550:
601:. Knowing the poor gun discipline of the local UNLA soldiers, the Tanzanians were unaware that the shooting was related to an actual rebel attack. Accordingly, the TPDF major jumped from his vehicle and demanded that the UNLA troops stop firing, calling them to order. Instead, Rwigyema used the opportunity to take aim and kill the Tanzania officer. Several other TPDF soldiers were also killed as the other PRA militants opened fire on the truck. The PRA then retreated into the nearby forest in good order.
43:
130:
143:
119:
492:. These elections were won by Obote and his supporters, but the results were disputed by other political factions. Regardless, Obote assumed power, and ruled through repressive methods, including the incarceration and killing of dissidents. Museveni subsequently organized the Popular Resistance Army" (PRA) rebel group and began attacking UNLA forces in February 1981, entering the
628:. The latter contingent was detected by the TPDF and attacked on 18 April, resulting in a clash that ended in the rebels losing several fighters and some of the weaponry captured at Kakiri. The rebel contingents subsequently reunited and focused on recruiting new members; the PRA expanded to about 200 fighters by late April. In June, the PRA merged with another rebel group, the
50:
507:. Knowing that his force was small and not well equipped, Museveni envisioned that his rebels would wage a long-term "people's war" to gradually undermine Obote's government and build up support across Uganda, starting with the Luwero region where many civilians were already sympathetic to his cause.
577:
at the local police station, whereupon the five rebel sections stormed the camp. The rebels swiftly overran the outpost; the confused UNLA soldiers offered little resistance. At this stage, neither side lost any troops. As the UNLA soldiers fled, PRA member Pecos Kutesa reportedly crawled forward
519:
on 6 February 1981 was a partial failure, and a subsequent series of raids on police stations yielded only few weapons. On 9 February, a UNLA-TPDF force attacked the PRA near Kiboga, forcing it to scatter and causing a dozen rebels to quit the insurgency. Afterward, the remaining PRA fighters
569:. When they arrived near Kakiri on early 5 April, the PRA leadership initially wanted to allow its troops some rest and to attack in the evening. However, the fighters encountered a civilian on a bicycle who sped away, and also discovered that their planned hiding place was located near a
647:
operations in the Luwero
Triangle, disrupting NRA activities, only for the rebels to retake lost territory upon the end of the offensives. Meanwhile, Kakiri remained under UNLA control; local soldiers committed two massacres at the town in mid-1982. A NRA contingent under
573:; this made a discovery by the local garrison likely. After a short discussion, Museveni and the other PRA commanders decided to immediately attack in order to maintain the element of surprise. The assault was initiated by a PRA fighter shooting a
472:. A new UNLF government was installed, but it was weak and exercised little control over the country. This was in part due to the UNLF's and its army's own internal divisions. One of the most important rivalries emerged between the supporters of
540:
of UNLA soldiers. One PRA spy working at the local sub-county headquarters was ordered to scout the UNLA outpost, allowing the rebels to ascertain that the government troops had set up few proper defenses and not dug any trenches.
480:. Over time power shifted to pro-Obote elements in the government and the army. As a result of the political infighting and powers of the armed factions, Uganda's first post-Amin provisional government led by President
531:
In April, the PRA opted to launch a "more ambitious" raid, targeting a UNLA outpost at Kakiri to capture more weapons and demonstrate its ability to inflict damage against the government. Kakiri was located along the
620:
on important missions, as the militants had difficulties to transport the loot during the retreat from Kakiri. In public, the PRA proclaimed that it had killed 200 UNLA and 100 TPDF soldiers at Kakiri.
515:
One of the first priorities for the PRA was the capture of weaponry for its fighters. However, early rebel attempts to capture guns from the UNLa and its TPDF allies were rather unsuccessful: The
488:
who lacked his own power base. In May 1980, Binaisa was also deposed and Uganda fell under the control of the UNLF's
Military Commission that was supposed to rule until the scheduled
262:
608:
and several mortar crews, chased after the rebels. The pro-government troops shot aimlessly into the forest, but hit no rebels who successfully evaded them.
255:
436:(UNLA) contingent. The insurgents successfully overran the outpost and then tried to retreat with their loot. In the process, they chanced upon a
763:
528:. After a promised arms shipment by the PRA's foreign allies failed to arrive, the group resumed its attacks on government targets on 18 March.
636:(NRM). Museveni was made vice-chairman of the National Resistance Council, the group's political body, and Chairman of the High Command of the
1190:
1123:
1102:
1081:
520:
reunited, and spent several weeks in hiding, gathering food and reorganizing. The rebels formed five sections, led respectively by
Museveni,
248:
1225:
1144:
437:
158:
1220:
1165:
956:
286:
549:
456:
In April 1979 Tanzanian forces and the Uganda
National Liberation Army (UNLA), a coalition of armed rebel groups united under the
457:
42:
433:
198:
370:
536:, about 17 miles (27 km) from the Ugandan capital. The local outpost was a makeshift military camp, hosting about two
565:
and marched through the night to stealthily approach Kakiri. The rebels avoided roads, instead moving through forests and
489:
338:
296:
633:
656:
Kampala in
January 1986. Museveni was declared the country's new president and the NRA became the new national army.
672:
Though most sources state that the Battle of Kakiri took place on 5 April, some have also provided 6 April as date.
1210:
605:
1215:
321:
1235:
1230:
637:
574:
402:
643:
Over the next years, fighting between the NRA and UNLA ebbed and flowed, as the government would launch major
461:
382:
326:
311:
397:
758:
629:
537:
445:
421:
99:
533:
652:
raided Kakiri in late 1982. After defeating the UNLA and its allies in a series of major battles, the NRA
582:
which had been placed in front of the military camp. Furthermore, Museveni's followers captured two 60mm
365:
343:
331:
753:
387:
360:
306:
590:, and ammunition. With this loot, the rebels tried to retreat, while UNLA troops counter-attacked.
465:
291:
1182:
593:
As the fighting withdrawal of the insurgents was in process, a truck with TPDF soldiers led by a
444:, pursued by UNLA and TPDF troops. A few days later, one PRA contingent was attacked by a TPDF
1186:
1161:
1140:
1119:
1098:
1077:
653:
644:
616:
As a lesson of the raid, the PRA leadership concluded that they had to always take a group of
562:
516:
392:
355:
350:
301:
617:
493:
429:
272:
165:
30:
583:
500:
485:
477:
377:
174:
624:
After the battle at Kakiri, the PRA split into two columns, one led by Magara and one by
587:
1204:
525:
186:
625:
594:
473:
161:
1176:
1155:
1134:
1113:
1092:
440:(TPDF) patrol, killing several of its members. The PRA subsequently escaped into
649:
579:
566:
521:
481:
178:
957:"Museveni: Pecos Kutesa Crawled under Gunfire to Seize Enemy's Machine gun"
1073:
469:
441:
135:
424:(PRA) rebels to capture weapons and ammunition at a military outpost in
598:
504:
554:
425:
123:
87:
1178:
Crisis of
Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016
240:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
548:
484:
was unstable. Lule was dismissed on 20 June 1979, and replaced by
570:
561:
On late 4 April, about 60 PRA insurgents left their hideout at
244:
783:
781:
1094:
Battles of the
Ugandan Resistance: A Tradition of Maneuver
998:
996:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
983:
981:
979:
977:
902:
900:
875:
873:
871:
1050:
1014:
850:
823:
811:
799:
728:
448:and lost some of the weapons captured at Kakiri.
1115:Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985
23:
256:
8:
1136:Uganda's Revolution, 1979-1986: How I Saw it
578:under gunfire to personally capture a heavy
1038:
604:A UNLA-TPDF force, including at least one
524:, Jack Muchunguzi, Hannington Mugabi, and
263:
249:
241:
206:PRA's 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Sections
20:
1070:Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994
1068:Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2015).
1002:
950:
948:
939:
918:
891:
862:
685:
665:
1160:(revised ed.). Moran Publishers.
1026:
987:
906:
879:
787:
766:from the original on 22 September 2017
740:
716:
704:
692:
7:
640:(NRA), the Movement's armed organ.
16:1981 battle of the Ugandan Bush War
1118:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press.
14:
553:Overview of the landscape around
1139:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
1097:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
1076:: Helion & Company Limited.
458:Uganda National Liberation Front
141:
128:
117:
48:
41:
955:Giles Muhame (22 August 2021).
499:The PRA mainly operated in the
438:Tanzania People's Defence Force
434:Uganda National Liberation Army
490:December 1980 general election
49:
1:
1091:Kainerugaba, Muhoozi (2010).
1051:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
1015:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
851:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
824:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
812:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
800:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
729:Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015
420:(5 April 1981) was a raid by
219:
147:Popular Resistance Army (PRA)
634:National Resistance Movement
432:. Kakiri was defended by a
1252:
1226:Battles involving Tanzania
606:armoured personnel carrier
1154:Museveni, Yoweri (2020).
597:arrived at the site from
503:west of Uganda's capital
339:West Nile (December 1982)
297:West Nile (December 1980)
282:
226:
210:
192:
151:
110:
70:
62:Battle of Kakiri (Uganda)
36:
28:
1221:Battles involving Uganda
743:, pp. 128, 163–164.
638:National Resistance Army
575:rocket-propelled grenade
287:West Nile (October 1980)
1175:Otunnu, Ogenga (2017).
1157:Sowing the Mustard Seed
759:Encyclopedia Britannica
754:"Uganda : History"
630:Uganda Freedom Fighters
422:Popular Resistance Army
100:Popular Resistance Army
1133:Kutesa, Pecos (2006).
558:
152:Commanders and leaders
1017:, pp. 42, 45–47.
802:, pp. 40–41, 44.
552:
227:Casualties and losses
1029:, pp. 146, 243.
1112:Kasozi, A. (1994).
921:, pp. 174–175.
790:, pp. 164–165.
707:, pp. 129–130.
1183:Palgrave Macmillan
1041:, pp. 81, 88.
559:
534:Kampala–Hoima Road
201:garrison of Kakiri
1211:Conflicts in 1981
1192:978-3-319-33155-3
1125:978-0-7735-6487-9
1104:978-9970-25-032-5
1083:978-1-910294-55-0
1053:, pp. 49–51.
826:, pp. 41–42.
814:, pp. 40–41.
645:counterinsurgency
517:Battle of Kabamba
428:during the early
411:
410:
239:
238:
184:Hannington Mugabi
106:
105:
24:Battle of Kabamba
1243:
1216:Ugandan Bush War
1196:
1171:
1150:
1129:
1108:
1087:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1039:Kainerugaba 2010
1036:
1030:
1024:
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1012:
1006:
1000:
991:
985:
972:
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969:
967:
952:
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771:
750:
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738:
732:
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708:
702:
696:
690:
673:
670:
494:Ugandan Bush War
464:and deposed the
430:Ugandan Bush War
418:Battle of Kakiri
322:West Nile (1981)
277:
275:
274:Ugandan Bush War
265:
258:
251:
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170:
146:
145:
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134:
132:
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122:
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72:
71:
52:
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45:
31:Ugandan Bush War
21:
1251:
1250:
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1245:
1244:
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1241:
1240:
1236:Battles in 1981
1231:Wakiso District
1201:
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677:
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614:
588:submachine guns
547:
513:
501:Luwero Triangle
486:Godfrey Binaisa
478:Yoweri Museveni
454:
414:
413:
412:
407:
278:
273:
271:
269:
202:
185:
183:
182:Jack Muchunguzi
181:
177:
175:Yoweri Museveni
166:
142:
140:
129:
127:
126:
118:
116:
91:
66:
65:
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12:
11:
5:
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1202:
1198:
1197:
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1146:978-9970025640
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1109:
1103:
1088:
1082:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
1005:, p. 176.
992:
973:
944:
942:, p. 175.
923:
911:
896:
894:, p. 174.
884:
867:
865:, p. 173.
855:
828:
816:
804:
792:
777:
745:
733:
721:
719:, p. 133.
709:
697:
695:, p. 129.
684:
683:
681:
678:
675:
674:
664:
663:
661:
658:
632:, forming the
613:
610:
557:(photo, 2012)
546:
543:
512:
509:
462:invaded Uganda
453:
450:
409:
408:
406:
405:
400:
395:
393:Kampala (1986)
390:
385:
383:Katonga Bridge
380:
375:
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363:
358:
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327:Kampala (1982)
324:
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314:
312:Kampala (1981)
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294:
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232:Several killed
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193:Units involved
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1167:9789966630131
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1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
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1008:
1004:
1003:Museveni 2020
999:
997:
993:
990:, p. 68.
989:
984:
982:
980:
978:
974:
962:
961:Chimp Reports
958:
951:
949:
945:
941:
940:Museveni 2020
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
919:Museveni 2020
915:
912:
909:, p. 66.
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
892:Museveni 2020
888:
885:
882:, p. 89.
881:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
863:Museveni 2020
859:
856:
853:, p. 42.
852:
847:
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837:
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833:
829:
825:
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778:
765:
761:
760:
755:
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
731:, p. 39.
730:
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689:
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585:
581:
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539:
535:
529:
527:
526:Fred Rwigyema
523:
518:
510:
508:
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502:
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491:
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483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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187:Fred Rwigyema
180:
176:
173:
171:
169:
163:
160:
157:Unidentified
156:
155:
150:
139:
137:
125:
115:
114:
109:
102:(PRA) victory
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
44:
35:
32:
27:
22:
1177:
1156:
1135:
1114:
1093:
1069:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
964:. Retrieved
960:
914:
887:
858:
819:
807:
795:
768:. Retrieved
757:
748:
736:
724:
712:
700:
688:
668:
642:
626:Elly Tumwine
623:
615:
603:
592:
560:
530:
514:
498:
474:Milton Obote
455:
417:
415:
344:
332:
316:
167:
111:Belligerents
78:5 April 1981
29:Part of the
1181:. Chicago:
1061:Works cited
1027:Kasozi 1994
988:Kutesa 2006
907:Kutesa 2006
880:Otunnu 2017
788:Kasozi 1994
741:Kasozi 1994
717:Kasozi 1994
705:Kasozi 1994
693:Kasozi 1994
650:Salim Saleh
580:machine gun
567:plantations
366:1985 mutiny
1205:Categories
680:References
522:Sam Magara
482:Yusuf Lule
452:Background
292:Rwenzururu
179:Sam Magara
966:26 August
654:conquered
612:Aftermath
586:, twelve
538:companies
466:President
371:1985 coup
345:Safari 50
1074:Solihull
764:Archived
563:Kikandwa
470:Idi Amin
460:(UNLF),
442:the bush
211:Strength
136:Tanzania
90:, Uganda
83:Location
618:porters
599:Busunju
584:mortars
511:Prelude
505:Kampala
446:company
388:Mbarara
356:Kembogo
351:Birembo
333:Bonanza
302:Kabamba
216:Unknown
168:†
1189:
1164:
1143:
1122:
1101:
1080:
770:3 July
555:Kakiri
545:Battle
426:Kakiri
398:Tororo
378:Masaka
361:Rubona
317:Kakiri
307:Kiboga
164:
133:
124:Uganda
96:Result
88:Kakiri
56:Kakiri
660:Notes
595:major
162:major
1187:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1078:ISBN
968:2024
772:2019
571:well
476:and
416:The
403:Nile
235:None
203:TPDF
199:UNLA
159:TPDF
75:Date
1207::
1185:.
1072:.
995:^
976:^
959:.
947:^
926:^
899:^
870:^
831:^
780:^
762:.
756:.
496:.
468:,
222:60
220:c.
1195:.
1170:.
1149:.
1128:.
1107:.
1086:.
970:.
774:.
264:e
257:t
250:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
