the battle.
1457:
1449:
1293:
2238:
2221:
1491:
had the support of the revolutionaries, in an arrangement known as
1356:
in the Baltic. The offensive was also the first large scale use of
4209:
2295:
The Imperial Russian Army in Peace, War, and Revolution, 1856–1917
1743:
1717:
1661:
1433:
1420:, and so the army group was split into two on 17 August 1915: the
1375:
1425:
300:
141:
84:
2411:
2333:
The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914–1917
1765:. The offensive had an impact on Russian morale. The newspaper
304:
2407:
2080:
2078:
1304:, tasked with guarding the approaches to the Russian capital
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1586:, decided to abandon the bridgehead on opposite side of the
1412:
and Lithuania. During the retreat the armies of the Russian
2186:]. Foreword by Nikolai Starikov. St.Petersburg: Piter.
2009:
2007:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
2118:
2116:
2352:
European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
1891:
1889:
1887:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1416:
moved further apart, leaving a gap in the area around
1380:
The new front lines after the Great Retreat in 1915.
4494:
4415:
4354:
4316:
4260:
4249:
4153:
4125:
4073:
3995:
3969:
3921:
3874:
3814:
3807:
3635:
3517:
3392:
3294:
3221:
3122:
3026:
2988:
2923:
2914:
2857:
2731:
2720:
2686:
2658:
2620:
2572:
2525:
2518:
1562:and imprisoning those who disobeyed orders. At the
2203:The Splintered Empires: The Eastern Front 1916–17
1219:Preliminary Ukrainian-Soviet peace treaty (1918)
1396:from May to July 1915 led to the elimination of
1204:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)
3384:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1557:. The Cossacks, officer cadets, and members of
1436:, by an order of the Russian high command, the
34:
1448:initially wanted to break through the Vilnius–
2423:
316:
8:
1666:Russian infantrymen killed by a gas attack.
4576:Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I)
4257:
3966:
3871:
3811:
2920:
2728:
2522:
2430:
2416:
2408:
1722:The troop movements in the Riga offensive.
1483:was established by liberal parties in the
323:
309:
301:
31:
2237:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1907:
1878:
3673:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
2354:. New York; London: Garland Publishing.
2335:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
2297:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
1528:, who had been named as the head of the
1408:saw Russia also abandon much of western
4050:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
2158:
2134:
2122:
1852:
1825:
1316:and southern Latvia during the Russian
2107:
2084:
2049:
2037:
1895:
1866:
1783:was weakened. The Germans launched an
4003:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
3339:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
2146:
2025:
2013:
1998:
1979:
1967:
1919:
7:
4407:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1796:(also called Reval) and Petrograd.
4336:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
3130:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
2316:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3069:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
2278:. University of California Press.
1479:abdicated on 15 March 1917, and a
25:
1539:Caucasian Native Cavalry Division
1352:, a German amphibious landing on
3432:Second Battle of the Piave River
3054:Russian invasion of East Prussia
2314:1917: War, Peace, and Revolution
2257:Russia 1917: The Kornilov Affair
1836:is the Russian equivalent of an
254:
242:
223:
212:
200:
189:
170:
158:
52:
4503:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3703:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1779:, and the front line along the
1761:new positions further north in
1524:Amidst this situation, General
4326:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
4185:Deportations from East Prussia
3982:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1481:Russian Provisional Government
1276:The battle was fought between
1267:Russian Provisional Government
1040:Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi
1:
4237:Ukrainian Canadian internment
2259:. London; New York: Longman.
2205:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1324:German quartermaster-general
4392:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
3691:Estonian War of Independence
3359:Southern Palestine offensive
27:WWI battle over Riga, Latvia
4346:USA against Austria-Hungary
3745:Turkish War of Independence
3697:Latvian War of Independence
3422:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
3013:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1678:, the supreme commander of
1530:Petrograd Military District
58:German troops entering Riga
4597:
4429:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3977:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
3437:Second Battle of the Marne
3324:Second battle of the Aisne
3193:Second Battle of Champagne
3034:German invasion of Belgium
2388:Zabecki, David T. (2006).
1507:was launched in July [
1296:were under the command of
1214:Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
4535:
4210:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3739:Irish War of Independence
3482:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3467:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3079:First Battle of the Marne
2445:
2312:Stevenson, David (2017).
1704:2nd Latvian Rifle Brigade
1676:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
1464:with defending the city.
1312:advanced through most of
1119:Assault on Chongar Bridge
999:Battle of Bobruysk (1918)
870:Second Brusilov offensive
340:
279:
266:
235:
182:
151:
62:
51:
39:
4362:Constantinople Agreement
3655:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
3518:Co-belligerent conflicts
3487:Second Romanian campaign
3457:Third Transjordan attack
3168:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
3074:Battle of Grand Couronné
2373:. Taylor & Francis.
2371:The Great War, 1914–1918
2369:Tucker, Spencer (2001).
2350:Tucker, Spencer (1999).
2331:Stone, David R. (2021).
2293:Reese, Roger R. (2019).
2184:Russia-Shield of Entente
2179:
1511:June] 1917 with the
1495:. The Soviet issued its
1386:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
1292:. The Russian forces in
1163:Romanian Campaign (1918)
941:Romanian Campaign (1917)
875:Romanian campaign (1916)
647:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
4425:Modus vivendi of Acroma
4377:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
3685:Greater Poland Uprising
3585:National Protection War
3462:Meuse–Argonne offensive
3412:German spring offensive
3407:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3183:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
3158:Second Battle of Artois
3039:Battle of the Frontiers
2392:. New York: Routledge.
2255:Katkov, George (1980).
1622:6th Siberian Army Corps
1617:2nd Siberian Army Corps
1564:Moscow State Conference
1345:minimal on both sides.
1209:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
402:East Prussia war crimes
4571:Battles of World War I
4450:Paris Peace Conference
4438:Ukraine–Central Powers
4232:Massacres of Albanians
4200:Late Ottoman genocides
4007:Bulgarian occupations
3715:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3679:Hungarian–Romanian War
3497:Naval Victory Bulletin
3492:Armistice with Germany
3442:Hundred Days Offensive
3369:Battle of La Malmaison
3319:Second battle of Arras
3286:Battle of Transylvania
3140:Second Battle of Ypres
3008:Sarajevo assassination
2897:South African Republic
1753:
1723:
1667:
1553:was forced to flee to
1381:
1273:began disintegrating.
1254:
183:Commanders and leaders
4581:September 1917 events
4460:Treaty of St. Germain
4433:Russia–Central Powers
4387:Sykes–Picot Agreement
4215:Pontic Greek genocide
4190:Destruction of Kalisz
4166:Eastern Mediterranean
3727:Polish–Lithuanian War
3509:Armistice of Belgrade
3472:Armistice of Salonica
3402:Operation Faustschlag
3349:Third Battle of Oituz
3271:Baranovichi offensive
3239:Lake Naroch offensive
3213:Battle of Robat Karim
3188:Vistula–Bug offensive
3163:Battles of the Isonzo
3094:First Battle of Ypres
2274:Kenez, Peter (1971).
2201:Buttar, Prit (2017).
1747:
1721:
1702:. These included the
1684:19th Reserve Division
1665:
1384:After the successful
1379:
865:Baranovichi offensive
446:Halich-Lviv offensive
293:9,000-15,000 captured
280:Casualties and losses
111:56.96944°N 24.32333°E
4455:Treaty of Versailles
4171:Mount Lebanon famine
4086:in the United States
4054:Russian occupations
3768:Turkish–Armenian War
3709:Polish–Ukrainian War
3649:Ukrainian–Soviet War
3596:Central Asian Revolt
3379:Armistice of Focșani
3109:Battle of Sarikamish
3059:Battle of Tannenberg
2455:Military engagements
2220:Ferro, Marc (1971).
1785:amphibious operation
1310:Imperial German Army
1298:Vladislav Klembovsky
1168:Anti-Hetman Uprising
653:Gorlice breakthrough
219:Vladislav Klembovsky
4522:They shall not pass
4445:Treaty of Bucharest
4402:Treaty of Bucharest
4341:USA against Germany
4318:Declarations of war
4022:German occupations
3935:British casualties
3794:Soviet–Georgian War
3721:Egyptian Revolution
3661:Armeno-Georgian War
3525:Somaliland campaign
3477:Armistice of Mudros
3354:Battle of Caporetto
3344:Battle of Mărășești
3314:Zimmermann telegram
3309:February Revolution
3254:Battle of the Somme
3178:Bug-Narew Offensive
3153:Battle of Gallipoli
3145:Sinking of the RMS
2937:Scramble for Africa
2931:Franco-Prussian War
2587:Sinai and Palestine
2161:, pp. 127–128.
2110:, pp. 173–175.
2087:, pp. 203–207.
2052:, pp. 199–200.
2040:, pp. 184–185.
2016:, pp. 505–507.
2001:, pp. 403–407.
1982:, pp. 394–400.
1970:, pp. 370–372.
1958:, pp. 104–108.
1922:, pp. 168–174.
1814:Battle of Caporetto
1473:February Revolution
1446:Paul von Hindenburg
1424:was established in
1052:The Battle of Irpin
1028:Battle of Berdychiv
897:February Revolution
746:Dniestr–Zolota Lypa
107: /
79:banks of the river
4482:Treaty of Lausanne
4397:Paris Economy Pact
4331:UK against Germany
4261:Entry into the war
4227:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3946:Ottoman casualties
3756:Franco-Turkish War
3636:Post-War conflicts
3620:Russian Revolution
3602:Invasion of Darfur
3567:Kelantan rebellion
3555:Kurdish rebellions
3531:Mexican Revolution
3364:October Revolution
3329:Kerensky offensive
3304:Capture of Baghdad
3281:Monastir offensive
3266:Brusilov offensive
3104:Battle of Kolubara
2943:Russo-Japanese War
2180:Россия-щит Антанты
1946:, pp. 95–101.
1806:October Revolution
1754:
1724:
1668:
1513:Southwestern Front
1505:Kerensky offensive
1501:Alexander Kerensky
1414:Northwestern Front
1382:
1330:Kerensky offensive
1241:, also called the
963:October Revolution
919:Tarnopol-Offensive
902:Kerensky offensive
832:Brusilov offensive
594:2nd Masurian Lakes
463:Galicia war crimes
397:1st Masurian Lakes
289:25,000 casualties
116:56.96944; 24.32333
70:1–5 September 1917
4548:
4547:
4531:
4530:
4515:The Golden Virgin
4509:Mutilated victory
4490:
4489:
4470:Treaty of Trianon
4465:Treaty of Neuilly
4372:Damascus Protocol
4245:
4244:
4205:Armenian genocide
4162:Allied blockades
4134:Belgian refugees
3917:
3916:
3827:Strategic bombing
3803:
3802:
3788:Franco-Syrian War
3762:Greco-Turkish War
3750:Anglo-Turkish War
3733:Polish–Soviet War
3667:German Revolution
3643:Russian Civil War
3626:Finnish Civil War
3452:Battle of Megiddo
3427:Battle of Goychay
3374:Battle of Cambrai
3334:Battle of Mărăști
3249:Battle of Jutland
3229:Erzurum offensive
3084:Siege of Przemyśl
3064:Siege of Tsingtao
3049:Battle of Galicia
2979:Second Balkan War
2967:Italo-Turkish War
2924:Pre-War conflicts
2910:
2909:
2800:Portuguese Empire
2716:
2715:
2678:German New Guinea
2660:Asian and Pacific
2399:978-1-134-25225-1
2380:978-1-134-81750-4
2361:978-1-135-68425-9
2342:978-0-7006-3308-1
2323:978-0-19-100676-0
2304:978-0-7006-2860-5
2285:978-0-520-31226-5
2266:978-0-582-49101-4
2212:978-1-4728-1986-4
2193:978-5-496-01795-4
2176:Oleynikov, Alexei
2149:, pp. 31–36.
1934:, pp. 91–94.
1672:Georg Bruchmüller
1637:III Reserve Corps
1535:3rd Cavalry Corps
1234:
1233:
885:Christmas Battles
621:2nd Vistula River
487:Laski and Anielin
481:1st Vistula River
299:
298:
207:Georg Bruchmüller
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
4588:
4561:Latvian Riflemen
4475:Treaty of Sèvres
4367:Treaty of London
4258:
4036:Northeast France
3967:
3939:Parliamentarians
3872:
3834:Chemical weapons
3812:
3573:Senussi campaign
3543:Muscat rebellion
3537:Maritz rebellion
3505:
3447:Vardar offensive
3276:Battle of Romani
3244:Battle of Asiago
3234:Battle of Verdun
3198:Kosovo offensive
2973:First Balkan War
2921:
2820:Russian Republic
2729:
2523:
2465:Economic history
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2270:
2251:
2241:
2216:
2197:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2088:
2082:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1841:
1830:
1729:Latvian Riflemen
1593:Oskar von Hutier
1572:Erich Ludendorff
1559:shock battalions
1489:Petrograd Soviet
1366:spring offensive
1364:during the 1918
1350:Operation Albion
1326:Erich Ludendorff
1278:Oskar von Hutier
1255:Schlacht um Riga
1227:
1127:
1108:
1100:Battle for Izyum
1096:
1084:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
984:Battle of Galați
927:
795:
763:Strypa offensive
578:
570:Kozevo offensive
504:2nd East Prussia
459:
356:1st East Prussia
335:
325:
318:
311:
302:
259:
258:
257:
247:
246:
228:
227:
226:
217:
216:
215:
205:
204:
196:Oskar von Hutier
194:
193:
175:
174:
173:
163:
162:
140:Germans capture
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
64:
63:
56:
32:
21:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4527:
4486:
4418:
4411:
4382:Treaty of Darin
4350:
4312:
4268:Austria-Hungary
4254:
4241:
4222:Rape of Belgium
4149:
4121:
4069:
4063:Western Armenia
4058:Eastern Galicia
3991:
3965:
3929:
3928:Civilian impact
3927:
3913:
3870:
3799:
3631:
3561:Ovambo Uprising
3513:
3499:
3388:
3290:
3217:
3135:Battle of Łomża
3118:
3114:Christmas truce
3089:Race to the Sea
3022:
2984:
2906:
2877:Austria-Hungary
2853:
2788:Empire of Japan
2725:
2723:
2712:
2696:U-boat campaign
2682:
2654:
2616:
2568:
2514:
2495:Popular culture
2441:
2436:
2406:
2400:
2387:
2381:
2368:
2362:
2349:
2343:
2330:
2324:
2311:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2273:
2267:
2254:
2239:10.2307/2493539
2219:
2213:
2200:
2194:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2091:
2083:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1789:several islands
1742:
1706:. Located near
1700:Vasily Boldyrev
1692:203rd Divisions
1660:
1627:43rd Army Corps
1610:
1608:Order of battle
1454:began advancing
1394:Austria-Hungary
1374:
1354:several islands
1243:Battle of Jugla
1235:
1230:
1221:
1121:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
951:Kornilov affair
921:
789:
572:
453:
336:
331:
329:
255:
253:
241:
224:
222:
221:
213:
211:
199:
198:
188:
171:
169:
157:
136:
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
92:
57:
46:First World War
28:
23:
22:
18:Battle of Jugla
15:
12:
11:
5:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:1917 in Latvia
4563:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4417:Peace treaties
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4303:United Kingdom
4300:
4295:
4293:Ottoman Empire
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4195:Sack of Dinant
4192:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4143:United Kingdom
4140:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4103:
4097:POW locations
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3897:United Kingdom
3894:
3892:Ottoman Empire
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3866:Trench warfare
3863:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3579:Volta-Bani War
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Zeebrugge Raid
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3208:Battle of Loos
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Black Sea raid
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3001:Historiography
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2955:Bosnian Crisis
2952:
2949:Tangier Crisis
2946:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Ottoman Empire
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2859:Central Powers
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2842:British Empire
2837:United Kingdom
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2815:Russian Empire
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2733:Entente Powers
2726:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:North Atlantic
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2612:Central Arabia
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2574:Middle Eastern
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Historiography
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2385:
2379:
2366:
2360:
2347:
2341:
2328:
2322:
2309:
2303:
2290:
2284:
2271:
2265:
2252:
2232:(3): 483–512.
2217:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2112:
2089:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2028:, p. 285.
2018:
2003:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1956:Stevenson 2017
1948:
1944:Stevenson 2017
1936:
1932:Stevenson 2017
1924:
1912:
1910:, p. 243.
1908:Oleynikov 2016
1900:
1898:, p. 151.
1883:
1881:, p. 260.
1879:Oleynikov 2016
1871:
1869:, p. 598.
1851:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1758:Baltic Germans
1741:
1738:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1551:Vladimir Lenin
1467:In March [
1422:Northern Front
1402:Polish salient
1373:
1370:
1302:Northern Front
1247:Battle of Riga
1239:Riga offensive
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1198:Peace treaties
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1085:
1076:Lozova station
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
979:
975:
974:
973:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
916:
911:
910:
909:
899:
893:
892:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
828:
823:
818:
812:
811:
807:
806:
801:
796:
784:
777:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
749:
748:
743:
742:
741:
736:
726:
721:
716:
715:
714:
712:Novogeorgievsk
709:
704:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
661:
660:
655:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
617:
616:
611:
601:
596:
591:
586:
585:
584:
579:
567:
555:
549:
548:
544:
543:
538:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
489:
484:
477:
472:
467:
466:
465:
460:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
352:
346:
345:
341:
338:
337:
330:
328:
327:
320:
313:
305:
297:
296:
295:
294:
286:
282:
281:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:
251:
238:
237:
236:Units involved
233:
232:
209:
185:
184:
180:
179:
167:
154:
153:
149:
148:
145:
144:
138:
132:
131:
130:German victory
128:
124:
123:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
49:
48:
37:
36:
35:Riga offensive
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4593:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4308:United States
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3909:United States
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3859:Convoy system
3857:
3856:
3855:
3854:Naval warfare
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:Kaocen revolt
3612:
3609:
3608:Easter Rising
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Great Retreat
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Battle of Cer
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:Agadir Crisis
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2849:United States
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:French Empire
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2719:
2709:
2708:Mediterranean
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2688:Naval warfare
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2564:Italian Front
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:Eastern Front
2550:
2548:
2547:Western Front
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Puppet states
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:Slavic Review
2223:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2137:, p. 27.
2136:
2131:
2128:
2125:, p. 69.
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:launch a coup
1797:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:Novoye Vremya
1764:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1584:Dmitri Parsky
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1526:Lavr Kornilov
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:. The German
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Western Front
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Great Retreat
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1318:Great Retreat
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:Dmitri Parsky
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:Eastern Front
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:Naval warfare
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Hetman's coup
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
976:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
915:
912:
908:
905:
904:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
848:Kostiuchnówka
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
800:
797:
793:
788:
785:
783:
782:
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:Riga-Schaulen
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:2nd Przasnysz
700:
699:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
691:Great Retreat
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
600:
599:1st Przasnysz
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Humin-Bolimów
587:
583:
580:
576:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
560:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
545:
542:
541:Lupovsky Pass
539:
537:
536:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
485:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
464:
461:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
342:
339:
334:
333:Eastern Front
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
306:
303:
292:
291:
290:
287:
284:
283:
278:
274:
271:
270:
265:
262:
252:
250:
245:
240:
239:
234:
231:
230:Dmitri Parsky
220:
210:
208:
203:
197:
192:
187:
186:
181:
178:
168:
166:
161:
156:
155:
150:
143:
139:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
120:
90:
86:
82:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
43:
42:Eastern Front
38:
33:
30:
19:
4520:
4513:
4501:
4108: /
4040:
3875:Conscription
3839:Cryptography
3776:Iraqi Revolt
3203:Siege of Kut
3146:
2724:participants
2673:German Samoa
2607:South Arabia
2389:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2294:
2275:
2256:
2229:
2225:
2202:
2183:
2168:Bibliography
2159:Zabecki 2006
2154:
2142:
2135:Zabecki 2006
2130:
2123:Zabecki 2006
2045:
2033:
2021:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1874:
1833:
1828:
1810:
1798:
1781:Gulf of Riga
1774:
1766:
1755:
1734:
1725:
1697:
1669:
1631:
1611:
1576:Max Hoffmann
1574:and Colonel
1568:
1547:Baltic Fleet
1523:
1487:, while the
1466:
1462:Twelfth Army
1383:
1358:stormtrooper
1347:
1338:
1323:
1290:Twelfth Army
1275:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1009:
956:
945:
830:
787:Death Island
779:
772:
689:
645:
631:1st Courland
557:
533:
491:
479:
408:
377:Gross-Bresau
354:
288:
152:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
4138:Netherlands
4115:Switzerland
3996:Occupations
3987:Spanish flu
3764:(1919–1922)
3758:(1918–1921)
3752:(1918–1923)
3741:(1919–1921)
3735:(1919–1921)
3729:(1919–1920)
3705:(1918–1920)
3699:(1918–1920)
3693:(1918–1920)
3675:(1918–1920)
3657:(1918–1920)
3651:(1917–1921)
3645:(1917–1921)
3592:(1916-1918)
3590:Arab Revolt
3581:(1915–1917)
3575:(1915–1917)
3563:(1914-1917)
3557:(1914–1917)
3551:(1914–1921)
3545:(1913–1920)
3533:(1910–1920)
3527:(1900–1920)
3500: [
3018:July Crisis
2939:(1880–1914)
2602:Mesopotamia
2480:Home fronts
2439:World War I
2108:Katkov 1980
2085:Buttar 2017
2050:Buttar 2017
2038:Katkov 1980
1896:Tucker 2001
1867:Tucker 1999
1604:(Uexküll).
1597:Eighth Army
1497:Order No. 1
1477:Nicholas II
1288:'s Russian
1282:Eighth Army
1265:before the
1263:World War I
1222: [
1173:Motovilivka
1122: [
1103: [
1091: [
1079: [
1055: [
1043: [
1031: [
1019: [
1010:Faustschlag
922: [
816:Lake Naroch
790: [
719:Vistula-Bug
685:Kraupishken
680:3rd Osowiec
636:2nd Bolimów
626:2nd Osowiec
573: [
559:Carpathians
535:Bzura-Rawka
519:Krzywopłoty
475:1st Osowiec
454: [
451:Jarosławice
426:Zolota Lypa
416:1st Kraśnik
392:Abschwangen
362:Stallupönen
285:4,200-5,000
135:Territorial
114: /
4555:Categories
4355:Agreements
4155:War crimes
4031:Luxembourg
3924:Casualties
2795:Montenegro
2630:South West
2510:Technology
2500:Propaganda
2490:Opposition
2147:Kenez 1971
2026:Reese 2019
2014:Ferro 1971
1999:Reese 2019
1980:Reese 2019
1968:Reese 2019
1920:Stone 2021
1838:army group
1777:Ust-Dvinsk
1750:Wilhelm II
1712:Mazā Jugla
1595:'s German
1580:Baltic Sea
1516:spread of
1493:dual power
1485:State Duma
1475:. Emperor
1442:Tenth Army
1400:'s entire
1372:Background
1280:'s German
1187:Baltic Sea
1141:Sevastopol
994:Bessarabia
860:2nd Kekava
826:Stolovichy
821:1st Kekava
431:Gnila Lipa
387:Tannenberg
350:Wierzbołów
102:24°19′24″E
99:56°58′10″N
91:(Uexküll).
81:Mazā Jugla
4252:Diplomacy
3959:Olympians
3882:Australia
3849:Logistics
3782:Vlora War
3711:(1918–19)
3687:(1918–19)
3681:(1918–19)
3669:(1918–19)
3616:(1916–17)
3598:(1916–17)
3549:Zaian War
3539:(1914–15)
3259:first day
3147:Lusitania
2975:(1912–13)
2969:(1911–12)
2957:(1908–09)
2951:(1905–06)
2933:(1870–71)
2722:Principal
2582:Gallipoli
2485:Memorials
2470:Geography
2460:Aftermath
2178:(2016).
1848:Citations
1740:Aftermath
1658:Offensive
1543:July Days
1518:Bolshevik
1314:Lithuania
1306:Petrograd
1192:Black Sea
1136:Salt Lake
968:Zhmerynka
931:Krechowce
914:July Days
880:Schmarden
843:Mamornița
758:Grubeshov
697:Bug-Narew
614:Kalvarija
565:Rafajlowa
553:Cârlibaba
529:Łowczówek
493:San River
382:Gumbinnen
261:12th Army
4540:Category
4127:Refugees
4093:Italians
4082:Germans
4042:Ober Ost
3822:Aviation
2916:Timeline
2887:Bulgaria
2668:Tsingtao
2645:Togoland
2592:Caucasus
2527:European
2519:Theatres
1787:to take
1686:and the
1680:Ober Ost
1652:LX Corps
1647:LI Corps
1642:VI Corps
1537:and the
1428:and the
1362:the West
1271:its army
1158:Dibrivka
1071:Bakhmach
1004:Rarańcza
946:2nd Riga
734:1st Riga
641:Pakosław
524:Limanowa
499:Mołotków
470:Augustów
267:Strength
249:8th Army
75:Location
4278:Germany
4178:Germany
4106:Germany
4026:Belgium
4011:Albania
3970:Disease
3950:Sports
3902:Ireland
3815:Warfare
3808:Aspects
2996:Origins
2989:Prelude
2892:Senussi
2872:Germany
2867:Leaders
2805:Romania
2746:Belgium
2741:Leaders
2640:Kamerun
2622:African
2557:Romania
2535:Balkans
2450:Outline
2248:2493539
1794:Tallinn
1748:Kaiser
1602:Ikšķile
1555:Finland
1418:Vilnius
1410:Belarus
1390:Germany
1245:or the
989:Finland
799:Smorgon
724:Jastków
670:Rokitna
658:Syniava
582:Makivka
441:Gorodek
421:Komarow
410:Galicia
372:Kaushen
275:192.000
165:Germany
137:changes
89:Ikšķile
44:of the
4298:Russia
4273:France
4101:Canada
4016:Serbia
3887:Canada
3844:Horses
3796:(1921)
3790:(1920)
3784:(1920)
3778:(1920)
3770:(1920)
3723:(1919)
3717:(1919)
3663:(1918)
3628:(1918)
3622:(1917)
3610:(1916)
3604:(1916)
3569:(1915)
2981:(1913)
2963:(1911)
2945:(1905)
2902:Darfur
2827:Serbia
2810:Russia
2773:Greece
2761:France
2751:Brazil
2597:Persia
2540:Serbia
2396:
2377:
2358:
2339:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2263:
2246:
2209:
2190:
1763:Wenden
1708:Ropaži
1458:Dvinsk
1450:Kaunas
1444:under
1438:Stavka
1404:, the
1398:Russia
1308:. The
1294:Latvia
1251:German
1153:Kaniów
1131:Sivash
1114:Crimea
1088:Donbas
957:Albion
907:Zboriv
804:Zurnvo
675:Tarłów
665:Konary
514:Kraków
272:60.000
177:Russia
127:Result
4495:Other
4288:Japan
4283:Italy
4110:camps
3954:Rugby
3504:]
2783:Japan
2778:Italy
2756:China
2650:North
2244:JSTOR
2182:[
1834:front
1820:Notes
1688:202nd
1588:Dvina
1456:near
1434:Minsk
1342:Jugla
1334:Dvina
1226:]
1126:]
1107:]
1095:]
1083:]
1064:Narva
1059:]
1047:]
1035:]
1023:]
1016:Keila
936:Krevo
926:]
853:Kowel
838:Lutsk
794:]
781:Vilno
774:Rovno
753:Rasna
739:Kovno
707:Narew
609:Memel
604:Łomża
577:]
458:]
367:Orlau
83:near
4075:POWs
3394:1918
3296:1917
3222:1916
3123:1915
3027:1914
2832:Siam
2635:East
2394:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2188:ISBN
1690:and
1509:O.S.
1469:O.S.
1426:Riga
1392:and
1284:and
1269:and
1237:The
978:1918
891:1917
810:1916
768:Prut
547:1915
509:Łódź
436:Rawa
344:1914
142:Riga
87:and
85:Riga
67:Date
2234:doi
1432:in
1388:by
1300:'s
1261:of
4557::
3502:It
2242:.
2230:30
2228:.
2224:.
2115:^
2092:^
2057:^
2006:^
1987:^
1886:^
1855:^
1832:A
1808:.
1368:.
1253::
1224:uk
1124:ru
1105:uk
1093:uk
1081:uk
1057:uk
1045:uk
1033:uk
1021:et
924:de
792:lv
575:ru
456:ru
3926:/
2431:e
2424:t
2417:v
2402:.
2383:.
2364:.
2345:.
2326:.
2307:.
2288:.
2269:.
2250:.
2236::
2215:.
2196:.
1840:.
1249:(
324:e
317:t
310:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
