95:
85:
1456:
mercenaries would not yield and destroyed the Kongo force with a counterattack. The duke, marquis, 90 lesser nobles and thousands of common soldiers were all slain. According to Jesuit accounts of the battle, the
Portuguese succeeded in taking many slaves from the battle and sacked the whole settlement, not sparing the possessions of the Portuguese established there. The Imbangala, as was their custom,
1472:
was forced to put those
Portuguese that could be saved under his protection at his camp at Mbanda Kasi where he was gathering his forces for a counterattack. The Portuguese victory at Mbumbi put a final nail in the coffin of Kongo-Portuguese friendship. Kongo declared war on Portuguese Angola and
1455:
before engaging. The Kongo forces, seeing this coincidence, remarked that if the
Portuguese saint was white, theirs was black. The Duke's forces initiated the battle routing the Mbundu archers whose ranks had swollen to some 30,000 by the time of the battle. But just as in Ndongo, the Imbangala
1427:
and the
Marquis of Pemba Cosme led the Kongo forces. They had gathered about 3,000 men as light infantry (bowmen) augmented by 200 nobles fighting as traditional heavy infantry (sword and shield). Before giving battle on 18 December 1622, the Duke of Mbamba made
194:
1423:
Captain-Major Sousa Coelho marched on Bumbi with 30,000 men, most of which were Mbundu archers supplemented by
Portuguese heavy infantry and Imbangala mercenaries. Inside the town, the Duke of Mbamba
187:
1473:
fought them out of Kongo and even taking territories that had been under the rule of
Portuguese Angola. A final consequence of the battle was King Pedro II's letter campaign to the
1468:
The Battle of Mbumbi sent shockwaves through the entire
Kingdom of Kongo. Anti-Portuguese riots broke out all over Kongo, resulting in widespread bloodshed. The newly crowned King
1411:
and 20,000 Mbundu and
Portuguese with an Imbangala contingent into Nambu a Ngongo inside the Kongo province of Mbamba. The area fell after its lord fled to the commercial town of
1403:. Correia de Sousa hoped to reap the same benefits as his predecessor by unleashing the Imbangala into Kongo territory. He first targeted the forest land of Kazanze, a Kongo
867:
180:
775:
545:
805:
680:
695:
1718:
907:
1708:
94:
1211:
1164:
1159:
1363:
in 1622. Although the
Portuguese were victorious, the battle served as the impetus for the Kingdom of Kongo to expel the Portuguese from their territory.
1543:
Thornton and
Mosterman, John and Andrea (July 2010). "A Re-Interpretation of the Kongo-Portuguese War of 1622 According to New Documentary Evidence".
1233:
862:
1280:
395:
1657:
1598:
1527:
238:
1310:
1223:
1067:
1693:
1295:
495:
415:
847:
1330:
1127:
1007:
795:
295:
243:
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1144:
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665:
1335:
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1228:
1238:
877:
345:
1206:
720:
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223:
32:
1325:
1057:
1002:
760:
1713:
1698:
1424:
1122:
1087:
1052:
655:
455:
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360:
1285:
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912:
735:
635:
530:
365:
330:
290:
1179:
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1062:
992:
937:
800:
770:
570:
520:
515:
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385:
340:
315:
305:
273:
233:
1391:, a people described by European and Kongo sources as rootless, cannibal mercenaries originating south of the
1407:
that had been a haven for runaway slaves from Portuguese Angola. Correia de Sousa then ordered Captain Major
1703:
1384:
1320:
1201:
1112:
1102:
1072:
1017:
982:
922:
857:
832:
755:
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710:
690:
645:
555:
550:
490:
470:
440:
430:
390:
278:
1408:
1400:
575:
110:
1139:
977:
942:
927:
852:
837:
827:
785:
780:
630:
625:
505:
380:
248:
1429:
1032:
1012:
932:
897:
790:
765:
715:
640:
565:
480:
420:
228:
1253:
115:
1460:
many prisoners and those slain, including the bodies of the Duke of Mbamba and the Marquis of Pemba.
1077:
1042:
1027:
987:
700:
605:
585:
450:
1372:
1082:
1022:
615:
500:
405:
320:
300:
1560:
1154:
957:
952:
917:
810:
525:
510:
370:
268:
253:
1519:
127:
1653:
1624:
1594:
1523:
1490:
1478:
1469:
1457:
1396:
1380:
1356:
1315:
1258:
1107:
1037:
967:
620:
610:
580:
375:
335:
204:
88:
1625:"Relations sur le Congo et l'Angola tirées des archives de la Compagnie de Jésus, 1621-1631"
1552:
1511:
1360:
1275:
1174:
1117:
1092:
972:
962:
902:
842:
822:
560:
535:
460:
435:
325:
263:
131:
119:
98:
1412:
1433:
1305:
1270:
1169:
1047:
947:
887:
600:
590:
465:
400:
350:
84:
1474:
1300:
1290:
1184:
660:
410:
1399:
reaped the slaves that emerged from the chaos. In 1621, Vasconcellos was succeeded by
1687:
1564:
1512:
1450:
1189:
685:
355:
67:
1392:
1647:
1591:
Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660
172:
1556:
1445:
540:
1388:
1379:
who invaded the realm in 1568. After a disastrous attempt at conquering the
1436:
before arming himself with sword, shield and relics of various saints.
167:
Heavy losses including much of the light infantry and 90 heavy infantry
1404:
56:
1477:
proposing an alliance that would culminate twenty years later in an
1376:
176:
1371:
Portuguese Angola was established in 1575 as a reward to the
1589:
Thornton, John; Linda M. Heywood (3 September 2007).
1395:. The governor used them to destroy the Ndongo while
149:
10,000 Portuguese infantry and Imbangala mercenaries
1671:
1669:
1444:At the start of the battle, both sides gave the
1629:Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome
25:
1195:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
188:
8:
1375:for helping the Kingdom of Kongo defeat the
1355:was a military engagement between forces of
16:1622 Portuguese victory over Kongo in Angola
1652:. Cambridge University Press. p. 130.
195:
181:
173:
22:
1649:A History of West Central Africa to 1850
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1502:
1719:Battles involving the Kingdom of Kongo
1675:Thornton & Mosterman 2010, p. 238
1514:Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500–1800
7:
1709:Battles involving Portuguese Angola
1613:Thornton & Heywood 2007, p. 174
14:
93:
83:
1545:The Journal of African History
1:
206:Portuguese colonial campaigns
33:Kongo-Portuguese War of 1622
1735:
1694:Battles involving Portugal
1646:Thornton, John K. (2020).
1387:made an alliance with the
1383:, the Portuguese governor
1557:10.1017/S0021853710000277
214:
158:
141:
104:
77:
38:
30:
1234:Banda Oriental (1816–20)
1212:Banda Oriental (1776–77)
1165:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
938:Cape of Good Hope (1630)
1510:Thornton, John (1999).
1331:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
868:Coromandel Coast (1619)
1385:Mendes de Vasconcellos
1249:Mozambique (1847–1910)
873:Persian Gulf (1621–22)
776:Indian Ocean (1586–89)
546:Indian Ocean (1538–60)
346:Persian Gulf (1507–15)
311:Indian Ocean (1505–17)
105:Commanders and leaders
1518:. UCL Press. p.
1409:Pedro de Sousa Coelho
1401:JoĂŁo Correia de Sousa
1128:East Africa (1696–98)
416:Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
159:Casualties and losses
147:20,000 Mbundu archers
111:Pedro de Sousa Coelho
1367:Pre-battle situation
1336:Mozambique (1964–74)
1301:Mozambique (1917-18)
1296:Mozambique (1917–18)
1281:East Timor (1911–12)
1224:French Guiana (1809)
1078:2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
1073:1st Sri Lanka (1654)
496:Moluccas (1530–1607)
913:Persian Gulf (1625)
883:Persian Gulf (1622)
853:Persian Gulf (1614)
796:Sri Lanka (1587–88)
781:Persian Gulf (1586)
666:Sri Lanka (1557–58)
656:Gulf of Oman (1554)
641:Persian Gulf (1551)
511:Persian Gulf (1534)
491:Persian Gulf (1529)
154:200 heavy infantry.
152:2,000–3,000 archers
1479:invasion of Angola
1291:Angola (1914–1917)
1207:Angola (1774–1778)
1018:Malaysia (1640–41)
958:East Africa (1632)
878:Trincomalee (1622)
848:Brazil (1612–1615)
581:East Africa (1542)
541:Brazil (1534–1536)
486:East Africa (1528)
401:East Africa (1517)
326:East Africa (1507)
306:East Africa (1505)
68:Portuguese victory
1714:Portuguese Angola
1699:Conflicts in 1622
1659:978-1-107-12715-9
1623:L. Jadin (1968).
1600:978-0-521-77065-1
1529:978-1-85728-392-1
1491:History of Angola
1432:and received the
1397:Portuguese Angola
1381:Kingdom of Ndongo
1357:Portuguese Angola
1346:
1345:
1259:Mozambique (1895)
1083:Malabar (1658–63)
983:Gold Coast (1637)
923:Gold Coast (1625)
811:India (1599–1600)
726:Chaul (1570–1571)
611:Insulindia (1545)
466:Insulindia (1526)
461:Insulindia (1525)
456:Sumatra (1523–24)
431:Insulindia (1521)
291:India (1500–1513)
244:Morocco (1463–64)
171:
170:
89:Portuguese Angola
73:
72:
1726:
1676:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1569:
1568:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1517:
1507:
1361:Kingdom of Kongo
1353:Battle of Mbumbi
1326:Angola (1961–74)
1321:Africa (1961–74)
1286:Angola (1914–15)
1271:Angola (1902–04)
1239:Brazil (1821–25)
1190:Brazil (1762–63)
1068:Brazil (1652–54)
1023:Angola (1641–48)
973:Arabia (1633–43)
736:Mangalore (1571)
651:Arabia (1552–54)
209:
207:
197:
190:
183:
174:
136:
124:
116:Dom Paulo Afonso
99:Kingdom of Kongo
97:
87:
46:18 December 1622
40:
39:
26:Battle of Mbumbi
23:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:. p. 138.
1588:
1587:
1572:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1487:
1466:
1442:
1434:Holy Sacraments
1421:
1369:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1306:Timor (1942–43)
1229:China (1809–10)
1160:India (1729–32)
1033:India (1644–45)
998:India (1638–39)
928:Malaysia (1628)
858:Malaysia (1615)
838:Malaysia (1606)
833:Malaysia (1606)
791:Malaysia (1587)
786:Malaysia (1586)
756:Malaysia (1575)
751:Malaysia (1574)
746:Malaysia (1573)
741:India (1570–75)
721:Goa (1570–1571)
661:Pakistan (1557)
646:Malaysia (1551)
626:Malaysia (1547)
606:Ethiopia (1543)
601:Ethiopia (1542)
596:Ethiopia (1542)
591:Ethiopia (1542)
586:Ethiopia (1542)
576:Ethiopia (1542)
571:Ethiopia (1541)
536:Moluccas (1536)
531:Malaysia (1536)
526:Malaysia (1535)
516:Malaysia (1534)
451:Malaysia (1523)
411:Malaysia (1520)
366:Malaysia (1511)
210:
205:
203:
201:
153:
148:
132:
126:
120:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:1622 in Africa
1701:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1665:
1658:
1638:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1570:
1535:
1528:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1465:
1462:
1441:
1438:
1420:
1417:
1368:
1365:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:Morocco (1769)
1199:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:Morocco (1640)
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
933:Malacca (1629)
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
828:Sumatra (1606)
825:
819:
818:
814:
813:
808:
803:
801:Mombasa (1589)
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Morocco (1578)
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
731:Honavar (1571)
728:
723:
718:
716:Sumatra (1569)
713:
711:Malacca (1568)
708:
703:
698:
696:Morocco (1564)
693:
691:Morocco (1562)
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
566:Red Sea (1541)
563:
561:Red Sea (1541)
558:
556:Red Sea (1541)
553:
551:Red Sea (1541)
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:Morocco (1533)
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
481:Sumatra (1528)
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
441:Sumatra (1522)
438:
433:
428:
426:Bahrain (1521)
423:
421:Sumatra (1521)
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
396:Morocco (1516)
393:
391:Morocco (1515)
388:
386:Morocco (1515)
383:
381:Morocco (1514)
378:
376:Morocco (1514)
373:
371:Morocco (1513)
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
336:Socotra (1507)
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
296:Algeria (1501)
293:
287:
286:
282:
281:
279:Morocco (1490)
276:
274:Morocco (1489)
271:
269:Morocco (1487)
266:
261:
259:Morocco (1471)
256:
254:Morocco (1471)
251:
249:Morocco (1468)
246:
241:
239:Morocco (1458)
236:
234:Morocco (1437)
231:
229:Morocco (1419)
226:
224:Morocco (1415)
220:
219:
215:
212:
211:
202:
200:
199:
192:
185:
177:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
139:
138:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
91:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
54:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1731:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Angola (1907)
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Brazil (1756)
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Angola (1723)
1153:
1151:
1150:Brazil (1711)
1148:
1146:
1145:Brazil (1710)
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Angola (1681)
1116:
1114:
1113:Angola (1671)
1111:
1109:
1108:Angola (1670)
1106:
1104:
1103:Angola (1670)
1101:
1099:
1098:Brazil (1666)
1096:
1094:
1093:Angola (1665)
1091:
1089:
1088:MargĂŁo (1659)
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Arabia (1650)
1061:
1059:
1058:Brazil (1649)
1056:
1054:
1053:Brazil (1648)
1051:
1049:
1048:Angola (1647)
1046:
1044:
1043:Brazil (1645)
1041:
1039:
1038:Brazil (1645)
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:Brazil (1641)
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Brazil (1640)
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Brazil (1638)
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
978:Brazil (1636)
976:
974:
971:
969:
968:Arabia (1633)
966:
964:
963:Bengal (1632)
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:Brazil (1631)
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Brazil (1630)
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:Brazil (1625)
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:Angola (1624)
906:
904:
903:Brazil (1624)
901:
899:
898:Angola (1623)
896:
894:
893:Angola (1622)
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:Jaffna (1619)
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
807:
806:Jaffna (1591)
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:Arabia (1581)
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
706:Brazil (1567)
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Jaffna (1560)
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:Brazil (1558)
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
636:Arabia (1548)
634:
632:
631:Arabia (1548)
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
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597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
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572:
569:
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547:
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542:
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534:
532:
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527:
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514:
512:
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492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:Arabia (1523)
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
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402:
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389:
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374:
372:
369:
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344:
342:
341:Arabia (1507)
339:
337:
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329:
327:
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322:
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317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
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297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
264:Guinea (1478)
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
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221:
217:
216:
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208:
198:
193:
191:
186:
184:
179:
178:
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166:
163:
162:
157:
151:
146:
145:
140:
137:
135:
129:
125:
123:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
103:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
81:
76:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1681:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1590:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1513:
1505:
1467:
1458:cannibalized
1448:
1443:
1425:Paulo Afonso
1422:
1393:Kwanza River
1370:
1352:
1350:
1316:India (1961)
1311:India (1954)
1265:20th century
1254:China (1849)
1244:China (1846)
1218:19th century
1180:India (1752)
1175:India (1746)
1170:India (1746)
1140:India (1704)
1134:18th century
1123:India (1693)
1003:India (1639)
988:India (1638)
948:Jambi (1630)
892:
888:China (1622)
843:India (1612)
817:17th century
766:India (1581)
701:Japan (1565)
686:Japan (1561)
676:India (1559)
621:India (1547)
616:India (1546)
521:Tunis (1535)
501:India (1531)
471:India (1526)
436:China (1521)
361:India (1510)
356:India (1509)
351:India (1508)
331:India (1507)
321:India (1506)
316:India (1506)
301:India (1504)
285:16th century
218:15th century
133:
121:
78:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
1635:: 333–454 .
1419:Preparation
823:Java (1601)
476:Java (1527)
1688:Categories
1551:(2): 237.
1497:References
1446:battle cry
1430:Confession
1373:Portuguese
406:Goa (1517)
1565:159509249
1464:Aftermath
1451:Santiago!
1389:Imbangala
128:Dom Cosme
1485:See also
1470:Pedro II
1359:and the
142:Strength
51:Location
164:Unknown
134:†
122:†
55:Bumbi,
1656:
1597:
1563:
1526:
1440:Battle
1405:vassal
130:
118:
64:Result
57:Angola
1561:S2CID
1475:Dutch
1413:Bumbi
1377:Jagas
1654:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1351:The
43:Date
1553:doi
1520:114
1690::
1668:^
1633:39
1631:.
1627:.
1573:^
1559:.
1549:51
1547:.
1522:.
1481:.
1415:.
1662:.
1603:.
1567:.
1555::
1532:.
1453:"
1449:"
196:e
189:t
182:v
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