1827:(Abu Jahl) was reported to have prayed at home rather than going to the mosque to avoid having to explain himself. Muhammad ordered them to stop, saying that they would return to fight the Byzantines again. According to Watt, most of these accounts were intended to vilify Khalid and his decision to return to Medina, as well as to glorify the part played by members of one's family. It would not be until the third century AH that Sunni Muslim historians would state that Muhammad bestowed upon Khalid the title of 'Saifullah' meaning 'Sword of Allah'.
62:
298:
1767:
battle, all three Muslim leaders fell one after the other as they took command of the force: first, Zayd, then Ja'far, then 'Abdullah. After the death of 'Abdullah, the Muslim soldiers were in danger of being routed. Thabit ibn Aqram, seeing the desperate state of the Muslim forces, took up the banner and rallied his comrades, thus saving the army from complete destruction. After the battle, ibn Aqram took the banner, before asking
1853:
305:
1806:
Daniel C. Peterson, Professor of
Islamic Studies at Brigham Young University, finds the ratio of casualties among the leaders suspiciously high compared to the losses suffered by ordinary soldiers. David Powers, Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Cornell, also mentions this curiosity concerning the
1766:
The
Muslims engaged the Byzantines at their camp by the village of Musharif and then withdrew towards Mu'tah. It was here that the two armies fought. Some Muslim sources report that the battle was fought in a valley between two heights, which negated the Byzantines' numerical superiority. During the
1686:
learned of their plans and collected the garrisons of the fortresses. Seeing the great number of the enemy forces, the
Muslims withdrew to the south where the fighting started at the village of Mu'tah and they were either routed or retired without exacting a penalty on the Ghassanid chief. According
1887:
notes that al-Waqidi also recorded an account where the
Byzantine forces fled. Powers suggests that later Muslim historians reworked the early source material to reflect the Islamic view of God's plan. Subsequent sources present the battle as a Muslim victory given that most of the Muslim soldiers
1681:
In
Islamic historical sources, the battle is usually described as the Muslims' attempt to take retribution against a Ghassanid chief for taking the life of an emissary. According to Byzantine sources, the Muslims planned to launch their attack on a feast day. The local Byzantine
2047:
They went on their way as far as Ma'ān in Syria where they heard that
Heraclius had come down to Ma'āb in the Balqāʾ with 100,000 Greeks joined by 100,000 men from Lakhm and Judhām and al-Qayn and Bahrāʾ and Balī commanded by a man of Balī of Irāsha called Mālik b.
1876:, the size of the entire Byzantine army during the 7th century might have totaled 100,000, possibly even half this number. While the Byzantine forces at Mu'tah are unlikely to have numbered more than 10,000.
569:
1758:. 'Abdullah ibn Rawahah reminded them about their desire for martyrdom and questioned the move to wait when what they desire was awaiting them, so they continued marching towards the waiting army.
348:
1250:
1335:
1815:
or if the
Muslims completely routed the enemy. He further notes that the discrepancy between leaders and ordinary soldiers is not inconceivable in view of Arab fighting methods.
1726:
Meanwhile, Muhammad had sent his emissary to the ruler of Bostra. While on his way to Bostra, he was executed in the village of Mu'tah by the orders of a
Ghassanid official
1330:
1879:
Muslim accounts of the battle differ over the result. According to David S. Powers, the earliest Muslim sources like al-Waqidi record the battle as a humiliating defeat (
562:
1320:
1300:
1754:. When the Muslim troops arrived at the area to the east of Jordan and learned of the size of the Byzantine army, they wanted to wait and send for reinforcements from
2618:
2608:
341:
1243:
555:
2578:
2309:
1340:
1295:
334:
374:
2638:
1236:
2573:
2568:
2603:
1936:
The
Byzantines do not appear to have used many Greek, Armenian, or other non-Arab soldiers at Mu'ta, even though the overall commander was the
1823:
After the Muslim forces arrived at Medina, they were reportedly berated for withdrawing and accused of fleeing. Salamah ibn Hisham, brother of
1742:
7 (AH), 629 (CE), for a quick expedition to attack and punish the tribes for the murder of his emissary by the
Ghassanids. The army was led by
826:
811:
2598:
2489:
2422:
2243:
2169:
2094:
2613:
1260:
868:
853:
2623:
1557:
297:
2467:
1872:'. Some modern historians state that the figure is exaggerated. According to Walter Emil Kaegi, professor of Byzantine history at the
1185:
909:
2532:
2040:
1917:
1535:
695:
494:
1089:
1017:
951:
916:
1902:
444:
358:
227:
1165:
1570:
1500:
766:
650:
313:
1203:
1059:
1457:
1160:
1069:
618:
454:
1099:
2628:
1803:, Abbad ibn Qays, Amr ibn Sa'd, Harith ibn Nu'man, Suraqa ibn Amr, Abu Kulayb ibn Amr, Jabir ibn Amr and Amir ibn Sa'd.
1695:
601:
469:
1897:
1278:
966:
537:
116:
2408:
1590:
1470:
1375:
1084:
921:
625:
449:
2395:
1585:
1387:
905:
744:
739:
710:
389:
1940:
Theodore. The number that the Byzantines raised are, of course, uncertain, but unlikely to have exceeded 10,000.
2387:
1510:
1480:
788:
773:
727:
665:
655:
464:
414:
379:
1577:
579:
53:
2633:
1792:
1747:
1505:
1094:
1044:
997:
981:
976:
941:
690:
660:
474:
434:
198:
71:
2303:
1621:
1475:
1180:
1125:
1054:
883:
816:
630:
439:
165:
1873:
1751:
1550:
1520:
1425:
1285:
1217:
1198:
1007:
956:
946:
898:
888:
831:
705:
675:
479:
75:
61:
1796:
1723:, was placed in command of the army, and while in the area of Balqa, Arab tribes were also employed.
1667:
1540:
1155:
1145:
1074:
986:
858:
734:
715:
685:
459:
210:
110:
1768:
1720:
1688:
1595:
1325:
1265:
1135:
1029:
754:
720:
514:
222:
2399:
1490:
1435:
1420:
1034:
893:
836:
640:
424:
2542:
2528:
2485:
2463:
2418:
2239:
2165:
2090:
2086:
2036:
1868:(d. 767), the Muslims were informed that 100,000 or 200,000 enemy troops were encamped at the
1824:
1743:
1727:
1530:
1355:
1315:
1305:
793:
778:
524:
504:
489:
484:
419:
409:
2078:
1907:
1800:
1788:
1655:
1565:
1495:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1365:
1360:
1310:
1208:
1175:
1150:
1079:
1064:
1049:
1039:
1002:
992:
971:
931:
926:
863:
848:
749:
645:
611:
509:
404:
394:
232:
214:
202:
190:
186:
170:
67:
2379:
The Different Aspects of Islam Culture: Volume 3, The Spread of Islam throughout the World
1884:
1808:
1739:
1643:
1612:
1545:
1485:
1465:
1450:
1400:
1380:
1370:
1130:
1012:
878:
873:
783:
700:
635:
606:
519:
384:
2560:
1787:(early Muslim converts native to Medina). Those slain Muslims named in the sources were
2403:
2391:
2365:
1869:
1525:
1515:
1415:
1112:
962:
821:
804:
680:
670:
429:
399:
1687:
to Muslim sources, after three of their leaders were killed, the command was given to
2587:
2079:
1784:
1706:
The Byzantines were reoccupying territory following the peace accord between Emperor
1120:
936:
2501:
1856:
Archaeological remains that exist near the place where the Battle of Mu'tah occurred
17:
2593:
2477:
2453:
1811:
argues that a low casualty count is possible if the nature of this encounter was a
1783:(early Muslim converts who emigrated from Mecca to Medina) and eight were from the
1671:
1228:
1852:
2522:
2457:
1694:
Three years later the Muslims would return to defeat the Byzantine forces in the
2432:
1716:
759:
1711:
1647:
1347:
174:
2524:
Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet
131:
118:
1865:
1861:
1841:
1780:
1707:
1659:
259:
253:
1663:
106:
79:
2035:. A. Guillaume (trans.). Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 532, 536.
1812:
1683:
1675:
1651:
1193:
800:
362:
326:
547:
2286:
2284:
2282:
1836:
1831:
1755:
83:
1912:
1851:
1232:
551:
330:
2183:
2181:
2257:
2255:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1738:
Muhammad dispatched 3,000 of his troops in the month of
2482:
Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa
2320:
2318:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2123:
2121:
2108:
2106:
2140:
2138:
2136:
1974:
1972:
1959:
1957:
1830:
Today, Muslims who fell at the battle are considered
1807:
minuscule casualties recorded by Muslim historians.
1636:
1626:
2290:
2164:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 58–9.
2500:
2377:El Hareir, Idris; M'Baye, El Hadji Ravane (2011).
1691:and he succeeded in saving the rest of the force.
2437:Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria
2238:. Oxford University Press. pp. 54–55, 342.
34:
1844:was later built at Mu'tah over their graves.
1244:
563:
342:
8:
304:
43:
37:
2409:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1251:
1237:
1229:
570:
556:
548:
349:
335:
327:
60:
31:
2462:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2459:Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests
1662:vassals. It took place in the village of
2187:
2072:
2070:
2068:
29:629 AD battle in the Arab–Byzantine Wars
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2155:
2153:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1953:
1929:
2609:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
2336:
2324:
2212:
2127:
2112:
2085:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2059:
1990:
2507:. State University of New York Press.
2348:
2273:
2261:
2144:
1978:
1963:
7:
2527:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2417:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 756.
2013:
1632:
1616:
44:
38:
2619:Battles of the Arab–Byzantine wars
25:
2503:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
1642:) took place in September 629 (1
1578:Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia
2639:Battles involving the Ghassanids
2516:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
2081:A History of Palestine, 634-1099
303:
296:
2547:A Global Chronology of Conflict
2160:Powers, David S. (2014-05-23).
1903:List of expeditions of Muhammad
1779:Four of the slain Muslims were
2484:. Cambridge University Press.
1918:Muhammad's views on Christians
66:The tomb of Muslim commanders
1:
2604:Campaigns ordered by Muhammad
2372:. Princeton University Press.
1750:and the third-in-command was
2599:620s in the Byzantine Empire
2512:Peterson, Daniel C. (2007).
1746:; the second-in-command was
1696:Expedition of Usama bin Zayd
2614:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid
2499:Peters, Francis E. (1994).
2370:The Early Islamic Conquests
2291:El Hareir & M'Baye 2011
2234:W, Montgomery Watt (1956).
1898:Military career of Muhammad
1714:in July 629. The Byzantine
1637:
1627:
1458:Conquest of Byzantine Syria
1388:Conquest of Sasanian Persia
967:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
538:Military career of Muhammad
2655:
2624:Medieval history of Jordan
1734:Mobilization of the armies
1712:Sasanid general Shahrbaraz
535:
2521:Powers, David S. (2009).
2444:Haykal, Muhammad (1976).
2077:Gil, Moshe (1997-02-27).
1650:), between the forces of
1275:
1013:George Maniakes in Sicily
589:
533:
370:
291:
275:
242:
180:
159:
89:
59:
51:
2549:. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.
2514:Muhammad, Prophet of God
1279:Campaigns under Muhammad
1799:, Mas'ud ibn al-Aswad,
1857:
317:Location within Jordan
231:Mālik ibn Zāfila
181:Commanders and leaders
2448:. Islamic Book Trust.
2439:. Ashgate Publishing.
1874:University of Chicago
1855:
1752:Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
1296:Demolition of al-Uzza
536:Further information:
276:Casualties and losses
76:Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
2569:The Life of Muhammad
2562:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum
2446:The Life of Muhammad
2381:. UNESCO publishing.
2033:The Life of Muhammad
1797:Abd Allah ibn Rawaha
1793:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
1748:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
1668:Palaestina Salutaris
1654:and the army of the
1106:Byzantine reconquest
455:1st Daumat al-Jandal
314:class=notpageimage|
211:Abd Allah ibn Rawaha
199:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
111:Palaestina Salutaris
72:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
18:Battle of Mu'ta
2629:Battles of Muhammad
2564:(The Sealed Nectar)
1769:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1689:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1670:at the east of the
1566:Conquest of Bahnasa
1558:Campaigns in Africa
1267:Khalid ibn al-Walid
581:Arab–Byzantine wars
223:Khalid ibn al-Walid
128: /
54:Arab–Byzantine wars
2574:Ikoalag Historical
2236:Muhammad at Medina
2031:Ibn Ishaq (2004).
2016:, p. 756-757.
1858:
1771:to take the lead.
1336:2nd Dumatul Jandal
1008:Straits of Messina
827:2nd Constantinople
812:1st Constantinople
495:3rd Wadi al-Qurra'
265:(both exaggerated)
2491:978-0-521-19677-2
2424:978-90-04-09419-2
2386:Buhl, F. (1993).
2245:978-0-353-30668-4
2171:978-0-8122-4617-9
2096:978-0-521-59984-9
1888:returned safely.
1744:Zayd ibn Harithah
1728:Shurahbil ibn Amr
1625:
1617:مَعْرَكَة مُؤْتَة
1604:
1603:
1226:
1225:
545:
544:
325:
324:
270:(modern estimate)
155:
154:
151:Byzantine victory
132:31.033°N 35.700°E
78:in Al-Mazar near
45:مَعْرَكَة مُؤْتَة
16:(Redirected from
2646:
2550:
2538:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2495:
2478:Kaegi, Walter E.
2473:
2454:Kaegi, Walter E.
2449:
2440:
2428:
2400:Heinrichs, W. P.
2382:
2373:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2264:, p. 72-73.
2259:
2250:
2249:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2084:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2028:
2017:
2011:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1941:
1934:
1908:History of Islam
1789:Zayd ibn Haritha
1656:Byzantine Empire
1640:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1609:Battle of Mu'tah
1376:Dawmat al-Jandal
1270:
1268:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1230:
993:Marianos Argyros
869:Asia Minor (806)
854:Asia Minor (782)
843:Border conflicts
740:Babylon Fortress
584:
582:
572:
565:
558:
549:
390:Dhu al-'Ushairah
365:
351:
344:
337:
328:
307:
306:
300:
284:
271:
268:10,000 or fewer
266:
237:
219:
207:
195:
187:Zayd ibn Haritha
171:Byzantine Empire
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
91:
90:
68:Zayd ibn Haritha
64:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:Battle of Mu'tah
32:
21:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2584:
2583:
2557:
2555:Further reading
2543:Tucker, Spencer
2541:
2535:
2520:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2476:
2470:
2452:
2443:
2431:
2425:
2392:Bosworth, C. E.
2385:
2376:
2366:Donner, Fred M.
2364:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2305:Jafar al-Tayyar
2302:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2233:
2232:
2219:
2211:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2012:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1894:
1885:Montgomery Watt
1850:
1821:
1809:Montgomery Watt
1777:
1764:
1740:Jumada al-Awwal
1736:
1704:
1674:and modern-day
1644:Jumada al-Awwal
1633:غَزْوَة مُؤْتَة
1628:Maʿrakat Muʿtah
1605:
1600:
1581:
1561:
1461:
1391:
1351:
1282:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1227:
1222:
1070:Gulf of Corinth
592:Early conflicts
585:
580:
578:
576:
546:
541:
540:
529:
366:
357:
355:
321:
320:
319:
318:
316:
310:
309:
308:
282:
269:
264:
263:
257:
233:
230:
221:
215:
209:
203:
197:
191:
173:
136:
134:
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
113:
65:
42:
39:غَزْوَة مُؤْتَة
36:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:620s conflicts
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:Sword of Allah
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2545:, ed. (2010).
2539:
2533:
2518:
2509:
2496:
2490:
2474:
2469:978-0521411721
2468:
2450:
2441:
2429:
2423:
2396:van Donzel, E.
2383:
2374:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2339:, p. 419.
2329:
2314:
2295:
2293:, p. 142.
2278:
2266:
2251:
2244:
2217:
2192:
2190:, p. 142.
2177:
2170:
2149:
2132:
2130:, p. 231.
2117:
2115:, p. 188.
2102:
2095:
2064:
2052:
2041:
2018:
1995:
1993:, p. 105.
1983:
1968:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1849:
1848:Historiography
1846:
1825:Amr ibn Hishām
1820:
1817:
1776:
1773:
1763:
1760:
1735:
1732:
1703:
1700:
1638:Ghazwat Muʿtah
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:Maraj-al-Debaj
1508:
1503:
1501:Marj Al-Saffar
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1331:Dumatul Jandal
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1116:
1115:
1113:John Kourkouas
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
963:Leo Apostyppes
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
910:Southern Italy
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
805:Constantinople
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
666:Maraj-al-Debaj
663:
658:
656:Sanita-al-Uqab
653:
651:Marj al-Saffar
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
590:
587:
586:
577:
575:
574:
567:
560:
552:
543:
542:
534:
531:
530:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
445:Badr al-Maw'id
442:
437:
435:Hamra' al-Asad
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
368:
367:
356:
354:
353:
346:
339:
331:
323:
322:
312:
311:
302:
301:
295:
294:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
278:
277:
273:
272:
249:
245:
244:
240:
239:
225:
183:
182:
178:
177:
168:
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
137:31.033; 35.700
105:
103:
99:
98:
95:
87:
86:
57:
56:
49:
48:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2651:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2534:9780812205572
2530:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2351:, p. 99.
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2327:, p. 81.
2326:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2276:, p. 35.
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2215:, p. 80.
2214:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:Peterson 2007
2184:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:, p. 79.
2146:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:, p. 86.
2061:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:0-19-636033-1
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1981:, p. 67.
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:, p. 72.
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:(d. 823) and
1863:
1860:According to
1854:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1801:Wahb ibn Sa'd
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:Muslim losses
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1631:, or Arabic:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Banu Jadhimah
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Banu Jadhimah
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:Campaigns of
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:Campaigns of
1173:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:Nikephoros II
1144:Campaigns of
1143:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:Sayf al-Dawla
1119:Campaigns of
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:Campaigns of
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:Naval warfare
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:Campaigns of
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
964:
961:Campaigns of
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
907:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
844:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:
806:
802:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
769:
768:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
730:
729:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
553:
550:
539:
532:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:Dhat ar-Riqa'
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Banu Qaynuqa'
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
369:
364:
360:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
333:
332:
329:
315:
299:
290:
286:
280:
279:
274:
267:
261:
255:
250:
247:
246:
241:
238:
236:
229:
226:
224:
220:
218:
212:
208:
206:
200:
196:
194:
188:
185:
184:
179:
176:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
158:
150:
147:
146:
141:
112:
108:
104:
101:
100:
97:September 629
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
50:
33:
27:
19:
2561:
2546:
2523:
2513:
2502:
2481:
2458:
2445:
2436:
2433:Haldon, John
2414:
2407:
2378:
2369:
2344:
2332:
2310:Al-Islam.org
2304:
2298:
2269:
2235:
2161:
2080:
2055:
2046:
2032:
1986:
1937:
1932:
1883:). However,
1880:
1878:
1859:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1805:
1778:
1765:
1737:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1693:
1680:
1672:Jordan River
1635:
1608:
1606:
1576:
1575:
1556:
1555:
1481:Al-Uqab Pass
1476:al-Qaryatayn
1456:
1455:
1386:
1385:
1346:
1345:
1290:
1277:
1181:Alexandretta
1105:
1104:
1085:Thessalonica
1023:
1022:
998:2nd Taormina
982:1st Taormina
952:3rd Syracuse
942:2nd Syracuse
917:1st Syracuse
904:
903:
884:Mauropotamos
842:
841:
817:Sebastopolis
799:
798:
767:North Africa
765:
764:
726:
725:
631:al-Qaryatayn
617:
616:
596:
591:
499:
465:Banu Qurayza
251:
234:
216:
204:
192:
166:Muslim Arabs
160:Belligerents
52:Part of the
26:
2413:Volume VII:
2404:Pellat, Ch.
2337:Haykal 1976
2325:Powers 2009
2213:Powers 2009
2128:Peters 1994
2113:Haldon 2010
2060:Powers 2009
1991:Donner 1981
1717:sakellarios
1586:Iron Bridge
1521:Marj ar-Rum
1426:Ayn al-Tamr
1286:Hudaybiyyah
977:2nd Milazzo
972:1st Milazzo
957:Caltavuturo
899:Bathys Ryax
711:Iron Bridge
676:Marj ar-Rum
480:Hudaybiyyah
475:Banu Lahyan
470:al-Muraysi'
135: /
2588:Categories
2349:Kaegi 2010
2274:Kaegi 1992
2262:Kaegi 1992
2145:Kaegi 1992
1979:Kaegi 1992
1964:Kaegi 1992
1948:References
1702:Background
1658:and their
1596:Germanicia
1471:Marj Rahit
1348:Ridda Wars
1204:2nd Aleppo
1075:Cephalonia
987:Garigliano
889:Faruriyyah
859:Kopidnadon
745:Alexandria
735:Heliopolis
721:Germanicia
706:1st Aleppo
626:Marj Rahit
619:The Levant
440:Banu Nadir
283:(Disputed)
175:Ghassanids
2014:Buhl 1993
1866:Ibn Ishaq
1862:al-Waqidi
1842:mausoleum
1819:Aftermath
1781:Muhajirin
1708:Heraclius
1660:Ghassanid
1622:romanized
1571:Cyrenaica
1541:2nd Emesa
1536:Jerusalem
1261:Campaigns
1151:5th Crete
1136:Andrassos
1095:4th Crete
1090:3rd Crete
1045:2nd Crete
1040:1st Crete
1018:2nd Malta
947:1st Malta
755:Darishkur
716:2nd Emesa
696:Jerusalem
420:Dhu 'Amar
359:Campaigns
260:Ibn Ishaq
258:200,000 (
254:Al-Waqidi
252:100,000 (
2480:(2010).
2456:(1992).
2435:(2010).
2406:(eds.).
2368:(1981).
1938:vicarius
1892:See also
1837:shuhadāʾ
1813:skirmish
1721:Theodore
1710:and the
1684:Vicarius
1652:Muhammad
1506:Damascus
1491:Ajnadayn
1436:Muzayyah
1421:Al-Anbar
1194:Basil II
1055:Damietta
1035:Keramaia
894:Lalakaon
837:Akroinon
801:Anatolia
789:Carthage
774:Sufetula
691:Laodicea
661:Damascus
641:Ajnadayn
363:Muhammad
243:Strength
228:Theodore
102:Location
2415:Mif–Naz
2388:"Muʾta"
2359:Sources
2048:Zāfila.
1832:martyrs
1624::
1591:Armenia
1531:Yarmouk
1356:Buzakha
1199:Orontes
1166:Antioch
1161:Cilicia
1080:Euripos
1030:Phoenix
1003:Rometta
932:Lentini
922:Messina
879:Amorium
849:Kamacha
794:Tabarka
779:Vescera
760:Bahnasa
686:Yarmouk
490:Khaybar
287:Unknown
235:†
217:†
205:†
193:†
123:35°42′E
2531:
2488:
2466:
2421:
2402:&
2242:
2168:
2093:
2039:
1881:hazīma
1762:Battle
1756:Medina
1664:Mu'tah
1613:Arabic
1551:Aleppo
1496:Yaqusa
1446:Zumail
1441:Saniyy
1431:Husayd
1411:Ullais
1406:Walaja
1396:Chains
1366:Yamama
1361:Ghamra
1341:Najran
1311:Hunayn
1291:Mu'tah
1209:Apamea
1176:John I
1156:Aleppo
1126:Marash
1065:Kardia
1060:Ragusa
1050:Thasos
965:&
927:Butera
906:Sicily
864:Krasos
832:Nicaea
803:&
750:Nikiou
646:Yaqusa
612:Dathin
597:Mu'tah
510:Hunayn
500:Mu'tah
460:Trench
425:Bahran
380:Safwan
375:Al-‘Īṣ
213:
201:
189:
148:Result
120:31°2′N
107:Mu'tah
84:Jordan
80:Mu'tah
74:, and
2390:. In
1924:Notes
1913:Jihad
1870:Balqa
1840:). A
1785:Ansar
1676:Karak
1546:Hazir
1526:Emesa
1486:Bosra
1466:Firaz
1451:Firaz
1401:River
1381:Naqra
1371:Zafar
1326:Tabuk
1316:Mecca
1306:Ta'if
1186:Syria
1131:Raban
874:Anzen
822:Tyana
784:Mamma
728:Egypt
701:Hazir
681:Emesa
636:Bosra
607:Firaz
602:Balqa
525:Ta'if
520:Autas
515:Tabuk
505:Mecca
485:Fidak
410:Sawiq
395:Abwa'
385:Buwat
248:3,000
2529:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2162:Zayd
2091:ISBN
2037:ISBN
1607:The
1516:Fahl
1416:Hira
1218:Azaz
1100:Tyre
937:Enna
908:and
671:Fahl
430:Uhud
405:Kudr
400:Badr
94:Date
2594:629
1666:in
1263:of
361:of
281:12
2590::
2411:.
2398:;
2394:;
2317:^
2308:,
2281:^
2254:^
2220:^
2195:^
2180:^
2152:^
2135:^
2120:^
2105:^
2089:.
2087:23
2067:^
2045:.
2021:^
1998:^
1971:^
1956:^
1795:,
1791:,
1730:.
1698:.
1678:.
1648:AH
1646:8
1619:,
1615::
109:,
82:,
70:,
2537:.
2494:.
2472:.
2427:.
2248:.
2174:.
2099:.
1834:(
1611:(
1252:e
1245:t
1238:v
571:e
564:t
557:v
350:e
343:t
336:v
262:)
256:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
