744:
not veteran soldiers. the Sāsānian troops, commanded by Fīrūzan, were entrenched in a strong fortified position. After an indecisive skirmish, Nuʿmān pretended to be defeated and withdrew from the battlefield. Fīrūzan then abandoned his position and pursued his foe. The pursuit proved to be a major tactical error because the Sāsānians were forced to fight on unfavourable ground. The Sāsānian army, caught between two mountain defiles, fought for two days and three nights. After heavy casualties were incurred on both sides, the
Persians were defeated by the Arabs. Both Nuʿmān and Fīrūzan died in the battle.
210:
193:
131:
769:
alliance of feudal nobles. Nuʿmān was accordingly able to draw out the
Persians from their vantage point by skirmishing advances and then a general but cohesive retreat. During the Sāsānian pursuit Fīrūzan found his horsemen caught in extended order across a rough landscape and narrow passes. The highly motivated and well-mounted Muslims then rallied and counterattacked, inflicting very heavy losses on the disorganized Persians. Both Nuʿmān and Fīrūzan were reportedly killed in the final melee but the Sāsānian defeat was total.
48:
856:
with the
Semitic and Aryan material. Our Muslim civilisation is a product of the cross-fertilization of the Semitic and the Aryan ideas. It is a child who inherits the softness and refinement of his Aryan mother, and the sterling character of his Semitic father. But for the conquest of Persia, the civilisation of Islam would have been one-sided. The conquest of Persia gave us what the conquest of Greece gave to the Romans.
743:
At Nahāvand, an estimated 30,000 Arab warriors under the command of Nuʿmān attacked a Sāsānian army reportedly of ca. 100,000 men. According to the history writer Peter
Crawford, the forces that gathered there was variously recorded as anything from 50,000 to 100,000. Mostly farmers and villagers,
855:
If you ask me what is the most important event in the history of Islam, I shall say without any hesitation: "The
Conquest of Persia." The battle of Nehawand gave the Arabs not only a beautiful country, but also an ancient civilization; or, more properly, a people who could make a new civilisation
768:
through the use of superior tactics rather than misleading rumors. The numerically superior
Persians had been deployed in a strong defensive position. This would not normally have been a strategy favored by the loosely disciplined Sāsānian forces; drawn from decentralized sources and led by an
772:
As the historian Tabari notes, the
Persians were never again able to unite their forces in such numbers. Many of the Sāsānian nobles were already considering deserting the Empire even before the battle commenced. Many of Yazdegerd's military and civilian officials had already abandoned him.
804:, where the governor Mahoye openly showed his hostility to the Emperor. According to non-Muslim sources, Yazdegerd failed to rally enough support in Eastern Persia where the Sasanians were unpopular with the local population. Muslim sources, such as Tabari, reported that the province of
933:
712:, Islam expanded into Palestine and Mesopotamia where it respectively confronted the East Roman and Persian (Sāsānian) empires. Both were exhausted by warfare and internal dissent. With the East Roman defeat at the
756:
who retreated to a more secure location. The Arabs then rallied, before surrounding and trapping the
Persian force. Finally the Muslim warriors assaulted the Sāsānian host from all sides and defeated it.
276:
831:, he was assassinated by a local miller in Merv in 651. Thereafter, Yazdegerd's son Peroz attempted to re-establish the Sasanian empire against the Rashidun Caliphate and its successor, the
269:
1330:
752:
Various accounts are told about Nahāvand and the early stages of the battle. According to some versions the
Persian cavalry mounted an ill-prepared pursuit of the
1325:
262:
740:, he withdrew into the Sāsānian homeland in what is now the southern plateau of Iran. There he was able to assemble an army to replace that lost at Qadisiya.
785:
among the
Persians. The Emperor Yazdegerd III attempted to raise troops by appealing to other neighbouring areas such as the princes of Tukharistan and
1340:
639:
781:
Nahāvand marked the near dissolution of the Sasanian Imperial army, with the fall of the last of the grand marshals of the army and the rise of
716:(636), the Muslim Arabs were free to turn east to the Euphrates and the Persian heartland. In November 636 a Sāsānian army was defeated at the
1293:
1272:
1251:
1350:
1345:
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Yazdegerd hurriedly fled towards the east where he was ill-received by several Marzban (provincial governors) in the north; as well as in
1335:
1222:
553:
1187:
1093:
1069:
947:
507:
512:
1059:
473:
209:
192:
130:
1160:
History of Islamic Philosophy - With View of Greek Philosophy and Early History of Islam By I. M. N. Al-Jubouri, pg. 142
820:, Persia had in fact three Kings ruling in different regions and Khorasan had not initially given support to Yazdegerd.
417:
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558:
286:
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39:
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47:
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Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
896:
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335:
150:
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146:
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186:
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The Cambridge Medieval History: The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire
717:
650:
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456:
345:
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revolted against Sasanian rule, just as it had years earlier when the population had sided with
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Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society By Homa Katouzian, pg. 25
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134:
53:
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196:
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17:
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area, but was unable to raise another substantial army. It was a victory for the
1304:
1282:
Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath".
1028:
824:
737:
673:
669:
77:
1285:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
809:
213:
1232:
790:
733:
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and the Persians consequently lost the surrounding cities including Spahan (
628:
254:
705:
661:
817:
813:
782:
677:
665:
654:
621:
162:
81:
893:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
786:
1108:
Khodadad Rezakhani "Arab Conquests and Sasanian Iran", pages 35-36
836:
701:
1243:
The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
879:, Vol. 2, ed. John Bagnell Bury, (MacMillan Company, 1913), 348.
801:
709:
672:
nobles, resisted for about a century in the region south of the
646:
631:
85:
835:, though the plan did not develop, as Peroz ultimately died in
258:
942:] (in Arabic). مركز الراية للنشر والإعلام،. p. 120.
1015:, ed. Touraj Daryaee, (Oxford University Press, 2012), 211.
728:
Following defeat by the Arabs in 639, the "King of Kings"
992:
990:
1288:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57.
1176:
Stray Reflections The Private Notebook of Muhammad Iqbal
1147:
1145:
823:
Before Yazdegerd had a chance to receive help from the
1303:
Morony, M. (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran".
760:
According to a different version, the Arab commander
676:, even as the Rashidun Caliphate was replaced by the
603:
1213:
Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (2016). "the silent fire".
588:
1023:
1021:
909:
Islamic desk reference, By E. J. van Donzel, pg.458
764:was able to outmaneuver his Sāsānian counterpart
56:, which was one of the last Sasanian strongholds.
720:, resulting in the loss of Iraq to the Muslims.
853:
700:in 632, the religion that he led dominated the
680:, thus perpetuating the Sassanid court styles,
32:
704:(western Arabia). Under the first two caliphs
27:Part of the Muslim conquest of Persia (642 CE)
1151:The History of Iran By Elton L. Daniel, pg 67
270:
8:
847:On the long-term impact of this battle, Sir
1173:; Jāvīd Iqbāl (2006). Iqbāl, Jāvīd (ed.).
277:
263:
255:
29:
1130:Two centuries of silence page 77 & 78
940:From the battles of the Islamic conquests
1331:Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate
996:
696:At the time of the death of the Islamic
1306:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
865:
1182:. Iqbal Academy Pakistan. p. 49.
1046:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1013:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
873:The Expansion of the Saracens-The East
1326:Battles involving the Sasanian Empire
732:was forced to abandon his capital at
7:
1267:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
108:Near collapse of the Sasanian Empire
724:Number of Arabs and Sasanian forces
599:
584:
1029:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
919:"The fall of Persia", Vol. 2, ed.
25:
1240:Crawford, Peter (16 July 2013).
1217:. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse.
1121:Two centuries of silence page 76
1086:The Times Atlas of World History
1042:Iran in the Early Islamic Period
1009:Iran in the Early Islamic Period
889:Iran, Arab Conquest of (636-671)
816:. When Yazdegerd was crowned in
797:court, but without any success.
617:, was fought in 642 between the
208:
191:
129:
46:
1261:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
1341:640s in the Rashidun Caliphate
1:
789:and eventually sent his son
664:provinces, in alliance with
1351:History of Hamadan province
1346:640s in the Sasanian Empire
1246:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
932:Abd al Hadi, Ahmad (2001).
645:. Yazdegerd escaped to the
604:
589:
1367:
1336:Muslim conquest of Persia
1058:Willem Vogelsang (2002),
935:من معارك الفتوح الإسلامية
296:
240:
227:
140:
118:
60:
45:
40:Muslim conquest of Persia
37:
1215:Two Centuries of Silence
1064:, Blackwell Publishing,
899:, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 406.
1084:Barraclough, Geoffrey.
975:Encyclopædia Britannica
921:Sayyid Ali Al-Jumjumani
858:
175:Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib
141:Commanders and leaders
1044:, Michael G. Morony,
1011:, Michael G. Morony,
897:Alexander Mikaberidze
241:Casualties and losses
151:An-Numan ibn Muqarrin
1088:. pp. 104–105.
971:"Battle of Nahāvand"
682:Zoroastrian religion
1309:. pp. 203–210.
187:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
147:Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas
718:Battle of Qadisiya
651:Rashidun Caliphate
577:Battle of Nahavand
125:Rashidun Caliphate
100:Rashidun Caliphate
33:Battle of Nahavand
18:Battle of Nahāvand
1295:978-0-521-20093-6
1274:978-1-84511-645-3
1253:978-1-84884-612-8
833:Umayyad Caliphate
714:Battle of Yarmouk
605:Nabard-e Nahâvand
590:Maʿrakah Nahāwand
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548:Other geographies
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686:Persian language
636:Sasanian Persian
609:), also spelled
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999:, p. 185.
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1193:. Retrieved
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978:. Retrieved
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892:
891:, Adam Ali,
888:
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742:
730:Yazdgerd III
727:
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585:معركة نهاوند
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119:Belligerents
38:Part of the
1180:(hardcover)
1061:The Afghans
825:Hepthalites
738:Mesopotamia
674:Caspian Sea
660:The former
600:نبرد نهاوند
430:Gundishapur
401:2nd Babylon
366:1st Babylon
336:Ayn al-Tamr
300:Mesopotamia
1320:Categories
1112:April 2007
980:2010-09-19
955:6 December
861:References
810:Khosrau II
783:warlordism
692:Background
527:Oxus River
474:Azerbaijan
214:Mardanshah
1233:957505841
812:'s uncle
791:Peroz III
777:Aftermath
734:Ctesiphon
670:White Hun
418:Khuzestan
406:Ctesiphon
289:of Persia
806:Khorasan
706:Abu Bakr
678:Umayyads
666:Parthian
662:Sassanid
619:Rashidun
615:Nahawand
611:Nihavand
564:Sakastan
532:Nishapur
520:Khorasan
508:Bishapur
468:Caucasus
457:Waj Rudh
447:Nahavand
425:Shushtar
346:Muzayyah
331:Al-Anbar
228:Strength
78:Nahāvand
73:Location
1207:Sources
1195:6 March
851:wrote:
818:Estakhr
814:Vistahm
793:to the
766:Fīrūzan
736:. From
655:Isfahan
596:Persian
542:Badghis
513:Estakhr
494:Derbent
484:Albania
479:Armenia
435:Bayrudh
371:Namaraq
220:†
203:†
181:†
169:†
163:Tulayha
157:†
102:victory
82:Hamadan
80:, near
1292:
1271:
1250:
1231:
1221:
1186:
1092:
1068:
1048:, 211.
946:
843:Impact
787:Sogdia
762:Nuʿmān
748:Battle
684:, and
629:caliph
627:under
625:forces
622:Muslim
581:Arabic
559:Kerman
489:Iberia
452:Spahan
411:Jalula
386:Buwaib
381:Bridge
376:Kaskar
356:Zumail
351:Saniyy
341:Husayd
321:Ullais
316:Walaja
306:Chains
233:30,000
216:
199:
177:
165:
153:
93:Result
938:[
837:China
754:Arabs
702:Hejaz
537:Herat
361:Firaz
311:River
249:Heavy
246:Heavy
1290:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1229:OCLC
1219:ISBN
1197:2022
1184:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1066:ISBN
957:2021
944:ISBN
827:and
802:Merv
795:Tang
710:Umar
708:and
668:and
647:Merv
640:King
634:and
632:Umar
575:The
501:Pars
396:Burs
326:Hira
86:Iran
65:Date
657:).
613:or
462:Ray
68:642
1322::
1227:.
1144:^
1020:^
989:^
973:.
839:.
688:.
598::
594:,
583::
84:,
1298:.
1277:.
1256:.
1235:.
1199:.
1098:.
1031:.
983:.
959:.
579:(
278:e
271:t
264:v
20:)
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