48:
530:) pursuing it closely, when it came alongside a merchant ship anchored outside the harbor. Using the merchant ship to protect its flanks while he turned, the Athenian captain spun his ship 270 degrees and rammed his leading pursuer in the side, sinking it. Although the Peloponnesians still held a great numerical advantage, the shock of this single action, which disheartened the Peloponnesian crews and reinvigorated the Athenians, proved sufficient to turn the tide of the battle. Confusion set in among the Peloponnesians; some rowers in leading ships dropped their oars to allow the main body to catch up with them—thus leaving themselves immobile and vulnerable in the face of an enemy force; other ships ran aground as a result of their captains' ignorance of the coastline. The ten Athenian ships in the harbor rushed out and joined the attack, and the Peloponnesians were instantly routed. The Athenians captured six ships in the pursuit, and recovered all but one of their own ships which had been taken earlier. Although both sides claimed victory and set up trophies, it was clear who had won the battle; the Peloponnesians, fearing the arrival of the Athenian reinforcements, retreated to Corinth under cover of darkness several days after the battle, and the Athenians continued to hold Naupactus and dominate the gulf.
426:. The Athenians were forced to shadow their movements, sailing eastward along the northern shore of the gulf. Attacking suddenly, the Peloponnesians drove nine Athenian ships ashore and pursued the others towards Naupactus; victory seemed securely in their hands. At the entrance to the harbor of Naupactus, however, the last Athenian ship to reach the harbor turned the tide by circling around an anchored merchant ship to ram and sink its leading pursuer. Confusion set in among the Peloponnesians, and the newly emboldened Athenians set out after them and routed them.
47:
3533:
3399:
2558:
2491:
2360:
1743:
1345:
494:, across the strait of Rhium from the Peloponnesians. Here, he was in position to move against the enemy fleet if it attempted to sail west into the open sea; if he allowed it to escape in this way, he would essentially have surrendered Athens' dominance over the sea, and might well have found himself blockaded in Naupactus.
538:
The
Athenian victory at Naupactus put an end to Sparta's attempt to challenge Athens in the Corinthian gulf and the Northwest, and secured Athens' dominance at sea. At Naupactus, the Athenians' backs had been against the wall; a defeat there would have lost Athens its foothold in the Corinthian gulf
429:
In all, the
Athenians recaptured all but one of their nine grounded ships and seized six Peloponnesian ships. This surprising victory preserved Athens' naval dominance and kept Naupactus secure; the arrival of an additional twenty Athenian ships shortly afterwards secured the victory and put an end
517:
from
Naupactus marched along the shore beside them. On the southern shore, the Peloponnesian fleet was sailing in four lines, parallel to the shore. On the right of these lines, leading the advance into the gulf, were the twenty best and fastest ships in the fleet, which had been assigned the job
507:. The Athenians, who in the previous battle had been able to take advantage of their superior maneuverability in the open sea, were reluctant to enter the constricted waters of the Gulf, but were forced to follow the Peloponnesians in order to protect Naupactus, which had been left ungarrisoned.
502:
With the fleets at anchor across the strait from each other, it fell to the
Peloponnesians to initiate a battle, as they wished to force an action before the Athenian reinforcements arrived. After six or seven days at Rhium, therefore, the Spartan commanders led their fleet eastward into the
525:
Ten
Athenian ships reached Naupactus safely and took up positions at the mouth of the harbor, prows facing outwards, ready to defend against any attempt to enter the harbor. The last Athenian ship was fleeing towards the harbor, with the Peloponnesians (who were already chanting the victory
521:
Seeing the
Athenians in the gulf and sailing in single file, Cnemus gave the signal for his ships to attack. The Peloponnesian fleet turned at once and raced across the gulf at the Athenians. The Athenians attempted to flee, but only the eleven leading ships were able to slip around the
481:
Cnemus and the advisors, combining the ships that Cnemus had taken with him to
Stratus with those retreating from Rhium and raising more ships levied from Sparta's allies on the gulf, had soon assembled a fleet of seventy-seven ships. The admirals then advanced with this fleet to
539:
and encouraged the
Peloponnesians to attempt further aggressive operations at sea. In 428 BC, the Spartans would be so cowed by the memory of their defeats at Phormio's hands that they sent no aid to Athens' rebellious subject
522:
Peloponnesian right wing and flee towards
Naupactus; the remaining nine were cornered, driven ashore, and captured, while the twenty elite Peloponnesian ships from the right wing set out after the fleeing Athenian eleven.
449:
to launch an offensive in the
Corinthian gulf and northwestern Greece aimed at knocking several Athenian allies out of the Peloponnesian War. Ideally, the Spartans hoped to capture the Athenian base at
474:) to oversee Cnemus as he resumed the offensive. Phormio, meanwhile, sent to Athens for reinforcements, and twenty ships were sent out to him; these were ordered to first sail to Crete to attack
202:
543:
in that year. In 427, when they finally did send a fleet, the commander was so afraid of being caught at sea by the Athenians that he fled home without accomplishing anything.
2748:
3581:
3556:
2753:
2066:
2014:
2758:
819:
195:
3301:
3281:
3369:
2547:
3586:
2957:
2451:
3291:
2542:
2414:
188:
2818:
668:
625:
609:
593:
564:
3239:
3286:
2429:
3296:
2686:
735:
470:. The Spartan government, dismayed by this unexpected reversal, dispatched several advisors (including the aggressive and talented
3321:
3228:
2188:
2399:
3048:
1166:
812:
3038:
2445:
2044:
3382:
3364:
3012:
768:
3306:
2903:
2522:
2338:
3359:
3190:
2736:
2639:
2178:
1937:
1217:
365:
310:
3566:
3215:
2478:
2321:
2193:
2083:
2039:
841:
805:
265:
3448:
3377:
2952:
2808:
2741:
2461:
1967:
1910:
315:
620:
Unless otherwise noted, all details regarding the maneuvers leading up to the battle are drawn from Thucydides,
3576:
3571:
3489:
2701:
2228:
2223:
2029:
1760:
1310:
963:
828:
475:
2994:
3438:
3311:
2967:
2915:
2618:
2409:
2316:
2203:
1838:
1189:
3476:
3344:
2989:
2798:
2793:
2613:
2456:
2328:
2061:
1491:
1442:
1385:
1330:
1184:
1262:
458:
shipping. That offensive, however, suffered a severe setback when Cnemus was turned back on land by the
3467:
3349:
3023:
2999:
2854:
2333:
2291:
2218:
2116:
2101:
2091:
1683:
1562:
1516:
1447:
1412:
375:
2664:
1843:
463:
3443:
3316:
3256:
3109:
3043:
2886:
2874:
2718:
2527:
2286:
2281:
2183:
2143:
2024:
1947:
1833:
1826:
1380:
404:
305:
290:
3505:
3433:
3261:
3251:
3222:
3090:
2923:
2864:
2434:
2343:
2243:
2233:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2148:
2133:
2128:
1905:
1783:
1728:
1653:
1077:
1041:
370:
345:
330:
240:
2891:
490:, where they met up with the Peloponnesian infantry. Phormio, meanwhile, brought his ships up to
3591:
3202:
2859:
2659:
2644:
2439:
2394:
2389:
2238:
1400:
233:
510:
The twenty Athenian ships entered the gulf sailing in single file along the northern shore; the
3122:
2783:
2731:
2713:
2654:
2276:
2213:
2208:
2138:
2034:
1994:
1989:
1972:
1942:
1778:
1608:
1552:
1546:
1395:
1372:
1194:
1082:
731:
483:
392:
355:
340:
280:
270:
260:
212:
39:
3115:
3428:
2984:
2879:
2623:
2532:
2424:
2253:
2248:
1999:
1982:
1952:
1883:
1658:
1437:
1315:
1242:
1062:
938:
360:
350:
320:
300:
295:
255:
226:
17:
466:, while a Peloponnesian fleet of forty-seven ships was routed by Phormio's twenty ships at
3561:
2844:
2198:
2158:
2096:
1199:
1134:
988:
754:
504:
467:
419:
396:
285:
275:
245:
3354:
3150:
3096:
3084:
2869:
2839:
2598:
2537:
2473:
2466:
2271:
2266:
1977:
1930:
1848:
1793:
1521:
1427:
1390:
1237:
1099:
933:
335:
325:
3550:
3498:
3339:
3209:
3183:
3143:
3136:
3129:
2788:
2723:
2603:
1925:
1920:
1893:
1821:
1718:
1252:
1174:
1087:
923:
903:
866:
663:
Unless otherwise noted, all details regarding the battle are drawn from Thucydides,
3244:
2934:
2928:
2834:
2829:
2768:
2649:
2004:
1878:
1853:
1805:
1798:
1723:
1638:
1274:
1209:
1067:
1005:
928:
886:
723:
3169:
414:
In the battle, the Peloponnesians drew the Athenians out from their anchorage at
3521:
3483:
3066:
3005:
2824:
2778:
2763:
2691:
2419:
1898:
1703:
1598:
1405:
1141:
1072:
978:
896:
881:
105:
3018:
2849:
2708:
2696:
2608:
2106:
1858:
1526:
1501:
1480:
1422:
1284:
1257:
973:
853:
758:
746:
741:
491:
415:
783:
770:
3028:
2941:
1957:
1915:
1888:
1698:
1643:
1627:
1485:
1325:
1279:
1204:
1179:
1156:
1146:
1000:
943:
918:
518:
of preventing the Athenians from escaping when the Peloponnesians attacked.
459:
451:
423:
72:
3176:
3163:
2896:
2049:
1678:
1673:
1623:
1541:
1496:
1417:
1305:
1300:
1269:
1026:
983:
948:
913:
861:
540:
511:
471:
136:
3461:
2908:
2404:
2296:
2056:
1788:
1693:
1663:
1648:
1618:
1603:
1588:
1583:
1536:
1506:
1229:
1036:
1031:
968:
908:
871:
514:
478:, and as a result did not arrive in time to participate in the battle.
455:
443:
400:
126:
109:
3512:
3157:
2978:
2773:
2517:
1962:
1868:
1713:
1668:
1613:
1578:
1573:
1557:
1531:
1475:
1320:
1247:
1151:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1057:
958:
891:
487:
446:
439:
408:
395:. The battle, which took place a week after the Athenian victory at
131:
113:
100:
83:
797:
180:
2378:
1873:
1863:
1708:
1688:
1633:
1593:
1567:
1511:
1010:
527:
1470:
1459:
1129:
1114:
1094:
995:
876:
3414:
2573:
2506:
2375:
1758:
1360:
839:
801:
184:
1104:
430:
to Sparta's attempt to take the offensive in the Northwest.
745:
399:, set an Athenian fleet of twenty ships, commanded by
422:, moving as if to attack the vital Athenian base at
3330:
3272:
3075:
3059:
2807:
2677:
2632:
2591:
2584:
2309:
2115:
2082:
2075:
2013:
1814:
1771:
1458:
1371:
1293:
1228:
1165:
1050:
1019:
852:
32:
454:, from which the Athenians had been harassing
813:
196:
8:
407:fleet of seventy-seven ships, commanded by
3411:
3355:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
3302:International Congress of Maritime Museums
3282:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
2588:
2581:
2570:
2503:
2372:
2079:
1768:
1755:
1368:
1357:
849:
836:
820:
806:
798:
203:
189:
181:
46:
29:
3370:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
3340:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
552:
3582:Naval battles involving ancient Athens
3557:Naval battles of the Peloponnesian War
3292:European Association of Archaeologists
175:At least 1 ship sunk, 6 ships captured
2548:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
27:Naval battle of the Peloponnesian War
7:
3287:Archaeological Institute of America
25:
3297:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
2687:Coastal defence and fortification
2062:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
1362:Navigation, and ports and harbors
3531:
3397:
3322:Society for American Archaeology
2556:
2489:
2358:
1741:
1343:
748:History of the Peloponnesian War
2754:Phoenician discovery of America
3587:Naval battles involving Sparta
2446:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
3365:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
2040:Phoenician maritime expansion
3307:Nautical Archaeology Society
18:Battle of Naupactus (429 BC)
3360:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
2737:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
2543:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
2400:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
442:government had ordered the
3608:
3216:Phoenician Ship Expedition
2057:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
2050:Circumnavigation of Africa
391:was a naval battle in the
3529:
3421:
3410:
3395:
2742:Samothrace temple complex
2580:
2569:
2554:
2513:
2502:
2487:
2385:
2371:
2356:
2262:
1767:
1754:
1739:
1367:
1356:
1341:
848:
835:
222:
166:
153:
120:
94:
54:
45:
37:
2030:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
3312:RPM Nautical Foundation
3049:Surviving ancient ships
2968:Marsala Punic shipwreck
730:(Penguin Books, 2003).
3345:Giza Solar boat museum
2799:Underwater exploration
2794:Underwater archaeology
2759:Pre-Columbian theories
2614:John Sinclair Morrison
2575:Research and education
2025:Austronesian Expansion
121:Commanders and leaders
3416:Legend and literature
3374:Viking ship museums:
3350:Grand Egyptian Museum
3110:Austronesian replicas
3085:Heyerdahl expeditions
2995:Caligula's Giant Ship
2855:Dover Bronze Age Boat
1517:Berenice Troglodytica
728:The Peloponnesian War
708:The Peloponnesian War
695:The Peloponnesian War
682:The Peloponnesian War
665:The Peloponnesian War
652:The Peloponnesian War
639:The Peloponnesian War
622:The Peloponnesian War
606:The Peloponnesian War
590:The Peloponnesian War
577:The Peloponnesian War
561:The Peloponnesian War
167:Casualties and losses
3317:Sea Research Society
2719:Maritime archaeology
2528:Ameinias the Phocian
2523:Mediterranean piracy
418:by sailing into the
2410:Maritime Jade Route
1563:Kaveri Poompattinam
784:38.3914°N 21.8297°E
780: /
389:Battle of Naupactus
331:Sicilian Expedition
33:Battle of Naupactus
2958:Bajo de la Campana
2660:Peter Throckmorton
2645:Jean-Yves Empereur
2619:William L. Rodgers
2440:Maritime Silk Road
3567:420s BC conflicts
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3392:
3013:Madrague de Giens
2732:Temple of Isthmia
2728:Maritime temples
2714:Marine navigation
2673:
2672:
2665:Shelley Wachsmann
2655:J. Richard Steffy
2565:
2564:
2498:
2497:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2305:
2304:
2035:Ocean exploration
1750:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1396:Rutter (nautical)
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1195:Mortise and tenon
829:Ancient seafaring
393:Peloponnesian War
384:
383:
214:Peloponnesian War
179:
178:
90:
89:
40:Peloponnesian War
16:(Redirected from
3599:
3535:
3534:
3429:Ark of bulrushes
3412:
3401:
3400:
3039:Oldest surviving
2749:Nusantao network
2624:Chester G. Starr
2589:
2582:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2533:Cilician pirates
2504:
2493:
2492:
2430:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
2425:Iron Age Britain
2373:
2362:
2361:
2080:
1769:
1756:
1745:
1744:
1659:Ptolemais Theron
1369:
1358:
1347:
1346:
939:Single-outrigger
850:
837:
822:
815:
808:
799:
795:
794:
792:
791:
790:
789:38.3914; 21.8297
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
762:
753:. Translated by
752:
711:
704:
698:
691:
685:
678:
672:
661:
655:
648:
642:
635:
629:
618:
612:
602:
596:
586:
580:
573:
567:
557:
217:
215:
205:
198:
191:
182:
56:
55:
50:
30:
21:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3577:Gulf of Corinth
3572:Ancient Aetolia
3547:
3546:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3417:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3332:
3326:
3274:
3273:Institutes and
3268:
3223:Viking replicas
3164:Balangay Voyage
3077:
3071:
3055:
2810:
2803:
2679:
2669:
2628:
2576:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2509:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2381:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2301:
2258:
2111:
2071:
2016:
2009:
1810:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1609:Mueang Phra Rot
1463:
1454:
1363:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1289:
1263:Triangular sail
1224:
1161:
1135:Sail components
1046:
1015:
989:Tessarakonteres
844:
831:
826:
788:
786:
782:
779:
774:
771:
769:
767:
766:
755:Richard Crawley
740:
720:
715:
714:
705:
701:
692:
688:
679:
675:
662:
658:
649:
645:
636:
632:
619:
615:
603:
599:
587:
583:
574:
570:
558:
554:
549:
536:
505:Corinthian Gulf
500:
438:In 429 BC, the
436:
420:Gulf of Corinth
385:
380:
218:
213:
211:
209:
172:1 ship captured
148:
146:
144:
142:
140:
135:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3431:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3198:Mediterranean
3196:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3151:Alingano Maisu
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3094:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3002:
3000:De Meern ships
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Cape Gelidonya
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2633:Archaeologists
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:David Blackman
2595:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Jewish pirates
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:Lake Trasimene
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:Mediterranean:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:Maritime pilot
1425:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1391:Portolan chart
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
964:Oared warships
961:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
900:
899:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
846:
845:
840:
833:
832:
827:
825:
824:
817:
810:
802:
764:
763:
738:
719:
716:
713:
712:
699:
686:
673:
656:
643:
630:
613:
597:
581:
568:
551:
550:
548:
545:
535:
532:
499:
496:
435:
432:
382:
381:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
231:
223:
220:
219:
210:
208:
207:
200:
193:
185:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
129:
123:
122:
118:
117:
106:Peloponnesians
103:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:
70:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3604:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:Metamorphoses
3496:
3494:
3492:
3491:The Histories
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3469:The Histories
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:Marumaru Atua
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:Samudra Raksa
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:Te Au o Tonga
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Blackfriars I
2988:
2986:
2985:Arles Rhône 3
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Thalassocracy
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Shell middens
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2724:Naval warfare
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Lionel Casson
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Incense trade
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:South America
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Sailing ships
2285:
2283:
2282:Oared vessels
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Cape Hermaeum
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2015:Migration and
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:Ancient Egypt
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:Civilizations
1813:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Clinker built
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Boat building
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:Navis lusoria
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
898:
895:
894:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
803:
800:
796:
793:
760:
756:
751:
749:
743:
739:
737:
736:0-670-03211-5
733:
729:
725:
724:Kagan, Donald
722:
721:
717:
709:
703:
700:
696:
690:
687:
683:
677:
674:
670:
666:
660:
657:
653:
647:
644:
640:
634:
631:
627:
623:
617:
614:
611:
607:
601:
598:
595:
591:
585:
582:
578:
572:
569:
566:
562:
556:
553:
546:
544:
542:
533:
531:
529:
523:
519:
516:
513:
508:
506:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
445:
441:
433:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
405:Peloponnesian
402:
398:
394:
390:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
216:
206:
201:
199:
194:
192:
187:
186:
183:
174:
171:
170:
165:
161:
158:
157:
152:
149:Agatharchidas
141:Timocrates †,
138:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
93:
85:
82:
79:
78:
74:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3520:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3477:On the Ocean
3475:
3468:
3460:
3457:Literature:
3245:
3227:
3208:
3201:
3191:Aotearoa One
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3076:Experimental
3044:Museum ships
3011:
3004:
2977:
2949:Phoenician:
2940:
2935:Leontophoros
2933:
2897:Butuan boats
2892:Pontian boat
2830:Dufuna canoe
2769:Shipbuilding
2680:and theories
2650:Boris Rankov
2444:
2377:Economy and
2277:Incendiaries
2153:
2124:
1911:Indus Valley
1879:Tarumanagara
1806:Ubaid period
1724:Wadi al-Jarf
1639:Ostia Antica
1243:Fore-and-aft
1210:Shipbuilding
1185:Carvel built
1167:Construction
1125:Steering oar
1006:Sailing ship
929:Obelisk ship
887:Dugout canoe
765:
757:– via
747:
727:
707:
702:
694:
689:
681:
676:
664:
659:
651:
646:
638:
633:
621:
616:
605:
604:Thucydides,
600:
589:
588:Thucydides,
584:
576:
571:
560:
559:Thucydides,
555:
537:
524:
520:
509:
501:
480:
437:
428:
413:
403:, against a
388:
386:
366:2nd Mytilene
261:1st Mytilene
250:
234:
227:
95:Belligerents
38:Part of the
3484:Argonautica
3471:(Herodotus)
3434:Flood myths
3331:Museums and
3275:conferences
3240:Vital Alsar
3078:archaeology
2887:Austronesia
2880:Hjortspring
2875:Rochelongue
2825:Pesse canoe
2779:Ship burial
2764:Sea Peoples
2697:Lighthouses
2692:Grave goods
2640:George Bass
2420:Spice trade
2017:exploration
1839:Philippines
1834:Austronesia
1827:Old Kingdom
1704:Trincomalee
1654:Prosphorion
1599:Myos Hormos
1443:Micronesian
1434:By region:
1406:Lighthouses
1214:By region:
979:Quinquereme
904:Kunlun ship
897:Penteconter
882:Dragon boat
787: /
460:Acarnanians
376:Aegospotami
3551:Categories
3493:(Polybius)
3137:Hawaiʻiloa
3019:Nemi ships
2904:Black Sea
2850:Khufu ship
2811:and relics
2709:Marine art
2702:Alexandria
2609:Fik Meijer
2592:Historians
2479:Indo-Roman
2292:Greek navy
2194:Salamis II
2184:Hellespont
2144:Artemisium
2134:Nile Delta
2097:Achaemenid
1990:Achaemenid
1859:Langkasuka
1854:Micronesia
1772:Prehistory
1699:Sounagoura
1527:Chittagong
1502:Barbarikon
1481:Alexandria
1423:Pilot boat
1373:Navigation
1205:Sewn-plank
1200:Lashed-lug
1078:Figurehead
1051:Components
1020:Propulsion
974:Quadrireme
955:Polyremes
934:Outriggers
775:21°49′47″E
772:38°23′29″N
759:Wikisource
742:Thucydides
718:References
710:, 105, 107
492:Antirrhium
456:Corinthian
416:Antirrhium
306:Amphipolis
291:Sphacteria
147:Isocrates,
143:Lycophron,
3592:Nafpaktos
3506:Geography
3444:Gilgamesh
3333:memorials
3257:Viracocha
3170:Faʻafaite
3123:Sarimanok
3029:Yassi Ada
2942:Syracusia
2865:Canaanite
2840:Moor Sand
2310:By region
2272:Grappling
2244:Naulochus
2234:Myonessus
2189:Echinades
2174:Arginusae
2169:Cynossema
2154:Naupactus
2149:Eurymedon
1983:Classical
1958:Phoenicia
1953:Mycenaean
1916:Tamilakam
1899:Polynesia
1889:Srivijaya
1684:Satingpra
1644:Palembang
1628:Cattigara
1570:(Kadaram)
1553:Jambukola
1547:Guangzhou
1488:(Podouke)
1486:Arikamedu
1448:Polynesia
1381:Celestial
1294:Armaments
1280:Spritsail
1238:Crab claw
1180:Careening
1147:Sternpost
1001:Reed boat
944:Catamaran
919:Multihull
534:Aftermath
512:Messenian
452:Naupactus
424:Naupactus
371:Arginusae
346:Cynossema
251:Naupactus
241:Spartolos
73:Naupactus
3522:Tākitimu
3425:Legend:
3383:Roskilde
3262:Tangaroa
3203:Olympias
3177:Gaualofa
3116:Hōkūleʻa
3091:Kon-Tiki
2924:Ashkelon
2860:Uluburun
2819:Earliest
2585:Scholars
2467:shipping
2267:Boarding
2179:Mytilene
2164:Syracuse
2129:Alashiya
2092:Egyptian
2076:Military
2067:Timeline
2045:Sardinia
1968:Carthage
1884:Kalingga
1844:Sa Huỳnh
1779:Timeline
1729:Zanzibar
1679:Sarapion
1674:Rhacotis
1604:Martaban
1549:(Canton)
1542:Godavaya
1537:Giao Chỉ
1507:Barygaza
1497:Avalites
1418:Piloting
1306:Catapult
1301:Ballista
1275:Mast-aft
1088:Planking
1027:Paddling
984:Hexareme
949:Trimaran
914:Longship
862:Balangay
541:Mytilene
515:hoplites
484:Panormus
472:Brasidas
311:Mantinea
235:Potidaea
162:77 ships
159:20 ships
154:Strength
145:Machaon,
137:Brasidas
84:Athenian
67:Location
3462:Odyssey
3439:Genesis
3236:Others
3035:Lists:
3024:Marausa
2974:Roman:
2964:Punic:
2929:Kyrenia
2920:Greek:
2916:Marsala
2909:Sinop D
2784:Tacking
2518:History
2405:Meluhha
2395:Fishing
2390:Whaling
2297:Ramming
2219:Aegates
2214:Drepana
2209:Ecnomus
2139:Salamis
2127:
2117:Battles
1995:Nabatea
1978:Archaic
1948:Nuragic
1938:Somalia
1789:Oceania
1784:Britain
1761:History
1694:Socotra
1664:Qandala
1649:Piraeus
1619:Muziris
1589:Madurai
1584:Manthai
1522:Canopus
1492:Arsinoe
1464:harbors
1413:History
1401:Coastal
1331:Sambuca
1316:Dolphin
1230:Rigging
1042:Poling
1032:Sailing
969:Trireme
909:Liburna
872:Coracle
842:Vessels
706:Kagan,
693:Kagan,
680:Kagan,
669:2.90-92
650:Kagan,
637:Kagan,
579:, 91-93
575:Kagan,
476:Cydonia
464:Stratus
444:navarch
440:Spartan
434:Prelude
401:Phormio
356:Cyzicus
341:Eretria
281:Idomene
271:Aetolia
266:Tanagra
256:Plataea
127:Phormio
110:Corinth
86:victory
3562:429 BC
3513:Aeneid
3229:Viking
3210:Regina
2979:Alkedo
2835:Abydos
2809:Wrecks
2678:Topics
2508:Piracy
2462:Greece
2322:Odisha
2254:Actium
2249:Mycale
2084:Navies
1973:Greece
1963:Olmecs
1931:Pandya
1906:Minoan
1869:Champa
1849:Lapita
1794:Remote
1714:Tyndis
1669:Quilon
1614:Muscat
1579:Lothal
1574:Korkai
1558:Jeddah
1532:Essina
1476:Adulis
1386:Charts
1321:Harpax
1311:Corvus
1285:Square
1253:Settee
1248:Lateen
1157:Tiller
1152:Strake
1120:Rudder
1110:Paddle
1058:Anchor
1037:Towing
959:Bireme
892:Galley
867:Bangka
750:
734:
697:, 95-6
654:, 94-5
610:2.85-6
498:Battle
488:Achaea
447:Cnemus
409:Cnemus
361:Notium
351:Abydos
321:Orneae
316:Hysiae
301:Delium
296:Megara
228:Sybota
132:Cnemus
114:Sparta
101:Athens
80:Result
62:429 BC
3449:Greek
3252:Abora
3246:Ivlia
3158:Saina
3102:Ra II
3060:Sites
2845:Dokos
2457:Egypt
2379:trade
2344:Rafts
2329:Japan
2317:India
2229:Chios
2199:Mylae
2159:Olpae
2107:Roman
2102:Greek
2000:Aksum
1926:Chera
1921:Chola
1894:Sunda
1874:Kutai
1864:Kedah
1709:Tulum
1689:Sidon
1634:Opone
1624:Óc Eo
1594:Malao
1568:Kedah
1512:Basra
1460:Ports
1438:Inuit
1258:Tanja
1218:Egypt
1068:Cabin
1011:Tomol
854:Types
547:Notes
528:paean
486:, in
468:Rhium
397:Rhium
326:Melos
286:Pylos
276:Olpae
246:Rhium
3378:Oslo
3100:and
3006:Isis
2953:Gozo
2474:Rome
2452:Maya
2334:Rome
2239:Nile
2005:Rome
1943:Maya
1799:Near
1719:Tyre
1471:Aden
1270:Junk
1142:Stem
1130:Sail
1115:Rope
1100:Mast
1095:Keel
1083:Hull
1073:Deck
996:Raft
877:Dhow
732:ISBN
684:, 95
641:, 94
626:2.86
594:2.85
565:2.80
411:.
387:The
336:Syme
71:Off
59:Date
2415:Tin
1462:and
1326:Ram
1105:Oar
1063:Bow
462:at
3553::
3098:Ra
3067:H3
2821::
744:.
726:.
667:,
624:,
608:,
592:,
563:,
112:,
1630:)
1626:(
821:e
814:t
807:v
761:.
671:.
628:.
204:e
197:t
190:v
139:,
134:,
116:)
108:(
20:)
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