Battle of Pandu - Knowledge

985:, led by Captain Mohammad Akram, along with a platoon commanded by Subedar Kala Khan, and elements of the 4th Azad Battalion, executed successful operations against the Indian force's left flank. Additionally, irregular forces increased their activity behind enemy lines, leading to the dispersal of the Indian forces. Early June saw the Khyber Rifles establish a presence within the Kandar Kuzi Forest. Operating from this position, they conducted ambushes that hampered the movement of opposing forces and facilitated intelligence gathering. An engagement occurred near Khatir Nar on June 19, involving the Khyber Rifles and a contingent from the Baluch regiment, against a group from the Indian forces. The encounter resulted in 15 casualties. By the end of June, the summer military campaign was winded down. Forces opposed to Indian control launched a final maneuver to encircle Chakothi from the south. This flanking maneuver required the redeployment of two battalions from the Indian 77th Parachute Brigade, consequently weakening their defenses in the Pandu area. On June 29, Indian forces captured Pir Kanthi, which threatened both Chakothi and Bagh. In response, Brigadier 1356: 1161:

one thousand mortar and artillery shells. A large ration depot was also secured. With the capture of Pandu, a critical strategic point, the remaining Indian defenses crumbled rapidly. As Pakistani forces advanced towards the remaining two companies defending Sing (10,500 feet), those forces also withdrew from the position. Scouts and Azads operating in the area pursued them. A general advance then commenced, and after twelve hours, Pakistani troops reached a position just 200 yards from Chota Kazi Nag (10,000 feet), the final and highest peak in this range. This peak overlooks the Indian communication lines between Baramula and Uri (General Headquarters), at this point, Pakistani forces received orders to halt their advance.

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Sing, a slightly closer peak at 10,500 feet. Finally, directly ahead, a long mountain range paralleled the river. Within its folds lay the village of Pandu, often shrouded in mist or rain clouds. This enigmatic presence added to the imposing character of the surrounding mountain stronghold. Point 6873 and Pandu peak (9,178 feet), also known as the Pandu feature, on the eastern side are the two notable features. Below the peak the Pandu village resides in a saddle formation. Chhota Kazinag and Chinal Dori and the Pandu saddle is connected via a ridge. Towards the Jhelum River southern slopes drop sharply at 6,000 feet with dense pine forests blanket the massif.

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potentially influencing other activities across Kashmir. The Indian forces suffered around 309 casualties during the battle, while Pakistani losses were approximately 100. The capture of Pandu marked a significant victory for Pakistan, which effectively eliminated the immediate Indian threat to Muzaffarabad. However, clashes continued in other areas. Following the unsuccessful summer offensive towards Muzaffarabad, Indian forces launched preparations for a new offensive originating from Jammu. This operation aimed to push westward and northward to relieve Poonch and other areas from Pakistani control.

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well-conceived plan for taking Pandu. The attack plan involved two columns of Baluchi troops advancing from the south, a challenging but potentially surprising approach. The right column, led by Major A.H. Afridi, comprised Delta Company of the 4th Baluch Regiment and Charlie Company of the 17th Baluch Regiment (now known as the 19th Baloch Regiment) under Captain Said Ghaffar Shah. Their objective was to capture Pandu Peak. The remaining forces of the battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Harvey-Kelly, would focus on capturing Pandu itself. To further isolate the Indian

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direction, leading to another clash. These minor skirmishes, however, appeared to be interpreted by the Indian forces as full-scale attacks. Anticipating the right column's attack the following day, Pakistani troops disregarded usual caution and lit fires for warmth within the jungle. These fires were soon spotted by Indian troops, who perceived them as a surrounding ring. According to a local witness, the Indian forces, believing themselves encircled, spent a tense night and decided to withdraw at daybreak, seeing it as their only option.

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cautious move aimed to preserve troop strength. However, on December 30, the 3rd Battalion (3 AK Battalion) recaptured strategically important villages in the Neja Galli area of the Pir Panjal Heights, which had been previously captured by Indian forces. When Indian troops returned to the area by the evening of January 1, they faced heavy gunfire and found the Pakistani flag raised there. This territory, which provides a strategic view of the Uri Valley from the south bank of the Jhelum River, has remained under Pakistani control.

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Kewa and engaging in a close-quarters battle at night. The Pakistani command remained unaware of the setbacks they had encountered. By daybreak, they were still a considerable distance from their objective and faced heavy shelling as their movements were no longer concealed. Despite these difficulties, they continued their arduous advance until they were further disrupted by a group of fleeing Indian soldiers who ran through their midst.

841:, the battle centered on control of the strategically important high ground. The Pakistani forces at Chakothi faced a disadvantage to Indian troops on the dominating peaks, The Indian force planned an offensive towards Muzaffarabad through Pandu. Having earlier lost key positions in Pandu to an Indian offensive, Pakistan launched a counter-operation to retake the area, ultimately led to the capture of the Pandu area. 395: 329: 316: 307: 291: 284: 148: 1314: 1089:

that morning, Scouts, Azad forces, and tribesmen were deployed by Brigadier Akbar Khan to carry out small harassing raids. Due to cloudy skies and rain throughout the day, Indian aircraft were absent from the area. These operations were intended to be low-key and not arouse suspicion. The harassing parties would successfully engage with the Indian troops without complications, with only one near miss.

161: 1328: 1342: 1016:. This complex operation demanded meticulous planning and coordination. However, on July 17, 1948, the British government recalled all British officers serving in Kashmir. This decision followed the death of Major A.M. Sloan in the Tithwal Sector on July 10. Lieutenant Colonel Harvey-Kelly, who had devised the plan for capturing Pandu, was reassigned away from the 890:. These groups took control of the western parts of the state. On October 27, India intervened militarily in Kashmir, reportedly in response to a request from the Maharaja. The irregular independence fighters were no match for a professional army, and the Indian force's quickly gained major territory. As they moved into Muzaffarabad in May 1948, Prime Minister 1157:

tribesmen pursued them for twenty-four hours, primarily engaging in close-quarter combat with daggers. The Indian forces suffered significant casualties, estimated at three hundred. When the tribesmen returned, many were clad in captured Indian uniforms and carrying a substantial amount of enemy weapons, ammunition, and other equipment.

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tactical importance. The area also held high value for the local population. Local legend recounts how a Mughal emperor's army was stalled here centuries ago, forcing the Mughals to retreat over the Pir Panjal Pass. This tradition instilled a superstitious belief among the locals that Pandu was unconquerable.

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numerical advantage by deploying a full battalion from the opposing side, creating a potential two-to-one advantage at a crucial point in the conflict. However, this plan ultimately went unrealized. As a result, the Pakistani forces no longer held the anticipated numerical advantage over the Indian defenders.

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Upon hearing that the Indian force had given up, Akbar Khan dispatched another lashkar in pursuit across the Indian force's who retreated. Other tribesmen in the vicinity of Pandu also joined the chase. The Indian troops had been routed in confusion and fled down the slopes into the dense jungle. The

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During earlier operations, harassing parties advancing under the cover of darkness mistakenly believed Indian forces were retreating. One tribal lashkar engaged in a nighttime skirmish after mistakenly entering Pandu itself. The resulting gunfire prompted another lashkar to approach from the opposite

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Pandu's defenses consisted of approximately half a battalion. Major Akbar Khan of the Pakistani forces estimated that a force of one and a half battalions would be necessary to secure Pandu. However, he was only able to assemble one and a half battalions for the assault. Due to the need for a reserve

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The Pakistani forces captured a significant amount of Indian supplies, including approximately 130 rifles and their ammunition. Additionally, they seized stockpiles containing roughly half a million rounds of ammunition, two large mortars, fourteen mortars of various sizes, a machine gun, and around

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Indian troops withdrew from their postions and reinforced the garrison at Pandu, which gave them a numerical advantage over the Pakistani forces. Recognizing the disparity in strength, the Right Column Commander anticipated the attack being called off. Determined to act, Akbar khan ordered a bayonet

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The second prong of the infiltration operation involved a larger force under Major Karamat Ullah of the Khyber Rifles from Nardajian. This group comprised two companies from the 2nd Azad Battalion, two platoons from the Khyber Rifles, and two lashkars. Their objective was to reach Sufaida Forest and

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and prevent reinforcements from other Indian units in the area, a two-pronged infiltration operation was planned behind enemy lines. Captain Khalid Khan's Mahsud lashkar from Bib Dori would secure Point 6873, effectively cutting off the Indian forces stationed there from rejoining their battalion at

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In late December 1948, heavy snowfall in the Uri Sector caused significant logistical challenges for the Indian Army. After consulting with General Thimayya, Brigadier Henderson Brooks made the decision to withdraw troops from the Pir Kanthi and Ledi Galli and surrounding areas on December 28. This

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In early July 1948, Pakistani forces in Chinari received their first two 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns. These guns fired lightweight shells and had a limited effective range, along with a restricted field of view. Consequently, Indian aircraft initially enjoyed a significant advantage in the

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On the morning of the fifth day, reinforcements arrived and joined the right-most column. An imminent military operation was planned near Pandu. The objective involved encountering a reduced Indian force stationed there, with only half a battalion present. This strategy aimed to exploit a temporary

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position near Bib-Dori by 4:00 am. Individual soldiers began to withdraw without orders, and this grew into a larger unauthorized retreat. Observing the Left Column's withdrawal at dawn, the harassing parties, Azads, Scouts, and tribesmen, also retreated, assuming the operation had been called off.

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Once across the river, additional manpower was required to transport supplies. Roughly 2,000 porters were recruited to assist with this logistical challenge. The Pakistani artillery was also repositioned closer to its intended targets. However, the Indian forces possessed a significant advantage in

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The Pakistani forces used the term "Pandu" to refer to the entire region generally. They assigned the code name "Delhi" to Pandu and later learned from Indian documents that the Indian forces had nicknamed it "Karachi." This highlighted the strategic significance both sides placed on Pandu's local

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On the morning of the fourth day, the right-most column, almost half a battalion, remained the only Pakistani force in the forward position. Who were isolated on a 9,300-foot peak within indian territory, faced hostile artillery and aircraft attacks. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, Major

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At dawn the following day, the right column successfully secured their objective, a 9,300-foot mountain overlooking Pandu Lake. The Indian forces responded quickly with a counter-attack, but it was unsuccessful. By afternoon, the right column had advanced to within 500 yards of Pandu, awaiting the

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After the unsuccessful summer offensive towards Muzaffarabad from Pandu, the Indian forces launched preparations for a new offensive originating from Jammu. This operation aimed to push westward and northward to relieve Poonch and other areas from Pakistani control. Lieutenant General Bajwa of the

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The Left Column encountered difficulties during its advance, leading to a breakdown in unit cohesion during the night. Discouraged and fatigued, soldiers lost contact with their officers. Despite attempts to halt it, the entire Left Column disengaged around midnight and returned to their starting

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The left column's advance was delayed. The path proved to be extremely challenging, and their telephone wire drums had rolled down the slope in the darkness, severing communication after midnight. Subsequently, they suffered thirty casualties after inadvertently entering an Indian position called

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On the second day of the operation the Pakistani troops next advance was planned for the evening hours. To maintain radio silence, Pakistani artillery remained silent, avoiding any indication of imminent activity and took cover within their base until twilight. Meanwhile at multiple locations at

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Following nightfall on the next day on July 18, a Pakistani battalion discreetly entered the Indian sector, when they went across the stream. The unpreventable sounds were masked by the rain, but also set back further progress. The Pakistani troops established their concealed forward position and

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was to advance along the Kishenganga River. The 77th Parachute Brigade at Mahura aimed to secure the high ground north of the Jhelum River, while the 161st Brigade planned to push along the Uri-Muzaffarabad route on the river's left bank. Up to this point, the Pakistan Army's involvement had been

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The Indian force's aircraft flew overhead but remained beyond the effective range of the Pakistani anti-aircraft defenses. On the following day, October 3, three aircraft appeared in the area, seemingly intent on attacking Pandu, Pakistani troops began shelling the camp. As they approached, the

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were available to participate in the operation. These men were organized into three lashkars, each with at least one hundred members. The first lashkar was assigned harassing duties, while the third, designated L3, would be responsible for pursuing the enemy in the event of a successful push. To

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to the south. On May 24, the Indian 77th Parachute Brigade captured Chhota Kazinag. The same day, a Baloch patrol scouting Pandu detected an opposing force's presence. Reacting swiftly, they secured Point 6873 at the western edge of the massif. However, heavy fighting erupted on May 29 as Indian

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plunged 3,000 feet to the Indian troop's right, while a carved road snaked along the opposite bank, nestled against hills that rose between 7,000 and 8,000 feet. Turning left, Nanga Tek, a towering peak reaching 10,000 feet, dominated the view. Further along, Rosi Kuta stood at 11,500 feet, with

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The loss of Pandu was a serious setback. Coming as it did after the loss of the positions across the Kishanganga in Tithwal area, it showed the dangers of self-complacency. The temper of the enemy was unmistakable. He was becoming more and more aggressive Two major victories in quick succession

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However a mishap occurred, when the Pakistani forces local guide slipped in the mud and was captured by Indian troops. The Pakistani troops quickly withdrew from the area. The guide was taken to the Indian headquarters in Pandu, he was interrogated extensively but revealed no information. While

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Major A.H. Afridi was termed the Victor of Pandu along with his subordinates Captain Ghaffar Khan and Lieutenant Khan Zaman by the official Pakistani history, but they received no recognition or award for their great contribution. Generals like Rafiuddin Ahmed recognized their role in the war,

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The Indian Air Force played a significant role in the conflict, due in part to the lack of a comparable air force and anti-aircraft defenses by Pakistani forces for a substantial period. This imbalance granted the Indian Air Force dominance in the airspace, impacting logistical operations and

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Major Akbar Khan believed they had instilled fear in the Indian forces by minor skrimishes. Despite their numerical superiority, equipment, and air support, the Indian forces opted to withdraw. The indian forces launched a sustained and heavy shelling barrage to obscure their movement as they

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The capture of Pandu presented a significant obstacle. Brigadier Akbar Khan recognized the importance of achieving surprise for a successful outcome. Recognizing a frontal assault would be ineffective, Lieutenant Colonel Harvey-Kelly, Commanding Officer of the 4th Baluch Regiment, devised a

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Following the withdrawal of 2 Bihar Battalion from Pandu, Lieutenant Colonel Tur, the Indian unit commander, was arrested by Brigadier Henderson Brooks and subsequently court-martialed. General Thimmaya held Lieutenant Colonel Tur accountable for the loss of Pandu to Pakistani forces.

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Khan directed the deployment of the anti-aircraft guns in locations that would maximize their range against Indian aircraft. A medium gun, firing 90-pound shells, was positioned furthest forward under the Chakoti ridge. Additionally, twelve machine guns and sixteen

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In the latter part of 1947, estimates suggested that the Indian military presence in Kashmir had grown significantly, potentially reaching 90,000 troops. In a summer offensive, Indian forces launched a two-pronged attack on Muzaffarabad via the Jhelum and

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force, only one battalion would be directly involved in the attack, giving the defenders a two-to-one advantage. The Pakistani forces spent several days preparing for the attack. This included transporting additional ammunition and supplies across the

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In India, a Hindu prince who is ranked higher than a raja is known as a maharaja or maharajah. When the term "maharaja" was used throughout history, it referred solely to the head of one of India's major native states. Maharani is the feminine form

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Indian Army acknowledged the Pakistani forces for holding their positions. These posts, currently under Pakistani control, offer a strategically advantageous view of the Uri valley in Indian-administered Kashmir, south of the Jhelum River.

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An easy victory of the Indian Army, particularly in the Muzaffarabad area, is almost certain to arouse the anger of tribesmen against Pakistan for its failure to render them more direct assistance and might well cause them to turn against

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Pandu. Simultaneously, a combined force consisting of one company from the 2nd Azad Battalion and tribesmen led by Captain Qudrat Ullah from Nanga Tak would capture Chham, establishing a blocking position between Khatir Nar and Sing.

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Akbar Khan began reevaluating his strategy. The harassing parties resumed their original missions with the aim to disrupt Indian forces and maintain uncertainty amongst the Indian forces until the following day.

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were placed on the highest points, around 9,000 feet, to provide supporting fire. An artillery officer was stationed on the peak of the Pandu feature, at an elevation of 9,300 feet, offering a clear view of the

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forces attempted to take control of Point 6873 from the Baloch regiment. Following their occupation of the Pandu massif, Indian forces gained a direct view of Chakothi, where Lieutenant Colonel Bashir Ahmad's

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Communication was maintained with the headquarters as the troops advanced with the use of telephone lines with addition to wireless communication sets, however they were to be used in urgent situation.

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aircraft maneuvered by diving and circling. One aircraft sustained damage from machine gun fire and crashed. The pilot ejected safely using a parachute and was subsequently rescued by Indian forces.

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charge led by officers on (Dehli) to leave no room for doubt or hesitation, he based this decision on his belief that the Indian forces were now confused, a state of mind unknown to him at the time.

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to cut the wire, and took a bullet from machine gun fire. On 27 July 1948, Captain Sarwar was killed while clearing the passage from the wires. Captain Sarwar Khan of Pakistan was then awarded the

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The Author in his book states they executed the plan next day after mentioning they were done gathering equipments for the battle on 17 July, making it clear that the operation on begun 18 July.

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airspace. However, the effectiveness of these anti-aircraft guns in engaging aircraft is not well documented. General Akbar Khan would prepare a trap for the Indian aircraft to be shot down.

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facilitate movement across the stream near Bib-Dori, a wooden bridge was constructed and completed on the final night. By July 17, the Pakistani forces were prepared to execute their plan.

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shelling his positions, and received orders to lead the attack on the left side of the bunker where the shelling took place. Moving towards the new position, his passage was jammed due to

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left column's progress. The operation unfolded according to plan, exceeding Brigadier Khan's expectations. With the right column in position, the scene was set for the assault on Pandu.

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officers from Kashmir in accordance with the orders, albeit with reservations. Lieutenant Colonel Malik Sher Bahadur assumed command of the battalion in his place.

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In response to the tense situation, the brigade commander employed a strategy of flanking and rear attacks to disrupt Indian forces. A company from the

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tensions ran high, the Indian forces eventually stood down by evening. Meanwhile, the Pakistani forces prepared to execute their next move that night.

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The word (Dehli) was set as codename by Pakistani troops to refer Pandu and on the other side (Karachi) was the Indian codename to refer Pandu. See

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camp to monitor weather conditions to assess potential Indian aircraft activity and to signal the presence of aircraft to the troops.

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abandoned Pandu and retreated into the dense jungle. When the right column advanced for the assault, Indian troops had already gone.

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terms of artillery firepower, with an estimated 3,000 shells available to them compared to the Pakistani forces' 900. Three hundred

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Major General Akbar khan had disguised himself under the name General Tariq during the war and took over the command after

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limited to supporting independence fighters. However, perceiving a direct threat posed by the Indian advance, General

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For unknown reasons the two gallant company commanders do not seemed to have received their well deserved recognition

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Lt Col Rifat Nadeem Ahmad, History of the Baloch Regiment (Abbottabad: Baloch Regimental Centre, 2017), p. 147.

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An Infantry Battalion in Combat A Critical Appraisal of Battle Situations Encountered by an Infantry Battalion

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His company was only 50 yards away from the fortified enemy position as the Indian Army's soldiers begin

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and he decided to advance to cut the wire, taking six men with him. During the firefight, Sarwar used a

554: 2747: 1041:. The rope system could ferry either two soldiers or up to 300 pounds of supplies in a single basket. 3302: 3272: 3267: 3216: 3161: 3074: 2860: 1880: 1369: 512: 239: 152: 3221: 3069: 3043: 589: 559: 3424: 3287: 3247: 3196: 925: 2762: 3252: 2846: 2810: 2786: 2717: 2668: 1782: 601: 333: 320: 298: 165: 1987:"Security Council official records, 5th year :: 464th meeting 8 February 1950, New York" 3399: 3350: 3262: 2965: 2909: 891: 702: 681: 574: 527: 270: 260: 243: 179: 41: 1991:

Security Council Official Records, 5th Year :: 464th Meeting 8 February 1950, New York

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regiment had established defensive positions. Indian forces launched determined attacks on

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Captain Sarwar Shaheed, Pakistan's first ever Nishan-e-Haider award recipient remembered

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Pandu and the pandu massif is retaken by Pakistani forces, becomes part of Azad Kashmir

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Pakistan Today (newspaper), Published 27 July 2016, Retrieved 4 November 2018

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Operation Camel (To capture Haji-pir pass and link-up with Poonch from south)

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S.N Prasad, History of Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-48, Pg: 206

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Operation Rescue Military Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-49

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The golden jubilee celebrations of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

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Incomplete Partition The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute 1947-1948

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The control of Muzaffarabad hinged on the forces stationed at

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Map showing 5th Day of Pakistani troop advance towards Pandu

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Map showing 2nd Day of Pakistani troop advance towards Pandu

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For the War in which the Battle of Pandu was fought in, see

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The Indian force's then Planned the following operations:-

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Rafiuddin Ahmed, History of the Baloch Regiment: 1939-1956

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2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing

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Map showing 1st Day of Pakistani advance towards Pandu

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History of Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-48

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government directed the Pakistan Army to counter the

2845:. Karachi, Sin. Pakistan: National Book Foundation. 3365: 3311: 3235: 3154: 3128: 3057: 2999: 2941: 2836:on 2024-02-22 – via Aimh.gov (Army Website). 952:(Security Council S/P.V. 464, p. 29, 8 Feb. 1950). 1293:which is the highest military award of Pakistan. 898:, which constituted a direct threat to Pakistan. 2749:Valour Triumphs A History of the Kumaon Regiment 1421:Battle of Pandu's codename was Pandu operation. 1265: 1203: 944: 30: 3452:Battles of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 2894: 2572: 1905:"Maharaja Hari Singh's Letter to Mountbatten" 1778:Indian Defence Review (Oct-Dec 2018) Vol 33.4 740:1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown 652: 473: 8: 1263:General Rafiuddin Ahmed wrote in his book:- 2901: 2887: 2879: 2691:. National Book Foundation. Archived from 2649:. Baloch Regimental Centre. Archived from 659: 645: 637: 501: 480: 466: 458: 27: 2646:History of the Baloch Regiment: 1939-1956 334: 321: 299: 54:Pandu in Azad Kashmir (Pakistan) on a map 1223:(To capture Kargil and link-up with Leh) 1206:helped to raise his morale considerably. 1012:isolate the 2nd Bihar regiment from the 2752:. Thomson Press (India). Archived from 1466: 1401: 829:. Fought in the Pandu massif along the 2584: 2543: 2461: 2434: 2430: 2394: 2382: 2325: 2321: 2293: 2265: 2135: 2108: 2060: 1968: 1928: 1867: 1838:Encyclopædia Britannica (2024-03-16). 1825: 1742: 1718: 1614: 1560: 1511: 1480: 2986:2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2866:Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2601: 2560: 2531: 2515: 2352: 2336: 2334: 2147: 2084: 2048: 2031: 2018: 2016: 2007: 2003: 1956: 1944: 1801: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1738: 1726: 1722: 1641: 1626: 1602: 1587: 1575: 1519: 1507: 1495: 936:, advocated for military engagement. 879:-majority population, was ruled by a 16:1947 battle in the Indo-Pakistani war 7: 2625: 2519: 2503: 2491: 2476: 2446: 2418: 2406: 2367: 2340: 2317: 2305: 2289: 2277: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2159: 2120: 2096: 2072: 1972: 1940: 1813: 1757: 1706: 1515: 1450: 3141:UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute 825:, was a pivotal engagement in the 3298:Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir 1654:Qadri, Colonel Azam (2024-03-04). 14: 3293:Islamic State – Khorasan Province 3167:2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 2976:2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff 2832:. v (summer 2023). Archived from 2826:"9-Bugle-Trumpet-Summer-2023.pdf" 919:, the 163rd Brigade stationed at 871:In August 1947, tensions rose in 1993:: 29 – via digitallibrary. 1354: 1340: 1326: 1312: 393: 352: 327: 314: 305: 289: 282: 233: 224: 215: 206: 195: 172: 159: 146: 48: 3357:Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day 3105:Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) 2951:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 2830:9-Bugle-Trumpet-Summer-2023.PDF 827:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948 491:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948 38:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948 21:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 3243:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front 2767:. Vision Books. Archived from 1020:and subsequently withdrew all 1018:Pakistani General Headquarters 1: 3187:2002 Raghunath temple attacks 3037:2016 Nagrota army base attack 1229:(Link up Poonch from Rajauri) 1037:using a rope line erected by 3320:Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day 2981:2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff 2824:Javaid, Hassan, ed. (2023). 2800:Singh Ahlawat, Sube (2013). 1539:. 2021-01-08. Archived from 888:North-West Frontier Province 3344:Jammu and Kashmir Black Day 3278:Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir) 2776:Singh, Brig Jasbir (2010). 2731:Prasad, Sri Nandan (1987). 2661:Military Plight of Pakistan 3483: 3431:Village Defence Committees 3212:2017 Amarnath Yatra attack 3202:March 2013 Srinagar attack 2961:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 2956:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 1721:, pp. 180–183 : 1677:Khan, Babar (2023-08-17). 1518:, pp. 138–142 : 1260:expressing shock over it. 989:decided to capture Pandu. 18: 3373:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 2916: 2643:Ahmed, Rafiuddin (1998). 2397:, pp. 182–185 : 1781:. Lancer Publishers LLC. 1709:, pp. 126–127 : 1656:"They Led from the Front" 730:Bangladesh Liberation War 678: 499: 441: 342: 259:Captain Khalid Khan 187: 139: 58: 47: 35: 3467:July 1948 events in Asia 3462:June 1948 events in Asia 3388:OHCHR reports on Kashmir 3172:Chittisinghpura massacre 3136:Jinnah–Mountbatten talks 2006:, pp. 72–74 : 1985:Nations, United (1950). 1741:, pp. 83–84 : 1725:, pp. 31–33 : 1510:, pp. 83–84 : 1385:Operation Bison and Duck 1221:Operation Duck and Bison 1196:Conclusion of the battle 1165:Action of 3 October 1948 670:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 3457:History of Azad Kashmir 2785:. Amber Books Limited. 2707:Lamb, Alastair (1997). 1176:Bren light machine guns 735:1959 Canberra shootdown 507:Gilgit-Baltistan Sector 269:Subedar Kala Khan 3326:Kashmir Solidarity Day 3236:Militant organisations 3192:2006 Srinagar bombings 3182:2001 Kishtwar massacre 3155:Bombings and massacres 2746:Praval, K. C. (1976). 2667:. Manas Publications. 2658:Gulati, M. N. (2000). 2292:, p. 135 : 1380:Battle of Muzaffarabad 1275: 1214: 1132: 1085: 1068: 1028:Reconnaissance mission 955: 188:Commanders and leaders 66:(27 June-24 July 1948) 3283:Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind 3227:2022 Srinagar bombing 3100:Operation Sarp Vinash 3065:1947 Poonch rebellion 3032:2016 Baramulla attack 2861:Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf 2841:Mirza, Yaqub (1947). 2518:, p. 189 : 2433:, p. 185 : 2324:, p. 205 : 2320:, p. 135 : 1943:, p. 197 : 1909:www.jammu-kashmir.com 1885:www.india-seminar.com 1514:, p. 185 : 1130: 1083: 1066: 875:. The region, with a 596:Agreements-Resolution 442:Casualties and losses 3332:Kashmir Martyrs' Day 3303:United Jihad Council 3268:Harkat-ul-Mujahideen 3217:2018 Sunjuwan attack 3162:1947 Jammu massacres 3075:Operation Grand Slam 2761:Sinha, S.K. (1977). 1971:, p. 10 : 1370:Operation Datta Khel 452:1 aircraft shot down 153:Dominion of Pakistan 3425:Over ground workers 3383:Human rights abuses 3222:2019 Pulwama attack 3110:Operation Calm Down 3070:Operation Gibraltar 2494:, pp. 143–144. 2421:, pp. 139–140. 2409:, pp. 138–139. 2370:, pp. 137–139. 2201:, pp. 130–131. 2177:, pp. 129–130. 2075:, pp. 140–142. 1816:, pp. 125–126. 1679:"Second in command" 1617:, pp. 212–213. 102:34.1502°N 73.8896°E 98: / 3288:Dukhtaran-e-Millat 3248:Tehreek-e-Hurriyat 3197:2006 Doda massacre 2943:Wars and conflicts 2688:Raiders in Kashmir 2587:, pp. 212–213 2573:Singh Ahlawat 2013 2534:, pp. 80–102. 2522:, pp. 143–145 2343:, pp. 135–136 2123:, pp. 241–243 1975:, pp. 100–101 1844:www.britannica.com 1775:Bajwa, Lt Gen JS. 1133: 1086: 1069: 1014:2nd Dogra regiment 930:Commander-in-Chief 926:Sir Douglas Gracey 892:Liaquat Ali Khan's 867:Military situation 311:Gen. K.S. Thimayya 3439: 3438: 3253:Hizbul Mujahideen 3095:Operation All Out 3000:Border skirmishes 2604:, pp. 88–89. 2563:, pp. 86–87. 2138:, pp. 13–14. 1788:978-1-940988-41-2 1453:for Further info. 1241:Awards and trials 873:Jammu and Kashmir 812: 811: 746:Border skirmishes 634: 633: 629: 628: 602:Karachi Agreement 456: 455: 319:Sher Singh ( 253:Tribal commander: 230:Major A.H. Afridi 166:Dominion of India 135: 134: 121:Pakistani victory 3474: 3351:Azad Kashmir Day 3263:Jaish-e-Mohammed 2966:Siachen conflict 2910:Kashmir conflict 2903: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2856: 2837: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2757: 2742: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2480: 2474: 2465: 2459: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2329: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2011: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1982: 1976: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1846:. 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Jasod ( 331: 323: 318: 309: 301: 293: 286: 275: 265: 248: 238: 237: 236: 229: 228: 227: 221:Lt. M.S. Bahadur 220: 219: 218: 211: 210: 209: 200: 199: 198: 180:Indian Air Force 178: 176: 175: 164: 163: 151: 150: 113: 112: 110: 109: 108: 107:34.1502; 73.8896 103: 99: 96: 95: 94: 91: 60: 59: 52: 42:Kashmir conflict 28: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3361: 3338:Youm-e-Istehsal 3307: 3273:Harkat ul-Ansar 3258:Lashkar-e-Taiba 3231: 3207:2016 Uri attack 3150: 3146:Simla Agreement 3124: 3090:Operation Eraze 3085:Operation Bison 3080:Operation Tupac 3053: 3027:2016 Uri attack 2995: 2937: 2912: 2907: 2877: 2859: 2853: 2840: 2823: 2817: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2782: 2775: 2760: 2745: 2730: 2724: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2696: 2681: 2675: 2664: 2657: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2468: 2460: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2374: 2366: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2332: 2316: 2312: 2308:, pp. 135. 2304: 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2298: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2256:, p. 134. 2246: 2234: 2222: 2220:, p. 132. 2203: 2191: 2189:, p. 130. 2179: 2164: 2162:, p. 129. 2152: 2150:, p. 217 2140: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2099:, p. 118. 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2036: 2024: 2012: 1996: 1977: 1961: 1949: 1933: 1921: 1896: 1872: 1860: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1804:, p. 217. 1794: 1787: 1762: 1760:, p. 146. 1747: 1731: 1711: 1699: 1669: 1666:on 2024-03-01. 1646: 1644:, p. 189. 1631: 1629:, p. 181. 1619: 1607: 1605:, p. 295. 1592: 1590:, p. 221. 1580: 1578:, p. 188. 1565: 1563:, p. 339. 1553: 1524: 1500: 1498:, p. 185. 1485: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1442: 1433: 1423: 1414: 1410:Khurshid Anwar 1400: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1351: 1348:Kashmir portal 1337: 1323: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1269: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227:Operation Easy 1224: 1208: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1166: 1163: 1153: 1150: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1098: 1095: 1077: 1074: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 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3408: 3406: 3405:Crowd control 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 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1931:, p. 10. 1930: 1925: 1922: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1850:on 2024-02-05 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1828:, p. 12. 1827: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1745:, p. 185 1744: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1689:on 2024-03-17 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1543:on 2024-03-19 1542: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1522:, p. 185 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1483:, p. 15. 1482: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1352: 1349: 1338: 1335: 1324: 1321: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1288: 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Roxford. 2714:(Paperback) 2683:Khan, Akbar 2665:(Hardcover) 2636:Works Cited 2585:Prasad 1987 2462:Prasad 1987 2435:Prasad 1987 2431:Praval 1976 2395:Praval 1976 2383:Praval 1976 2326:Javaid 2023 2322:Prasad 1987 2294:Javaid 2023 2266:Javaid 2023 2136:Javaid 2023 2061:Javaid 2023 1969:Javaid 2023 1929:Javaid 2023 1868:Prasad 1987 1826:Javaid 2023 1743:Praval 1976 1719:Prasad 1987 1615:Prasad 1987 1561:Gulati 2000 1512:Praval 1976 1481:Javaid 2023 1287:bolt cutter 1283:barbed wire 909:Kishenganga 698:War of 1971 693:War of 1965 429:161 Brigade 401:Indian Army 383:Azad forces 126:Territorial 105: / 3446:Categories 3378:Insurgency 3336:5 August— 3058:Operations 2971:Kargil War 2809:. Lancer. 2699:2024-03-01 2602:Mirza 1947 2561:Sinha 1977 2532:Sinha 1977 2516:Singh 2010 2353:Ahmed 1998 2148:Ahmed 1998 2085:Sinha 1977 2049:Sinha 1977 2032:Sinha 1977 2008:Singh 2010 2004:Sinha 1977 1957:Sinha 1977 1945:Sinha 1977 1914:10 January 1890:2024-03-09 1854:2024-03-16 1802:Ahmed 1998 1739:Sinha 1977 1727:Sinha 1977 1723:Sinha 1977 1693:2024-02-25 1683:The Nation 1642:Singh 2010 1627:Singh 2010 1603:Ahmed 1998 1588:Ahmed 1998 1576:Singh 2010 1547:2024-03-20 1520:Singh 2010 1508:Sinha 1977 1496:Singh 2010 987:Akbar Khan 963:Pir Kanthi 849:Background 708:Kargil War 450:309 Killed 447:100 Killed 434:77 Brigade 202:Akbar Khan 93:73°53′23″E 90:34°09′01″N 3330:13 July— 3049:2020–2021 3022:2016–2018 3017:2014–2015 2926:1846–1946 2863:(2015) , 2626:Khan 1975 2520:Khan 1975 2504:Khan 1975 2492:Khan 1975 2477:Khan 1975 2447:Khan 1975 2419:Khan 1975 2407:Khan 1975 2368:Khan 1975 2341:Khan 1975 2318:Khan 1975 2306:Khan 1975 2290:Khan 1975 2278:Khan 1975 2254:Khan 1975 2242:Khan 1975 2230:Khan 1975 2218:Khan 1975 2199:Khan 1975 2187:Khan 1975 2175:Khan 1975 2160:Khan 1975 2121:Lamb 1997 2097:Khan 1975 2073:Khan 1975 1973:Khan 1975 1941:Lamb 1997 1814:Khan 1975 1758:Khan 1975 1707:Khan 1975 1660:hilal.gov 1516:Khan 1975 1461:Citations 1396:Footnotes 1191:Aftermath 854:Geography 590:Shalateng 560:Rawalakot 212:Lt. Zaman 2921:Timeline 2685:(1975). 1306:See also 1270:— 1255:Pakistan 1209:— 972:Chakothi 959:Chakothi 950:— 947:Pakistan 942:quoted:- 921:Handwara 884:Maharaja 837:road in 831:Srinagar 794:LoC 2016 622:Acession 424:4 Kumaon 81:Pakistan 71:Location 36:Part of 3366:Related 1391:Sources 1123:5th day 1114:4th day 1097:3rd day 1076:2nd day 1059:1st day 1022:British 932:of the 917:Tithwal 902:Prelude 839:Kashmir 788:Strikes 777:2020–21 767:2016–18 762:2014–15 414:2 Dogra 409:2 Bihar 297: ( 273:† 263:† 246:† 128:changes 75:Pandu, 3427:(OGWs) 3400:Ikhwan 2849: 2813: 2789: 2720: 2671: 1785: 1279:mortar 1054:Battle 1039:sapper 913:Neelum 877:Muslim 585:Poonch 575:Bagdam 528:Thorgo 523:Skardu 513:Gilgit 419:7 Sikh 398: 357: 242: 177: 118:Result 1246:India 881:Hindu 580:Pandu 538:Eraze 518:Tsari 3395:Rape 3044:2019 3012:2013 3007:2011 2847:ISBN 2811:ISBN 2787:ISBN 2718:ISBN 2669:ISBN 1916:2020 1783:ISBN 993:Plan 858:The 817:The 782:2023 772:2019 757:2013 752:2011 378:4 FF 63:Date 40:and 1181:Uri 533:Leh 335:WIA 322:WIA 300:WIA 3448:: 2828:. 2592:^ 2551:^ 2484:^ 2469:^ 2454:^ 2375:^ 2360:^ 2333:^ 2206:^ 2167:^ 2128:^ 2039:^ 2015:^ 1989:. 1907:. 1883:. 1842:. 1765:^ 1750:^ 1681:. 1658:. 1634:^ 1595:^ 1568:^ 1535:. 1488:^ 1469:^ 928:, 616:80 611:47 79:, 2992:) 2988:( 2902:e 2895:t 2888:v 2855:. 2819:. 2795:. 2726:. 2702:. 2677:. 1918:. 1893:. 1857:. 1791:. 1696:. 1550:. 911:( 833:- 660:e 653:t 646:v 618:) 609:( 481:e 474:t 467:v 338:) 325:) 303:) 23:.

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