220:
209:
131:
187:
176:
106:
274:
263:
252:
241:
1140:. Over the next few hours, the village changed hands four or five times, before the French finally captured it around 12:30 pm. Cumberland ordered a counter-attack but as the infantry formed up, a Dutch cavalry unit to their front was routed by the French and fled, throwing those behind them into disorder and exposing the Allied centre. This was held by the Dutch, who had been limited to two fruitless attacks, both repulsed by French artillery, costing them 537 men. When the Allied left gave way, the centre and right followed.
1166:
155:
39:
902:
142:
230:
1116:
198:
119:
923:
1007:
909:
937:
951:
993:
979:
965:
843:, but failed to force Britain to agree peace terms. France entered the war to reduce the post-1713 expansion in British commercial strength which they viewed as a threat to the European balance of power, but by 1747 British trade was expanding once again while the French economy was being strangled by the
858:
had only acquired the
Austrian Netherlands in 1713 because neither the British or Dutch would allow the other to control it and retaining it was not a strategic priority. Neutrality had allowed the Dutch to become the main carriers of French imports and exports and its loss put further strain on both
1143:
Meanwhile, 150 squadrons of French cavalry had assembled around Wilre, preparing to attack
Cumberland's flank; unaware the Allies were falling back on Maastricht, Ligonier and 60 squadrons charged, taking them by surprise. One of the best known cavalry charges in British military history, Saxe later
1230:
The war confirmed the decline of the Dutch
Republic as a major power and Newcastle berated himself for his "ignorance, obstinacy, and credulity", in believing otherwise. The search for a Continental ally to replace the Dutch drove British acceptance of the Prussian conquest of Silesia; this in turn
1177:
Estimates of total casualties vary, ranging from between 5,000 and 11,000 killed or wounded on either side. As on previous occasions, Saxe was unable to follow up his success, leading to accusations from his critics that he was deliberately seeking to prolong the war in order to strengthen his own
1126:
Most sources suggest around 82,000 French troops faced a slightly smaller Allied army, although estimates vary. The next day was overcast, and heavy rain made movement slow and difficult, so the battle began with an exchange of artillery fire at 6:00 am, which continued until 8:30. Cumberland now
1148:
suffered more than 1,400 casualties; at one point, the short-sighted
Cumberland mistook the red-coated Irish for his own troops, and barely escaped being taken prisoner. To cover the retreating infantry, Ligonier obtained permission for another charge, this time with only three regiments. He was
1217:
In
November, Britain and Russia signed a convention for the supply of additional troops and in February 1748, a Russian corps of 37,000 arrived in the Rhineland. However, by now Newcastle was also ready to agree terms, although it has been argued he failed to appreciate the impact of the naval
1100:. Finding the French already in possession, they halted for the night, with the infantry billeted in the villages of Vlytingen and Lauffeld. As at Rocoux, the Austrians were on the right, holding the villages of Grote and Kleine Spouwen, which are now part of the Belgian town of
779:
but was forced to fall back when the French threatened to cut him off from his supply base at
Maastricht. When the two armies met at Lauffeld, a series of mistakes by Cumberland compromised his position and only counterattacks by the Allied cavalry prevented a serious defeat.
1226:
and minor territorial adjustments in Italy, but essentially returned the situation to 1740, with France withdrawing from the Low
Countries. Returning the territorial gains which had cost so much, in exchange for so little, led to the phrase "as stupid as the Peace".
1131:
in 1745, Saxe used similar positions to inflict heavy casualties on the Allied troops, and
Ligonier urged that they be re-occupied. After some hesitation, Cumberland agreed, but the change in orders caused confusion among his subordinates.
1135:
Saxe assumed abandoning the villages meant
Cumberland was retreating across the Meuse, and around 10:30 sent his infantry forward to take possession. Although Vlytingen was empty, Lauffeld had been re-occupied by troops under
342:
1190:
in 1745. These included inadequate reconnaissance, lack of strategic awareness, and poor co-ordination with his senior commanders, as shown by his failure to inform
Ligonier he had withdrawn the infantry.
859:
economies, with the Dutch government putting pressure on the British to make peace. Although the British were also incurring high levels of debt, they were far better equipped to finance it.
335:
1202:
of the impending collapse of their financial system. Their position deteriorated further in October 1747 when the Royal Navy attacked a large convoy on its way to the West Indies at
2174:
2199:
328:
874:
oversaw foreign policy felt the Allies were strong enough to improve their bargaining position by recovering the Netherlands, while he also anticipated the collapse of the
1046:
278:
1214:
was able to intercept many of them in late 1747 and early 1748. As a result of this defeat, the French navy could no longer protect their colonies or trade routes.
871:
1773:
Carlos, Ann; Neal, Larry; Wandschneider, Kirsten (2006). "The Origins of National Debt: The Financing and Re-financing of the War of the Spanish Succession".
2229:
2135:
2189:
1109:
1041:
in February, but bad weather, lack of transport, and war weariness meant the Allies were not ready to take the field until early May. During this delay,
202:
787:
in September, then Maastricht in May 1748. However, financing the war had brought France close to bankruptcy and severe food shortages caused by the
2179:
1203:
1137:
792:
233:
1127:
made a serious error of judgement, and moved his infantry out of the villages where they had spent the night, having first set them on fire. At
2224:
2219:
901:
2051:
1721:
1702:
1681:
1034:
1020:
765:
180:
2214:
1042:
828:
1186:
in May 1748. It provided further proof of Cumberland's weaknesses as a general, all of which had been factors in his earlier defeat at
775:
between 1744 and 1746 although he failed to achieve decisive victory. In the spring of 1747, Cumberland planned an offensive to retake
2184:
2089:
2070:
2023:
1995:
1976:
1937:
1918:
1895:
1876:
1857:
1838:
1810:
1791:
1740:
1194:
Despite their success in Flanders, the British naval blockade caused a collapse in French customs receipts, and cut them off from the
887:
2194:
1763:
1206:
in October 1747. Despite the loss of their naval escort, most of the merchantmen escaped but warned of their approach, the British
1029:
By taking troops from other areas, Saxe was able to assemble a field army of 120,000 men for the 1747 campaign. The defeat of the
1219:
1119:
1093:
796:
191:
1178:
prestige. Lauffeld was thus another French victory that failed to achieve a decisive result, although it led to the capture of
1179:
808:
784:
753:
689:
684:
471:
352:
30:
2099:
1222:
were first agreed by Britain and France at Breda, then presented to their allies. These confirmed Prussian possession of
1122:(1680–1770), whose cavalry charges allowed the Allies to make an orderly retreat, although he himself was taken prisoner
1089:
1070:
267:
1195:
795:
in October 1747 left the French unable to defend their merchant shipping. The stalemate resulted in the October 1748
1112:, while the left wing, placed around the village of Lauffeld, consisted of British, Hanoverian, and Hessian troops.
2204:
1183:
481:
391:
1062:
386:
580:
186:
175:
111:
1165:
401:
2209:
1232:
1207:
1154:
1081:
1030:
699:
639:
528:
498:
493:
411:
224:
213:
612:
575:
555:
466:
1145:
867:
816:
812:
757:
669:
644:
627:
607:
523:
518:
503:
476:
431:
38:
617:
2119:
1236:
862:
To keep their Allies fighting, in the January 1747 Hague Convention Britain agreed to fund Austrian and
661:
590:
451:
441:
426:
381:
376:
146:
1104:. A steep ravine immediately in front protected them from a direct assault. The centre was held by the
533:
866:
forces in Italy, along with an Allied army of 140,000 in Flanders, increasing to 192,000 in 1748. The
882:
in July 1746. Although both assumptions proved incorrect, when Franco-British negotiations began at
840:
772:
694:
649:
570:
446:
396:
585:
565:
538:
1096:
were ordered to occupy the Tongeren-Maastricht road, which ran along a ridge parallel to the river
679:
622:
508:
371:
141:
854:
had secured her throne and was more interested in rebuilding her army in order to retake Silesia;
1199:
1187:
1128:
704:
674:
560:
406:
1674:
Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
2234:
2085:
2066:
2047:
2019:
1991:
1972:
1933:
1914:
1891:
1872:
1853:
1834:
1806:
1787:
1759:
1736:
1717:
1698:
1677:
1150:
1105:
879:
855:
602:
436:
273:
262:
251:
240:
219:
208:
160:
135:
130:
1153:, one of the units involved, lost nearly 40% of their strength. This action allowed time for
1948:
875:
836:
456:
513:
416:
245:
47:
1170:
863:
832:
761:
543:
197:
124:
1752:
229:
2168:
1211:
851:
820:
421:
1907:
1050:
1037:
to transfer troops back to Flanders, and prepare an offensive. He hoped to capture
1784:
Dictionnaire des batailles franco-anglaises de la Guerre de Succession d'Autriche
1692:
771:
Arguably the most talented general of his generation, Saxe conquered much of the
320:
1115:
1074:
1045:
captured Fort Liefkenhock, making Antwerp too strong to attack. Simultaneously,
1988:
The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich, 1718-1792
2035:
History of England, from the Revolution to the Death of George III: Volume III
1198:, a key food supply for the poor. Finance Minister Machault repeatedly warned
1058:
1054:
844:
788:
749:
76:
2150:
2137:
1024:
The Austrian Netherlands and Southern Dutch Republic; key locations 1747–1748
831:; France did not formally declare war on Britain until March 1744, while the
2082:
Marshal of France: The Life and Times of Maurice, Comte de Saxe, 1696-1750
1803:
The Wandering Army; The Campaigns that transformed the British way of war
1085:
824:
783:
The battle ended Allied hopes of regaining lost ground and Saxe captured
745:
256:
72:
43:
1223:
1066:
1038:
776:
1869:
The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618-1815 (New Approaches to European History)
1101:
1969:
John Forbes: Scotland, Flanders and the Seven Years' War, 1707–1759
1164:
1114:
1097:
883:
2121:
De geschiedenis van Nederland, aan het Nederlandsche Volk verteld
1888:
Irish Brigades Abroad: From the Wild Geese to the Napoleonic Wars
1144:
claimed only this prevented him destroying the Allied army. The
2007:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815
324:
1483:
1481:
850:
By the end of 1746, most of the participants sought peace.
2126:
The history of the Netherlands, told to the Dutch nation
1373:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1057:
and Eekels, threatening Cumberland's supply lines with
1256:
1254:
1252:
835:
was technically neutral until 1747. French victory at
811:
began in 1740, Britain was focused on the 1739–1748
1735:(in German) (2010 ed.). Kessinger Publishing.
1906:
1751:
1157:and his Austrians to cover the Allied withdrawal.
1930:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World
1733:Militar-Historisches Kreigs-Lexikon V1: 1618-1905
1468:
1466:
1218:blockade on the French economy. The terms of the
307:6,000(excluding prisoners) to 11,000 casualties
2009:. New York and London: W. W. Norton and Company.
886:in August 1746, Newcastle instructed his envoy,
1831:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History
839:in October 1746 confirmed their control of the
23:
2175:Battles of the War of the Austrian Succession
1871:(2019 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1694:The War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748
336:
8:
2200:Military history of the Austrian Netherlands
2016:The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740-1815
1619:
1385:
1235:, and led to the re-alignment known as the
16:War of the Austrian Succession, 2 July 1747
1775:International Economic History Association
1487:
343:
329:
321:
20:
748:in modern Belgium, and the Dutch city of
1643:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1523:
1445:
827:initially did so as part of the army of
1535:
1248:
1080:To protect Maastricht, Cumberland sent
1909:The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815
1850:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797
1824:(in French). Ernest Flammarion, Paris.
1714:Britain as a Military Power, 1688-1815
1655:
1631:
1595:
1511:
1499:
1409:
1313:
1296:
1281:
922:
2084:(2012 ed.). Literary Licensing.
1607:
1583:
1457:
1433:
1421:
1397:
1374:Carlos, Neal & Wandschneider 2006
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1260:
744:, took place on 2 July 1747, between
7:
2230:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
1472:
1006:
791:blockade worsened after defeat at
14:
2190:Battles involving the Netherlands
1073:being appointed first hereditary
1691:Anderson, Matthew Smith (1995).
1005:
991:
977:
963:
949:
935:
921:
908:
907:
900:
756:, a French army of 80,000 under
272:
261:
250:
239:
228:
218:
207:
196:
185:
174:
153:
140:
129:
117:
104:
37:
2180:Battles involving Great Britain
2044:Batailles françaises (6e série)
1822:Batailles françaises; Volume VI
936:
2128:] (in Dutch). Leiden; z.j.
2065:. Yale University Publishing.
1848:Hochedlinger, Michael (2003).
1077:of all seven Dutch provinces.
950:
823:. British and Dutch troops in
809:War of the Austrian Succession
754:War of the Austrian Succession
354:War of the Austrian Succession
31:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
2225:1747 in the Habsburg monarchy
2220:1747 in the Holy Roman Empire
992:
978:
964:
312:
1782:Castex, Jean-Claude (2012).
1231:caused the breakdown of the
315:5,000 to 11,000 casualties
2080:White, Jon Manchip (1962).
2063:George II: King and Elector
1092:. The Allied cavalry under
2251:
2215:History of Belgian Limburg
2118:Van Lennep, Jacob (1880).
1786:(in French). Phare-Ouest.
1196:Newfoundland cod fisheries
1149:taken prisoner, while the
1069:, which eventually led to
2185:Battles involving Hanover
2061:Thompson, Andrew (2012).
2033:Smollett, Tobias (1796).
2005:Rodger, N. A. M. (2004).
1886:McGarry, Stephen (2013).
1820:De PĂ©rini, HardĂż (1896).
1805:. Yale University Press.
1220:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
1138:Frederick of Hesse-Kassel
1061:. The latter inspired an
797:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
362:
301:
284:
167:
96:
71:Lafelt, Limburg, between
54:
36:
28:
2195:Battles involving France
1949:"The Battle of Lauffeld"
1867:Ingrao, Charles (2000).
1208:Leeward Islands Squadron
1971:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1967:Oliphant, John (2015).
1833:. Universe Publishing.
1829:Grant, RG, ed. (2011).
1750:Browning, Reed (1975).
1731:Bodart, Gaston (1908).
1672:Anderson, Fred (2000).
1233:Anglo-Austrian Alliance
878:following the death of
819:, fought mostly in the
764:of 120,000, led by the
700:Jacobite rising of 1745
2042:PĂ©rini, Hardy (1906).
2014:Scott, Hamish (2015).
1928:McLynn, Frank (2008).
1712:Black, Jeremy (1999).
1174:
1123:
366:Flanders and the Rhine
168:Commanders and leaders
2100:"Battle of Lauffeldt"
1953:Battlefield Anomalies
1905:McKay, Derek (1983).
1754:The Duke of Newcastle
1237:Diplomatic Revolution
1168:
1118:
720:, variously known as
302:Casualties and losses
2151:50.82861°N 5.61833°E
1986:Rodger, NAM (1993).
1801:Davies, Huw (2022).
1169:French troops enter
1155:Karl Josef Batthyány
1146:French Irish Brigade
1021:class=notpageimage|
841:Austrian Netherlands
773:Austrian Netherlands
214:Karl Josef Batthyány
2147: /
1758:. Yale University.
1676:. Faber and Faber.
1658:, pp. 157–177.
1538:, pp. 134–135.
1340:, pp. 138–140.
813:War of Jenkins' Ear
680:Second Silesian War
670:War of Jenkins' Ear
488:Bohemia and Moravia
1990:. Harper Collins.
1610:, pp. 97–100.
1175:
1124:
872:Secretary of State
766:Duke of Cumberland
718:Battle of Lauffeld
705:First Carnatic War
675:First Silesian War
295:82,000 to 98,000
181:Duke of Cumberland
24:Battle of Lauffeld
2205:Conflicts in 1747
2156:50.82861; 5.61833
2053:978-20-161-3737-6
1890:. History Press.
1723:978-1-85728-772-1
1704:978-0-582-05951-1
1683:978-0-571-20535-6
1620:Hochedlinger 2003
1502:, pp. 21–22.
1386:Hochedlinger 2003
1352:, pp. 58–60.
1328:, pp. 48–50.
1182:in September and
1106:Dutch States Army
1090:Clermont-Tonnerre
868:Duke of Newcastle
713:
712:
695:King George's War
685:Italian campaigns
319:
318:
268:Clermont-Tonnerre
136:Habsburg monarchy
92:
91:
2242:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2129:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2076:
2057:
2038:
2029:
2010:
2001:
1982:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1947:Morris, Graham.
1943:
1924:
1912:
1901:
1882:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1816:
1797:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1746:
1727:
1708:
1687:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
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1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1210:under Commodore
1009:
1008:
995:
994:
981:
980:
967:
966:
953:
952:
939:
938:
925:
924:
911:
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904:
876:Bourbon alliance
357:
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56:
55:
41:
21:
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2164:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2104:British Battles
2098:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2060:
2054:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1985:
1979:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1927:
1921:
1904:
1898:
1885:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1847:
1841:
1828:
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1800:
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1542:
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1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1488:Van Lennep 1880
1486:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
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1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1267:
1259:
1250:
1245:
1204:Cape Finisterre
1163:
1088:, then held by
1031:Jacobite Rising
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
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1016:
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805:
793:Cape Finisterre
714:
709:
666:
358:
353:
351:
349:
308:
296:
291:
279:Count Löwendahl
271:
270:
260:
259:
249:
248:
246:Maurice de Saxe
238:
227:
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152:
151:
139:
138:
128:
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118:
116:
115:
105:
103:
102:
80:
48:Maurice de Saxe
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:1747 in France
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2166:
2131:
2130:
2115:
2096:
2091:978-1258033590
2090:
2077:
2072:978-0300187779
2071:
2058:
2052:
2046:. Flammarion.
2039:
2030:
2025:978-1138134232
2024:
2011:
2002:
1997:978-0099526391
1996:
1983:
1978:978-1472511188
1977:
1964:
1944:
1939:978-0099526391
1938:
1925:
1920:978-0582485549
1919:
1902:
1897:978-1845887995
1896:
1883:
1878:978-1108713337
1877:
1864:
1859:978-0582290846
1858:
1845:
1840:978-0789322333
1839:
1826:
1817:
1812:978-0300217162
1811:
1798:
1793:978-2921668064
1792:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1747:
1742:978-1167991554
1741:
1728:
1722:
1709:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1646:, p. 150.
1636:
1624:
1622:, p. 259.
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 253.
1588:
1586:, p. 169.
1576:
1574:, p. 211.
1564:
1562:, p. 173.
1552:
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 524.
1516:
1504:
1492:
1490:, p. 322.
1477:
1462:
1450:
1448:, p. 177.
1438:
1436:, p. 208.
1426:
1424:, p. 207.
1414:
1402:
1390:
1388:, p. 260.
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1316:, p. 338.
1301:
1299:, p. 141.
1286:
1284:, p. 211.
1265:
1263:, p. 421.
1247:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1180:Bergen-op-Zoom
1173:September 1747
1171:Bergen op Zoom
1162:
1159:
1110:Prince Waldeck
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
990:
989:
984:
983:
976:
975:
970:
969:
962:
961:
956:
955:
948:
947:
942:
941:
934:
933:
929:Bergen op zoom
928:
927:
920:
919:
914:
913:
906:
905:
899:
898:
897:
895:
892:
833:Dutch Republic
804:
801:
785:Bergen op Zoom
762:Pragmatic Army
752:. Part of the
711:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
665:
664:
658:
657:
653:
652:
647:
642:
636:
635:
631:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
599:
598:
594:
593:
588:
583:
581:Hohenfriedberg
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
551:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
489:
485:
484:
479:
477:Rhine Campaign
474:
472:Bergen op Zoom
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
367:
363:
360:
359:
350:
348:
347:
340:
333:
325:
317:
316:
310:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
292:up to 200 guns
287:
286:
282:
281:
236:
203:Prince Waldeck
170:
169:
165:
164:
149:
125:Dutch Republic
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:French victory
86:
82:
81:
70:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2247:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:. Routledge.
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:. Routledge.
1911:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:. Routledge.
1851:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1765:9780300017465
1761:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:. Routledge.
1715:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:Browning 1975
1640:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:Anderson 2000
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:Anderson 1995
1556:
1553:
1550:, p. 64.
1549:
1548:Oliphant 2015
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:Smollett 1796
1520:
1517:
1514:, p. 22.
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:Thompson 2012
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:, p. 42.
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:, p. 62.
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:, p. 61.
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1212:George Pocock
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1120:Earl Ligonier
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Orangist Coup
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1022:
903:
893:
891:
889:
888:Lord Sandwich
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
852:Maria Theresa
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
632:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
596:
595:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
486:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
361:
356:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
326:
323:
311:
306:
305:
300:
294:
289:
288:
283:
280:
275:
269:
264:
258:
253:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
226:
221:
215:
210:
204:
199:
193:
192:John Ligonier
188:
182:
177:
172:
171:
166:
162:
150:
148:
143:
137:
132:
126:
113:
112:Great Britain
101:
100:
95:
87:
84:
83:
78:
74:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2081:
2062:
2043:
2034:
2015:
2006:
1987:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1929:
1908:
1887:
1868:
1849:
1830:
1821:
1802:
1783:
1774:
1753:
1732:
1713:
1693:
1673:
1651:
1639:
1634:, p. 1.
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1536:McGarry 2013
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1376:, p. 2.
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1229:
1216:
1193:
1176:
1142:
1134:
1125:
1079:
1051:Sas van Gent
1028:
890:, to delay.
861:
849:
806:
782:
770:
758:Marshal Saxe
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
715:
628:Pfaffenhofen
461:
234:Frederick II
97:Belligerents
18:
2154: /
1932:. Vintage.
1697:. Longman.
1656:Ingrao 2000
1632:McLynn 2008
1596:Rodger 2004
1512:Davies 2022
1500:Davies 2022
1410:Rodger 1993
1314:PĂ©rini 1906
1297:Castex 2012
1282:Bodart 1908
1151:Scots Greys
1075:Stadtholder
760:defeated a
738:Maastricht,
690:Sea battles
662:Kesselsdorf
591:Hennersdorf
556:GroĂź-Glogau
392:Wissembourg
387:Lauterbourg
62:2 July 1747
50:at Lauffeld
2169:Categories
2139:50°49′43″N
2037:. T Capel.
1608:Black 1999
1584:McKay 1983
1434:White 1962
1422:White 1962
1398:Scott 2015
1362:Scott 2015
1350:Scott 2015
1338:McKay 1983
1326:Scott 2015
1261:Grant 2011
1243:References
1184:Maastricht
1108:under the
1084:to secure
1071:William IV
1059:Maastricht
1035:Cumberland
1013:Maastricht
847:blockade.
845:Royal Navy
803:Background
789:Royal Navy
750:Maastricht
640:St. Pölten
618:Ingolstadt
608:Deggendorf
529:3rd Prague
519:2nd Prague
494:1st Prague
482:Maastricht
77:Maastricht
2142:5°37′06″E
1458:Lauffeldt
1161:Aftermath
1055:IJzenijke
1047:Löwendahl
870:, who as
821:Caribbean
807:When the
645:Schärding
623:Vilshofen
613:Straubing
509:Chotusitz
427:Oudenarde
372:Dettingen
2235:Louis XV
1200:Louis XV
1188:Fontenoy
1129:Fontenoy
1094:Ligonier
1086:Tongeren
1082:von Daun
1043:Contades
1033:allowed
915:Brussels
880:Philip V
864:Savoyard
825:Flanders
746:Tongeren
734:Lawfeldt
561:Mollwitz
524:2nd Eger
504:1st Eger
462:Lauffeld
437:Brussels
407:Fontenoy
402:Breisgau
297:170 guns
285:Strength
257:Louis XV
225:von Daun
73:Tongeren
67:Location
44:Louis XV
29:Part of
1666:Sources
1224:Silesia
1067:Zeeland
1049:seized
1039:Antwerp
943:Antwerp
856:Austria
829:Hanover
777:Antwerp
730:Lawfeld
726:Laffeld
634:Austria
603:Simbach
597:Bavaria
550:Silesia
534:Budweis
442:Antwerp
432:Ostende
412:Tournai
309:23 guns
290:80,000
147:Hanover
2109:2 July
2088:
2069:
2050:
2022:
1994:
1975:
1958:8 July
1936:
1917:
1894:
1875:
1856:
1837:
1809:
1790:
1762:
1739:
1720:
1701:
1680:
1473:Morris
1102:Bilzen
957:Lafelt
894:Battle
837:Rocoux
722:Lafelt
656:Saxony
571:Neisse
499:OlmĂĽtz
457:Rocoux
397:Furnes
161:France
158:
122:
109:
85:Result
2124:[
1098:Meuse
999:Namur
985:Breda
971:Liege
884:Breda
817:Spain
815:with
586:Kosel
576:Glatz
566:Brieg
539:Tabor
514:Sahay
467:Hulst
452:Namur
422:Ghent
417:Melle
382:Ypres
377:Menin
46:with
2111:2019
2086:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1960:2019
1934:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1678:ISBN
716:The
650:Linz
544:Soor
447:Mons
75:and
59:Date
1065:in
742:Val
740:or
2171::
2102:.
1951:.
1480:^
1465:^
1304:^
1289:^
1268:^
1251:^
1239:.
1053:,
799:.
768:.
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
313:c.
2113:.
2094:.
2075:.
2056:.
2028:.
2000:.
1981:.
1962:.
1942:.
1923:.
1900:.
1881:.
1862:.
1843:.
1815:.
1796:.
1777:.
1768:.
1745:.
1726:.
1707:.
1686:.
1475:.
1460:.
344:e
337:t
330:v
79:.
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