1112:, with a total of 3,122 soldiers and officer, was supervised by Gen. Daniel Ullmann and were unusual in having black officers. They served both to add to his forces and to confront the former ruling classes of the city with the bayonets of those they had formerly enslaved. Butler also used his commercial contacts in the northeast and Washington to revive commerce in the city, exporting 17,000 bales of cotton to the northeast and re-establishing international trade. He employed many local citizens in logistics support of the Union military and in cleaning up the city, including an expansion of the existing city sewer system and setting up pumps to empty the system into the river. This policy helped free the city from the anticipated summer yellow fever epidemic, possibly saving thousands of lives. He extensively taxed the wealthy of the city to set up social programs for the lower classes. These "
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Surrounded by a fragile network of levees and lower in elevation than the river around it, New
Orleans was extremely vulnerable to flooding, bombardment, and insurrection. In addition, the city was generally unhealthy and subject to devastating epidemics. Defense of the city against attacks from Confederate forces depended on an extensive outer ring of fortifications requiring a garrison of thousands of troops. As a conquered territory, Louisiana had a potential for becoming a serious logistical drain on Union forces, and an unsustainable front if contested by well-organized resistance movements. It was popularly assumed that the Confederacy would launch a major counteroffensive to retake New Orleans. As the largest population center of the Confederacy, and commanding formidable industrial and shipping resources, its permanent loss would be politically intolerable to the Confederacy.
1174:. After a hard-fought battle, the Confederate forces were driven out of the city, and both Confederate and Union forces withdrew after the battle. The significant aspect of the battle was that it did not result in a popular uprising or widespread support for Confederate forces in Louisiana. As a result, Rebel forces were not able to mount a sustained campaign to retake New Orleans or the rest of the state. This can be considered a tribute to the Union consensus building wrought by Butler's political manipulation and broad-based political support. Chester G. Hearn summed up the basis of this support: “The huge, illiterate majority – the poorer classes of blacks and whites – would have starved had Butler not fed and employed them, and thousands may have died had his sanitation policies not cleansed the city of disease.”
1063:, claiming "the devil had entered the hearts of the women of ... to stir up strife" and falsely claimed that the order had been very effective. He said, in essence, the effective way to deal with a Confederate-sympathizing woman who is defiant was to be treat her as one would an undignified prostitute, that is to ignore her. But many thought the language of the order was too ambiguous and feared that Union troops would treat New Orleans women like prostitutes in regards to soliciting them for sex and perhaps even rape. Butler's inflammatory order was so controversial that it caused a significant public relations problem for the Union and he was withdrawn from New Orleans in December 1862, just eight months after taking command of the city.
987:, awarded his position by political connections and this political background made his position in New Orleans tenable until outrage forced his withdrawal in 1862. Butler faced a difficult challenge securing the Confederacy's largest city with a relatively small force. His total military command numbered 15,000 troops. He was not sent reinforcements during the time he commanded in Louisiana, between May and December 1862. Butler stated, "We were 2,500 men in a city... of 150,000 inhabitants, all hostile, bitter, defiant, explosive, standing literally in a magazine, a spark only needed for destruction." His methods of preserving order were seen as radical and totalitarian even in the North and Europe, .
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1141:, and that those fleeing slavery could find refuge within Union military lines and employment as laborers for the Union armies. As a result, the Confederacy avoided employing enslaved people in proximity of Union forces as the enslaved would flee at first opportunity to Union lines, depriving the Confederate armies of their labor and their former masters of what they regarded as their valuable property. Since the Confederate government was counting on slave labor to offset the greater numbers of Union soldiers, Butler's innovative policy struck the Confederacy at a strategic level, destroying an asset counted on to win the war.
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his political advantage. Here the
Jacksonian political legacy had come full circle in 47 years, from defending New Orleans from the British, to securing it from secession. Butler's inscription on the base of Jackson's statue, “The Union Must and Shall be Preserved,” was symbolic of his political identity. The inscription echoed Andrew Jackson's 1830 toast in response to a speech endorsing "nullification," during what was called the
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of the
Confederacy. Butler became known as "The Beast." The British House of Lords called it a "most heinous proclamation" and regarded it as "one of the grossest, most brutal, and must unmanly insults to every woman in New Orleans." The Earl of Carnarvon proclaimed the imprisonment of women a "more intolerable tyranny than any civilized country in our day been subjected to." The
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832:, Union ships were elevated above the city and able to fire down into the streets and buildings below. Besides the ever-present danger of weather-caused breaks in the levees, now an even greater threat to New Orleans was the ability of the Union military to cause a break in a major levee that would lead to flooding most of the city, possibly destroying it within a day.
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resisting any efforts by
Confederate forces to recapture the area. The rebelling laborers armed themselves with guns and newspapers, and fought to the death any attempts to infringe upon their newfound freedom. This rebellion within a rebellion began to erode Confederate authority within Louisiana the instant Butler's troops appeared in New Orleans and, as a political
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of a savage, but of a very mean and pitiful kind of savage, to be induced by indignation at a woman's smile to inflict an imprisonment so degrading in its character as that which seems to constitute his favourite punishment, and accompanied by privations so cruel.... It is only a pity that so unadulterated a barbarian should have got hold of an Anglo-Saxon name.
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1195:. Most notorious was Butler's General Order No. 28 of May 15, issued after many provocations and displays of contempt by women in New Orleans. It stated that if any woman insulted or showed contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States, she would be regarded and shall be held liable to be treated as a "woman of the town plying her avocation," a
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1227:, who, if captured, should be reserved for execution. Butler's administration did have benefits to the city, which was kept both orderly and healthy. The Butler occupation was likely best summed up by Admiral Farragut, who stated, "They may say what they please about General Butler, but he was the right man in the right place in New Orleans."
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Confederate military was using slave labor for military use in the construction of fortifications, moving military supplies, and constructing roads and railroad grades of use to the
Confederate army. Enslaved people within areas of Confederate control rapidly spread the word that Union military forces were not enforcing the
625:, greatly expanding acquisition of territory in the American Southwest and the support of international trade, along with the expansion of slavery. This powerful political movement also produced sectional tension between the northern and southern portions of the United States, resulting in the creation of the
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arrived to take command of the
Department of the Gulf. Butler was not made aware of the change until Banks arrived to tell him. Contrary to common belief, Butler's inflammatory reign had little to do with his replacement. Political considerations in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio tipped the balance. The
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expected Butler to hold eastern
Louisiana and the cities of Baton Rouge and New Orleans, maintain communications up river to Vicksburg, and support Farragut's forces for the siege of Vicksburg. In addition, the city of New Orleans itself was just as indefensible for the Union as for the Confederates.
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men bringing cargo downriver would break up their boats for lumber in New
Orleans and travel overland back to Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, or Illinois to repeat the process. Steamboats had enough power to move upstream against the strong current of the Mississippi, making two-way trade possible between
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for a time, New
Orleans had a population who were mostly Catholic and had created a more cosmopolitan culture than in some of the Protestant-dominated states of the British colonies. Its population was highly diverse. At the time of the Civil War, much of the population was made up of French-speaking
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Fredrick Mar
Spletstoser, “The Impact of the Immigrants on New Orleans,” in The Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial Series in Louisiana History, vol. X: A Refuge for All Ages: Immigration in Louisiana History, ed. Carl A. Brasseaux (Lafayette, 1996), 287–322; Campanella, Geographies of New Orleans, 224;
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The reaction to Butler's General Order No. 28 was swift and the outrage against it highly vocal. Southern women were highly offended by the order. He was heavily criticized both domestically and overseas, which was a problem as the Union sought to avoid European intervention in the war on the behalf
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Butler was one of the most controversial and volatile personalities of the Civil War. He became infamous in New Orleans for his confrontational proclamations and for alleged corruption. The impression had been created by Confederate officials and sympathizers that New Orleans and Louisiana were held
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If he had possessed any of the honourable feeling which is usually associated with a soldier's profession, he would not have made war on women. If he had even been endowed with the ordinary magnanimity of a Red Indian, his revenge would have been satiated before now. It required not only the nature
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20 miles (32 km) downriver from Vicksburg, were also disrupted by the Union invasion. After Davis' older brother Joseph fled the area with some of the his enslaved laborers in May 1862, the rest revolted, took possession of the property, and betrayed the location of valuables to Union forces,
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Butler had already done the institution of slavery in the Confederacy considerable damage by instituting his "contraband of war" policy while commanding Fort Monroe on the Virginia peninsula. This policy rationalized the retention of enslaved people fleeing the seceding states by claiming that the
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The most valuable asset Butler commanded in New Orleans was not his army but his formidable political heritage. Butler was a Jacksonian Democrat in all senses, and a populist and reformer. He had a great gift for identifying with the issues of the broadest levels of the voters, and turning them to
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The combination of all these factors resulted in an increase in the price of prime field hands of 21 per cent in 1848, and further increases as the value of the domestic slave trade grew through the 1850s. By 1860, New Orleans was one of the greatest ports in the world, with 33 different steamship
1255:, one of Butler's political opponents, that an invasion of Texas would be favorably received by a pro-union group of German American cotton farmers living there. The idea was championed by Banks, a New England political general eager to send cotton to mills in the Northeast. Banks undertook the
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The flight of enslaved people toward the Union also diverted the resources of the Confederate military and its government to the defense of the plantations. The planters of Louisiana, afraid the laborers they enslaved would revolt, appealed for aid from Union authorities. "Our family has owned
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created by the Democratic Party was also part of Butler's political heritage. Butler believed the advantages of political office should be used to the advantage of friends and supporters, and to suppress political opponents. In general, Butler used these political abilities to play the various
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As the officers and soldiers of the United States have been subject to repeated insults from the women (calling themselves ladies) of New Orleans in return for the most scrupulous non-interference and courtesy on our part, it is ordered that hereafter when any female shall by word, gesture, or
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The residents of New Orleans, and notably many women, did not accept the Union occupation very well. Butler's troops faced "all manner of verbal and physically symbolic insults" from women, including obvious physical avoidance such as crossing the street or leaving a streetcar to avoid a Union
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was intended only to resist ground troops and few of the gun batteries were aimed toward the river. Most of the artillery, ammunition, troops, and vessels in the area were committed to the Jackson/St. Phillips position. Once this defense was breached, only three thousand militiamen with sundry
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to interdict an effort to make New Orleans a “free city”, or neutral area in the conflict. A solid Democrat, Moore organized a movement that voted Louisiana out of the Union in a secession convention that represented only 5 percent of the citizens of Louisiana. Moore also ordered the Louisiana
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Confederate leaders had made a tardy, ill-coordinated effort to muster at the river barrier. Fortunately for the Union, both the naval and military auxiliaries were weak. In all their work of defense, the Southerners had been hampered by poverty, disorganization, lack of skilled engineers and
547:. The river carried freight and traffic from a huge network of rivers and tributaries, making New Orleans one of the most significant transportation centers in the early United States before the establishment of railroad and road systems. Of particular significance were the inventions of the
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of war. This practice was later made a policy of war by Congress. Due to these and other astute political maneuvers, Butler had been chosen to command the army expedition to New Orleans. Because of his lack of military experience and military success, many were happy to see him go.
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occupied the city of New Orleans with an army of 5,000, facing no resistance. Butler was a former Democratic party official, lawyer, and state legislator. He was one of the first Major Generals of Volunteers of the Civil War appointed by Abraham Lincoln. He had gained glory as a
855:, “The enemy has passed the forts. It is too late to send any guns here; they had better go to Vicksburg.” Military stores, ships, and warehouses were then burned. Anything considered useful to the Union, including thousands of bales of cotton, were thrown into the river.
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state militia general who had anticipated the war and carefully prepared his six militia regiments for the conflict. At the start of hostilities he immediately marched to the relief of Washington, D.C., and, despite a lack of orders, had occupied and restored order to
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on December 17, 1862. He was also nicknamed "Beast Butler" and "Spoons" for his alleged habit of pilfering the silverware of Southern homes in which he stayed. He became so reviled in the city that merchants began selling chamber pots with his likeness at the bottom.
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lines and trade worth 500 million dollars passing through the city. As far as population, the city outnumbered any other city in the South, and was larger than the four next-largest Southern cities combined, with an estimated population of 168,675.
725:). These military moves were ordered on January 8, 1861, before the secession convention. With military companies forming all over Louisiana, the convention voted Louisiana out of the Union 113 to 17. The outbreak of hostilities in the area of
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to three months hard labor at Fort Jackson. He also issued Order Number 25, which distributed captured Confederate food supplies of beef and sugar in the city to the poor and starving. The Union blockade and the
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Butler's generally abrasive style and heavy handed actions, however, caught up with him. Many of his acts gave great offense, such as the seizure of $ 800,000 that had been deposited in the office of the Dutch
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factions and interests in New Orleans, as a virtuoso conductor would inspire an orchestra, to ensure his control and reward Union supporters while isolating and marginalizing hostile pro-Confederate factions.
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771:. The Union countermove was to enter the mouth of the Mississippi River, ascend to New Orleans and capture the city, closing off the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate shipping both from the
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embargo had done damage to the port economy, leaving many without work. The value of goods passing through New Orleans had gone from $ 500 million to $ 52 million during the period 1860 to 1862.
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soldier, being spat upon, and having chamber pots being dumped upon them. The Union troops were offended by the treatment, and after two weeks of occupation, Butler had had enough. He issued his
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military supplies and armed with shotguns remained to face Union troops and warships. The city itself was a poor position to defend against a hostile fleet. With high water outside the
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and the mob destroyed it. Farragut did not destroy the city in response but moved upriver to subdue fortifications north of the city. On April 29, Farragut and 250 marines from the
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negroes for generations," wrote one "we have no one but yourself and Genls Shepley and Butler to protect us against these negroes in a state of insurrection." The plantations of
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On June 7, he executed William B. Mumford, who had torn down a U.S. flag placed by Farragut on the New Orleans Mint. For the execution, Butler was denounced in December 1862 by
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movement insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States she shall be regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman of the town plying her avocation.
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This new direction in American politics had a profound influence on the development of New Orleans and the American Southwest. One of these developments was the construction of
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Despite the complete vulnerability of the city, the citizens along with military and civil authorities remained defiant. At 2:00 p.m. on April 25, Admiral Farragut sent
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in pursuit of Texan cotton. The Red River expedition proved to be a costly failure and resulted in more wanton destruction and looting than the Butler occupation.
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783:. The way was soon open except the water passage past the two masonry forts held by Confederate artillery, Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, which were above the
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and an event of international importance. It also caught many Confederate generals by surprise who had planned for an attack from the north instead of from the
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Marshall, Jeffrey D. (2004). "'Butler's Rotten Breath of Calumny': Major General Benjamin F. Butler and the Censure of the Seventh Vermont Infantry regiment".
759:" called for the division of the Confederacy by seizing control of the Mississippi River. One of the first steps in such operations was the imposition of the
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broke through the Confederate ring of fortifications and defense vessels guarding the lower Mississippi: evacuation. The inner ring of fortifications at
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Many residents resented the controversial and confrontational administration of the city by its U.S. Army military governor. This capture of the largest
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Long, Alecia P. (2009). "(Mis)Remembering General Order No. 28: Benjamin Butler, the Woman Order, and Historical Memory". In Whites, LeeAnn (ed.).
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Butler raised three regiments of infantry, the 1st and, 2nd on September 27, and a 3rd by November, from existing free black militia units. This
637:, the Republican presidential candidate, in the election of 1860, resulted in the secession crisis and was a catalyst to the American Civil War.
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1076:. Jackson stated, "Our Federal Union! It must be preserved!" That statement defined Jackson's position against any threat to the Union.
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was founded, to counter the spread of slavery into states produced by territorial conquests of the Jacksonian Democrats. The victory of
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Earl F. Niehaus, “The New Irish, 1830–1862,” in Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial Series in Louisiana History, X, ed. Brasseaux, 378–391.
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to oppose the new Democratic Party. As the political rivalry between the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs intensified, the
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Butler began his rule of martial law in New Orleans by sentencing anyone calling for cheers for Confederate President
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The Pelican Flag used as a Louisiana militia rally symbol from 1860 to early 1861. This is a later "Federal" version.
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and abroad, particularly in Britain and France, and many considered it the cause of his removal from command of the
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criticized Butler's rule, accusing him of "gratifying his own revenge" and likening him to an uncivilized dictator:
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By the year 1860, New Orleans was in a position of unprecedented economic, military, and political power. The
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New Orleans and the cities in the interior river network of the Upper South and Midwest. After the end of the
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Statue of Andrew Jackson in New Orleans, Louisiana. At high resolution, Butler's inscription can be observed.
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and from Mississippi River ports still used by Confederate vessels. In mid-January 1862, Flag Officer
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Map depicting Louisiana and approaches to New Orleans as depicted during the occupation of New Orleans
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Democratic victories in Illinois and Ohio on November 4 had alarmed the Lincoln administration.
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Major General Benjamin Franklin Butler, Military Governor of New Orleans under Union occupation
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Flag Officer David G. Farragut who commanded the Union fleet that broke through to New Orleans.
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Westwood, Howard C. “Benjamin Butler’s Enlistment of Black Troops in New Orleans in 1862.”
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3737:
2765:
2735:
2555:
1944:
1146:
1128:
1093:
945:
931:
706:
634:
615:
564:
919:
790:
From April 18 to 28, Farragut bombarded and then fought his way past these forts in the
4143:
4091:
3930:
3895:
3855:
3747:
3727:
3722:
3677:
2956:
2797:
2785:
1897:
1059:
899:
removed the Louisiana State flag from the City Hall. By May 2, U.S. Secretary of State
878:
784:
772:
760:
752:
588:
529:
500:
343:
168:
1982:
1683:"Our Affairs in England: Gen. Butler's Proclamation in the House of Lords Mediation".
5152:
4411:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3971:
3880:
3875:
3717:
3712:
3697:
3667:
3637:
2975:
2600:
2370:
2360:
2345:
2078:
1785:
1441:
1359:
1080:
936:
928:
756:
312:
460:
4880:
4857:
4847:
4842:
4379:
4321:
4233:
4208:
4121:
4101:
3900:
3798:
1155:
819:, Commander of Department 1, Louisiana, was left with one tenable option after the
795:
539:
New Orleans had benefited more than some other cities by the domestic slave trade,
515:
differs significantly with the histories of other cities that were included in the
803:
craftsmen, friction between State authorities and Richmond, and want of foresight.
5174:
Battles of the Lower Seaboard Theater and Gulf Approach of the American Civil War
1296:
Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
464:
Approaches to New Orleans, Department of the Gulf Map Number 5, February 14, 1863
3652:
2690:
2670:
1518:
Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862
1132:
Soldiers of the Louisiana Native Guard Regiments raised by Butler in New Orleans
1102:
807:
726:
718:
584:
567:
in 1815, which greatly expanded international trade, and the development of the
274:
794:, managing to get thirteen of his fleet's ships upriver on April 24. Historian
684:
227:
5035:
3910:
3672:
2873:
2868:
1787:
The Land They Fought For, The Story of the South as the Confederacy, 1832–1865
1634:
1196:
1113:
953:
840:
820:
568:
548:
1967:
1954:
1733:
1541:
4299:
1925:
1308:
Atlas to accompany the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.
1188:
885:
pulled down a Union flag raised over the former U.S. mint by marines of the
710:
614:
suggested by and named after Jackson. This fortress was intended to support
611:
552:
282:
4304:
843:, 78 miles (126 km) north. All artillery and munitions were sent to
559:
391:
1833:
1612:
Occupied Women: Gender, Military Occupation, and the American Civil War
1235:
1826:
Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
767:
counterattack attempted to drive off the Union navy, resulting in the
2482:
1220:
1057:
Butler tried to defend his command in New Orleans in a letter to the
656:, had made New Orleans even more of a springboard for expansion. The
232:
Panoramic view of New Orleans; federal fleet at anchor in the river (
621:
The presidents of the Jacksonian democracy supported the concept of
476:
was a turning point in the war that precipitated the capture of the
1251:
Those new considerations reinforced the idea by Secretary of State
579:
A formative event in the early history of New Orleans was the 1815
1234:
1127:
918:
910:
903:
declared New Orleans "recovered" and "mails are allowed to pass".
857:
829:
806:
787:
approximately 70 miles (110 km) downriver below New Orleans.
735:
688:
Major General Mansfield Lovell, CSA, would not surrender the city.
683:
639:
459:
451:
1587:
Confederate Reckoning, Power and Politics in the Civil War South
5169:
Expedition to, and Capture of, New Orleans (American Civil War)
5102:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
4647:
4036:
3600:
2823:
2524:
2486:
1986:
1361:
What hath God Wrought, The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
395:
139:
81:
40:
1884:
When the Devil came down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans
1847:
When the Devil came down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans
1660:
When the Devil Came Down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans
1556:
When the Devil came down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans
99:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1899:
Red River Campaign, Politics & Cotton in the Civil War
664:
arrived in New Orleans in 1848, and the completion of the
599:. Jackson began a new political movement now known as the
30:
For the battle at New Orleans during the War of 1812, see
1702:
Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science, and Art
1521:. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 228.
1278:
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
1662:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. p. 107.
1614:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. p. 28.
1124:
Impact of the occupation on enslaved people and slavery
160:
105:
1477:
Ordeal of the Union: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863
1443:
The Civil War, A Narrative, Fort Sumter to Perryville
713:
that guarded the entrance to Lake Pontchartrain, the
5094:
4979:
4921:
4866:
4775:
4664:
4577:
4556:
4514:
4486:
4477:
4330:
4082:
4047:
3954:
3823:
3816:
3756:
3620:
3613:
3538:
3285:
3278:
3109:
2965:
2924:
2892:
2859:
2852:
2716:
2634:
2535:
2434:
2398:
2323:
2316:
2294:
2223:
2147:
2111:
2095:
2088:
2057:
2036:
2020:
1878:
1876:
1784:
862:The Louisiana state flag is removed from City Hall
692:The election of Lincoln in 1860 inspired governor
1791:. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY.
983:by brute military force and terror. Butler was a
835:Lovell loaded his troops and supplies aboard the
488:was unopposed in its capture of the city itself.
4788:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
1938:Newspaper coverage of the capture of New Orleans
1259:and, after its successful conclusion, began the
798:argues the Confederate defenses were defective:
666:New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad
1002:
660:contributed another share to local wealth. The
587:, the battle's American victory led by General
212:
4612:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
1067:Building a political power base in New Orleans
1038:Assistant Adjutant-General and Chief of Staff.
709:that blocked approach upriver to New Orleans,
2498:
1998:
1635:General Orders, No. 28 (Butler's Woman Order)
618:and bar the Mississippi Delta from invasion.
407:
8:
2075:Mississippi River in the American Civil War
944:. As a reward Butler was made commander of
847:. Lovell then sent the last message to the
519:. Because it was founded by the French and
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4661:
4644:
4483:
4044:
4033:
3820:
3617:
3610:
3597:
3282:
2856:
2849:
2820:
2532:
2521:
2505:
2491:
2483:
2320:
2092:
2005:
1991:
1983:
1646:Official Records of the American Civil War
1219:Jefferson Davis in General Order 111 as a
1199:. The order provoked protests both in the
1120:organization, and provided law and order.
591:enhanced his political career. Along with
414:
400:
392:
209:
18:Battle of New Orleans (American Civil War)
5179:Union victories of the American Civil War
1558:, Louisiana State University Press 1997,
1149:, located in the state of Mississippi on
1088:The poorer classes as the key to the city
575:Jacksonian democracy and manifest destiny
194:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
5189:Battles and conflicts without fatalities
2701:Treatment of slaves in the United States
1926:National Park Service battle description
1866:
1864:
1756:Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War
837:New Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern
779:had undertaken this enterprise with his
763:. After the blockade was established, a
697:militia to seize the Federal arsenal at
4444:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
2616:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
1383:
1381:
1288:
4429:Modern display of the Confederate flag
2119:Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip
1536:. Vermont History 72 (Winter/Spring).
1353:
1351:
792:Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip
729:, South Carolina, led to the story of
36:Battle of New Orleans (disambiguation)
5199:New Orleans in the American Civil War
2626:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
1720:"Gen. Butler Defends the Woman Order"
27:1862 battle of the American Civil War
7:
2465:
1419:. Louisiana State University Press.
1158:, was invaluable to his occupation.
990:
870:, First Division Commander from the
751:The Union's strategy was devised by
472:(April 25 – May 1, 1862) during the
4783:Committee on the Conduct of the War
4459:United Daughters of the Confederacy
2416:Confederate monuments and memorials
2014:Louisiana in the American Civil War
1187:and his imprisonment of the French
1025:By command of Major-General Butler:
977:
747:, forces its way past Fort Jackson.
4853:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
4192:impeachment managers investigation
2571:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1828:, vol. 26, no. 1, 1985, pp. 5–22.
25:
4278:Reconstruction military districts
2726:Abolitionism in the United States
2681:Plantations in the American South
2596:Origins of the American Civil War
56:This article has multiple issues.
5132:
5123:
5122:
4261:Enforcement Act of February 1871
4234:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
2464:
2455:
2454:
2426:Confederate Memorial Hall Museum
1364:. Oxford University Press, Inc.
1243:On December 14, 1862, Maj. Gen.
325:
311:
226:
144:
86:
45:
5046:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
4908:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
4469:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2205:Battle of Stirling's Plantation
1902:. Kent State University Press.
1417:The Capture of New Orleans 1862
881:refused to surrender the city.
64:or discuss these issues on the
5159:1862 in the American Civil War
4149:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1870:McCurry, pp. 253–260, 271–273.
1096:and Confederate Major General
1:
5184:St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
4564:Ladies' Memorial Associations
4266:Enforcement Act of April 1871
4162:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
1708:(364): 463. October 18, 1862.
1162:The Confederate counterstroke
1005:HDQRS. DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF
991:Butler's General Order No. 28
781:West Gulf Blockading Squadron
517:Confederate States of America
368:West Gulf Blockading Squadron
233:
4697:Confederate revolving cannon
4439:Sons of Confederate Veterans
4310:South Carolina riots of 1876
4288:Indian Council at Fort Smith
4239:South Carolina riots of 1876
4204:Knights of the White Camelia
2696:Slavery in the United States
2195:Battle of Goodrich's Landing
2185:Battle of LaFourche Crossing
2103:Battle of the Head of Passes
1896:Johnson, Ludwell H. (1993).
1589:. Harvard University Press.
1321:"Union captures New Orleans"
978:Butler's command of the city
967:United States War Department
769:Battle of the Head of Passes
731:New Orleans in the Civil War
482:Forts Jackson and St. Philip
434:Forts Jackson and St. Philip
5214:19th century in New Orleans
5051:New York City riots of 1863
4876:Battle Hymn of the Republic
4627:United Confederate Veterans
4464:Children of the Confederacy
4454:United Confederate Veterans
4449:Southern Historical Society
3081:Price's Missouri Expedition
2551:Timeline leading to the War
2200:Battle of Kock's Plantation
2190:Battle of Donaldsonville II
1585:McCurry, Stephanie (2010).
907:Occupation and pacification
555:in the early 19th century.
5230:
5019:Confederate Secret Service
4607:Grand Army of the Republic
4499:Grand Army of the Republic
4317:Southern Claims Commission
2262:Action of 26–27 April 1864
2236:Battle of Henderson's Hill
2134:Battle of Donaldsonville I
1943:December 28, 2010, at the
1658:Hearn, Chester G. (1997).
1415:Hearn, Chester G. (1995).
1239:General Nathaniel P. Banks
1010:New Orleans, May 15, 1862.
839:railroad and sent them to
29:
5118:
5007:Confederate States dollar
4818:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
4813:Emancipation Proclamation
4707:Medal of Honor recipients
4660:
4643:
4595:Confederate Memorial Hall
4397:Confederate Memorial Hall
4370:Confederate History Month
4350:Civil War Discovery Trail
4251:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
4057:Reconstruction Amendments
4043:
4032:
3609:
3596:
2848:
2819:
2666:Emancipation Proclamation
2531:
2520:
2450:
2252:Battle of Blair's Landing
2180:Battle of Milliken's Bend
2165:Battle of Vermilion Bayou
2139:Battle of Georgia Landing
1783:Dowdey, Clifford (1955).
701:, and the Federal forts (
429:
377:
358:
337:
304:
240:
225:
217:
5081:U.S. Sanitary Commission
4992:Battlefield preservation
4898:Marching Through Georgia
4823:Hampton Roads Conference
4798:Confiscation Act of 1862
4793:Confiscation Act of 1861
4569:U.S. national cemeteries
4375:Confederate Memorial Day
4360:Civil War Trails Program
4229:New Orleans riot of 1866
2272:Battle of Calcasieu Pass
2257:Battle of Monett's Ferry
2243:(aka Sabine Cross-Roads)
2210:Battle of Bayou Bourbeux
1836:. Accessed 11 Feb. 2024.
1648:– Series I – Volume XV
1387:Howe, pp. 8–73, 329–366.
1358:Howe, Daniel W. (2007).
1273:H. L. Hunley (submarine)
248:April 25, 1862
5002:Confederate war finance
4622:Southern Cross of Honor
4590:1938 Gettysburg reunion
4585:1913 Gettysburg reunion
4283:Reconstruction Treaties
4256:Enforcement Act of 1870
4139:Freedman's Savings Bank
2756:Lane Debates on Slavery
2581:Lincoln–Douglas debates
2406:Fifth Military District
2267:Actions near Alexandria
2247:Battle of Pleasant Hill
1760:Oxford University Press
961:Challenge of occupation
717:south of the city, and
608:Fort Jackson, Louisiana
256:– May 1, 1862
155:is written like a story
5061:Richmond riots of 1863
4987:Baltimore riot of 1861
4767:U.S. Military Railroad
4687:Confederate Home Guard
4419:Historiographic issues
4385:Historical reenactment
2884:Revenue Cutter Service
2751:William Lloyd Garrison
2660:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2282:Battle of Yellow Bayou
2231:Battle of Fort DeRussy
2170:Battle of Plains Store
2155:Battle of Fort Bisland
2124:Capture of New Orleans
1813:Capture of New Orleans
1440:Foote, Shelby (1986).
1240:
1209:Department of the Gulf
1178:Reputation vs. results
1133:
1055:
1041:
924:
916:
863:
812:
748:
689:
645:
558:Before the steamboat,
513:history of New Orleans
470:capture of New Orleans
465:
457:
423:New Orleans Expedition
365:Department of the Gulf
338:Commanders and leaders
213:Capture of New Orleans
108:by rewriting it in an
34:. For other uses, see
5026:Great Revival of 1863
4903:Maryland, My Maryland
4692:Confederate railroads
4355:Civil War Roundtables
4224:Meridian riot of 1871
4219:Memphis riots of 1866
2776:George Luther Stearns
2761:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
2654:Crittenden Compromise
2129:Battle of Baton Rouge
1968:29.95750°N 90.06306°W
1238:
1217:Confederate President
1172:Battle of Baton Rouge
1131:
1050:
922:
914:
861:
810:
740:Farragut's flagship,
739:
687:
643:
581:Battle of New Orleans
541:Industrial Revolution
480:. Having fought past
463:
455:
378:Casualties and losses
169:neutral point of view
32:Battle of New Orleans
4913:Daar kom die Alibama
4828:National Union Party
4504:memorials to Lincoln
4424:Lost Cause mythology
4129:Eufaula riot of 1874
4117:Confederate refugees
3330:District of Columbia
2957:Union naval blockade
2803:Underground Railroad
2591:Nullification crisis
2175:Siege of Port Hudson
2160:Battle of Irish Bend
1257:siege of Port Hudson
1168:John C. Breckinridge
1074:Nullification Crisis
998:General Order No. 28
721:, which guarded the
715:New Orleans Barracks
694:Thomas Overton Moore
668:from New Orleans to
662:electrical telegraph
658:California Gold Rush
650:Mexican–American War
601:Jacksonian democracy
583:. Fought during the
161:rewrite this article
5071:Supreme Court cases
4838:Radical Republicans
4617:Old soldiers' homes
4601:Confederate Veteran
4527:artworks in Capitol
4246:Reconstruction acts
4107:Colfax riot of 1873
3071:Richmond-Petersburg
2676:Fugitive slave laws
2606:Popular sovereignty
2586:Missouri Compromise
2576:Kansas-Nebraska Act
2376:Francis T. Nicholls
2341:Albert G. Blanchard
2241:Battle of Mansfield
2028:Louisiana secession
1973:29.95750; -90.06306
1964: /
1575:Hearn, pp. 104–107.
1506:Hearn, pp. 243–245.
1497:Hearn, pp. 238–239.
1170:, resulting in the
1139:fugitive slave laws
1098:P. G. T. Beauregard
942:Baltimore, Maryland
670:Canton, Mississippi
654:annexation of Texas
521:controlled by Spain
4892:A Lincoln Portrait
4833:Politicians killed
4757:U.S. Balloon Corps
4752:Union corps badges
4532:memorials to Davis
4402:Disenfranchisement
4273:Reconstruction era
4154:Timber Culture Act
4112:Compromise of 1877
3076:Franklin–Nashville
2746:Frederick Douglass
2649:Cornerstone Speech
2566:Compromise of 1850
2514:American Civil War
2411:Compromise of 1877
2070:Red River campaign
2065:Vicksburg campaign
1725:The New York Times
1700:"General Butler".
1686:The New York Times
1405:Howe, pp. 671–700.
1261:Red River Campaign
1241:
1225:capital punishment
1134:
950:Virginia Peninsula
925:
917:
883:William B. Mumford
864:
813:
749:
690:
646:
534:Haitian Revolution
474:American Civil War
466:
458:
279:St. Bernard Parish
220:American Civil War
165:encyclopedic style
110:encyclopedic style
97:is written like a
5204:April 1862 events
5194:1862 in Louisiana
5146:
5145:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
4944:Italian Americans
4929:African Americans
4886:John Brown's Body
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4552:
4551:
4390:Robert E. Lee Day
4134:Freedmen's Bureau
4097:Brooks–Baxter War
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
3812:
3811:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3001:Northern Virginia
2947:Trans-Mississippi
2920:
2919:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2707:Uncle Tom's Cabin
2644:African Americans
2480:
2479:
2394:
2393:
2381:Leroy A. Stafford
2351:Randall L. Gibson
2336:P.G.T. Beauregard
2299:(by city or town)
2290:
2289:
2277:Battle of Mansura
1728:. July 16, 1862.
1596:978-0-674-04589-7
1446:. Vintage Books.
1371:978-0-19-507894-7
1298:I, v. 18, p. 131.
1253:William H. Seward
1193:Charles Heidsieck
1118:counter-espionage
985:political general
901:William H. Seward
777:David G. Farragut
765:Confederate naval
723:Chef Menteur Pass
652:, along with the
595:, he founded the
495:city was a major
478:Mississippi River
447:
446:
390:
389:
332:CSA (Confederacy)
300:
299:
204:
203:
196:
186:
185:
138:
137:
130:
79:
16:(Redirected from
5221:
5136:
5126:
5125:
4949:Native Americans
4934:German Americans
4727:Partisan rangers
4722:Official Records
4662:
4645:
4537:memorials to Lee
4484:
4045:
4034:
3821:
3618:
3611:
3598:
3571:Washington, D.C.
3365:Indian Territory
3325:Dakota Territory
3283:
3200:Chancellorsville
2991:Jackson's Valley
2981:Blockade runners
2857:
2850:
2821:
2781:Thaddeus Stevens
2771:Lysander Spooner
2731:Susan B. Anthony
2533:
2522:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2468:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2366:St. John Liddell
2321:
2300:
2093:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1868:
1859:
1858:Marshall, p. 28.
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1802:Marshall, p. 24.
1800:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1689:. June 27, 1862.
1680:
1674:
1673:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:Hearn, pp. 2–11.
1464:
1458:
1457:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
971:Edwin M. Stanton
927:On May 1, 1862,
817:Mansfield Lovell
631:Republican Party
623:manifest destiny
597:Democratic Party
593:Martin Van Buren
528:, refugees from
424:
416:
409:
402:
393:
372:Department No. 1
353:Mansfield Lovell
330:
329:
316:
315:
263:
261:
255:
253:
242:
241:
235:
230:
210:
199:
192:
181:
178:
172:
163:to introduce an
148:
147:
140:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
90:
89:
82:
71:
49:
48:
41:
21:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5209:May 1862 events
5164:Benjamin Butler
5149:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5106:
5090:
4975:
4939:Irish Americans
4917:
4862:
4771:
4762:U.S. Home Guard
4702:Field artillery
4656:
4655:
4631:
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4365:Civil War Trust
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4214:Ethnic violence
4199:Kirk–Holden war
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3534:
3287:
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3086:Sherman's March
3066:Bermuda Hundred
2961:
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2766:J. Sella Martin
2736:James G. Birney
2712:
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1534:Vermont History
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1245:Nathaniel Banks
1233:
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1110:Corps D'Afrique
1094:Jefferson Davis
1090:
1069:
1046:Saturday Review
993:
980:
963:
946:Fortress Monroe
932:Benjamin Butler
909:
707:Fort St. Philip
682:
635:Abraham Lincoln
616:Fort St. Philip
577:
565:Napoleonic Wars
509:
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348:Benjamin Butler
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5041:Naming the war
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4333:Reconstruction
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4187:second inquiry
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4144:Homestead Acts
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
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4109:
4104:
4099:
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4092:Alabama Claims
4088:
4086:
4084:Reconstruction
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4072:15th Amendment
4069:
4067:14th Amendment
4064:
4062:13th Amendment
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3693:J. E. Johnston
3690:
3688:A. S. Johnston
3685:
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3492:
3490:South Carolina
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:North Carolina
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
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3437:
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3237:
3232:
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3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Fredericksburg
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:Wilson's Creek
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3106:
3104:
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3098:
3093:
3088:
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2942:Lower Seaboard
2939:
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2918:
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2825:
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2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
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2805:
2800:
2798:Harriet Tubman
2795:
2794:
2793:
2786:Charles Sumner
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
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2663:
2656:
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2632:
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2629:
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2623:
2621:States' rights
2618:
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2598:
2593:
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2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2442:14th Amendment
2438:
2436:
2435:Related topics
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
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2386:Richard Taylor
2383:
2378:
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2331:Henry W. Allen
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2136:
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2126:
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2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
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2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1947:
1933:
1932:External links
1930:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1916:
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1488:Hearn, p. 237.
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1475:Allan Nevins:
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1060:Boston Journal
1040:
1039:
1036:
1032:GEO. C. STRONG
1027:
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1021:
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1019:
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992:
989:
979:
976:
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908:
905:
868:Captain Bailey
849:War Department
815:Major General
805:
804:
785:Head of Passes
761:Union blockade
753:Winfield Scott
681:
680:War and battle
678:
589:Andrew Jackson
576:
573:
530:Saint Domingue
508:
505:
501:Gulf of Mexico
445:
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436:
430:
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426:
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419:
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411:
404:
396:
388:
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375:
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369:
361:
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359:Units involved
356:
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350:
344:David Farragut
340:
339:
335:
334:
322:
307:
306:
302:
301:
298:
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5056:Photographers
5054:
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5049:
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5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Gender issues
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5008:
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5000:
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4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4858:War Democrats
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:Union Leagues
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
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4789:
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4784:
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4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Turning point
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Naval battles
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
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4678:
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4520:
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4513:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:and memorials
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
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4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:Commemoration
4338:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
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4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:first inquiry
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Carpetbaggers
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4031:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:West Virginia
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:New Hampshire
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Massachusetts
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Hampton Roads
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Fort Donelson
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Morgan's Raid
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Anaconda Plan
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Pacific Coast
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Positive good
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Panic of 1857
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Border states
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Alfred Mouton
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Harry T. Hays
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Braxton Bragg
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2079:Anaconda Plan
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1977:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1909:0-87338-486-5
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1669:9780807121801
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1621:9780807137178
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:0-8071-2623-3
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1479:(1960) p. 99.
1478:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1453:0-394-74623-6
1449:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1426:0-8071-1945-8
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1396:Hearn, p. 11.
1393:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:spoils system
1077:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
988:
986:
975:
972:
968:
960:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
937:Massachusetts
933:
930:
921:
913:
906:
904:
902:
898:
897:
891:
890:
884:
880:
876:
875:
869:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
826:
822:
818:
809:
801:
800:
799:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:Anaconda Plan
754:
746:
745:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
686:
679:
677:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
570:
566:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
497:turning point
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
454:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
428:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
397:
394:
385:
382:
381:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
362:
357:
354:
351:
349:
345:
342:
341:
336:
333:
328:
323:
320:
314:
309:
308:
303:
295:
292:
289:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
268:
265:(6 days)
247:
244:
243:
239:
229:
224:
221:
216:
211:
206:
198:
195:
180:
177:February 2020
170:
166:
162:
156:
153:This article
151:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
118:February 2020
111:
107:
101:
100:
95:This article
93:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4997:Bibliography
4980:Other topics
4922:By ethnicity
4890:
4843:Trent Affair
4742:Signal Corps
4599:
4322:White League
4209:Ku Klux Klan
4122:Confederados
4049:Constitution
3921:D. D. Porter
3774:Breckinridge
3485:Rhode Island
3480:Pennsylvania
3235:Spotsylvania
3195:Stones River
3175:2nd Bull Run
3125:1st Bull Run
3011:Stones River
2912:Marine Corps
2879:Marine Corps
2718:Abolitionism
2705:
2658:
2470:
2214:Grand Coteau
2123:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1798:
1786:
1778:
1758:. New York:
1755:
1749:
1739:December 26,
1737:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1659:
1653:
1641:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1555:
1550:
1533:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1462:
1442:
1435:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1360:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1250:
1242:
1214:
1181:
1165:
1156:fifth column
1143:
1135:
1109:
1107:
1091:
1078:
1070:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1004:
1003:
994:
981:
964:
926:
895:
888:
879:Mayor Monroe
873:
865:
834:
814:
796:Allan Nevins
789:
750:
743:
703:Fort Jackson
691:
674:
647:
620:
605:
578:
557:
551:in 1793 and
538:
510:
490:
469:
467:
438:
305:Belligerents
218:Part of the
205:
190:
174:
159:Please help
154:
124:
115:
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
4803:Copperheads
4515:Confederate
4407:Black Codes
3733:E. K. Smith
3614:Confederate
3561:New Orleans
3556:Chattanooga
3420:Mississippi
3320:Connecticut
3288:territories
3279:Involvement
3240:Cold Harbor
3230:Fort Pillow
3220:Chattanooga
3215:Chickamauga
3165:Seven Pines
3155:New Orleans
3120:Fort Sumter
3061:Valley 1864
2894:Confederacy
2691:Slave Power
2671:Fire-Eaters
2324:Confederate
2308:New Orleans
2296:Involvement
2044:Confederacy
1971: /
1330:October 27,
1103:King Cotton
727:Fort Sumter
719:Fort Macomb
699:Baton Rouge
585:War of 1812
493:Confederate
439:New Orleans
275:New Orleans
5153:Categories
5036:Juneteenth
4557:Cemeteries
4434:Red Shirts
4345:Centennial
4295:Red Shirts
3703:Longstreet
3633:Beauregard
3576:Winchester
3551:Charleston
3520:Washington
3455:New Mexico
3450:New Jersey
3310:California
3286:States and
3270:Five Forks
3255:Mobile Bay
3225:Wilderness
3205:Gettysburg
3185:Perryville
3170:Seven Days
3101:Appomattox
3026:Gettysburg
2986:New Mexico
2853:Combatants
2828:Combatants
2741:John Brown
2356:Henry Gray
2037:Combatants
1959:90°03′47″W
1956:29°57′27″N
1920:References
1849:, pp. 3–4.
1769:0195080343
1566:, pp. 1–5.
1223:deserving
1197:prostitute
1151:Davis Bend
1114:Robin Hood
954:contraband
841:Camp Moore
821:Union Navy
627:Whig Party
569:cotton gin
549:cotton gin
545:Gulf Coast
507:Background
260:1862-05-01
252:1862-04-25
61:improve it
5014:Espionage
4808:Diplomacy
4776:Political
4732:POW camps
4478:Monuments
4305:Scalawags
4300:Redeemers
4038:Aftermath
3987:Pinkerton
3926:Rosecrans
3891:McClellan
3794:Memminger
3530:Wisconsin
3495:Tennessee
3415:Minnesota
3390:Louisiana
3265:Nashville
3210:Vicksburg
3140:Pea Ridge
3091:Carolinas
3046:Red River
3041:Knoxville
3021:Tullahoma
3016:Vicksburg
2996:Peninsula
2968:campaigns
2834:Campaigns
2611:Secession
2399:Aftermath
2058:Campaigns
1734:0362-4331
1542:1544-3043
1310:Plate XC.
1231:Aftermath
1189:champagne
948:, on the
929:Maj. Gen.
894:USS
889:Pensacola
887:USS
872:USS
845:Vicksburg
825:Chalmette
755:, whose "
742:USS
711:Fort Pike
612:star fort
553:steamboat
283:Louisiana
67:talk page
5128:Category
4969:Seminole
4959:Cherokee
4712:Medicine
4665:Military
4578:Veterans
4412:Jim Crow
4177:timeline
3972:Ericsson
3955:Civilian
3936:Sheridan
3896:McDowell
3856:Farragut
3841:Burnside
3831:Anderson
3824:Military
3804:Stephens
3764:Benjamin
3757:Civilian
3643:Buchanan
3621:Military
3566:Richmond
3515:Virginia
3460:New York
3435:Nebraska
3425:Missouri
3410:Michigan
3400:Maryland
3385:Kentucky
3360:Illinois
3335:Delaware
3315:Colorado
3300:Arkansas
3260:Franklin
3180:Antietam
3051:Overland
3006:Maryland
2925:Theaters
2831:Theaters
2460:Category
1941:Archived
1815:, p. 41.
1267:See also
1191:magnate
896:Hartford
853:Richmond
744:Hartford
560:keelboat
532:and the
270:Location
5095:Related
4964:Choctaw
4954:Catawba
4737:Rations
4682:Cavalry
4544:Removal
4172:efforts
4156:of 1873
4002:Stevens
3997:Stanton
3982:Lincoln
3941:Sherman
3876:Halleck
3866:Frémont
3851:Du Pont
3789:Mallory
3748:Wheeler
3683:Jackson
3663:Forrest
3603:Leaders
3546:Atlanta
3510:Vermont
3430:Montana
3370:Indiana
3345:Georgia
3340:Florida
3305:Arizona
3295:Alabama
3245:Atlanta
3160:Corinth
3112:battles
3056:Atlanta
3036:Bristoe
2937:Western
2932:Eastern
2837:Battles
2636:Slavery
2540:Origins
2526:Origins
2471:Commons
2420:Removal
2317:Leaders
2089:Battles
2021:Origins
1886:, p. 4.
1882:Hearn,
1845:Hearn,
1834:4232388
1811:Hearn,
1554:Hearn,
526:Creoles
296:victory
258: (
250: (
104:Please
5138:Portal
5076:Tokens
4012:Welles
3992:Seward
3977:Hamlin
3946:Thomas
3881:Hooker
3846:Butler
3799:Seddon
3784:Hunter
3769:Bocock
3743:Taylor
3738:Stuart
3728:Semmes
3708:Morgan
3668:Gorgas
3648:Cooper
3539:Cities
3475:Oregon
3440:Nevada
3380:Kansas
3350:Hawaii
3250:Crater
3150:Shiloh
3110:Major
3096:Mobile
2966:Major
2840:States
2791:Caning
1906:
1832:
1766:
1732:
1666:
1618:
1593:
1562:
1540:
1450:
1423:
1368:
1203:, the
1185:consul
969:under
874:Cayuga
830:levees
484:, the
290:Result
167:and a
4881:Dixie
4868:Music
4487:Union
4331:Post-
4167:trial
3967:Chase
3962:Adams
3931:Scott
3906:Meigs
3901:Meade
3871:Grant
3861:Foote
3836:Buell
3817:Union
3779:Davis
3723:Price
3713:Mosby
3658:Ewell
3653:Early
3638:Bragg
3500:Texas
3395:Maine
3355:Idaho
2861:Union
2212:(aka
2049:Union
1949:Map:
1830:JSTOR
1793:p. 28
1284:Notes
1221:felon
1205:South
1201:North
486:Union
319:Union
294:Union
236:1862)
5066:Salt
4672:Arms
4522:List
4494:List
4007:Wade
3916:Pope
3886:Hunt
3718:Polk
3678:Hood
3673:Hill
3505:Utah
3470:Ohio
3375:Iowa
2907:Navy
2902:Army
2874:Navy
2869:Army
2224:1864
2148:1863
2112:1862
2096:1861
1904:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1741:2020
1730:ISSN
1664:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1538:ISSN
1448:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1332:2022
1079:The
965:The
773:Gulf
705:and
610:, a
511:The
468:The
386:None
383:None
277:and
245:Date
3911:Ord
3698:Lee
851:in
5155::
1875:^
1863:^
1722:.
1706:14
1704:.
1380:^
1350:^
1323:.
733:.
603:.
503:.
281:,
234:c.
70:.
2506:e
2499:t
2492:v
2422:)
2418:(
2216:)
2081:)
2077:(
2006:e
1999:t
1992:v
1912:.
1772:.
1743:.
1672:.
1624:.
1599:.
1544:.
1456:.
1429:.
1374:.
1334:.
1035:,
415:e
408:t
401:v
321:)
262:)
254:)
197:)
191:(
179:)
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171:.
157:.
131:)
125:(
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20:)
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