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992:(translated as the "Riders of the Army of Khorasan") he had held in reserve against the flank of the Ottoman army in a huge attack. The ferocity of the fighting was such that two horses were shot from under Nader, but the Ottoman army could not sustain the impact of the charge and broke up. A contingent of Anatolian troops from Asia minor (15,000 men in all) fled, leaving the rest of the Ottoman army to retreat in utter chaos and confusion. The Persian army engaged in a pursuit until dusk and subsequently returned to their camp.
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components scattered across the field. This demoralising event brought the
Ottomans trapped inside the camp's walls to the brink of mutiny. A stream of deserters came to the Persian camp bringing news of the ongoing turmoil in the Ottoman battlements. In the dark of night the Ottoman army silently abandoned their fortifications and marched west, but the Persian army immediately set out, hot on their heels, caught up and encircled them once more.
803:
1095:) lost all possibility for gaining any military leverage against Iran. However, Nader Shah chose not to launch a counter invasion of the Ottoman Empire, despite annihilating any Ottoman offensive capabilities, putting them completely on the defensive. Instead he pursued a diplomatic solution for the cessation of hostilities. Soon after an exchange of diplomats, the
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As the
Ottoman and Safavid Empires declined, their conflicts helped shape the political borders of modern Iran and Turkey by the 17th century, influencing the current sectarian makeup of Islam. Shias now form the majority in Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Bahrain, and a significant portion in Lebanon,
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The terrible fate of the
Ottoman army ended all hope of a military victory for Istanbul. The large numbers of killed and wounded on both sides indicated the harshness of the struggle as well as the courage and quality of the Ottoman soldiers. The 8,000 casualties suffered by the Persian army in the
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and was requesting the Shah's permission to advance deeper into
Ottoman Mesopotamia. Nader Shah ordered this letter to be taken to Yegen Pasha in a bid to convince him of the futility of further resistance. However, as the Persian emissaries entered the encampment they found the Ottoman troops had
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The
Ottoman cavalry held back due to their inferiority to their Persian counterparts. Unlike in many other battles Nader fought in his career, he commanded the battle of Kars from his camp with messengers sending out his orders and returning with reports from the battlefield. By afternoon, Nader's
950:
Nader's army marched west past
Yerevan when news was brought of the Ottoman army's departure from Kars under the command of Yegen Mohammad Pasha. Nader continued west and camped upon a hill near YeghevÄrd. This was the same hill Nader had made camp on approximately 10 years previously when he had
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failed. Yegen Pasha attempted to remedy this by deploying his guns. The
Persian artillery batteries were deployed and a counter-battery fire was commenced in which the Ottoman artillery was outclassed in both accuracy and rate of fire. Many of Yegen Pasha's artillery pieces were destroyed, their
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where he was joined by the local
Ottoman forces as well as a significant body of Kurdish auxiliaries. However, when the Persian army gave battle it inflicted a crushing defeat. The severity of the Ottoman defeat was such that Nassrollah Mirza wrote to his father, Nader, requesting permission to
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routed from the field, followed by a series of subsequent blockades and pursuits until the final destruction of the
Ottoman army. The severity of the defeat, in conjunction with another defeat near Mosul, ended any hopes of Ottoman victory and forced them to enter into negotiations with a
1006:(a unit approximately the equivalent of a regiment) to cut the logistical line of the Ottoman army back to Kars. The Persian army began surrounding the Ottoman camp. A few skirmishes ensued but all attempts by the Ottomans to break the
1071:, had divided his forces in two. A contingent was put under the command of Nader's son, Nasrollah Mirza, as he was named after his victory at Karnal. Nasrollah Mirza set out south west in order to find and destroy the Ottoman army.
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escalate the situation into a full-scale invasion of
Ottoman Iraq. The letter reached Nader Shah on the last day of the Battle of Kars where Nader had also gained an overwhelming victory against Yegen Pasha.
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of the Ottomans broke away from the camp and fled desperately. The Ottoman soldiers screamed "oh people of Mohammad, flee, flee!" as they were ruthlessly pursued and cut down by the Persian cavalry.
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Cavalry in the "European manner" with columns of infantry in the centre, artillery batteries interspersed between these columns and the cavalry in two bodies each on either flank. Nader ordered his
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first day of battle was a testament to the severity of the fighting, although the Persians suffered hardly any casualties after that whilst the Ottoman casualties continued to mount exponentially.
938:, Nader's son, was given a large component of the Persian army with the objective of defeating the Ottomans headed for Mosul and Nader himself set out for Kars where he unsuccessfully
911:, the Persian army moved south after devastating the region with many settlements razed to the ground and their inhabitants put to the sword. On June 14, 1745 Nader returned to
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A separate action was fought around the same time near Mosul. After receiving news of the approach of two Ottoman armies from the west towards his borders, the Shah of Persia,
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retainers brought back reports from the battlefield which indicated there would be no decisive conclusion either way. Nader decided to don his armour and mount his horse.
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Estimates range from 28,000 all the way to 50,000 men in total. The most plausible gives 12,000 killed, 18,000 wounded and 5,000 captured bringing the sum of men
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risen in mutiny. It is unclear as to whether they rose in mutiny after hearing of Yegen Pashah's suicide or in fact, had killed Yegen Pasha in an act of mutiny.
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The overall outcome of both victories forced the Ottomans to concede to negotiating under unfavourable circumstances. Having both its armies destroyed,
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to 35,000. Nader allowed all the wounded soldiers which had been captured return to Kars so that they may find succour for their wounds.
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back to health. Nader Shah was informed that two large Ottoman armies were headed eastward to his borders. One headed to
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Kars Citadel. Nader allowed all the captured wounded soldiers of the Ottoman army return to Kars to seek help.
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and charge. The battle raged with either side feeding in a steady stream of reinforcements into the centre.
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and the other to Mosul. Nader Shah immediately went on to the offensive and also split his forces into two.
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A diagram of the battle of Kars, illustrating the devastating flanking manoeuvre by Nader's cavalry reserve
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Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). "1743â1747: Southwest Asia: War between the Ottoman Empire and Persia".
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remaining there for months before setting out south. He became extremely ill and had to be carried in a
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1302:(in French). Vol. 12. Translated by William Jones. London: J. Stockdale. pp. 102â103.
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Robert McMahon, "The Sunni-Shia Divide," The Council on Foreign Relations, April 27, 2023,
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784:. The battle was in fact fought over a period of ten days in which the first day saw the
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1281:(Rare views of the world), 3 vols., Ed. Amin Riyahi, Tehran, Third Edition, 1374/1995
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to advance against the centre and after firing a single massed volley, draw their
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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Alam Aray-e Naderi, Mohammad Kazim Keshmiri, 3 volumes, Tehran university press
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On 19 August a letter was brought to Nader bearing news of the outcome of the
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The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant
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significantly weaker position than they would otherwise have occupied.
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while Sunnis dominate in over 40 countries from Morocco to Indonesia.
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Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
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Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources
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Nadir Shah: A critical study based mainly upon contemporary sources
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Nadir Shah: A critical study based mainly upon contemporary sources
776:. The battle resulted in the complete and utter destruction of the
1259:, volume 40, number 5, December 2007, (Taylor & Francis), 642.
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1018:. Nassrollah Mirza had crushed the Ottoman army sent to the
780:. It was also the last of the great military triumphs of
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772:(19 August 1745) was the last major engagement of the
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The Ottoman commander, Abdullah Pasha, marched into
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1099:was signed which officially ended the war in 1746.
986:Nader led a force of 40,000 elite cavalry from the
963:On 9 August the Ottomans began deploying 40,000
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1200:
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1164:History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now
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909:Nader's last punitive expedition in Dagestan
3334:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
831:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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16:Part of the Ottoman-Persian War of 1743â46
895:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1143:
3343:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
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19:For other clashes involving Kars, see
3329:For 20th-century battles before 1914
7:
3400:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1356:. London: Luzac. pp. 250, 340.
829:adding citations to reliable sources
3380:Battles of the OttomanâPersian Wars
3338:For the battles during World War I
1000:On the next day Nader sent forth a
1175:Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein (2008).
14:
1381:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 289â291.
926:The court physicians nursed the
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551:Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani
109:
98:
46:
3395:Battles involving Afsharid Iran
1331:. H. B. Blackwell. p. 49.
1177:The Great Batlles of Nader Shah
951:crushed an Ottoman army at the
1192:, p. 312. Luzac & Company
1:
1325:Herbert John Maynard (1885).
1232:, p. 315. Luzac & Company
1166:, p. 401. Etela'at Publishing
1133:OttomanâPersian War (1743â46)
723:Occupation of Basra 1697â1701
36:OttomanâPersian War (1743â46)
1277:Mohammad Kazem Marvi Yazdi,
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1025:
1002:
996:Encirclement of the Ottomans
626:Garmsirat Revolts of 1746-47
1403:Accessed September 18, 2024
3426:
3385:1745 in the Ottoman Empire
1350:Laurence Lockhart (1938).
1300:Works of Sir William Jones
989:Savaran-e Sepah-e Khorasan
919:before the army halted at
844:"Battle of Kars" 1745
631:Zafaranlu Uprising of 1747
621:Muscat Uprising of 1746-47
545:Rebellions & Civil War
159:Savaran-e Sepah-e Khorasan
110:
18:
3353:Ottoman victories are in
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1422:. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.
1375:Michael Axworthy (2010).
793:Ottoman armies march east
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3405:Military history of Kars
1296:"Histoire De Nader Chah"
132:Mehmet Yegen Pasha
3410:Campaigns of Nader Shah
1179:, p. 126. Donyaye Ketab
729:Campaigns of Nader Shah
616:Sistan Uprising of 1746
486:Battle of Chenab (1739)
251:Campaigns of Nader Shah
141:Abdollah Pasha Jebhechi
40:Campaigns of Nader Shah
1253:The Army of Nader Shah
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601:Fars Rebellion of 1744
591:Khoy Revolt of 1743-46
494:Central Asian Campaign
122:Commanders and leaders
1292:MahdÄ« KhÄn AstarÄbÄdÄ«
1219:, p. 339. I.B. Tauris
1162:Ghafouri, Ali(2008).
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967:Infantry and 100,000
611:Kerman Revolt of 1746
566:Kartli Revolt of 1736
556:Bakhtiyari Rebellions
515:Persian Gulf Campaign
411:Mesopotamian Campaign
382:West Persian Campaign
190:Casualties and losses
1255:, Michael Axworthy,
1228:Lockhart, Laurence.
1188:Lockhart, Laurence.
825:improve this section
746:Subsequent conflicts
687:OttomanâSafavid Wars
675:OttomanâPersian Wars
606:Qajar revolt of 1744
576:Balkh Revolt of 1741
263:Fall of the Safavids
1312:Jahangushaye Naderi
959:First day of battle
953:Battle of YeghevÄrd
774:Ottoman-Persian War
586:Revolt of Sam Mirza
341:Safavid restoration
329:2nd Afghan Campaign
312:1st Afghan Campaign
1279:Alam Ara-ye Naderi
1265:2016-03-03 at the
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522:Second Ottoman War
399:Tahmasp's Campaign
276:Battle of Gulnabad
3375:Conflicts in 1745
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1213:Axworthy, Michael
1063:Battle near Mosul
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561:Rebellion of 1733
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2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2568:Cape Celidonia
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2363:Saint Gotthard
2360:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2237:AlcĂĄcer Quibir
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2128:Transformation
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1732:Constantinople
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1462:Ottoman Empire
1460:involving the
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1387:
1367:
1342:
1317:
1283:
1270:
1245:
1234:
1221:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1153:, p. 743.
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:Ottoman Empire
1120:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1089:Constantinople
1084:
1081:
1064:
1061:
1057:hors de combat
1048:
1045:
997:
994:
960:
957:
947:
944:
903:
902:
809:
807:
800:
794:
791:
770:Battle of Kars
763:
762:
760:
759:
754:
748:
747:
743:
742:
737:
731:
730:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
688:
684:
681:
680:
671:
669:
668:
661:
654:
646:
637:
636:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
542:
541:
539:Battle of Kars
536:
531:
529:Siege of Mosul
511:
510:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
455:
454:
453:
452:
442:
441:
440:
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
408:
407:
406:
396:
395:
394:
389:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
337:
336:
331:
326:
325:
324:
319:
303:
302:
297:
284:
283:
278:
260:
257:
256:
247:
245:
244:
237:
230:
222:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:5,000 captured
208:
207:18,000 wounded
205:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
185:
184:
177:
164:
163:
162:
148:
147:
143:
142:
130:
124:
123:
119:
118:
116:Ottoman Empire
106:
104:Persian Empire
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
42:
31:
30:
29:Battle of Kars
21:Battle of Kars
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3422:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:Naval battles
3240:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Philippopolis
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2869:Modernization
2866:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:Naval battles
2814:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:Naval battles
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:Naval battles
2024:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1763:Classical Age
1760:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:Naval battles
1740:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1388:9780857733474
1384:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:(present-day
1090:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1004:
995:
993:
991:
990:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
958:
956:
954:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
899:
896:
888:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
853:
849:
846: â
845:
841:
840:Find sources:
834:
830:
826:
820:
819:
815:
810:This section
808:
804:
799:
798:
792:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
682:
677:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
647:
644:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:Kartli Revolt
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
546:
540:
537:
535:
534:Siege of Kars
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
523:
518:
517:
516:
509:
506:
505:
504:
503:
502:
497:
496:
495:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
476:Sack of Delhi
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
460:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
409:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
327:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
291:
290:
289:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
264:
258:
253:
243:
238:
236:
231:
229:
224:
223:
220:
209:
206:
204:12,000 killed
203:
202:
201:
197:
194:
193:
188:
182:
178:
175:
171:
170:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
137:
131:
129:
126:
125:
120:
117:
107:
105:
101:
97:
96:
91:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3390:1745 in Iran
3354:
3339:
3330:
3270:
3248:
3230:
3208:
3166:
3159:
3137:
3065:
3058:
3036:
3024:
3017:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2924:
2897:
2881:Land battles
2822:
2804:
2797:
2757:
2735:
2728:
2706:
2699:
2695:2nd Belgrade
2690:Petrovaradin
2682:
2675:
2668:
2662:Land battles
2633:
2621:
2594:
2577:
2555:
2543:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2481:Egri Palanka
2479:
2472:
2455:
2448:
2436:
2414:
2367:
2355:
2348:
2326:
2319:
2307:
2290:
2283:
2261:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2140:Land battles
2111:
2107:Gulf of Oman
2094:
2077:
2065:
2058:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2014:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1882:
1850:
1843:
1831:
1797:1st Belgrade
1775:Land battles
1730:
1718:
1696:
1679:
1670:Hermannstadt
1662:
1655:
1650:Thessalonica
1648:
1641:
1629:
1602:
1585:
1575:Philadelphia
1573:
1566:
1559:
1554:Sırp SındıÄı
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1491:Kulaca Hisar
1489:
1483:Land battles
1419:
1397:
1377:
1370:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1320:
1299:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1256:
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1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1146:
1101:
1086:
1076:Mosul Eyalet
1073:
1066:
1054:
1050:
1020:Mosul Eyalet
1013:
1008:encirclement
999:
987:
985:
981:
962:
949:
925:
906:
891:
882:
872:
865:
858:
851:
839:
823:Please help
811:
778:Ottoman army
769:
767:
544:
543:
538:
520:
519:
513:
512:
499:
498:
492:
490:
457:
456:
373:
372:
358:Murche-Khort
339:
338:
317:Kafer Qal'eh
305:
304:
286:
285:
261:
198:
166:
158:
151:
135:
93:Belligerents
34:Part of the
3174:Shipka Pass
3128:BaĆgedikler
3123:Akhaltsikhe
3088:Akhaltsikhe
2932:Mount Tabor
2915:Shubra Khit
2850:2nd Ochakov
2793:2nd Ochakov
2753:Stavunchany
2748:1st Ochakov
2292:Nagykanizsa
1970:Leobersdorf
1151:Tucker 2011
885:August 2017
581:Kish mutiny
466:Khyber Pass
266: [
3369:Categories
3168:Kızıl Tepe
3044:Dervenakia
2942:Heliopolis
2806:KarĂĄnsebes
2730:Banja Luka
2650:Old Regime
2635:Samothrace
2563:Cape Corvo
2457:Negroponte
2444:2nd MohĂĄcs
2438:Vrtijeljka
2405:2nd Vienna
2390:2nd Khotyn
2375:KrasnobrĂłd
2315:1st Khotyn
2303:Tashiskari
2269:CÄlugÄreni
2216:Gvozdansko
2188:Mostaganem
2067:Formentera
2060:1st Jeddah
1957:1st MohĂĄcs
1922:Mercidabık
1858:Breadfield
1845:Valea AlbÄ
1807:TĂąrgoviÈte
1792:2nd Oranik
1720:2nd Kosovo
1714:1st Oranik
1615:Karanovasa
1581:Dubravnica
1547:Adrianople
1328:Nadir Shah
1139:References
1118:Nader Shah
1069:Nader Shah
1047:Casualties
973:JazÄyerchi
855:newspapers
782:Nader Shah
353:Khwar pass
322:Herat 1729
128:Nader Shah
3226:Velestino
3221:Al Wajbah
3145:Eupatoria
3133:Kurekdere
3093:Kulevicha
3049:Karpenisi
3019:DrÄgÄÈani
2783:Kozludzha
2719:YeghevÄrd
2623:Oinousses
2487:Slankamen
2400:Trembowla
2350:Novi Zrin
2285:Keresztes
2279:2nd Brest
2244:1st Brest
2016:Sokhoista
2004:Esztergom
1929:Han Yunus
1873:CÄtlÄbuga
1833:Otlukbeli
1812:2nd Mokra
1749:Gallipoli
1704:1st Mokra
1664:Novo Brdo
1631:Nicopolis
1610:Kırkdilim
1533:Gallipoli
1519:Pelekanon
1362:580906461
1337:493917070
1294:(1807) .
1083:Aftermath
977:shamshirs
965:Janissary
942:in 1744.
812:does not
693:Chaldiran
450:YeghevÄrd
181:Janissary
3308:Navarino
3303:Gerontas
3266:Kaliakra
3199:TaĆkesen
3189:4th Kars
3155:3rd Kars
3150:Chernaya
3139:OlteniÈa
3103:2nd Acre
3078:2nd Kars
3067:Phaleron
3060:Kamatero
3054:Arachova
3032:Vasilika
3003:Valtetsi
2967:Al-Safra
2962:Slobozia
2952:Arpachai
2926:1st Acre
2920:Pyramids
2855:Fidonisi
2768:Aspindza
2763:Khresili
2758:1st Kars
2617:Mytilene
2573:Focchies
2503:Moulouya
2497:Ustechko
2463:BatoÄina
2380:NiemirĂłw
2328:KöbölkĂșt
2155:TemesvĂĄr
2085:Girolata
2048:Balearic
1936:Ridanieh
1916:Koçhisar
1903:Turnadag
1896:Ăaldıran
1802:Albulena
1787:Krusevac
1782:Leskovac
1692:Torvioll
1687:Kunovica
1681:Zlatitsa
1526:Demotika
1308:11585120
1263:Archived
1215:(2009).
1107:See also
1093:Istanbul
786:Ottomans
387:Nahavand
334:Qandahar
300:Sabzevar
183:Infantry
172:100,000
146:Strength
69:Location
38:and the
3355:italics
3293:Nauplia
3288:Algiers
3232:Domokos
3216:Mouzaki
3204:NovĆĄiÄe
3184:Aladzha
3161:Al-Hasa
3098:Algiers
3026:Sculeni
3008:Doliana
2998:Erzurum
2987:Alamana
2899:Giurgiu
2888:FocÈani
2830:Matapan
2799:Mehadia
2788:Kinburn
2743:Perekop
2708:Samarra
2701:Kurijan
2612:Algiers
2607:Algiers
2602:Algiers
2551:Lepanto
2474:Zernest
2468:2nd NiĆĄ
2427:Eperjes
2410:PĂĄrkĂĄny
2385:Komarno
2369:ĆadyĆŒyn
2298:Sufiyan
2274:Giurgiu
2230:Torches
2202:Szigeth
2181:Tlemcen
2148:Tlemcen
2090:AlborĂĄn
2079:Preveza
2034:Zonchio
2010:Karagak
1990:Algiers
1983:Baghdad
1976:Gorjani
1950:Tlemcen
1910:Algiers
1852:Shkodra
1709:Otonetë
1675:1st NiĆĄ
1657:Golubac
1643:Ăamurlu
1593:PloÄnik
1568:Maritsa
1561:Samokov
1540:Ihtiman
1498:Bapheus
1458:Battles
1412:Sources
921:Yerevan
913:Derbent
907:During
869:scholar
833:removed
818:sources
421:Samarra
404:Yerevan
392:Malayer
368:Zarghan
363:Isfahan
348:Damghan
179:40,000
176:Cavalry
167:140,000
156:40,000
152:80,000
136:†
3261:Tendra
3250:Andros
3210:Ulcinj
3179:Plevna
2993:Gravia
2973:Jeddah
2937:Abukir
2905:Izmail
2893:Rymnik
2840:Patras
2824:Imbros
2737:Grocka
2714:Kirkuk
2670:Chelif
2629:Andros
2545:Cyprus
2450:Crimea
2321:Candia
2309:Cecora
2223:Ăıldır
2162:Palast
2113:Djerba
1890:Dubica
1884:Krbava
1878:Vrpile
1839:Vaslui
1822:Vaikal
1637:Ankara
1620:Rovine
1604:Kosovo
1598:BileÄa
1512:Nicaea
1505:Dimbos
1464:by era
1385:
1360:
1335:
1306:
1029:after
969:Sipahi
946:Battle
917:litter
871:
864:
857:
850:
842:
426:Kirkuk
295:Sangan
199:35,000
195:~8,000
174:Sipahi
81:Result
3313:Sinop
3298:Samos
3283:Athos
3118:Nezib
3113:Konya
3083:Varna
3073:Petra
3013:Lalas
2980:Äegar
2957:Batin
2947:Derna
2910:MÄcin
2835:ĂeĆme
2778:Kagul
2773:Larga
2724:Ganja
2684:Pruth
2557:Tunis
2528:Zenta
2510:Lugos
2492:HodĂłw
2432:Kassa
2357:Jijel
2263:Banat
2257:Sisak
2251:BihaÄ
2195:Krupa
2175:Tadla
2096:Ponza
2073:Tunis
2041:Modon
1943:Jajce
1868:Adana
1827:Meçad
1817:Ohrid
1726:Polog
1698:Varna
1625:Ohrid
1587:Savra
876:JSTOR
862:books
438:Ganja
270:]
3108:Hims
3038:Peta
2677:Oran
2523:Azov
2517:UlaĆ
2416:Buda
2395:LwĂłw
1997:Pest
1471:Rise
1383:ISBN
1358:OCLC
1333:OCLC
1304:OCLC
1032:fowj
1026:Fowj
1003:fowj
932:Kars
928:Shah
848:news
816:any
814:cite
768:The
74:Kars
61:Date
3340:see
3331:see
2422:VĂĄc
2209:Fez
2169:Fez
2054:Diu
1863:Una
827:by
3371::
1310:.
1298:.
1197:^
923:.
268:fa
3357:.
1450:e
1443:t
1436:v
1405:.
1391:.
1364:.
1339:.
1314:.
898:)
892:(
887:)
883:(
873:·
866:·
859:·
852:·
835:.
821:.
665:e
658:t
651:v
241:e
234:t
227:v
23:.
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